Specific Systems Wi-Max IEEE 802.

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Victor S. Frost Dan F. Servey Distinguished Professor Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Kansas 2335 Irving Hill Dr. Lawrence, Kansas 66045 Phone: (785) 864-4833 FAX:(785) 864-7789 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ittc.ku.edu/
All material copyright 2006 Victor S. Frost, All Rights Reserved

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Outline
Motivation for IEEE 802.16 Applications Services and QoS Architecture Initialization Phy Layer MAC
Packet formats Access protocol QoS support

Evolution Focus on fixed wireless no mobility IEEE 802.16e has mobility

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Motivation for IEEE 802.16

Provide all aspect of a wireless MAN Alternative access technology in competition with, cable, fiber and DSL Higher carrier frequencies (up to 66 GHz) to support higher data rates RF bandwidth, e.g., 20 MHz Expectations
Higher UE data rates Cost
Lower installation cost Higher equipment cost

Reduced deployment time Ubiquitous coverage

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Overview of IEEE 802.16

Point-to-Multipoint Metropolitan Area Network Connection-oriented Burst based architecture Supports difficult user environments

Balances between stability of contentionless and efficiency of contention-based operation Flexible QoS offerings Supports multiple 802.16 PHYs Protocol-Independent core (ATM, IP, Ethernet, )
From: R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf

High bandwidth, hundreds of users per channel Continuous and burst traffic Efficient use of spectrum

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IEEE 206.16 Protocol Architecture

Convergence layer: -Maps upper layer packets into MAC frames -May fragment to gain efficiency

Protocol-Independent core
Modified from: W. Stallings Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, Second Edition #12 5

From: R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf

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WiMAX-OFDM

From: IEEE 802 Wireless Systems, B. Walke, S. Mangold, and L. Berlemann, Wiley, 2006

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Services
Support multiple services, e.g.,
TDM Voice VoIP Digital TV IP Bridged LAN Backhaul: Cell tower to switch replacing costly land lines
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QoS Requirements

From: W. Stallings Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, Second Edition

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IEEE 802.16 System Reference Points

*

Assumptions
The subscriber stations (SS) are fixed (later version may allow mobility, i.e., IEEE 802.16e) Base stations are fixed High data rates in BOTH upstream and downstream directions Base station maybe heavily loaded Needs to be spectral efficient
* From: W. Stallings Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, Second Edition #12 10

Connections
IEEE 802.16 MAC is connection-oriented.
Provides
Each service mapped to a connection A mechanism for requesting bandwidth, associating QoS and traffic parameters, transporting information Routing data to the appropriate convergence sublayer, Other actions associated with the contractual terms of the service.

Each SS has a standard 48 bit MAC address Equipment ID

Connection ID (CID)16 bit field Like virtual circuits

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Initialization
Channel Acquisition
SS scans its frequency list to find an operating channel (may be configured with a specific BS ID to look for) The SS synchronizes to the downstream transmission by detecting the periodic frame preamble The downstream periodically transmits its modulation and FEC schemes using DCD and UDC are transmitted most robust (least efficient burst profile)
Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) and Uplink Channel Descriptor (UCD) messages

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Initialization
Ranging
MAP messages are used to define the usage of channel
DL-MAP downlink MAP UL-MAP uplink MAP

SS scans the UL-MAP for opportunities to send a ranging messages SS selects a ranging time slot using a truncated exponential backoff algorithm (like in DOCSIS) Send ranging message (RNG-REQ message) with minimum power If no response increase power and tx again Success of the ranging message at the BS allows for the BS to send the SS
Time synchronization information Power adjustment information Basic Channel ID (CID) Primary Management CID

SS reports to BS PHY capabilities and BS can accept or deny any capability The above process is repeated to maintain the radio link (Radio link control-RLC)
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Initialization
SS Authentication and Registration
Determine if SS can join the network If authorized then SS registers with the network

IP connectivity
Uses DHCP to get IP address And address of TFTP server to to obtain configuration files.

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Initialization
Connection set up
Service flows define unidirectional transport Each service flow is mapped to a CID on a specific MAC address Service flows usually are set up by the BS during initialization, like permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) CID can be setup on demand, like a switched virtual circuit (SVCs) using a signaling protocol. Initially each SS sets up three management connections in each direction (each on own CID)
Basic for short time critical MAC and RLC messages Primary for larger delay insensitive messages, eg., for authentication Secondary for management, SNMP, TFTP, and DHCP

Privacy and Security Associations

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Summary Initialization

From: Govindan Nair, et. al., IEEE 802.16 Medium Access Control and Service Provisioning, Intel Technology Journal, Volume 08 Issue 03, August 20, 2004 ISSN 1535-864X

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RLC Adaptation
As part of the MAC the RLC continues to adapt the uplink and downlink burst profiles to trade: BS controls all burst profiles Control of uplink burst profile
Robustness Efficiency

BS receives uplink messages BS can measure uplink quality BS specifies burst profile when granting access

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RLC Adaptation
Control of downlink burst profile
SS receives downlink transmissions SS measures downlink quality Problem: SS must communicate appropriate burst profile to BS Note SS is required to receive more robust segments of the downlink transmission in addition to the negotiated burst profile Change messages must get through and acknowledged

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RLC Adaptation
Uplink Interval Usage Code (UIUC)
Defines the burst profiles used by the each SS on the uplink BS is in control of changed in UL burst profiles BS specifies the UIUC when granting the SS permission to send on the uplink Defines the burst profiles for the downlink Each SS can have a different burst profile in the downlink In the downlink it is the SS that knows the CSI The BS is still the entity to execute changes in the DIUC Thus a protocol is needed to exchange the information.

Downlink Interval Usage Code (DIUC)

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RLC Adaptation

Transition to a more robust burst profile. DLBC= DL Burst Change

Transition to a less robust burst profile.

From: Carl Eklund,, et., al., IEEE Standard 802.16:A Technical Overview of the WirelessMAN Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access, IEEE Communications Magazine June 2002

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Physical Layer Summary

Designation WirelessMAN-SC WirelessMAN-SC Applicability 10-66 GHz Licensed 2-11 GHz Licensed 2-11 GHz Licensed WirelessMAN-OFDM 2-11 GHz Licenseexempt 2-11 GHz Licensed WirelessMANOFDMA 2-11 GHz Licenseexempt Basic Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (AAS) Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (AAS) Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (DFS), (MSH), (AAS) Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (AAS) Basic, (ARQ), (STC), (DFS), (MSH), (AAS) MAC Duplexing TDD, FDD, HFDD TDD, FDD TDD, FDD TDD

TDD, FDD TDD

AAS= Adpative Antenna System STC= Space time coding MSH= Mesh DFS = Dynamic Frequency Selection
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Physical Layer
Burst based architecture Upstream transmission
TDD UL/DL share same channel; do not simultaneous transmit FDD UL/DL on separate chaanel can transmit simultaneously Demand Assignment Multiple Access TDD or FDD Continuous mode Burst mode

Downstream

Channel Bandwidth

Capability to dynamically change modulation and FEC

Frames 0.5, 1 or 2 ms Adaptive burst profile; changing

Modulation FEC

20 or 25 MHz (US) 28 MHz (Europe)

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Burst based architecture

Broadcast phase : The information about uplink and downlink structure is announced.
DL-MAP(Downlink Map)
DL-MAP defines the access to the downlink information
Modulation FEC

UL-MAP(Uplink Map)
UL-MAP message allocates access to the uplink channel

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General Downlink Frame Structure

DL MAP contains the changes in burst profile, i.e., modulation and FEC Downlink data is transmitted to each SS according to a negotiated burst profile Data is transmitted in the TDM part in order of decreasing robustness There maybe a mixture of burst profiles that vary frame-to-frame SS listen to all parts of the downlink frame they are capable or receiving

Downlink Interval Usage Code (DIUC) indicates burst profile

* From: Carl Eklund,, et., al., IEEE Standard 802.16:A Technical Overview of the WirelessMAN Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access, IEEE Communications Magazine June 2002

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Downlink transmissions
Two kinds of bursts: TDM and TDMA All bursts are identified by a DIUC TDMA bursts have resync preamble allows for more flexible scheduling Each terminal listens to all bursts at its operational IUC, or at a more robust one, except when told to transmit Each burst may contain data for several terminals SS must recognize the PDUs with known CIDs DL-MAP message signals downlink usage
From: R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf

Downlink Interval Usage Code

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Downlink Channel Descriptor

Used for advertising downlink burst profiles Burst profile of DL broadcast channel is well known All others are acquired Burst profiles can be changed on the fly without interrupting the service Not intended as 'super-adaptive' modulation Establishes association between DIUC and actual PHY parameters
From: R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf #12 26

General Uplink Frame Structure

UL-MAP grants BW to specific SS SS transmit bursts as defined in the UIUC SS tx their assigned allocations in the UIUC Uplink subframe uses DOCSIS like contention for transmission in contention slots Burst profiles can be changed dynamically, frame-to-frame SS transition gap are guard times

Uplink Interval Usage Code (UIUC) indicates burst profile

* From: Carl Eklund,, et., al., IEEE Standard 802.16:A Technical Overview of the WirelessMAN Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access, IEEE Communications Magazine June 2002

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Uplink Transmissions
Invited transmissions Transmissions in contention slots
Bandwidth requests Contention resolved using truncated exponential backoff RNG-REQ Contention resolved using truncated exponential backoff

Transmissions in initial ranging slots

Bursts defined by UIUCs Transmissions allocated by the UL-MAP message All transmissions have synchronization preamble Ideally, all data from a single SS is concatenated into a single PHY burst
From: R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf

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Uplink Channel Descriptor

Defines uplink burst profiles Sent regularly All Uplink Burst profiles are acquired Burst profiles can be changed on the fly Establishes association between UIUC and actual PHY parameters

From: R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf

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Uplink MAP Message

UL-MAP message defines usage of the uplink Contains the "grants" Grants addressed to the SS Time given in mini-slots
unit of uplink bandwidth allocation 2m physical slots in 10-66 GHz PHY,

Time is referenced to arrival time at BS

From: R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf

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Uplink scheduling
Uplink direction uses a schedule to allocate uplink capacity Uses a request-grant mechanism Specification of scheduling service is established at connection set up time. Scheduling services are based on DOCSIS

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Class of uplink services

Unsolicited Grant Service Real time Polling Service Non real time Polling Service Best Effort Like DOCSIS

More later.
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PHY Frame-TDD example

DLFP=Downlink Frame Prefix FCH=Frame Control Header

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MAC overview
Uses Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) TDMA BS controls allocations of uplink bandwidth Unit of allocation is a mini-slot SS requests transmission opportunities on the uplink for a specific number of minislots on a contention basis Collisions on request messages are resolved using truncated binary exponential backoff algorithm BS collects requests and sends schedules on the downlink via an allocation map

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MAC PDU Transmission

MAC PDUs are transmitted in PHY bursts A single PHY burst can contain multiple Concatenated Concatenated MAC MAC The PHY burst can contain multiple FEC blocks MAC PDUs may span FEC block boundaries The convergence layer between the MAC and the PHY allows for capturing the start of the next MAC PDU in case of erroneous FEC blocks
From: R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf #12 35

MAC PDU Transmission

PDU = Data exchanged between peer entities SDU = Data exchanged between adjunct layers
From: R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf #12 36

MAC Frame Format

*

Three MAC header formats

Generic downlink Generic uplink Bandwidth request 3 types

Header format drives functionality Caution: details of fields may have changed
* From: W. Stallings Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, Second Edition #12 37

Generic downlink header

EC-Encryption control EKS-Encryption control sequence, vector of key HT-Header type generic or bw req ARQ-indictor for link ARQ. IF ARQ the 2 bytes at start of frame use for ARQ process FC-Fragment control FSN- Fragment seq # HCS-Header check sequence. Only covers header
* From: W. Stallings Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, Second Edition

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Generic uplink header

Added 8 bit grant management field- three types
USG (Unsolicited Grant Service)
SI-Slip indicator, reports to BS that SSs queue is backlogged so BS can take action to resolve PM-Poll me Grants per interval # grants required by connection Piggy-pack request number of bytes requested Can switch to USG when there is activity Suited for VoIP with speech detection
UGS-AD starts as rtPS flow Detects VoIP do BW req to go to UGS Upon end of VoIP use BW req with 0 Bytes to go back to rtPS flow

USG with activity detection

Piggyback request (because not use separate bw request message)

* From: W. Stallings Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, Second Edition

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Bandwidth request header

15 bits used to request transmissions of a number of bytes
*

* From: W. Stallings Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, Second Edition

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Services
Unsolicited grant service (UGS)
Transport fixed data periodically No explicit BW requests Limit on jitter = one frame time Provides guarantees on
throughput, latency, jitter

Not allowed to use random access opportunities Targeted for Buffer build up
T1/E1 over ATM ATM CBR

Not expected for CBR, but Grants may be lost Clock skew between the 802.16 net and the backbone may Result backlog at SS To recover use the poll-me and slip indicators

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Services
Real-time polling service-rtPS
Target services that are bursty but offers periodic dedicated request opportunities to meet real-time requirements. Does not use contention process to request bandwidth, used explicit MAC message Variable packet size Requests imply increased latency and overhead Suitable for This is like rt-VBR ATM Provides guarantee on throughput Little less focus on latency.
VoIP with silence detection MPEG Video

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Services
Non-real-time Polling Services (nrtPS)
Provides guarantee on throughput, Suitable for non real time services that have variable data size, e. g., e-mail. Like rt-polling except but polls are less frequently Allowed to use contention requests May use Grant Management sub-header to request BW New request can be piggybacked with each new request can be piggybacked with each transmitted PDU Provides no guarantees Can request bandwidth using contention or explicit processes

Best Effort

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Classes of SS
An SS can have one for more connections Grant per connection (GPC) class
Bandwidth is granted explicitly for each connection SS needs to track each connection thus more complex Less flexible Less scaleable, more state to track Less efficient, because not as much sharing

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Classes of SS
Grant per SS (GPSS) Grants given to all connections on an SS as an aggregate GPSS SS needs to manage all the traffic thus the QoS for different applications Can react more quickly to changes

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Protocols for grants

Grants can be lost because:
Errors cause the BS not to receive request Errors cause the grant involved in collision Errors cause the SS not to receive grant

Bandwidth not provided because:

Not enough available downstream bandwidth GPSS stole the bandwidth for other purpose

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Protocols for grants

How to deal with lost grants or unsatisfied grants?
ARQ like protocol not used because takes too much time A self correcting protocol is used.

Note requests are usually incremental that is a change from current allocation. Set timer suitable for QoS If timer fires, SS requests again But the perception of current allocated BW at the BS may not track right because an incremental request is lost Solution: Occasionally send aggregate bandwidth requirement of SS, resets perception of current allocated BW to SS
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802.16 Standards History

First standard based on proprietary implementations of DOCSIS/HFC architecture in wireless domain
(Dec 2001)

802.16

Original fixed wireless broadband air Interface for 10 66 GHz: Line-of-sight only, Point-toMulti-Point applications

802.16c
(2002)
802.16 Amendment WiMAX System Profiles 10 - 66 GHz

(Jan 2003)

802.16a

Extension for 2-11 GHz: Targeted for non-lineof-sight, Point-to-Multi-Point applications like last mile broadband access

802.16REVd (802.16-2004) (Oct 2004)

Adds WiMAX System Profiles and Errata for 211 GHz

(802.16-2005) (Dec 2005)

802.16e

MAC/PHY Enhancements to support subscribers moving at vehicular speeds

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IEEE 802.16-Summary
Commonalities with DOCSIS DOCSIS
Not adaptive Focus on support of IP

Adaptive burst transmission architecture Targeted for muliprotocol & services

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References
Eklund, C., et al., IEEE standard 802.16: a technical overview 107. Ghosh, A., et al., Broadband wireless access with

of the WirelessMAN air interface for broadband wireless access. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 2002. 40(6): p. 98-

129-136. Nair, G., et al., IEEE 802.16 Medium Access Control and Service Provisioning. Intel Technology Journal, 2004. 08(03): p. 213-228. Ramachandran, S., C.W. Bostian, and S.F. Midkiff,

WiMax/802.16: current performance benchmarks and future potential. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 2005. 43(2): p.

R. Marks, The 802.16 WirelessMAN WirelessMAN MAC: MAC: Its Done, but What Is It? www.ieee802.org/16/docs/01/80216-01_58r1.pdf W. Stallings Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 2005
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Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.16 for broadband wireless access.