[1] UNDERGROUND COAL MONITORING: Characteristics: 1. Structure aware self a a!

ti"e#SASA$ WSN structure has been adopted for monitoring underground coal mines. 2. It is based on regulating the mesh network deployment and formulating a collaborating mechanism using regular beacon strategy thereby detecting structure variations caused by underground collapses. Desi%& '()ecti"es: o rapidly detect the collapse area and report to the sink node o maintain the system integrity when the sensor network structure is altered. !rovide a sound and robust mechanism for efficiently handling "ueries over the sensor network under unstable circumstances. I*!le*e&tati'&: #dopts a hole$detection algorithm to monitor the inner surface of tunnels by utili%ing the radio signals among sensor nodes to model the structure of the sensor network. #dopts a multi$path routing scheme for data collection and by signature$file$based data aggregation S#S# is able to accurately and efficiently route back information even under the influence of collapse holes. #ccurately report locations of collapses& to detect and to reconfigure displaced nodes& thus maintaining the system integrity with an appropriate arrangement of sensor nodes and a collaborative mechanism. [+] Structural health *'&it'ri&%: O()ecti"es: o inspect the structures of machines for any abnormal variation. o replace the fault structures whenever there is variation instead of scheduled maintenance. Characteristics: It allow assets to be inspected when the sensors indicate that there may be a problem. It reduces the cost of maintenance and preventing catastrophic failure in the event that damage is detected It reduces the initial deployment costs& as the cost of installing long cable runs is often e'pensive.

I*!le*e&tati'&: Sensors can be mounted on continuously rotating parts & within concrete and composite materials & and within medical implants [,]AREA MONITORING AND INTEGRATED -E.ICLE .EALT. MANAGEMENT A//LICATIONS O()ecti"es: (ne or more sensors for measuring the environment . !rocessing capability in order to process sensor data into high value information and to accomplish local control& # radio to communicate information to)from neighboring nodes and to e'ternal users. Characteristics: It employs cooperative processing and uses low power communication protocols. It is done by positioning the sensors close to the areas of interest in high densities. *lose spacing permits low$power sensing and short$range radio links. he nodes can be precisely located or dispersed in random configurations with spatial knowledge incorporated in the signal processing and communication algorithms I*!le*e&tati'&: +onitor),ardware #bstraction -ayer .,#-/: he ,#- provides routines for initiali%ation& e'ternal communication& program loading and debugging& and interrupt processing. 0un$time environment. his real$time kernel on each node provides the low$level distributed network structure 1ser interface applications hosted on !*s that allow users to perform various tasks and to interact with the sensor network. #n interface for communicating with the network through a gateway is supported as well as display and logging of network information. [0]ISLAND .A1ITAT MONITORING O()ecti"es: 1sage pattern of nesting burrows over the 22342$hour cycle when one or both members of a breeding pair may alternate incubation duties with feeding at sea *hanges observed in the burrow and surface environmental

parameters during the course of the appro'imately 4$month breeding season. 5ifferences in the microenvironments with and without large numbers of nesting petrels. Characteristics: Internet access: he sensor networks at Island must be accessible via the internet. #n essential aspect of habitat monitoring applications is the ability to support remote interactions with in$situ networks. ,ierarchical network: he field station at Island needs sufficient resources to host Internet connectivity and database systems.,owever& the habitats of scientific interest are located up to several kilometers farther away Inconspicuous operation: ,abitat monitoring infrastructure must be inconspicuous. It should not disrupt the natural processes or behaviors under study. In$situ interactions: #lthough the ma6ority of interactions with the sensor networks are e'pected to be via the Internet& local interactions are re"uired during initial deployment and during maintenance tasks& as well as during on$site visits. !5#s serve an important role in assisting with these tasks. hey may directly "uery a sensor& ad6ust operational parameters& or simply assist in locating devices. 5ata archiving: #rchiving sensor readings for off$line data mining and analysis is essential. he reliable off$loading of sensor logs to databases in the wired& powered infrastructure is an essential capability. [2]SMART 1UILDINGS: O()ecti"e: 7uilding management systems which monitor heating& lighting and ventilation. Software packages which automatically switch off devices such as computers and monitors when offices are empty. Characteristics: 5ifferent types of sensors for smart buildings include: emperature sensors and heat detectors -ight level detectors +ovement and occupancy sensors Smoke and gas detectors Status sensors .e.g. air "uality& open windows/

8lass break sensor [3] INDUSTRIAL A//LICATION: O()ecti"e: !rocess control *ontrol of .physical/ properties during the production process& and 9"uipment management and control Characteristics: In the field of process control& sensor and sensor networks deliver real$time data on the production process and are able to detect in situ variations in the process. *ontrol can thus be moved from the finished product after the completed production run to the production process itself . :aults can be minimised reducing the percentage of deficient and reprocessed goods. # continuous monitoring of processes allows for efficient use of energy during production processes. #n application e'ample in the field of process control is an '& li&e laser4ultras'&ic thic5&ess %au%e which measures the thickness of steel tube walls under harsh conditions in mills. !roduct consistency can be improved and material saved while reducing the time and energy used during production. [6]AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL TRAC7ING: O()ecti"e: sensor networks can be used for: plant)crop monitoring soil monitoring& climate monitoring insect$disease$weed monitoring. Characteristics: wireless sensors have been developed to gather& for e'ample& data on leaf temperature& chlorophyll content and plant water status. 7ased on these data& farmers are able to detect problems at an early stage and implement real$time solutions. Sensors contribute to real$time monitoring of variables such as soil fertility& soil water availability and soil compaction. :urther& sensor nodes which communicate with radio or mobile network weather stations provide climate and micro$climate data. sensors are further used for precision irrigation& and systems developed for remotely controlled& automatic irrigation

Our !r'!'se a!!licati'&: 9#0-; :-((5 59 9* I(N O()ecti"e: o design a low$cost& wireless flood detection system that meets the needs of communities with limited resources and initial communications infrastructure.