Seminar Report-2011

Shape Memory Alloys

1. Introduction
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are metals that "remember" their original shapes. SMAs are useful for such things as actuators which are materials that "change shape, stiffness, position, natural frequency, and other mechanical characteristics in response to temperature or electromagnetic fields". The potential uses for SMAs especially as actuators ha e broadened the spectrum of many scientific fields. The study of the history and de elopment of SMAs can pro ide an insight into a material in ol ed in cutting!edge technology. The di erse applications for these metals ha e made them increasingly important and isible to the world. "ic#el!titanium alloys ha e been found to be the most useful of all SMAs. $ther shape memory alloys include copper!aluminum!nic#el, copper!%inc!aluminum, and iron! manganese!silicon alloys.(&orden, '() The generic name for the family of nic#el!titanium alloys is "itinol. )n *+'*, "itinol, which stands for "ic#el Titanium "a al $rdnance ,aboratory, was disco ered to possess the unique property of ha ing shape memory. -illiam .. &uehler, a researcher at the "a al $rdnance ,aboratory in -hite $a#, Maryland, was the one to disco er this shape memory alloy. The actual disco ery of the shape memory property of "itinol came about by accident. At a laboratory management meeting, a strip of "itinol was presented that was bent out of shape many times. $ne of the people present, /r. /a id S. Mu%%ey, heated it with his pipe lighter, and surprisingly, the strip stretched bac# to its original form.

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2. History
&etween *+01 and *+02, at the "a al $rdnance ,aboratory, &uehler a metallurgist, to cure boredom e3perienced in between pro4ects, would e3periment on iron!aluminum alloy. -illiam .. &uehler had completed research on a series of iron!aluminum alloys, for the "a al $rdnance ,aboratory ("$,) in *+02. At "$,, &uehler was wor#ing on the in!house pro4ect which was to find an appreciate metal that could handle the heat and turbulence e3perienced by a spacecraft on reentry into the atmosphere from low space orbit. &uehler5s 4ob on the in!house pro4ect was to pro ide physical and mechanical property data on e3isting metals and alloys for computer!assisted boundary layer calculations. These calculations were to simulate the heating, etc. of a reentry body through the earth5s atmosphere. The 4ob of wor#ing out calculation started to become boring and &uehler started to thin# of different alloy conditions that may sol e the reentry problem. (6auffman, *++') &uehler consulted Ma3 7ansen5s recently published Constitution of Binary Alloys which was the latest te3t a ailable about binary constitution diagrams, showing the solid!state phase relationships of two8component metallic alloys as a function of composition and temperature. Starting with si3ty intermetallic compound alloys and then narrowing down to twel e, &uehler, was able to select an alloy that e3hibited considerably more impact resistance and ductility than the other ele en alloys. That metal combination was an equiatomic nickeltitanium alloy. (6auffman, *++') )n *+0+, &uehler, decided to concentrate his research efforts on nic#el!titanium alloy which he ga e new name Nitinol. "itinol e3hibited

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fa orable attributes that were needed for the nose cone of spacecraft during orbital reentry. (6auffman, *++')

3.

Accidental Discovery

)n *+'*, preparing for meeting to demonstrate the fatigue!resistant properties of "itinol, &uehler, prepared a (.9*9 inch thic#) strip. At room temperature he bent the strip into an accordion shape, so it could be pulled out of shape and bounce bac#. &uehler ga e the "itinol strip to his assistant to bring to the laboratory management meeting, because he was able to attend. At the laboratory management meeting, the strip was passed around the members of the meeting, as a prop. The members of the meeting pulled and twisted the nic#el8titanium alloy. $ne of the Associate Technical /irectors, /r. /a id S. Mu%%ey, who was a pipe smo#er, applied heat from his pipe lighter to the compressed strip. To e eryone5s ama%ement, the "itinol stretched out longitudinally. The mechanical memory disco ery, while not made in &uehler5s metallurgical laboratory, was the missing piece of the pu%%le of the earlier mentioned acoustic damping and other unique changes during temperature ariation. The unattended actions during a management meeting made accidental disco ery of an ama%ing alloy, that will be used many new and inno ati e in entions. (6auffman, *++')

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4. General principles
Shape memory metal alloy can e3ist in two different temperature dependent crystal structures (phases) called martensite (lower temperature ) and austenite phase ). Se eral different ( higher temperature or parent

properties of austenite and martensite are notably

Martensite, is the relati ely soft and easily deformed phase of shape memory alloys, which e3ists at lower temperatures. The molecular structure in this phase is twinned which is the configuration shown in the middle of :igure 1. ;pon deformation this phase ta#es on the second form shown in :igure 1, on the right. Austenite, the stronger E & I Dept. CEK Page "

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phase of shape memory alloys, occurs at higher temperatures. The shape of the Austenite structure is cubic, the structure shown on the left side of :igure 1. The un!deformed Martensite phase is the same si%e and shape as the cubic Austenite phase on a macroscopic scale, so that no change in si%e or shape is isible in shape memory alloys until the Martensite is deformed.

. !"ape #emory $%%ect

The shape memory effect is obser ed when the temperature of a piece of shape memory alloy is cooled to below the temperature Mf. At this stage the alloy is completely composed of Martensite which can be easily deformed. After distorting the SMA the original shape can be reco ered simply by heating the wire abo e the temperature Af. The heat transferred to the wire is the power dri ing the molecular rearrangement of the alloy, similar to heat melting ice into water, but the alloy remains solid. The deformed Martensite is now transformed to the cubic Austenite phase, which is configured in the original shape of the wire.

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The Shape memory effect is currently being implemented in<

The space shuttle Thermostats =ascular Stents 7ydraulic :ittings (for Airplanes)

&. 'seudo(elasticity

>seudo!elasticity occurs in shape memory alloys when the alloy is completely composed of Austenite (temperature is
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greater than Af). ;nli#e the shape memory effect, pseudo! elasticity occurs without a change in temperature. The load on the shape memory alloy is increased until the Austenite becomes transformed into Martensite simply due to the loading? this process is shown in :igure 0. The loading is absorbed by the softer Martensite, but as soon as the loading is decreased the Martensite begins to transform bac# to Austenite since the temperature of the wire is still abo e Af, and the wire springs bac# to its original shape.

Some e3amples of applications in which pseudo!elasticity is used are<

@yeglass :rames Medical Tools Aellular >hone Antennae

). Alloy *ypes
Since the disco ery of "i!Ti, at least fifteen different binary, ternary and quaternary alloy types ha e been disco ered that e3hibit shape changes and unusual elastic properties consequent to deformation. Some of these alloy types and ariants are shown in table *. *a+le 1. Shape memory alloy types. B B Titanium!palladium!nic#el "ic#el!titanium!copper B B )ron!manganese!silicon "ic#el!titanium

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B B B B B

Cold!cadmium )ron!%inc!copper!aluminium Titanium!niobium!luminium ;ranium!niobium 7afnium!titanium!nic#el

B B B B B

"ic#el!iron!%inc!aluminium Aopper!aluminium!iron Titanium!niobium Dirconium!copper!%inc "ic#el!%irconium!titanium

The original nic#el!titanium alloy has some of the most useful characteristics in terms of its acti e temperature range, cyclic performance, reco erable strain energy and relati ely simple thermal processing. "i!Ti and other alloys ha e two generic properties thermally induced shape reco ery and super! or pseudo!elasticity. The latter means that an SMA in its elastic form can undergo a deformation appro3imately ten times greater than that of a spring!steel equi alent, and full elastic reco ery to the original geometry may be e3pected. This may be possible through se eral million cycles. The energy density of the alloy can be used to good effect to ma#e high!force actuators ! a modern /A brushless electric motor has a mass of 0!*9 times that of a thermally acti ated "i!Ti alloy, to do the same wor#. The super elastic "i!Ti alloys are EstressedF by simply wor#ing the alloy. These stresses can be remo ed, 4ust as with many other alloys, by an annealing process. The stressed condition is termed stress! induced martensite, which is the equi alent of being coldGhot wor#ed. SMAs, particularly nic#el!titanium, are commercially a ailable from se eral sources. 7owe er, world production is small compared to other metal commodities (about 199 tonnes were produced *++2) owing to difficulties in the meltGforging production process, and so the cost of the

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material high ;SH9.I9!;SH*.09 (;6J9.19!J*.99) per gram for wire forms *+++ prices). :ortunately, most current applications require only small amount of the material. As world production increases (as it has done quite dramatically in the *++9s) so prices should decrease. -ires, strip, rod, bar and sheet are all readily a ailable and alloy foams, sintering powders and sputtering targets of high purity are also produced.

,. Nitinol '"ases and 'roperties

"itinol has phase change while still solid? these phase changes are #nown as martensite and austenite. Martensite and austenite phase changes "in ol e the rearrangement of the position of particles within the crystal structure of the solid" the disco ery of the shape!memory effect. /r. :rederic# @. -ang. (6auffman, *++I) "itinol is in the martensite phase under the shift of temperature. The alteration temperature aries from different compositions from !09 KA to *'' KA. (.ac#son, *++() "itinol can be bend into aries shapes in the martensite phase, to reshape the "itinol bac# into its original character the "itinol E & I Dept. CEK Page '

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must held into position and heated to appro3imately 099 KA. &y heating the "itinol the atoms are realigned into a compact and regular pattern resulting into a rigid cubic arrangement #nown as the austenite phase. (6auffman, *++I) The parent shape is achie ed in the austenite phase. The "itinol can phase shifted bac# and forth from martensite to austenite for millions of cycles with no brea#down on the composite alloy. (.ac#son, *++() The production method of "itinol such as electron!beam melting, aries, current e3isting techniques acuum melting techniques acuum acuum arc melting or

of producing nic#el!titanium alloys include

induction melting. The "itinol is made into cast ingot in a press forge or rotary forge into in to rods or wire. The wor#ing temperature for "itinol is between (99 KA and +99 KA. The cold wor#ing method for "itinol is similar to the fabrication of titanium wire. To produce wires ranging in si%e from .9(0mm to *.10mm in diameter carbide and diamond dies must be used to produce the wire. A change to the mechanical and physical properties of "itinol will occur when the alloy is cold wor#ed. (.ac#son, *++() Ceneral the properties of "itinol is comparable to other alloys, its melting point is around *1L9 KA to *I*9 KA, and its density is around '.0 gGcmM. $ther physical properties due differ from other alloys such as temperatures with damping, heat arious compositions of elements include electrical elocity of sound, and thermal capacity, magnetic susceptibility, resisti ity, thermoelectric power, 7all coefficient,

conducti ity. (.ac#son, *++() The large force generated upon returning to its original shape is a ery useful property. $ther useful properties of "itinol are its "e3cellent damping characteristics at temperatures below the transition temperature range, its corrosion resistance, its nonmagnetic nature, its low density and its high fatigue strength" these E & I Dept. CEK 10 Page

Seminar Report-2011 properties translate into many uses for "itinol. (.ac#son, *++()
'H-!I.A/ '01'$0*I$! Melting >oint /ensity @lectrical Nesisti ity Modulus of @lasticity Aoefficient of Thermal @3pansion #$.HANI.A/ '01'$0*I$! ;ltimate Tensile Strength (min. ;TS) Total @longation (min) !HA'$ #$#10- '01'$0*I$! ,oading >lateau Stress Q IPG strain (min) Shape Memory Strain (ma3) Transformation Temperature (Af)

Shape Memory Alloys Neference Table *.

1I+9K: 9.1IL lbGinI I9 Oohm!in L!' 3 *9' psi I.( 3 *9!'GK: *'9 3 *9I psi *9P *0 3 *9I psi 2.9P *L9K :

*I*9KA '.0 gGcmI (' Oohm!cm 12!L* 3 *9I M>a '.' 3 *9!'GKA **99 M>a *9P *99 M>a 2.9P '9K A

Table * ! "itinol SML+0 -ire >roperties ("itinol, 19*9)

2. '01G0A##ING
The use of the one way shape memory or super elastic property of "iTi for a specific application requires a piece of SMA to be molded into the desired shape . the characteristic heat treatment is then done to set the specimen to its final shape . The heat treatment methods used to set shapes in both the shape memory and the super elastic forms of E & I Dept. CEK 11 Page

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"iTi are similar. Adequate heat treatment parameters are needed to set the shape and properties of the item. The two way memory training procedure can be made by SM@ training or S)M training . )n SM@ training the specimen is cooled below Mf and bent the desired shape . )t is then heated to a temperature abo e Af and allowed freely to ta#e its austenite shape . The procedure is repeated 19 8 I9 times which completes the training . The sample now assumes its programmed shape upon cooling under Mf and to another shape when heated abo e Af. )n S)M (stress induced martensite ) training the specimen is bent 4ust abo e Ms to produce the preferred ariants of S)M and then cooled below Mf temperature. ;pon subsequent heating abo e the Af temperature the specimen ta#es its original austenitic shape . This procedure is repeated 19!I9 times.

13. 4uture 'rediction o% !"ape #emory Alloy 5!#A6

Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) or "itinol with it potential use as a muscle metal? it is li#e an actuator without all the e3tra parts. >resent day actuators use different methods mechanics to achie e mo ement such as pneumatics, electricity, and hydraulics. E & I Dept. CEK 12 A "itinol wire has only a Page

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wire strain and a heat source that heat source can be direct or induced by electric current. "itinol simplicity lends itself to di erse applications in different industries such as medicine, industrial, robotics, and etc. the potential is unlimited. 13.1. #edicine The application of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) or "itinol in medicine is not new? its use in medicine has been around for few decades. The present day uses of "itinol are for such de ices as tension wires on dental orthodontics braces and in cardio ascular medicine "itinol is being used for heart stints and blood essel catheters. "itinol wire is being used to ma#e nearly indestructible frame for eye glasses, because SMA eyeglass frames will bounce bac# to the original shape after being bent. (6auffman, *++I) 13.1.1 !tents The property of thermally induced elastic reco ery can be used to change a small olume to a larger one. An e3ample of a de ice using this is a stent. A stent, either in con4unction with a dilation balloon or simply by self!e3pansion, can dilate or support a bloc#ed conduit in the human body. Aoronary artery disease, which is a ma4or cause of death around the world, is caused by a plaque in!growth de eloping on and within an artery5s inner wall. This reduces the cross!section of the artery and consequently reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. A stent can be introduced in a EdeformedF shape, in other words with a smaller diameter. This is achie ed by tra elling through the arteries with the stent contained in a catheter. -hen deployed, the stent e3pands to the appropriate diameter with sufficient force to open the essel lumen and reinstate blood flow.

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Seminar Report-2011 13.1.2. 7ena(cava 4ilters

Shape Memory Alloys

=ena!ca a filters ha e a relati ely long record of successful in! i o application. The filters are constructed from "i!Ti wires and are used in one of the outer heart chambers to trap blood clots, which might be the cause of a fatality if allowed to tra el freely around the blood circulation system. The specially designed filters trap these small clots, pre enting them from entering the pulmonary system and causing a pulmonary embolism. The ena!ca a filter is introduced in a compact cylindrical form about 1.9!1.0mm in diameter. -hen released it forms an umbrella shape. The construction is designed with a wire mesh spacing sufficiently small to trap clots. This is an e3ample of the use of superelastic properties, although there are also some thermally actuated ena ca a filters on the mar#et. 13.1.3. Dental and 1rt"odontic Applications Another commercially important application is the use of superelastic and thermal shape reco ery alloys for orthodontic applications. Archwires made of stainless steel ha e been employed as a correcti e measure for misaligned teeth for many years. $wing to the limited EstretchF and tensile properties of these wires, considerable forces are applied to teeth, which can cause a great deal of discomfort. -hen the teeth succumb to the correcti e forces applied, the stainless steel wire has to be re!tensioned. =isits may be needed to the orthodontist for re! tensioning e ery three to four wee#s in the initial stages of treatment. Superelastic wires are now used for these correcti e measures. $wing to their elastic properties and e3tendibility, the le el of discomfort can be reduced significantly as the SMA applies a continuous, gentle pressure o er a longer period. =isits to the orthodontist are reduced to perhaps three or four per year. E & I Dept. CEK 1" Page

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@3ample of how e en a badly fractured face can be reconstructed using bone plates

13.1.4. 0o+otic #uscles

. There ha e been many attempts made to re!create human anatomy through mechanical means. The human body howe er, is so comple3 that it is ery difficult to duplicate e en simple functions. Nobotics and electronics are ma#ing great strides in this field, of particular interest are limbs such hands, arms, and legs. Shape memory alloys mimic human muscles and tendons ery well.

SMARs are strong and compact so that large groups of them can be used for robotic applications, and the motion with which they contract and e3pand are ery smooth creating a life!li#e mo ement una ailable in other systems.

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Areating human motion using SMA wires is a comple3 tas# but a simple e3planation is detailed here. :or e3ample to create a single direction of mo ement (li#e the middle #nuc#le of your fingers) the setup shown in :igure * could be used. The bias spring shown in the upper portion of the finger would hold the finger straight, stretching the SMA wire, then the SMA wire on the bottom portion of the finger can be heated which will cause it to shorten bending the 4oint downwards (as in :igure *). The heating ta#es place by running an electric current through the wire? the timing and magnitude of this current can be controlled through a computer interface used to manipulate the 4oint. There are still some challenges that must be o ercome before robotic hands can become more commonplace. The first is generating the computer software used to control the artificial muscle systems within the robotic limbs. The second is creating large enough mo ements to emulate human fle3ibility (i.e. being able to bend the 4oints as far as humans can). The third problem is reproducing the speed and accuracy of human refle3es.

13.2. .onsumer Goods "itinol has unlimited application potential in technology, it can be used as a strong actuator and to mo e ob4ects in a small space by pro iding heat or electrical current. Aurrently, "itinol is used in women5s bras as a wire support that holds its shape under the most E & I Dept. CEK Page 1$

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demanding use. "itinol will soon be used more in fashion, then 4ust underwear support. /esigners ha e been e3perimenting with inno ati e materials for years. $nce!re olutionary synthetic fabrics such as polyester, Spande3, Core!Te3 and ;ltrasuede are now used in a wide range of apparel and footwear. Necently, hip, ,os Angeles!based denim designer Serfontaine Jeans started using DuPont's ,ycra TL99, which is made from multicomponent yarns, to create stretch 4eans that donRt lose their elasticity, thereby 199') Students at M)TRs Media ,ab are also e3perimenting with affordable wearable technology using fabrics imbued with arious metals, such as organ%a, copper, carbon and stainless steel? they ha e produced conducti e clothing that is still soft to the touch. Amanda Parkes, an M)T student, has been studying how "itinol, changes shape during fluctuations in temperature. -ith the application of a small amount of heat, a "itinol!based long!slee e shirt can become short slee ed in seconds, while still being able to re ert bac# to its original shape. The automobile has been part of American life for more than a century changing little for many of those years. The engines are still run on either gasoline or diesel, and there are a do%en of hydraulic pumps and electric motors all through the interior of the ehicle. Smart materials ErememberF their original shape and can return to it, opening new possibilities for many mo able features, such as replacing the electric motors traditionally used to acti ate car seats, windows and loc#s. There are numerous applications for the technology in the automoti e, aerospace, appliance, medical and electronics industries. (-eber, 19*9) The dynamic nature of smart memory alloy can be used in the outer body panels of future automobiles to allow them to change E & I Dept. CEK Page 1% irtually eliminating the need for a belt. (@4iofor,

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to fit their en ironment to optimi%e their operating functions. Ceneral Motors engineers ha e been de eloping Air dams, which are important to reducing aerodynamics drag at highway speeds are frequently damaged by low!speed impacts with par#ing bumpers, ramps, and snow and ice. An air dam acti ated by shape memory alloy can monitor ehicle speed, the use of four!wheel dri e and the presences of snow to intuiti ely lower or raise the dam to optmi%eI aero drag. These are only few of the future consumer product

de elopments of "itinol. Smart memory alloy will be used anywhere an engineer will find way to ma#e a product better, quic#er, faster, and more reliable.

13.3. 0o+otics

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Today the assembly line robot uses hydraulic, pneumatics, and electric actuators and solenoids. Tomorrow5s large robots will probable use the same technology, but the small? the microbots will be using "itinol muscle. There will not enough space inside a machine the si%e of house fly to contain the same mechanical systems as it larger cousins. :or a new class of soft robotic platforms, de elopment of fle3ible and robust actuators is quintessential. Nemar#able resilience, shape memory effect, high energy density, and scalability are attributed to nic#el titanium ("iTi) ma#ing it an e3cellent actuator candidate for meso!scale applications. The presented fiber is L99Sm in diameter and 9.0m in length e3hibiting 09P contraction and *11'.G#g of energy density with L9g of force. &y changing the geometry of the spring, force!displacement characteristics can be tuned. (Sangbae, 199+) 7ar ard Microrobotics ,ab research focuses on design, fabrication, control, and analysis of biologically!inspired microrobots and soft robots. They are gaining e3pertise in microfabrication and microsystem design, combined with insights from arthropods? enable 7ar ard Microbotics ,ab to create high!performance aerial and ambulatory microrobots. Such robotic platforms can be used for search and rescue operations, assisted agriculture, en ironmental monitoring, and e3ploration of ha%ardous en ironments. )n 199(, a life!si%e, robotic fly has ta#en flight at 7ar ard ;ni ersity. -eighing only '9 milligrams, with a wingspan of three centimeters, the tiny robotRs mo ements are modeled on those of a real fly. -hile much wor# remains to be done on the mechanical insect, the researchers say that such small flying machines could one day be used as spies, or for detecting harmful chemicals. The researchers must still design a control E & I Dept. CEK 1' Page

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system for the robot, so robotic fly can release from its tethers and still flies straight. (Noss, 199() Necreating a flyRs efficient mo ements in a robot roughly the si%e of the real insect was difficult, howe er, because e3isting manufacturing processes couldnRt be used to ma#e the sturdy, lightweight parts required. The motors, bearings, and 4oints typically used for large!scale robots wouldnRt wor# for something the si%e of a fly. To fabricate the robotic fly some e3tremely small parts can be made using the processes for creating microelectromechanical systems. ;ltimately, the 7ar ard Microrobotics ,ab research team de eloped its own fabrication process. ;sing laser micromachining, researchers cut thin sheets of carbon fiber into two!dimensional patterns that are accurate to a couple of micrometers. Sheets of polymer are cut using the same process. &y carefully arranging the sheets of carbon fiber and polymer, the researchers are able to create functional parts. A use for such a tiny robot could the detection of chemicals in the air. Tiny, lightweight sensors need to be integrated as well. Ahemical sensors could be used, for e3ample, to detect to3ic substances in ha%ardous areas so that people can go into the area with the appropriate safety gear. -ood and his colleagues will also need to de elop software routines for the fly so that it will be able to a oid obstacles. (Noss, 199() The applications of Smart Memory Alloy (SMA) are as aried as the imagination. >redicting the future use of SMA is a misnomer, the future use of SMA will be a e ol ing process of research and de elopment.

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11. 'otential *ec"nolo8y

"arrowing down the potential of Smart Memory Alloy (SMA) technology is a difficult endea or, since ) belie e that this technology will be applied whene er such material properties are beneficial. Smart Memory Alloys application can find in many areas of technology, as long as the designers and their management are willing to loo# outside the bo3. ) will discuss a possible new ream that ) ha e not found Smart Memory Alloy (SMA) being used, and that is the area of munitions fu%ing. The area of fu%ing ) referring to is the fu%es used in the bomb that are deployed from aircraft. Aurrently, the within fu%es there are redounded safety systems the #eep the fu%e from arming, when it is not appropriate. This system is called the fu%e safing and arming (STA). The ma4ority of the fu%es used by the ;nited States Air :orce and "a y are the :M;!*01AG&, :M;!*I+AG/, :M;!*LI@G&, and :M;!*0'. (:u%e, 19*9) -ith todayRs highly destructi e weapons, there must be a high degree of assurance that the weapon will not detonate until it has reached the target that it is intended to destroy. This assurance is pro ided by the safing and arming de ice (STA). (:u%ing, 19*9) :u%es are normally di ided into two general classesUmechanical and electrical. (:u%ing, 19*9) @ither Mechanical or @lectrical a fu%e must be design to meet the following requirements< )t must remain safe in stowage, while it is handled in normal

mo ement, and during loading and downloading e olutions. )t must remain safe while being carried aboard the aircraft. )t must remain safe until the bomb is released and is well clear

of the deli ery aircraft (arming delay or safe separation period). E & I Dept. CEK 21 Page

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/epending upon the type of target, the fu%e may be required to

delay the detonation of the bomb after impact for a preset time (functioning delay). :unctioning delay may ary from a few milliseconds to many hours. )t should not detonate the bomb if the bomb is accidentally

released or if the bomb is 4ettisoned in a safe condition from the aircraft. To pro ide these qualities, a number of design features are used. Most features are common to all types of fu%es. 11.1. #ec"anical 4u9es )n its simplest form, a mechanical fu%e is li#e the hammer and primer used to fire a rifle or pistol. A mechanical force (in this case, the bomb impacting the target) dri es a stri#er into a sensiti e detonator. The detonator ignites a train of e3plosi es, e entually firing the main or filler charge. A mechanical bomb fu%e is more complicated than the simple hammer and primer. (:u%ing, 19*9) 11.2. $lectrical 4u9es @lectrical fu%es ha e many characteristics of mechanical fu%es. They differ in fu%e initiation. An electrical impulse is used to initiate the electrical fu%e rather than the mechanical action of arming ane rotation. An electrical pulse from the deli ery aircraft charges capacitors in the fu%e as the bomb is released from the aircraft. Arming and functioning delays are produced by a series of resistorGcapacitor networ#s in the fu%e. The functioning delay is electromechanically initiated, with the necessary circuits closed by means of shoc#!sensiti e switches. The electric bomb fu%e remains safe until it is energi%ed by the electrical charging system carried in the aircraft. &ecause of the interloc#s pro ided in the release equipment, electrical charging can occur only after the bomb is released from the rac# or shac#le and has E & I Dept. CEK 22 Page

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begun its separation from the aircraft? howe er, it is still connected electrically to the aircraftRs bomb arming unit. At this time, the fu%e recei es an energi%ing charge required for selection of the desired arming and impact times. (:u%ing, 19*9) 11.3. !#A Actuator )n most modern precision bomb fu%es the safing and arming safety de ices uses >yrotechnic /e ices to loc#, unloc#, and pro ide the energy to mo e interior fu%e parts. The suppliers for the speciali%ed pyrotechnic de ices are dwindling, there are three or four manufactures left in the ;nited States. &eing such a limited number of manufacturers of these de ices, reliability and on time deli ery is a consistent problem. A reliable alternati e needs to be found and de eloped. SMA actuators show promise as a replacement for pyrotechnic de ices, because of the superior properties that displayed by SMA. A simple SMA actuator can made to wor# in con4unction with other de ices to achie e the desired effect of a pyrotechnic actuator. Neference :igure *.

:igure * 8 SMA Actuator A simple SMA Actuator can be designed to use the strength and reliability of alloy replacing the pyrotechnics. A SMA wire is attached is a piston that is used to loc# the safing and arming de ice into place. An electric current is conducted through the wire? the resistance that is caused by the wire generates sufficient heat throughout the wire. The E & I Dept. CEK 2! Page

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atoms in the wire reposition, becoming more ordered and compact, the wire shrin#s becoming shorter in length. The action of the shrin#ing wire pulls the actuator piston in the direction shown in figure *. The safing and arming de ice is than free mo e. The SMA wire can be designed to spin a rotor. Neference :igure *'.

:igure *' 8 SMA Notor Actuator Another simple de ice is to use the SMA wire to ma#e rotor spin. A current is applied across the -ire, ma#ing heat from the resistance of the wire. $ne end of the wire is fi3ed connected and the on end is connected to the rotor. The SMA wire contracts, pulling the rotor connected end of the wire, causing the rotor to spin in a circular path. The rotor can than align an e3plosi e train, arming the fu%e. Neference :igure *'. The required temperature that fu%e must sur i e and still function is !0LV A to '0V A as stated in M),!ST/!I*9 and M),!ST/!2*9. The ad antages of using SMA actuator wire to ma#e actuators, is it does not acti ate if e3posed to heat abo e ((V A li#e a polytechnic de ice. (@aglepicher, 1992) SMA wire does not react unless the heat it is e3posed to is abo e L21V A. (6auffman , *++') )f a polytechnic de ice is E & I Dept. CEK 2" Page

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e3posed to e3treme cold the function can be negati ely affected. SMA wire must be e3posed to !1*9 KA to it will not function. A polytechnics de ice can, also, malfunctions from the internal structures such as oids in the polytechnic change or a bro#en bridge wire. Neference :igure *(.

:igure *( 8 >olytechnics /e ice Neplacing the polytechnic de ices with SMA actuator de ices is possible, but more research is needed to achie e the same or superior performance. &omb fu%e safing and arming systems in bomb is 4ust a single possible future de elopment of smart memory alloy. 11.4. Aircra%t #aneuvera+ility Aircraft maneu erability depends hea ily on the mo ement of flaps found at the rear or trailing edge of the wings. The efficiency and reliability of operating these flaps is of critical importance.

Most aircraft in the air today operate these flaps using e3tensi e hydraulic systems. These hydraulic systems utili%e large centrali%ed pumps to maintain pressure, and hydraulic lines to distribute the pressure to the flap actuators. )n order to maintain reliability of operation, multiple hydraulic lines must be run to each set of flaps. This comple3 system of E & I Dept. CEK 2# Page

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pumps and lines is often relati ely difficult and costly to maintain. Many alternati es to the hydraulic systems are being e3plored by the aerospace industry. Among the most promising alternati es are pie%oelectric fibers, electrostricti e ceramics, and shape memory alloys. The flaps on a wing generally ha e the same layout shown on the left, with a large hydraulic system attached to it at the point of the actuator connection. "Smart" wings, which incorporate shape memory alloys, are typically li#e the wing this system is much more compact and efficient, in that the shape memory wires only require an electric current for mo ement.

7inge less shape memory alloy :lap

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The shape memory wire is used to manipulate a fle3ible wing surface. The wire on the bottom of the wing is shortened through the shape memory effect, while the top wire is stretched bending the edge downwards, the opposite occurs when the wing must be bent upwards. The shape memory effect is induced in the wires simply by heating them with an electric current, which is easily supplied through electrical wiring, eliminating the need for large hydraulic lines. &y remo ing the hydraulic system, aircraft weight, maintenance costs, and repair time are all reduced.

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12.

Advanta8es and Disadvanta8es

&io!compatibility /i erse :ields of Application Cood Mechanical >roperties (strong, corrosion resistant) use of "iTi as a biomaterial has se erable possible

Some of the main ad antages of shape memory alloys include<

The

ad antages.)ts shape memory property and super elasticity are unique characteristics and totally new in the medical field. The possibility to ma#e self!loc#ing, self e3panding and self! compressing thermally E & I Dept. CEK 2& Page

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acti ated implants is fascinating. As far as special properties and good bio compatibility are concerned, it is e ident that "iTi has a potential to be a clinical success in se eral applications in future. There are still some difficulties with shape memory alloys that must be o ercome before they can li e up to their full potential. These alloys are still relati ely e3pensi e to manufacture and machine compared to other materials such as steel and aluminum. Most SMARs ha e poor fatigue properties? this means that while under the same loading conditions (i.e. twisting, bending, compressing) a steel component may sur i e for more than one hundred times more cycles than an SMA element.

13.

.onclusion
The many uses and applications of shape memory alloys

ensure a bright future for these metals. Nesearch is currently carried out at many robotics departments and materials science departments. -ith the inno ati e ideas for applications of SMAs and the number of products on the mar#et using SMAs continually growing, ad ances in the field of shape memory alloys for use in many different fields of study seem ery promising.

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14.

0e%erence

&orden, Tom. "Shape!Memory Alloys< :orming a Tight :it." Mechanical Engineering. $ct. *++*, p'(!(1. &raun Melsungen AC. E7istory of the Surgical Suture.F www.sutures !!raun.com . 19*9. http<GGwww.sutures!bbraun.comGinde3.cfmW +*(A(LA+1A0A@'1''(99A/+AA&@+LI1A . Netrie ed on .uly 1L, 19*9. E@aglepicher August. E & I Dept. CEK !0 Page /efense.F @aglepitcher Aompanies. 1992.

http<GGwww.eaglepicher.comGcontentG iewG'1G*LLG. Netrie ed on

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@4iofor, Mmoma. E:ashions of the :uture.F "or!es.com. March *', 199'. http<GGwww.forbes.comG199'G9IG*'Gfuture!fashion!trends! c3XmeX9I*'featXls.html. Netrie e on .uly *(, 19*9. :alcioni, .ohn C. "Shape Memory Alloys." Mechanical Engineering. April *++1, p**L. Alloy with a Memory< )ts >hysical Metallurgy, >roperties, and

Applications< A Neport.F #ashington$ %ASA. *+(1. 6auffman, Ceorge and )saac Mayo. "Memory Metal." Chem Matters. $ct. *++I, pL!(. 6auffman, Ceorge and )saac Mayo. EThe Story of "itinol< The Serendipitous /isco ery of the Memory Metal and )ts Applications.F &he Chemical Educator. *++'. =$,. 1, "$. 1, S *LI9!L*(* (+() 91* **89. Mel%er, Schurr, ,irici, 6lemm, Stoec#el, &uess. E:uture Trends in @ndoscopic Suturing.F Endosco'ic Surgery and Allied &echnologies. :ebruary *++L, =ol. 1, "r. * E"itinol /e ices T Aomponents.F %itinol SM()* #ire Material Data Sheet. www.nitinol.com, S/S!SML+0, Ne . &., http<GGwww.nitinol.comGmediaGfilesGmaterial!properties! pdfsGsmL+0XwireXdataP19P0&Aon ertedP0/X 1.pdf. Netrie ed on L .uly 19*9. Nogers, Araig. ")ntelligent Materials." Scientific American. Sept. *++0, p*0L!*0(. Noss, Nachel. ENobotic )nsect Ta#es $ff.F &echnology +e,iew. .uly *+, 199(. http<GGwww.technologyre iew.comGprinterXfriendlyXarticle.asp3W E & I Dept. CEK !1 Page

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idY*+9'2TchannelYcomputingTsectionY. Netrie ed on .uly 10, 19*9. http<GGsun. mi.eduGhallGafpics.htm http<GGwww.her#ules.oulu.fiGsma www.madsci.org www.afrlhori%ons.org http<GGsmart.tamu.eduG

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