BASIC ARABIC GRAMMAR (LOWER SECONDARY LEVEL) Al Qawaa-idul Ibtidaa-iy-yah 422\3_2\ %s\,5M1 Lil-lughatil ‘Arabiy-yah Ligh COMPILED BY: Mufti Shabil Ali for DARUL ULOOM TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Published By : Darul Uloom Trinidad and Tobago Rashaad Avenue, Mon Plasir Road, Cunupia, Trinidad, West Indies. Phone/Fax : (809) 665 - 8868Table of Contents Topic Page F Introduction i ‘A Guide for the use of the book i Transliteration key 5 LESSON ONE: - An-Nahu (ch - Syntax ‘ - As-Sarf (3;zall - Etymology t 2 Parts of Speech 2 LESSON TWO: - Sentences 4 - Nominal Sentences 4 LESSON THREE: - Verbal Sentences - Subject 8 LESSON FOUR: - Verbal Sentences - Object i - Intransitive verb : i - Transitive verb lt LESSON FIVE: - Prepositional Phrase 14 REVISION ONE: - Revision of Lessons One to FiveTable of. Contents Topic LESSON SIX: - The Definite Article for Nouns = Section A- "Al" (J) - Section B - The Hamzah in "Al (J) ~ Section C - The sun letters and moon letters LESSON SEVEN: = Adjectives -Words that describe - Describing words used as predicate in a nominal sentence LESSON EIGHT: - The Possessive Construction - Rules concerning the two elements of the possessive construction - Idaafah - Pronouns used as the second element -Mudaaf ilaihi - The Adjective and the Possessive Construction LESSON NINE: - Transformed Nominal Sentences - Kaana (41S) and its associates - The incomplete verb Laisa (J - The incomplete verb Saara (Le) - In-na Gy) and its associates - In-na (), An-na GD), Kaan an 8 Laakin-na GS. Laita sb, La‘al-la (fx) LESSON TEN: - Nouns used as adverbs - (A) Adverb of time and place - Dharf (3',b) - (B) Adverb of manner - Haal (J) REVISION TWO: - Revision from Lessons Six to Ten & hy Io 21 23 29 40 45 47 53 55 56 59 59 59 65 65 72Topic Table of Contents LESSON ELEVEN: The three cases of nouns Five Categories of Nouns with vowel and letter changes to suit the cases Category (1) Category (2) Category (3) Category (4) Category (5) Some Grammatical Structures and Cases LESSON TWELVE: Verbs Inflection of verbs Inflection of the past tense verb Inflection of the present/future tense verb ‘The Imperative verb Inflection of the Imperative and Negative Imperative verb LESSON THIRTEEN: Verbs - Variable and Invariable The three cases of the present / future tense verb Inflection of the sound present / future tense verb in three cases - Particles of Nasb Some particles of Jazm REVISION THREE: - Revision of Lessons Eleven to Thirteen TABLE OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS AND CASES TABLE OF VOWEL AND LETTER CHANGES (I'-RAAB) TO SUIT CASES F 5 75 15 7 19 81 83 85 86 89 91 93 102 105 106.pe gsi a In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Introduction I praise Allah Ta'aalaa who has revealed the Quraan in the Arabic language and I send peace and blessings upon Prophet Muhammad, who conversed in the language of the Quraan. T also thank Allah Ta'aalaa who has allowed me to compile this book for students to learn basic grammatical concepts of the Arabic language. I name this book "Basic Arabic Grammar". In September 1988, seven years ago, I had completed a book which I had named "A Practical Approach To The Arabic Grammar". It contains details of the Arabic Grammar including extensive rules and illustrations of the inflections of verbs and nouns. The book is used by students to study Arabic Grammar and its application particularly in the Holy Quraan and Hadith (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, upon whom be peace). However, the need has been felt to compile a book on the basic rules of Arabic Grammar with a simple and gradual approach for students now entering secondary schools and also for adult beginners. 1 hope that this book,"Basic Arabic Grammar" will fulfill that need and that it will be used by students as a stepping-stone to higher levels of Arabic Grammar. While compiling this book, the following considerations were taken: (i) Transliteration was used throughout the book. (ii) Both English and Arabic terms were used. (iii) Grammar rules were simplified. (iv) Sufficient drills and exercises were included. (v) A limited vocabulary was used. (vi) Revision sections were included. (vii) Complex grammatical structures were omitted,ii (viii) One lesson was devoted to inflections of strong, regular verbs; while the remaining lessons are on grammatical structures and cases. I dedicate this humble effort to the Darul Uloom Trinidad and Tobago, including all the members of the various committees, teachers, students, workers, donors and well wishers and by all means, the Patron of the Darul Uloom Trinidad and Tobago, Hazrat Maulana Abu Saood Ahmad, who is the Founder and Principal of the Darul Uloom Sabeelur Rashaad in Bangalore, India. I also dedicate this effort to my parents, family members and all my teachers, with special mention of one of my teachers, Hazrat Maulana Meeran Sahib, who inspite of not knowing the English language, took great care and patience in teaching other foreign students and me Arabic Grammar at Darul Uloom Sabeelur Rashaad, Bangalore, India. I express great thanks to Maulana Kahiam Hosein and Maulana Abdurrahman Ali for the typesetting of this book. I finally beg Allah to accept this humble effort of mine and to allow this book to be a means for students to study the Quraan and Hadith in Arabic, their original language. (Aameen) Shabil Ali Principal Darul Uloom Trinidad and Tobago 4th September 1995. 8th Rabii ‘uth-thaani 1416 A.H.A Guide For The Use Of The Book. "Basic Arabic Grammar" has thirteen lessons. Each lesson introduces new grammatical concepts with examples, drills and exercises. "Basic Arabic Grammar" has three revision sections, namely, Revision One, Revision Two, and Revision Three. These three revision sections contain all the grammatical rules and terms discussed from lessons one to thirteen. The main objective of this book is that the student understands the grammar of the written and spoken Arabic language and how it is related to English Grammar. This book is not an Arabic reader nor a book to teach Arabic conversation. The main purpose of the Arabic Syntax is to recognise the grammatical structure of a word in a sentence, determine the case of the variable words and then apply the appropriate final vowel or letter to suit the case. It is important that the student understands the relevant English Grammar mentioned in this book along with the Arabic Grammar. It is also important that a student learns and uses both the English and Arabic terms for the grammatical structures. There are, however, some Arabic terms which do not have equivalent English terms; so close terms were used. Such Arabic terms should be used more frequently than the English terms. It is recommended that mostly the Arabic terms be used for the following: (a) Cases of nouns and the present/future tense verbs. (b) The wo elements of the possessive construction. (©) The adjective and the described noun. (d) Variable and invariable. (© Ghairu Munsarif.iv Recommended Time For Completion. "Basic Arabic Grammar" is recommended for students who have completed at least primary secular education. Daily Classes - Six Months Weekly Classes - One Year Note: A hard working student who knows basic English Grammar, can complete this book vithin four months. I finally pray that Allah accepts this humble effort of mine and guides students to the achievements that can result from the correct use of this book. (Aameen) Shabil Ali.v Transliteration Key Arabic Transliteration Arabic Transliteration | a 2 b 2 t ro th tc J Gq h ea Kh ° d 2 dh 2 t 3 z o s o sh vu $ uP d Lb t & dh t ‘a t gh 3 f 3 q J k J 1 r m ° n 3 w ° h . a s y Vowels Long Vowels ie a = 1a = i > ws = ii s ’ can u ae 5 — ow — doubled lener1 pen St LESSON ONE Arabic Grammar has two sections : (1) An-Nahu (45h) - Syntax (2) As-Sarf (tall) - Etymology An-Nabu (i )- Syntax An-Nahu ( ’,5Ji ) includes the grammatical structures in sentences which cause variations in the final vowel(s) and letter(s) of Arabic words. Example: A boy: (i) Assubject ofaverb - (Waladun) aS, (ii) Asobjectofaverb - — (Waladan) aly (iii) Following a preposition - (Waladin) =a Note : Some Arabic words remain constant. They do not change their final vowel(s) and Jetter(s) when the grammatical structure changes. Example: Few - (Rub-ba) By As-Sarf (C321) - Etymology As-Sarf ( Siyall ) includes the inflection of words such as verbs and nouns. Examples : Noun: Amuslim - (Muslimun) AL Two muslims - (Muslimaani) ht Many muslims . (Muslimuuna) oye2 Verb: He did - Fa’) She did - (Fa'a lat) obs I did - (Fa ‘al tu) bs Words Parts of Speech Words have different functions in sentences. There are basically eight functions which are called the eight Parts of Speech in the English language. The Eight Parts of Speech are: (1) Noun - A word which names anything. - Boy (2) Pronoun - A word which stands for a noun. - He (3) Adjective - A word which describes the noun it goes with. - Big boy (4) Verb - A word which expresses action or helps to make a statement. Examples: The boy ran. c The boy is in the room. Note : Verbs tell something about the subject. (5) Adverb - A word which modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Examples: The boy ran slowly. ("slowly" modifies the verb, "ran") It is extremely hot. (“extremely" modifies the adjective,"hot") The boy ran very slowly. ("very" modifies another adverb,"slowly")3 (6) Preposition - A word which is placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation between it and some other word in the sentence. Example: The boy is in the house. (7) Conjunction - A word which is used to join words, phrases, or clauses together. Examples: The boy and the girl ran, The boy ran down the hill and into the lake. T am happy because I am healthy. (8) _Interjection - A word which expresses emotion. Example: Oh! Don't hit me so hard. Arabic Terms For The Eight Parts of Specch (1) Noun - (Ism) - (2) Pronoun - (Damiir) (3) Adjective = (Sifah) (4) Verb - (Fil) (5) Adverb - (Some nouns and prepositions are used as adverbs) (© Preposition : (Harful Jarr) “pil Us (7) Conjunction = =~ (Harful ‘At Shll os (8) Interjection = - ~~ (Harfun-Nidaa) hol ys Note: According to the Arabic Grammar, words can be divided into three main classifications: (1) Noun - Ism ( 1) : This includes pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs. (2) Verb - Fil ( {Js3). (3) Particle -Harf ( as ). This includes prepositions, conjunctions, interjectians and some adverbs.4 LESSON TWO Sentences A sentence ( Jumlah - i ) has two parts : (a) Subject (b) Predicate Examples: Subject Predicate The boy is a helper. The boy went. J There are two types of sentences in the Arabic language: Real tee) (a) Nominal Sentence - Jumlatun Ismiy-yatun () Verbal Sentence. - _Jumlatun Filliy-yatun Nominal Sentence - Jumlatun Ismiy-yatun ( Boul tht.) ‘A nominal sentence begins with a noun or a pronoun. In such a sentence the copulae ‘am’, ‘is’ and ‘are’ are not expressed between the subject and the predicate, but are understood. Example: Subject Predicate Zaid (is) a helper (Zaidun naasirun) The subject of a nominal sentence is called Mubtada ( fi), The predicate of a nominal sentence is called Khabar ( 45.) Both the Mubtada and the Khabar of a nominal sentence will exist in the Nominative Case ( Raf'a - a y5 In the case of Rafa (45; ), nouns usually carry the vowel Dam-mah (un /---). Example: Zaidun (223). Therefore all nouns that are subject (Mubtada) or predicate (Khabar) in a nominal sentence will exist in the Nominative Case or the case of Rafa ( ws ai Example: Subject Zaid (is) a helper. (Zaidun Structure : Mubtada Case : Rafa Predicate naasifun) = - job 3 Khabar oo ies Rafa eee) Pronouns do not change their vowels when there is a change of case, e.g. Huwa ( ‘5 ) which means ‘he’ will always be Huwa ( sp) and it will not become Huwu ( *b). Therefore, if Huwa ( 3b) becomes the subject (Mubtada) of a sentence, it will exist in the case of Rafa, but it will not change its vowel. Example: He (is) a helper. (Huwa - job Structure : Mubtada Khabar bye Case Rafa Rafa %a boy a girl aman a doctor a merchant he she I this (mas) that (mas) 6 Vocabulary ( waladun ) ( bintun ) (sajulun ) (tabiibun ) (taajirun ) (pronoun) (huwa) (pronoun) (hiya) (pronoun) (ana) (pronoun) —_(haadhaa) (pronoun) — ( dhaalika ) Exercise 1 Underline the subject ( Mubtada ) in the following nominal sentences. (1) Zaid (is) a boy. (2) Bakr (is) a doctor. (3) He (is) a merchant. (4) This (is) a man. ( Zaidun waladun ) ( Bakrun tabiibun ) ( Huwa taajirun ) ( Haadhaa rajulun ) (5) Hasan (is) amerchant. —_( Hasanun taajirun ) why 333 Sob 3 U5 Fie Seb tans7 Exercise 2 Underline the predicate ( Khabar ) in the following nominal sentences. (1) Zaid (is) a man. (2) Bakr (is) a helper. (3) He (is) a doctor. (4) That (is) a boy. (5) Hasan (is) a boy. (Zaidun rajulun ) BS 85 ( Bakrun naasiun 526 (Huwa tabiibun ) Lb ys ( Dhaalika waladun ) ( Hasanun waladun ) al, oe Exercise 3 State the grammatical structures for the underlined words in the following sentences. (1) Zaid (is) a man. (2) He (is) a doctor. (3) She (is) a girl. (4) She (is)_a girl. (5) I (am) a boy. Khabar / ( Zaidun rajulun ) Predicate des (Huwa tabiibun ) ( Hiya bintun ) (Hiya bintun ) (Ana waladun ) Exercise 4 (1) State the case for the Mubtada of a nominal sentence __ (2) State the case for the Khabar of a nominal sentence8 LESSON THREE Verbal Sentences. Subject A verbal sentence begins with a verb. The verb will be the predicate while the subject will follow the verb. Examples: (a) Zaid said - Said Zaid (b) Zaid opened - Opened Zaid (©) Zaid sat - Sat Zaid Zaid sat Jalasa Zaidun 385 : Subject Verb Verb Subject. Subject Verb In the sentence " Zaid sat ", Zaid is the subject of the verb; while " sat " is the verb or the predicate. ‘The subject of a verb is called" Faa'il" ( (Jeb ) The verb is called" Fil" ( (Jai) The subject of a verb ( Faa'il - Ueb ) will exist in the nominative case ( Rafa - a ). ‘The past tense verb will be constant and it does not have any case. Example: Zaid sat Jalasa Zaidun Structure: Verb Subject Ucb Us Case: od Raffa & eaeNote A: (1) The subject of a nominal sentence - Mubtada ( fais ) (2) The subject of a verb - Faa'il ( (Jeb ) (3) Both types of subjects will exist'in the nominative case or Raf'a ( 33, ) which is usually represented by the vowel Dam-mah (un/ ). Note B: (1) The predicate of a nominal sentence - Khabar (5.5). (2) The predicate of a verbal sentence - Verb ( Fil - Ub). (3) The predicate of the nominal sentence or the Khabar will exist in the nominative case ( Raffa - 24) which is usually represented by Dam-mah (un/= ). The past tense verb will be constant. Vocabulary sat (m) (jalasa ) went (m) (dhahaba ) fell (m) (sagata ) Exercise 1 Underline the subject in the following sentences. (1) Zaid sat. (Jalasa zaidun ) (2) Bakr went. (Dhahaba bakrun ) (3) Zaid fell. ( Sagata zaidun ) (4) Zaid (is) a boy. ( Zaidun waladun ) (5) Bakr (is) amerchant. —_( Bakrun taajirun ) (© This (is) a doctor. ( Haadhaa tabiibun ) (7) Bakr sat. (Jalasa bakrun )Underline the predicate in the following sentences. (1) Zaid sat. (2) Zaid (is) a boy. (3) Zaid went. (4) Bakr fell. (5) Bakr (is) a boy. (© Zaid (is) a doctor. (7) This (is) a merchant. ( Haadhaa taajirun ) 10 Exercise 2 (Jalasa zaidun ) 23 Ue (Zaidun waladun ) ah (Dhahaba zaidun ) . ( Sagata bakrun ) ( Bakrun waladun ) (Zaidun tabiibun ) Exercise 3 State the grammatical structures for the underlined words in the following sentences. (1) Zaid (is) a boy. (2) Zaid went. (3) He (is) Zaid. (4) 1 (am) a merchant. (S) Bale fell. (6) Bakr (is) a helper. (Zaidun waladun ) (Dhahaba zaidun ) ( Huwa zaidun ) (Ana taajirun ) ( Sagata bakrun ) ( Bakrun naasirun ) Exercise 4 ‘State whether the following sentences are nominal or verbal. (1) Zaid (is) a boy. (2) Zaid went. (3) This (is) a merchant. (4) 1 (am) a girl. (5) Bakr sat. (Zaidun waladun) dy 5 (Dhahaba zaidun) oy, CaS (Haadhaa taajiyun) 526 [ie (Ana bintun) Q Gi (Jalasa bakrun) 5S Ob Mubtada / Subjectu LESSON FOUR Verbal Sentences - Object All verbs need a subject ( Faa‘il - (Jl ), Some verbs will also need an object. There are therefore two types of verbs. (1) Intransitive verb : An intransitive verb expresses an action which does not pass over to an object, but is confined to the doer ( subject ). Intransitive verbs have no object. Examples : (@) He sat. (0) He went, (©) She sleeps. (d) Zaid fell from the horse. (©) He came out to the gate. —_(f) The snake appeared. The underlined verbs have no object and we cannot ask the question " What he sat ?" to make sense. They however have a subject ( Faa'il ) as we could ask the question " Who sat ? "; "What appeared ? " to make sense. ‘An intransitive verb is called ( Al filul-laazim ) SU ual. (2) Transitive verb : A transitive verb expresses an action of the subject which passes over to an object. Transitive verbs have subject and object. A transitive verb is called (Al fi'lul muta 'ad-dii) igs Cpl : Examples: (a) Zaid hit a boy. (b) He helped Bakr. (c) The boy killed the snake. (d) The key opened the door. (©) He drinks milk. (f) Zaid heard him.12 The underlined verbs have both subjects and objects. We can ask the question ' Who ' or ‘What’ before the verb and after the verb. The object of the verb is called Maf ‘uul bihi y Abe. The object of the verb (Maf ‘uul bihi) will exist in the accusative case ( Nasb - S25 ) which is usually represented by the vowel Fathah ( an ie ). Therefore the word Waladun ( uh) which means " a boy " will become Waladan ( ta) in the accusative case ( Nab - tii ). Note: An Alif is written after a double Fathah. Examples : INoun Subject - Faa'il: Nominative-Raf'a_| Object - Maf'uul Bihi: Accusative-Nasb merchant (Taajirun)- 526 (Taajiran)- bab \doctor (Tabiibun)- 2b (Tabiiban)- G1 {helper (Naasirun)- Sob (Naasiran)- aol lgirl @inun)- Sh (Bintan) - Iman (Rajulun) - (Rajulan)- SB muslim (Muslimun) - ji (Musliman) - tL subject object (hit) v ¥ v oe Zaid hit a boy. Daraba zaidun waladan- fal, 33, Gipe * verb Structure: —— ——_ — verb subject object 4 Fil) (Paa'il) (Maf‘uul bihi) Case: -- Rafa Nasb So BS _ Vocabulary Verbs hit (m) (daraba ) we helped (m) (nasara ) Sei opened (m) ( fataha ) é heard (m) (sami'a ) Ee13 Drill 1 Rearrangement of English sentences for Arabic translation. (1) Zaid helped a boy. > helped Zaid a boy. (2) Zaid helped a girl. > helped Zaid a girl. (3) Zaid helped a man, > helped Zaid a man. (4) Zaid opened a door. > opened Zaid a door. (5) Zaid heard a man. > heard Zaid a man. (© Bakr helped Zaid. > helped Bakr-Zaid. (7) A door hit Zaid. > hit a door Zaid. (8) Zaid sat. > sat Zaid. (9) A boy fell. > fell a boy. Exercise 1 Rearrange the following English sentences for Arabic translation. (1) Zaid hit a boy. > (2) Bakr heard a man. > (3) A girl sat. > (4) Zaid opened adoor. > Exercise 2 State whether the following underlined words are subject (Faa'il) or object (Maf' uul bihi) and state their case, whether Raf'a (Nominative) or Nasb (Accusative). (1) Zaid helped a boy. (Nasara zaidun waladan) fay 35, “a5 — Subject - Raf'a (2) Bakr helped Zaid. (Nasara bakrun zaidan) 135 5S S25 -- Object - Nasb (3) Zaid opened a door. (Fataha zaidun baaban) (4) Zaid heard a man. (Sami'a zaidun rajulan) (5) Aman sat. (Jalasa rajulun) (© Bakr heard Zaid. (Sami'a bakgun zaidan) (7) Bakr helped amerchant. (Nasara bakyun taajiran)14 Exercise 3 Choose the correct Arabic word for the underlined English words taking into consideration their cases grammatical structures and cases. (1) Zaid hit a boy. (@) Waladun dy (b) Waladan (2) I helped a girl. @Binun 2, (b) Bintan (3) A girl fell. (@) Bintun 2 (b) Bintan (4) Zaid carried a girl. (a) Bintun eh (b) Bintan (5) Bakr called a merchant. (a) Taajiun = (b) Taajiran (6) A door hit Zaid, @Baabun LG (b) Baaban LESSON FIVE Prepositional Phrase -Majruur (“33,52 ) A noun that comes after a preposition will exist in the genitive case (Jary - — ) which-is usually represented by the vowel Kasrah (in / -7). A preposition is called Harful Jarr (~,>Jl C5,-) and the noun following the preposition is called Majruur (5's',>% ). The Majruur exists in the case of Jarr (genitive). Examples of prepositions : (a) On a boy (b) Toa girl (©) From a man (d) In a house (e) With /byapen (f) For Zaid (1) Aboy- — (Waladun) a, From a boy - (Min waladin) hye (2) Agirl - (Bintun) eh J Toagirl- (Ila bintin)15 The Three Cases of Nouns Noun. Subject - Faa'il -Raf'a Object-Maf wul bihi - Nast Majruur - Jarr jerchant | (Taajirun) 526 (Taajiran) hel (Taajirin) 6 Doctor (Tabiibun) tab (Tabiiban) Gb (Tabiibin) 2b Helper | (Naasiqun) S06 (Naasiran) fob (Naagirin) ob Girt Bintun) ey (Bintan) & intiny ky an (Rajulun) = By (Rajulan) (Rajulin) Je Zaid hit aboy with a book. Subject Verb Object Preposition Majruur Daraba zaidun waladan bi kitaabin Verb Subject Object Preposition — Majruur 3 wiIn On From To For With/By chair mosque table key book teacher room school house car 16 Vocabulary Prepositions (fii) (‘alaa) (min) (ilaa) di) (bi) Nouns (kuysiy-yun) (masjidun) (maa-idatun) (miftaahun) (kitaabun) (mudar-risun) (ghurfatun) (madrasatun) (baitun) (say-yaaratun) oe GG Ge17 Exercise 1 State whether the following underlined words are Subject, Object or Majruur and state their cases, Note: Majruur ("¢,>4) - A noun following a preposition. (1) Zaid sat on a chair Jalasa zaidun ‘alaa kursiy-yin) gt doo Gale Zaidun (353) Subject - Faa'il - Raf‘a (nominative ) (2) Zaid fell from a chair, (Saqata zaidun min kuysiy-yin) tS ie 5 be Kursiy-yin (41,5) (3) Zaid went from a room to a mosque. (Dhahaba zaidun min ghurfatin ilaa masjidin) shurfatin G2) masjidin ( dot) zaidun (355) (4) Zaid hit a boy with a book in a room, (Daraba zaidun waladan bi kitaabin fii ghurfatin) zaidun (233) ghurfatin G3) waladan (tal,) kitaabin (ES) (5) Zaid (is) a teacher in a school. (Zaidun mudar-risun fii madrasatin shetpae db Gate 3 zaidun (a mudar-risun (0 jute) madrasatin (4.42)18 Exercise 2 Choose the correct Arabic word for the underlined English words taking into consideration their grammatical structures and cases. (1) Zaid (is) a boy. (@) Zaidun (235) (b) Zaidan (333) (©) Zaidin ( 5) (2) I called Zaid. (a) Zaidun (333) (b) Zaidan (1493) (©) Zaidin ¢ (385) (3) He fell on Zaid, (@) Zaidun (383) (b) Zaidan (33) Zaidin (235) (4) He opened a door with a key. (a) baabun ul) (b) baaban (GL) (c) baabin (HH) (S)Bakr slept in aroom. (a) ghurfatun (2) (b) ghurfatan (3) © ghurfatin 2) (© A boy fell from achair. (a) waladun (25) (6) waladan (tol) (©) waladin (ah) (7) When Bakr came, he called a man in a room. aman: (@) rajulun GJ) (b) rajulan OG) (©) rajulin (JE) aroom: (a) ghusfatun (2) (b) ghurfatan G2) (©) ghurfatin (Bz Bakr: (a) bakrun (5) (b) bakran (4S) (©) bakin SD (8) A merchant bought a book for Zaid. : : ‘ Zaid: (a) zaidun = (33) (b) zaidan (ha) (c) zaidin (335) amerchant: (a) taajirun (>) (6) taajiran (eG) (c)taajirin G28 ~ a book: (@) kitaabun (ES) (b) kitaaban (KES) (©) kitaabin (ES) (9) I placed a key on a table. “fo = ; akey: (a) miftaahun 24.) (b) miftaahan ((6 4.) (c) miftaahin (Eis) atable: (a) maa-idatun std) (b) maa-idatan (635) (c) maa-idatin sl) (10) Zaid ran swiftly into a house and took a book that was on a table. : Zaid: (a) zaidun (353) (b) zaidan (143) (©) zaidin (. 385) a house: (a) baitun (2) © (b) baitan (LE) (© baitin(es3 ) ‘a book: (a) kitaabun (ES) (b) kitaaban (GUS) @ kitaabin (LES) atable: (a) maa-idatun (53214)(b) maz-idatan (F35l) (6) maa-idatin (33le)19 (11) While Zaid was going in ae he.saw a parked by a house. Zaid (@) zaidun (333) (b) zaidan (f335) (©) zaidin (335) carl) @ say-yaaratun Gl) (b) say-yaaratan (3l4.) (c) say-yaayatin wl) acar@) (@) say-yaaratun G2.) (b) say-yaaratan (3l.) (c) say-yaaratin (14) a house (@) baitun (25) () baitan (3) (0) baitin (22) * (12) Zaid (is) a merchant. amerchant (a) taajirun GS (b) taajiran (he (©) taajirin oS Revision One. Revision of Lessons One to Five. Grammar Revision (1) Arabic Grammar has two sections: (i) An-Nahu (s>SJl) - Syntax (ii) As-Sarf ( al) - Etymology. (2) According to the Arabic Grammar, words can be divided into three main classifications: i) Nouns - Ism Geb : This includes pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs. (ii) Verb - Fil (Jas). (iii) Particle - Harf ys : This includes prepositions, conjunctions, interjections and some adverbs. (3) Assentence (Jumlah - 424) has two parts: @) Subject (ii) Predicate. (4) There are two types of sentences in the Arabic language: (i Nominal Sentence - Jumlatun Ismiy-yatun ZetsI #25). It starts with a noun or a pronoun. Gi) Verbal Sentence - Jumlatun Filiy-yatun ils5 4). It starts with a verb.6) © M 8) @) (10) ab (12) (3) 20 The three cases of nouns are: Usually ( Nominative case-Rafa 5) as (ii) Accusative case - Nasb (L223) ae (iii) Genitive case - Jar (5) -+ ‘The subject of a nominal sentence is called Mubtada (hey and the subject of a verb is called Faa'l (Jel) . They both exist in the nominative case - Rafa gy. The predicate of a nominal sentence is called Khabar (+) and it exists in the nominative case - Raf'a (335). Pronouns do not change their vowels when there is a change of case. A past tense verb does not change its vowels to suit any case, but it is constant. The object of a verb is called Maf‘uul bihi & ye and it exists in the accusative case - Nasb (2225). An intransitive verb is called Al filul-laazim (255UI (Jail and a transitive verb is called Al filul muta ‘ad-dii ac2ll (Jaap . A noun that comes after a preposition will exist in the genitive case - Jarr ¢) * {A preposition is called Harful Jarr (oJ! (3) and the noun following the preposition called Majruur (52.4) « .21 LESSON SIX The Definite Article for Nouns. The definite article in the Arabic languay s Al’ (CJL) which means "The", A noun with Al (Ji) isa definite noun (Marifah - % 54 )and without Al (J) is an indefinite noun (Nakirah - 3S). Whenever the definite article ‘AI’ (“Ji) is attached at the beginning of a noun, the noun loses the double vowelling (Tanwiin) at the ending. The letter ‘n’ is used to represent the double vowelling in the English spelling of Arabic words. Examples : (i) Aboy Waladun The boy Al waladu (i) A girl Bintun The girl Al bintu (iii) A school Madrasatun The school Al madyasatu Radi © Bye Ui (iv) A boy (as object) Waladan tal, The boy (as object) Al walada wl e 3, Ui (¥) A boy (following a preposition) Waladin aly The boy (following a preposition) Al waladi agi ve Ui22 The Three Cases - Nouns ‘After preposition - Jarz] Noun Subject - Faa'il - Rafa Object - Maf ‘uul Bihi - Nasb Aboy | Waladun- ah Wess - fh Waladin a Theboy | Alwaladu- — ~H4j Alwalada- ai | Alwaladi- styl A girl Bintun - hy Bintan - & Bintin - The girl | Al bintu - ea] Albinta- Adi Al binti - Aschool | Madrasatun- sj Madrasatin - The school | Al madrasatu -2.ssii Al madrasati - A book Kitaabun - us Kitaaban - bes Kitaabin - ts The book | Al kitaabu - ces Al kitaaba - rae] Al kitaabi - esi Aroom | Ghurfaun- 3 Ghurfaan- = | Ghurfatin - BB The room | Alghurfau- ‘ii Al ghurfata - Alghurfai- Si A mosque | Masjidun - te Masjidan- Kaos Masjidin - pees {The mosque} Al masjidu -“22- aboy big (b) the small girl > the girl small In the phrase “a big boy”, ‘big’ is the adjective which describes 'a boy’. 'A boy’ is the described noun. The adjective is called ‘Sifah’ (Zio). The described noun is called "Mawsuuf (L3y.2'y2). Example: A big boy Waladun kabiirun oa, Described Adjective yey noun The adjective (Sifah - {io ) will follow its described noun (Mawsuuf - 2322's ) in the following four considerations. (1) Gender. (2) Number. (3) The definite article. (4) Case.30 (1) Gender a big boy (Waladun kabiirun) SoS ay a big girl (Bintun kabiiratun) iS Ly (2) Number a big boy (Waladun kabiigun) ZS wh; two big boys (Waladaani kabiiraani) ofS otal, big boys (Awlaadun kibaarun) 3S yl many muslims — (Muslimuuna kathiiruuna) oes yl (3) The Definite Article 'Al' (“Ji). a big boy (Waladun kabiirun) 8 tl, the big boy (Al waladu al kabiiru - Al waladul kabiiry CoS ah 5S (4) Case Without the definite article ‘Al’ (’ fl). a big boy (boy as subject) (Waladun kabiirun) ash a big boy (boy as object) (Waladan kabiiran) ie yey Sifah Mawsuuf ¢€ ¢ ¢ ¢€ Masculine = Masculine Feminine Feminine Singular Singular Dual Dual Plural Plural Plural Plural Rafa) B Rafa) 3, (Nasb) S25 (Nasb) S22531 eee Syren Sifah . Mawsuuf ee ee (on) a big boy (boy following a preposition) (Alaa waladin kabiirit) =. a, (ed | Gam Se Gam Se With the definite article ‘Al’ (Ji). the big boy (boy as subject) (Al waladul kabiiru) 2 LI (Rafa) 33, (Rafa) the big boy (boy as object) (Al waladal kabiira) SoS | Nash) Grad (Nash) Sted (on) the big boy (boy following a preposition) (Alaa al waladil kebiiri) Sil sii Gan) % Gam) > Note (i): The round Taa (6) is normally added to masculine nouns and adjectives to make them feminine. Examples: Feminine Masculine big (Kabiiratun) (Kabiirun) teacher (Mudar-risatun) Sjae — (Mudar-risun) Note (ii): Add 'Aani' ( oD to the ending of all singular nouns to form the dual number. Examples: Dual Singular twoboys (Waladaani) —wyfal, aa boy (Waladun) al, two books _ (Kitaabaani) a book (Kitaabun) LES two clocks (Saa-'ataani) aclock (Saa-‘atun) Su32 Note (iii): Sound plural from singular. Examples: Sound plural _ Singular teachers (m) (Mudar-risuuna) yi € teacher (m) (Mudar-risun) Lee teachers (f) (Mudar-risaatun) Lobsyas € ateacher(f) (Mudar-risatun) Liat clocks(f) —(Saa-'aatun) SEL, € aclock(f) (Saa-'atun) Sk Note (iv): Broken plural from singular. Examples: Broken plural men (Rijaalun) Ue. » © aman (Rajulun) books (Kutubun) 235 © abook (Kitaabun) dogs (Kilaabun) LS © adog (Kalbun) Note (v): A feminine singular adjective will be used to describe a broken plural noun which does not refer to human beings even though its singular is masculine. Example: abig book — (Kitaabun kabiiun) two big books (Kitaabaani kabiiraani) obese ybts big books (Kutubun kabiiraatun) ie) eb s 285) (Kutubon kabiipuuna) a Cis (Kutubun kabiiratun) uy 5 s (A broken plural noun which refers to other than human beings) Note (vi): A proper noun, as ‘Zaid’, is a definite noun. Even though it does not have the definite article ‘AY (Jl), its adjective will carry the definite article ‘AI’ (Jl). Example: The leamed Zaid (Zaidun al ‘aalimu) pli 285Note (vii): The described noun (Mawsuuf - 33 ie’) will exist in one of the three cases of nouns, namely, Rafa, Nasb and Jarr depending upon its grammatical structure in the sentence, The adjective ( ifah - Zio ) will then follow the case of the described noun (Mawsuuf - Ci'y.0'ye diye). Note (viii): The cases for the dual number and sound plural will be discussed at a later stage. big small old new short long, tall many learned boy(s) man(men) book(s) dog(s) teacher(s) (m) Vocabulary Adjectives (kabiirun / al kabiiru) (saghiirun / as-saghiiru) (qadiimun / al gadiimu) (jadiidun / al jadiidu) (gasiirun / al qasiiru) (tawiilun / at-tawiilu) (kathiirun / al kathiiru) (aalimun / al ‘aalimu) Nouns (waladun / awlaadun) (rajulun / rijaalun) (kitaabun / kutubun) (kalbun / kilaabun) (mudar-risun / mudar-risuuna) CS 55 Ctelb spice Chip Jet Yb wy Qe» Ue; 2) Lis je) Cie34, teacher(s) () (mudar-risatun /mudar-risaatun) — Cobaijae) Lajas clock(s) (f) (saa-‘atun / saa-‘aatun) Gi Bu pen(s) (f) (qalamun / aqlaamun) (sé) ps Drill 1 Note: The adjectives and described nouns are underlined only in the complete sentences. (1) A big book and a small pen, i (Kitaabun kabiirun wa qalamun saghiirun) spe BB 58 obs (2) The big book and the small pen. (Al kitaabul kabiiru wal qalamus-saghiiru) tell alll 5 aig (3) A new house and the old school. (Baitun jadiidun wal madrasatul qadiimatu) keg judy 0. (4) The small boy and the tall girl. (Al waladus-saghiiru wal bintut-tawiilatu) (5) A big book. On a big book. (Kitaabun kabiirun. 'Alaa kitaabin kabiirin) (6) A new school. In the new school. (Madrasatun jadiidatun, Fil madrasatil jadiidati) (1) Zaid hit the boy. (Daraba zaidun al walada) (8) Zaid hit the small boy. (Daraba zaidun al waladas-saghiira) (9) Zaid hit the tall girl. (Daraba zaidun al bintat-tawiilata) (10) Zaid hit a short girl, (Daraba zaidun bintan gasiiratan)35 (11) The boy hit Zaid. (Darabal waladu zaidan) (12) The big boy hit Zaid. (Daraba al waladul kabiiru zaidan) (13) The big boy hit the small girl. (Daraba al waladul kabiiru al bintas-saghiirata) (14) Zaid hit the small boy with a big book. (15) Zaid helped the girl in the new school. (Nasaya zaidun al binta fii al madrasatil jadiidati) Exercise 1 Underline the described noun (Mawsuuf- <3’, ) in the following phrases” and sentences, (1) A big boy (Waladun kabiiyun) (2) The tall girl (Al bintut-tawiilatu) (3) Zaid fell on the long table. (Saqata zaidun ‘alal maa-i-datit-tawiilati) (4) The new book fell. (Sagatal kitaabul jadiidu) (5) Zaid hit a small boy. (Daraba zaidun waladan saghiiran)36 Exercise 2 Underline the adjective (Sifah - 4z.) in the following phrases and sentences. (A) The old school. (2) A big book. (3) The small book fell. (4) Zaid hit the tall girl. (5) The book fell on the small pen. (AI madrasatul gadiimatu) haul Bai (Kitaabun kabiirun) (Sagatal kitaabus-saghiiu) «7a (Daraba zaidun al bintal-tawiilata) (Saqatal kitaabu ‘ala! qalamis-saghiiri) Drill 2 ‘The following underlined words are described nouns (Mawsuuf - 23',/2'y2 ). Their other grammatical structure and case are stated. Observe how the adjective follows the case of the described noun. (1) The big boy (is) a helper. the boy: Mubtada (subject of a nominal sentence) / Raf'a - a rt (2) Zaid (is) a big boy. a boy: Khabar (predicate of a nominal sentence) / Rafa - daar (3) She (is) a small girl. agirl: Khabar (predicate of a nominal sentence) /Rafa- 33, / (AL waladul kabiiru naasirun) (Zaidun waladun kabiirun) (Hiya bintun saghiiratun)a7 (4) The tall boy sat. GJalasal waladut-tawiilu) re sil why Ah x pole he boy: Faa~'il (subject of the verb "sat") /Raf'a- 33 5, gy ob (5) The small girl fell. (Saqatat al bintus-saghiiratu) Eyutell the girl: Fail (subject of the verb “fell”) /Rafa- 35, / (Jeb (6) The big books fell. (Sagafat al kutubul kabiiratu) the books: Faa-il (subject of the verb "fell") /Raf'a- 35, / (Je6 (7) The big boy opened adoor. _(Fatahal waladul kabiiru baaban) Be 2S Ab es the boy: Faa~'il (subject of the verb “opened") /Rafa- 33, / (Jo (8) Zaid opened a big door. (Fataha zaidun baaban kabiiran) (9) Faatimah opened the big door. _(Fatahat faatimatul baabal kabiira) the door: Maf-'uul bihi (object of the verb “opened") /Nasb- S203 / 4 Ube (10) Faatimah heard a small girl. (Sami'at faatimatu bintan saghiiratan) a girl: Maf-‘uul bihi (object of the verb "heard") /Nasb- 2225 / 4 (11) Zaid sat on a small chair. alasa zaidun ‘ala kursiy-yin saghiirin) whe ra es Boole a chair: Majruug (a noun following the reposition Cala) oY BY) ties\ 38 (12) Faafimah fell from the tall table, (Sagatat faatimatu minal maa-i-datit-fawiilati) iL stl 4» Ebb be. The table: Majruur (a noun following the preposition (min) rom’) /Jarr- $= / Syx0 (13) Zaid hit Baky with a big book, (Daraba zaidun bakran bi kitaabin kabiirin) HS ES ES Ge a book: Majruur (a noun following the preposition (bi) — 'with’) /Jarr- ‘> / Syma Exercise 3 The following underlined words are described nouns (Mawguuf- +o’ ). State their grammatical structure and case. (1) Faatimah opened a big door. (Fatahat faatimatu baaban kabiiran) adoor: (2) The tall boy helped a girl. (Nasara al waladut-fawiilu bintan) Ey bi ii 505 the boy: , (3) Zaid hit the small girl. (Daraba zaidun al bintas-saghiirata) the girl: See eee (4) Zaid fell in the new school. (Saqata zaidun fii al madrasatil jadiidati) the school:(5) Faatimah (is) a small girl. (Faatimatu bintun saghiiratun) (© The big girl (is) a helper. (ALbintul kabiiramu naasirarun) Hob HS the girl: Exercise 4 State all the grammatical structures of the underlined words and their cases. (1) The boy sat. (Jalasal waladu) bd ob The boy: (2) The big boy sat. Galasal waladul kabiiru) : SiN big: (3) The small girl fell. (4) Zaid hit the small girl. small: (5) Zaid sat on a small chair. (Jalasa zaidun ‘ala kuysiy-yin sachiirin) ee ok bok(6) Zaid hit the big boy. (Daraba zaidun al waladal kabiira) oS all 35 ye Zaid: (7) Faatimah is a small girl. (Faatimatu bintun saghiiratun) Faatimah: Describing words used as predicate in a nominal sentence. A describing word can be used as the predicate (Khabar) in a nominal sentence. In such a sentence, that describing word is used to give information about the subject (Mubtada) and it does not carry the definite article ‘AI (i). Examples: The boy (is) big. (Al waladu - kabiirun) aS Ie - The girl (is) big. (Al bintu - kabiiyatun) iS NK - Zaid (is) big. (Zaidun - kabiirun) aS K-83 Faatimah (is) big. (Faatimatu - kabiiratun) ES MK - Rbb In the above sentences, the word ‘big’ is not used as an adjective (Sifah - Zio ), but it is used as the predicate (Khabar - 43) after the understood ‘is’. The case of the Khabay of a nominal sentence is Rafa - Nominative, The big boy ‘big’ is used as an adjective (Sifah - Xie) to form a phrase. The adjective (Sifah - Sie) follows the described noun (Mawsuuf - 23/2". in case.41 Example: The big boy. (Al waladul kabiiru - Al waladal kabiira - Al waladil kabiiri Sl J - 5S Hy - The big boy sat. Galasal waladul kabiigu) The boy (is) big big’ is used as the predicate (Khabag) of a nominal sentence which exists in the case of Raf'a. Example: The boy (is) big. (AI waladu kabiirun) 5 abi Zaid (is) a big boy. ig’ is used as an adjective (Sifah - tie) to describe the predicate (Khabar - 3 ) which is ‘a boy’. 'Big' therefore will follow the Rafa case of 'a boy' which is the (Khabar -*75 ). The main part of the sentence is, "Zaid (is) a boy". Zaid (is) a boy. (Zaidun waladun) a, 355 Zaid (is) a big boy. (Zaidun waladun kabiiun) 5.5 wh, 255 The big boy (is) a helper. ‘big! is used as an adjective (Sifah - €.o ) to describe the subject (Mubtada - f.2:2) which is ‘the boy’. ‘Big’ therefore will follow the Raf'a case of ‘the boy’ which is the Mubtada. The main part of the sentence is, "The boy (is) a helper". The boy (is) a helper. (Al waladu naagirun) S06 ab The big boy (is) ahelper. (Al waladul kabiiu naasirun) 506 7S! JJ42 Drill 3 Describing words are underlined. Their grammatical structure, whether adjective (Sifah ¥£.) or predicate (Khabar - 4-5) is stated. (A) The big boy sat. Galasal waladul kabiiru) big: Adjective - (Sifah) tio (2) Zaid (is) big. (Zaidun kabiirun) big: Predicate - (Khabar) 4-3 (3) The girl (is) big. (AI bintu kabiiratun) big: Predicate - (Khabar) 4.3. (4) The big girl is ahelper. (Al bintul kabiiratu naasiratun) big: Adjective - (Sifah) ti. (5) The big girl sat. ~~ Glalasat al bintul kabiiratu) : big: Adjective - (Sifah) ti5 (© The book (is) big. ~~ (Al kitaaba kabiirun) big: Predicate - (Khabar) “3 (7) The big book fell. ~~ (Sagatal kitaabul kabiigu) big: Adjective - (Sifah (8) Zaid hit the big boy. (Daraba zaidun al waladal kabiira) big: Adjective - (Sifah) tio (9) Zaid fell in the big house. (Saqata zaidun fil baitil kabiiri) (10) The house (is) big. (Al baitu kabiirun) big: Predicate - (Khabar) 7343 Exercise 5 State the grammatical structures of the underlined words. (1) He (is) small (Huwa saghiirun) small: (2) Zaid (is) a small boy. (Zaidun waladun saghiirun) small: (3) The tall boy sat. (Jalasal waladu-tawiilu) tall: (4) The book (is) old. (Al kitaabu gadiimun) old: (5) It (is) an old book. Huwa kitaabun qadiimun) “Ba ES old: (6) Zaid opened an old book. (Fataha zaidun kitaaban gadiiman) old: (7) Zaid fell on anew book. (Saqata zaidun ‘ala kitaabin jadiidin) new: (8) The book (is) new. (Al kitaabu jadiidun) new: (9) The old book (is) in the school. (Al kitaabul gadiimu fil madrasati) stall oe: old: | (10) The school (is) old. « (Al madrasatu gadiimatun) es * 308 Kaa old:44 LESSON EIGHT. The Possessive Construction. In the English language, there are two ways to express possession: (a) The apostrophe S (‘s). Example: Zaid's book. Note: The owner is mentioned first. (b) _ By using the preposition ‘of’. Example: The book of Zaid. Note: The property is mentioned first, then the owner. In the Arabic language, there is no equivalent of the apostrophe S ('s). Therefore, to express possession in the Arabic language the preposition ‘of’ is used and the property is mentioned before the owner. It is convenient to remember, "Property of owner”. ‘The preposition Li () means ‘to’, ‘for’, ‘belonging to' and ‘of’. It can be used verbally as: ‘The book belonging to Zaid. (Al kitaabu li zaidin) 2) LES Generally, to express possession, the preposition Li (.)) is not expressed verbally but Temains understood. This causes the first noun (property) to be adjoined to the second noun (owner) while ‘of or ‘belonging to' is understood. This results in the following: Property (of) owner. Example: The book (of) Zaid. (Kitaabu zaidin.) When the first noun (property) is adjoined to the second noun (owner) and the preposition Li oO ‘of is understood, then this grammatical structure is called, "The Possessive Construction” ot Idaafah ( tat ). The ‘possessive construction’ has two elements: (a) Mudaaf (st): This indicates the property. <5(22): This indicates the owner.45 Example: The book (of) Zaid (Kitaabu zaidin) ay GES i « a as Mudaaf Mudaafiilaihi i Cilla’ parler Rules concerning the two elements of the possessive construction. Rule (1): The definite article Al (Ji )/Tanwiin. The first element Mugaaf (Zila) will never carry the definite article Al () before it and it will never carry a double vowel Tanwiin. oo on its last letter. The second element Mudaaf ilaihi («iI LiL22) may or may not carry the definite article Al (J) or double vowel Tanwiin (<4) on its last letter. Examples: P wo The book (of) Zaid. (Kitaabu zaidin) LES XO The book (of) the boy. (Kitaabul waladi) ee) Les YO Rule (2): Case. The first element Mudaaf (-3U22) will exist in any one of the three cases, namely Raf'a nominative), Nasb (accusative) or Jar (genitive) depending upon its grammatical structure in he sentence. The second element Mudaaf ilaihi (<} Rafa, Sad (Nash) Examples: Zaid was a helper. (Kaana zaidun naasiran) bob 35 us Verily Zaid (is) ahelper. (In-na zaidan naasirun) wo hy OI Drill 2 (1) Zaid (is) a helper. (Zaidun naasiqun) spol 335 (2) Verily Zaid (is) a helper. (In-na zaidan naasiyun) spel hy3 GU(3) Verily Bakr (is) a teacher. (4) Verily the boy (is) a student. (5) Faatimah (is) a mother. (©) Verily Faatimah (is) a mother. (7) Verily the girl (is) a student. (8) The clock (is) new. (9) Verily the clock (is) new. (10) Verily Zaid (is) a small boy. (11) Verily Faatimah (is) the daughter of Zaid. (12) Verily the book of Bakr (is) new. (13) Verily the small boy (is) a student. (14) Verily the son of Zaid (is) a doctor. (15) Verily the men (are) muslims. 61 (In-na bakran mudar-risun) a KS ol (In-nal walada taalibun) sb i 5 (Faatimatu um-mun) He fi kbb (In-na faatimata um-mun) (In-nal binta taalibatun) (As-saa-'a-tu jadiidatun) (In-nas-saa-'a-ta jadiidatun) (In-na zaidan waladun saghiirun) sb (In-na faatimata bintu zaidin) 185 GE ELE (In-na kitaaba bakrin jadiidun) re JS CES E (In-nal waladas-saghiira taalibun) (In-nar-rijaala muslimuuna) soil aod62 (16) Zaid was a helper. (Kaana zaidun naasiran) (17) Verily Zaid (is) a helper. (In-na zaidan naasirun) so BY (18) The short boy was a merchant. (Kaanal waladul qasiiru taajiran) bab Seal ah (19) Verily the short boy (is) a merchant. —_(In-nal waladal qasiira taajirun) SoG ell oh (20) The daughter of Zaid was a student. (Kaanat bintu zaidin taalibatan) lh 38 24 Le (21) Verily the daughter of Zaid (is) a student. _(In-na binta zaidin taalibatun) (22) The books were new. (Kaanatil kutubu jadiidatan) a ya 2 zsh eal (23) Verily the books (are) new. —_(In-nal kutuba jadiidatun) (24) The boys were students. (Kaanal awlaadu tul-laaban) BE 51 US (25) Verily the boys (are) students. (In-nal awlaada tul-laabun) Sh S814 (26) The big boy was a student. (Kaanal waladul kabiiru taaliban) tlh 32S ahi OS (27) Verily the big boy (is) a student. (In-nal waladal kabiira taalibun) th 52S ah Gy! (28) The big boy (is) a student. (Al waladul kabiiyu taalibun) - th 7S hl63 (29) Verily the boy (is) small. (In-nal walada saghiigun) Exercise 2 See lo! (30) The school was old. (Kaanatil madrasatu qadiimatan) 6 ee kgub KGuall = Tick off the correct Arabic sentences for the following English sentences. (1) Zaid (is) a helper. (Zaidun naasiran) (Zaidun naasipun) (2) The boy was a student. (Kaanal waladu taaliban) (Kaanal walada taalibun) (3) Certainly the short boy (is) a student. (In-nal waladal qasiiru taalibun) (In-nal waladal qasiira taalibun) (in-nal waladul gasiiru aaliban) (4) Verily the daughter of Zaid (is) a new student. (In-na binta zaidin taalibata jadiidatin) (In-na binta zaidin taalibatan jadiidatan) (In-na binta zaidin taalibatun jadiidatun) (5) The big boy (is) a student. (Al waladul kabiiyu taalibun) (Al waladul kabiiru taliban) (Al waladul kabiiri taalibun) + Vet am E&E Ob sil ll ah US Hb Spell oh GI! Hb spell ah Uh seit at GI Sle 325) 41 Ae 5 i Hb 25 i (a) (b) @) ) (a) (b) © . (a) (b) © @) (b) ©64 . The associates of In-na (-)1.) Including In-na (), there are six particles that cause their subject to be in the case of (Nasb) accusative while their predicate (Khabar) remains in the case of (Rafa) nominative. (1) In-na (5) - verily, certainly. Example: Certainly, Zaid (is) a helper. (in-na zaidan naasirun) pol bi GU (2) An-na Gf) - that. Example: He heard that Zaid (is) ahelper. (Samia an-na zaidan naasirun). 06 35 ol a @) — Kaan-na (lS) - like. Example: eT Zaid (is) like a lion. (Ka an-na zaidan asadun) (4) Laakin-na (S) - but. Example: Baky fell, but Zaid (is) a stander. (Saqata bakrun wa laakin-na zaidan qaa-i-mun) (5) Laita (25) - If only. Example: If only youth returns. (Laitash-shabaaba ‘aa-i-dun) 5 Gti Ga (©) La‘al-la (ad) - Maybe. Example: Maybe Zaid (is) a student. (La 'al-la zaidan taalibun) th hey65 Note: Sometimes In-na (5) or An-na Cy) in ured aw a ntyle and not to give emphasis. Example: Zald (is) a helper, (In-na zaldan naayipun) job bors ol LESSON TEN Nouns used as adverbs. (a) Nouns that show time or place of the action, (b) Nouns that show the manner of the action, (A) - Nouns that show the time or place of the action, Nouns that show the time or place in which the action of the verb takes place is called Dhagf (C3',b) or adverb for time and place. The case of the Dharf (C3',4) or adverb of time and place is Nasb (123), accusative, Examples: Zaid went in the morning. (Dhahaba zaidun gabaahan) Ble Zaid sat in the mosque (for) an hour. (Jalasa zaidun fil masjidi saa-‘atan) Bakr sat in front of the mosque, (Jalasa bakrun amaamal masjidi) Zaid sat behind the house, (Jalasa zaidun khalfal baiti) The Dharf by or adverb of time and place exists in the accusative case although it usually has the preposition "in" (Fii -°,3) understood before it.Examples: Zaid went in the morning. (Dhahaba zaidun gabaahan - fig-sabaahi) cteall g) Glee 3 Zaid sat behind the house. (Jalasa zaidun khalfal baiti - fii khalfil baiti) Because of the understood preposition "Fil" (3), Dharf (C546) is also called Al mafuul fihi on jh) or "The adverbial object for time and place”. Note: Maf ul bihi (4 (434) is the direct object of a verb as the word "boy" in the following sentence: Zaid hit a boy. ‘There are six nouns in the Arabic language which are used as adverbs of time or place in the case of Nasb (accusative) while they are connected to a following noun existing in the case of Jarr (genitive) in a possessive construction. They are: : (1) Before (Qabla) us (2) After (B'ada) 35 (3) Above — (Fawqa) (4) Under = (Tahta) © G35 (5) Behind (Khalfay) 9 Gadd. (© In front (Amaama) pel Examples: Zaid went after Fajr. (Dhahaba zaidun b'adal fajri) pill 265 835 C25 ih + Zaid sat behind the house. —_(Jalasa zaidun khalfal baiti) Note: in the phrase "b'adal fajri" (,>dII “343 the word "b'ada" (a5) is Mudaaf (32%) and "al fajri” (>a) is Mudaaf ilaihi (coal Cil22). Brada (49 is in the case of Nasb because it shows time.67 Vocabulary ™~morming (sabaahun) today (al yawmu) hour (saa-‘atun) year (sanatun) ime _ behind 7 (Kkhalfa) uk No in front - (amaama) peal NX above ~~ — (fawga) oe under (tahta) “35 before (qabla) us __ after (b’ada) 35 right (yamiinun) oe left (yasaaqun) 5h complete (kaamilun) es Drill 1 (Dhahaba zaidun al yawma) (1) Zaid went today. (2) Faatimah went to the school after a day. (Dhahabat faatimatu ilal madrasati b'ada yawmin) ope wa Sapa I bE och QJalasa zaidun fil baiti saa-'atan) (3) Zaid sat in the house an hour. (4) Faatimah opened the door of the house after an hour. (Fatahat faatimatu baabal baiti(5) Zaid studied a complete year. (6) Zaid returned after the complete year. (7) Zaid entered the mosque. (8) Faatimah fell in front of the school. (9) The boy sat under the table. (10) Zaid looked right and left. 68 (Darasa zaidun sanatan kaamilatan) ALS Be 3 Ge (Raja'a zaidun b'adas-sanatil kaamilati) AL Bi 235 35 as (Dakhala zaidun al masjida) (Saqatat faatimatu amaamal madrasati) sl pt tb6 Ebi, GJalasal waladu tahtal maa-i-dati) east 235 oj Ub (Nadghara zaidun yamiinan wa yasaaran) bos 5 Cos 235 obs Exercise 1 Tick off the correct Arabic sentences for the following English sentences. (1) Faatimah sat in the room. (Jalasat faatimatu fil ghurfata) (Jalasat faatimatu fil ghurfati) (Jalasat faatimata fil ghurfati) (2) Faatimah sat an hour. Qalasat faatimatu saa-'atan) (Jalasat faatimatu saa-'atin) Galasat faatimata saa-‘atin) 5 @ bb uk (b) 5k © St. &L6 Ek @ Ot bbb Lb @ Sls BbE Bob ©(3) Zaid drank milk today. (Shariba zaidun haliiban al yawmi) (Shariba zaidun haliibun al yawma) (Shariba zaidun haliiban al yawma) (4) Zaid went to the house after Fajr. (Dhahaba zaidun ilal baiti b'adal fajri) (Dhahaba zaidun ilal baita b’adal fajra) (Dhahaba zaidun ilal baiti b'adil fajri) (5) Zaid sat a complete hour. (Jalasa zaidun saa-'atan kaamilatin) (Jalasa zaidun saa-‘atan kaamilatan) (Jalasa zaidun saa-'atin kaamilatin) A noun that shows the manner or state in which the doer "subject" does the action or the receiver (object) receives the action is called Haal (Jl) or adverb of manner. The case of the accusative. Zaid went riding. (Dhahaba zaidun paakiban) . Zaid placed the book opened, (Waga-'a zaidun al kitaaba maftuuhan) (*j234 < The [aal (Jt) is always an indefinite noun. Therefore it will not be considered as the adjective for definite nouns. It will be wrong to translate : (Waga-'a zaidun al kitaaba maftuuhan) as - Zaid placed the opened book. : Note: \f the Haal (J) is derived from a transitive verb in the active voice, then it can be followed by its direct object. The Hal (Jl) and its following direct object will both be in the case of Nasb (a3), accusative,70 Example: Selling (Baa-i-'an) Zaid sat selling the food. (Jalasa zaidun baa-i-'an at-la-'aama)« pk ak 5 ly (aed Je) Object Adverb Vocabulary riding (raakibun) looking (naadhirun) hearing (saami-'un) selling (baa-i-'un) coming (f) (aatiyatun) lying (matruuhun) happy (masyuurun) opened (maftuuhun) placed (m) (wada-'a) voices (aswaatun) hot (haar-run) cold (baaridun) yb Drill 2 The underlined words are Haal (Ji) or adverb of manner. (A) Zaid ate the food hot. (Akala zaidun at-ta'aama haar-ran) He ld 333 Us (2) Zaid went happy. (Dhahaba zaidun masyuuran) tiga 8h 57 (3) Zaid stood on the street selling his book. (Qaama zaidun ‘alash-shaari'i baa-i-'an kitaabahu) AES tee p GE 5 58 (4) Faatimah sat in the room hearing the Adhaan. (Jalasat faatimatu fil ghurfati (6) Faatimah drank the water cold. (Sharibat faatimatul maa-a baaridan) (7) Zaid heard the voices coming from the room. (Sami-'a zaidun al aswaata aativatan minal ghu;fati) (8) Zaid sat on the chair looking at the river. Galasa zaidun ‘alal kursiy-yi naaghiran ilan-nzhri) Ed J bet (9) Zaid fell riding his horse. (Sagata zaidun raakiban farasahu) if US 3 (10) Zaid looked at the opened book . (Nadhara zaidun al kitaabal maftuuh2) — Exercise 2 Tick off the correct Arabic sentences for the following English sentences. (1) Zaid went riding. (Dhahaba zaidun yaakibun) (Dhahaba zaidan raakibun) (Dhahaba zaidun raakiban)72 (2) Zaid placed the book opened. (Wada-'a zaidun.al kitaabal maftuuha) (Wada-'a zaidun al kitaaba maftuuban) (Wada-'a zaidun kitaaba maftuuhin) (3) Faatimah drank the cold water. (Sharibat faatimatu maa-an baaridan) wtb th BLE a2 @ (Sharibat faatimatul maa-a baaridan) ob tll kbb EEs) (Sharibat faatimatul maa-al baarida) voy st bb 230 (4) Zaid went happily after Fajr. (Dhahaba zaidun masruuran b'adal fajri) (Dhahaba zaidun masruurun b'adal fajri) (Dhahaba zaidun masruuran b'adal fajra) (5) Zaid opened the big door. (Fataha zaidun al baaba kabiiran) (Fataha zaidun al baabal kabiira) (Fataha zaidun baabal kabiiri) Revision Two Revision of Lessons Six to Ten. Grammar revision (1) The definite article in the Arabic language is "AI" (Ji) . 2) A definite noun is called M’arifah ( (3) Anindefinite noun is called Nakirah (5) . (4). Inthe Arabic language, the adjective is placed after the described noun.6) © M (8) (9) (10) a) (12) (13) (14) as) 73 Adjective - $ifah (ie) . Described noun - Mawsuuf (3y.0'y2) . The adjective (Sifah - Bey will follow its described noun (Mawsuuf - Ci'ye'y2) with the following four considerations. (1) Gender (2) Number (3) The definite article (4) Case. The adjective (Sifah - %.2) will follow the case of the described noun (Mawsuuf - Gye’) while the Mawsuuf Cs'y.0'y2) will exist in any of the three cases of nouns, namely Raf‘a (nominative), Nasb (accusative) and Jary (genitive). The possessive construction has two elements: (a) The property which is called Mudaaf (ila). (b) The owner, which is called Mugaaf ilaihi ( Nagb - 2205 Rafa Boy: (waladin) 24, (waladan) tal, (waladun) oh Faatimah: (faatimata) (faatimata) LB (faatimatu) kb (muslimiina) (2 (muslimuuna) jyalwe Muslims: (muslilmiina) Nouns which are variable are called M'urab (x4). The vowels and letters which change to suit the cases are called I-raab (bl). ‘There are six I'-raab: Dam-mah, Fathah, Kasrah, Alif, Waw and Yaa. Because of the changes of vowels and letters of nouns to suit the three cases, nouns can be divided into nine categories or groups. Five categories are mentioned here while the remaining four categories will be discussed in higher levels of Arabic grammar studies.| € € € Types of nouns Jar - 3 Nasb - i205 Raffa - 24, Genitive Accusative Nominative \(1) Singular \(Waladin) al; (Waladan) toby (Waladun) od, Broken plural \Rijaatiny = fle Rijaalany = S| Rijaalunry YJ 2) Sound feminine plural |(Mustimaatin)=lo-2|(Muslimaatin) tL |(Muslimaatun) tL 3) Ghairu Munsarif (Faatimata) bie Lamps (masaabiihu) <. Vowel Changes (@) Nominative. Rafa) jy = Dam-mah (b) Accusative - (Nasb) 2225 = Fathah (©) Genitive - Gan) Fathah80 Examples : Nouns Jarr - 5 Nasb - 2225 Rafa, Genitive Accusative Nominative [Faatimah —_| (Faatimata) %.b6 | (Paatimata) LG] (Paatimayy LLG ‘Umar (‘Umara) (‘Umara) “| (Umaru) a [Black (Aswada) ii] (Aswada) “sipal| (Aswadu) “sal losques (Masaajida) “sobs| (Masaajida) elus] (Masaagjidu) “reli Note : \f a noun that is not fully declinable (Ghairu munsarif - 3 0. 7.2) becomes definite by the definite article or becomes the first element (Mudaaf - (U2) in a possessive construction, then such noun will accept a Kasrah in the genitive case (Jart). Examples : Nouns Jar > Nasb - 2245 Raf'a - Bs Genitive Accusative Nominative Imosques (masaajida) 2b] “ (masaajida) ap lia | (masaajidu) “Ap Lie [The mosques | (Al masaajidi) = Lali (Al masagjida) Lal |(Al masaajidu) “a> Lali [The lamps of Zaid (Masaabii ((Masaabiiha zaidin) (Masaabiihu zaidin) Drill 3 (1) "Umar went to Ibrahim. : (Dhahaba ‘umaru ilaa ibraahiima) + Rabal Ie G88 (2) Zaid helped "Umar in Makka, o (Nasara zaidun ‘umara fii mak-kata)81 (3) The boys sat in mosques. (Jalasal awlaadu fii masaajida) aks 13 Sil OE (4) Faatimah placed the lamps in the mosques. (Wada~at faatimatul masaabiiha fil masagjidi) sa ptacll 3 ated Ebb Lats, (5) Zaid sat on a white chair with the black dog. (Jalasa zaidun ‘ala kursiy-yin abyada bil kalbil aswadi) : «spl lily Gael (otk Be 3 OG (6) Bakr fell on the lamps of Zaid. (Saqata bakrun ‘alaa masaabiihi zaidin) Category (4) This category includes: ALL NOUNS IN DUAL NUMBER. Both masculine and feminine.The dual is formed by adding Alif and Nuun ( ¢,!) to the ending of all singular nouns. Examples : two teachers (m)- (mudar-risaani) JlWjae € ateacher - (mudar-risun) {2% two clocks (f) - (saa-‘ataani) € aclock- (saa"atun) tw two books - (kitaabaani) ES a book - (kitaabun) sts two pens - (galamaani) oi € apen- (qalamun) ab Vowel and letter changes. (a) Nominative- (Raf'a) - a = Alif and Nuun (b) Accusative - (Nasb) - 2205 7 Yaa Saakin and Nuun (©) Genitive - Gam) - fe = Yaa Saakin and Nuun82 Examples: Nouns Jar - > Nagb - L205 Rafa @, Genitive Accusative Nominative wo pens (Qalamaini) 5 (Qalamaini) (Qalamaani) oli fwo books — | (Kitaabaini) (Kitaabaini) (Kitaabaani) ftwo teachers |(Mudar-risaini) (Mudar-risaini) wo clocks (f) | (Saa-‘ataini) ome (Saa-‘ataini) ome (Saa-'ataani) Note: The Nuun of the dual number will be omitted when the dual number is the first word of the possessive construction (Mudaaf - (U2). Example: The two pens of Zaid. (Qalamaa)x{zaidin Qalamaa zaidin) Drill 4 (1) The two teachers (f) placed two books on the desk. (Wada-‘atil mudar-risataani kitaabaini ‘alal maktabi) (2) Zaid placed two pens on two books, _(Wada-‘a zaidun qalamaini ‘ala kitaabaini) (3) The two pens fell and the two books of Zaid fell. (Sagatal galamaani wa saqata kitaabaa zaidin) (4) The two books were small. (Kanal kitaabaani saghiiraini) obits Qbesll 56 (5) Faatimah placed the two pens of Zaid on the white book. (Wada-'at faatimatu qalamai zaidin ‘alal Kitaabil abyadi) adi Les Le 5 ish tL83 Category (5) This category includes: + THE SOUND MASCULINE PLURALS OF NOUNS, Plurals that were formed by adding Waw and Nuun (.;3) to the ending of the singular noun. Examples: muslims (m) (muslimuuna) — Gjyu4 € amuslim(m) (muslimun) A teachers (m) (mudar-risuuna) Unie € = ateacher(m) — (mudar-risun) (3% helpers (m) (naasiruuna) 06 © ahelper(m) —_(naasirun) sob Vowel and letter changes. (a) Nominative- _ (Raf'a) 35, = Waw Saakin and Nuun es (b) Accusative - (Nasb) 2225 = Yaa Saakin and Nuun (c) Genitive - (ar) Se = ‘Yaa Saakin and Nuun Examples: - Nouns Jarr - 8 Nasb - i203 Genitive Accusative Nominative Imustims (m) |(muslimiina) als) muslimiina) ZL] (mustimuuna) yal’ teachers (m) | (mudar-risiina) ¢..ij24 | (mudar-risiina) ¢.0/524|(mudar-risuuna) Cyyaje helpers (m) |(naagiriina) pol’ |(naasiriina) 4 pol’ |(naagiruuna) Cpe Note: The Nuun of the sound masculine plural will be omitted when the plural is the first word of the possessive construction. Example: ‘The helpers of Zaid. (Naasiruu}p¢ zaidin > Naasiruu zaidin) Sb aeb ©84 Drill 5 (1) The teachers (m) helped the boys. (Nasaral mudar-risuunal awlaada) SM Gul yal (2) The men went to the teachers (m). (Dhahabar-rijaalu ilal mudar-risiina) eed Jez! <3 (3) Zaid helped the teachers (m). (Nasara zaidun al mudar-risiina) Rall 35 ps (4) Zaid saw the helpers (m) of Bakr in the village of the muslims (m). (Nadhara zaidun naasirii bakrin fii qaryatil muslimiina) Leh ws re a isxel * 835, os (5) Ibraahiim helped teachers (m) and’ Umar helped two teachers (m). (Nasara ibraahiimu mudar-risiina wa nasara ‘umaru mudar-risaini) (6) Zaid hit the two sons of Ibraahiim. (Daraba zaidun waladai ibraahiima) Rab so 35 Some Grammatical Structures and Their Cases: Nominative Case - Rafa (Ss (1) Subject and predicate of nominal sentence - Mubtada /Khabar (3 \ faz). (2) Subject of verb - Faa’il Geb. (3) The Ism of Kana - Ismu Kana (|S pd. (4) The Khabay of In-na - Khabaru In-na (1 ’-3).85 Accusative case - Nasb (225). (1) Object of a verb - Mat uul bihi (y (fyeia). (2) The Khabar of Kaana - Khabru Kaana GS oo (3) The Ism of In-na -Ismu In-na GI p). (4) Adverb of time and place - Dharf (¢3,b). (5) Adverb of manner - Haal Ce). Genitive case G). (1) Noun following a preposition - Majruur (33>). (2) Second word in a possessive construction - Mudaaf Iaihi («JI C32). LESSON TWELVE. Verbs Verbs are divided into three groups with respect to tenses. (1) Past Tense Verb - Al Filul Maadii 2 LH faalh. This tense indicates that the action has completed. Example: He did (Fa-‘ala) es (2) Present / Future Tense Verb - Al Filul Mudaar'i (¢ Cail 7 Jail). This tense indicates that the action is done in present time or it will be done in future time. Example: He is doing /he will do (Yafalu) The future meaning will be understood by the context of the sentence; or by panicles lke "Sa" (() and (Sawfa) 3's.) coming before the present / future tense verb.86 Example: He is doing, he does, he will do (Yafalu) He will do tomorrow (Yaf'alu ghadan) He will do (Sa yaf'alu/ Sawfa yaf'alu) @)__ Imperative Verb - Filul Amp (45) (5). Negative Imperative Verb - Filun-nahyi ( 4 Us) ‘These verbs indicate a command or negative command for the future time. Examples: Do (fal) Don't do (Laa tafal) Inflection of Verbs ‘When the subject of the past tense verb or the present/future tense verb is a noun, then the verb will be in the singular form, whether the subject is singular, dual or plural. However, a masculine subject needs a masculine verb and a feminine subject needs a feminine verb. Examples: Past tense Sat (masculine, singular) (Jalasa) Ob Sat (feminine, singular) (Jalasat) Eb Masculine subject - Masculine verb (1) Zaid sat. Galasa zaidun) i s (2) The boy sat. alasal waladu) RAN eee (3) The two boys sat. (alasat waladaani) ohh Ub - (4) The boys sat. (Jalasal awlaadu) 8 il87 Feminine Subject - Feminine verb_ (1) Faatimah sat. (Jalasat faatimatu) (2) The girl sat. (alasat al bintu) (Jalasatil bintu) (3) The two girls sat. (Jalasat al bintaani) (Jalasatil bintaani) (4) The girls sat. (Jalasat al banaatu) (Jalasatil banaatu) Note: The feminine past tense verb will carry a Kasrah beneath the Taa (~) when the following noun is with the definite article Al (J). Present/Future tense verb. The present/future tense verb is formed by adding a Yaa (¢) or a Taa (<) at the beginning of the past tense verb. (1) Zaid is sitting. (Yajlisu zaidun) 7 Example: sat (masculine, singular) Galasa) Ob is sitting / will sit (masculine, singular) (Yajlisu) one is sitting / will sit (feminine, singular) (Tajlisu) Ubs Masculine subject - Masculine verb (2) The boy is sitting. (Yajlisul waladu) » OEM Gs (3) The two boys are sitting. . _-(Yajlisul waladaani) sgh jwbs (4) The boys are sitting. (Yajlisul awlaadu) JSS bbs88 Feminine subject - Feminine verb (1) Faatimah is sitting. (Tajlisu faatimatu) (2) The girl is sitting. (Tajlisul bintu) (3) The two girls are sitting. (Tajlisul bintaani) (4) The girls are sitting. (Tajlisul banaatu) ‘When the subject of the past tense verb or the present/future tense verb is a pronoun, then the verb will be inflected to reflect the exact person, gender and number of that pronoun. The Pronoun will be understood within the verb and will be indicated by prefixes or suffixes resulting from the inflection. The personal pronouns can be divided into fourteen forms to express person, gender and number. Third person (1) He (singular) - @) She (singular) (2) They (dual) (S) They (dual) (3) They (plural) (© They (plural) Second person ; (7) You (singular) (10) You (singular) (8) You (dual) (11) You (dual) (9) You (plural) (12) You (plural) First person Masculine _/ Feminine (13) I (singular) f (14) We (dual / plural)‘ote (i): 89 The Inflection Of The Past Tense Verb Pronouns are understood within the verbs as subject He did They (m/d) did They (m/p) did She did They (£/d) did They (f/p) did You (mvs) did You (m/d) did You (m/p) did You (ffs) did You (f/d) did You (f/p) did I (m/fi/s) did We (m/f/p/d) did Zaid did. He did. Faatimah did, She did. (Fa-ala) (Fa-‘alaa) (Fa-'aluu) (Fa-'alat) (Fa-alataa) (Fa-‘alna) (Fa-‘alta) (Fa-'altumaa) (Fa-altum) (Fa-‘ati) (Fa-‘altumaa) (Fa-‘altun-na) (Fa-'altu) (Fa-'alnaa) (Fa-‘ala zaidun) (Fa“'ala) (Fa-“‘alat faatimatu) (Fa“‘alat) els90 Note (ii): The past tense verb may carry a Fathah, a Kasrah or a Dam-mah on the second letter Example : opened (m) (Fataha) Fed heard (m) (Sami-'a) ~ became respected (m) (Karuma) ps Practise the inflection of the past tense verb with the following verbs. (he) opened (Fataha) a (he) hit (Daraba) pe (he) helped (Nagara) oe (he) heard (Sami-'a) m (he) thought (Hasiba) oe (he) became respected (Karuma) xs Drill 1 (Some Forms: (he) did (Fa-‘ala) Us (she) did (Fa-‘alat) Lbs you (m/s) did (Fa-‘alta) obs you (f/s) did (Fa-alti) ahs I did (Fa-altu) ey (1) He opened (Fataha) ss (2) She hit (Darabat) iy (3) I did (Fa-altu) j (4) Thelped (Nasartu) (S) She heard (Sami-‘at) (© You (m/s) helped (Nasarta)(7) She helped (8) You (t/s) helped (Nasayti) (9) [thought (Uasibtu) (10) She became respected (Karumuat) The Inflection Of The Present/Future Tense Verb, Pronouns are understood within the verbs as subject, He is doing / will do They (m/d) are doing / will do They (m/p) are doing / will do She is doing / will do They (f/d) are doing / will do They (f/p) are doing / will do You (m/s) are doing / will do You (m/d) are doing / will do You (m/p) are doing / will do You (f/s) are doing / will do You (f/d) are doing / will do You (f/p) are doing / will do I (m/f/s) am doing / will do We (m/f/p/d) are doing / will do (Yatalu) (Yatalaani) (Yataluuna) (Tafalu) (Tafalaani) (Yafalna) (Tafalu) (Tafalaani) (Tafaluuna) (Tafaliina) (Tafalaani) (Tafalna) (Afalu) (Nafalu)92 Note: Zaid is doing / will do. (Yaf'alu zaidun) 2b Uae He is doing / will do. (Yaralu) Uae Faatimah is doing / will do. (Taf'alu faatimatu) bb (ds She is doing / will do. (Tafalu) ais Note: The present/future tense verb may carry a Pathah, a Kasrah or a Dam-mah on the third letter. Example: He is opening / will open (Yaftahu) He is hitting / will hit (Yadribu) ; He is helping / will help (Yanguru) tals Practise the inflection of the present/future tense verb with the following verbs. (he) opened (Fataha / Yaftahu) (he) hit (Raraba / Yadribu) (he) helped (Nagara / Yanguru) (he) heard (Sami-'a / Yasma-'v) Bea Eee, (he) thought (Hasiba / Yahsibu) Lae \ a (he) became respected (Karuma / Yakrumu) gp XS \ ps Drill 2 (Some forms) He is doing /he will do (Yafalu) She is doing / she will do (Taf alu) You (m/s) are doing / you willdo — (Taf'alu) 1 am doing / shall do (Afalu) We are doing / we shall do (Nafalu)(1) He is opening /he will open (Yaftahu) (2) He is hearing /he will hear (Yasma-'u) (3) She is opening /she will open (Taftahu) (4) She is hitting / she will hit (Tadribu) (5) I am opening / shall open (Aftahu) (6) 1 am hearing /I shall hear (Asma-'u) (7) You (m/s) are hitting /you will hit (Tadribu) , (8) We are helping / we shall help (Nansuru) sal (9) You (m/s) are-opening /you will open (Taftahu) as (10) You (mf) are thinking / you will think (Tahsibu) oe The Imperative Verb ‘The imperative and negative imperative verbs are in the second person, therefore each of them has six forms to reflect their understood pronouns as subject. The imperative verb (Filul Amr - Vl (Js) and the negative imperative (Filun-nahiy “el (UJs3) are formed from the present/future tense verb. € = (Fa-ala -Yafalu) € =~ (Fataha - Yaftahu) € = Qaraba - Yadribu) G pa3 Examples: Io - (if-al) Us Don't do- (La taf'al) Uae ¥ lopen = (Iftah) a [Don't open - (Laa taftah) sy Hit - (drib) Lyal [Don't hit- (Laa tadrib) wpe i Help - (Unsup) ' “pail Don't help - (Laa tangur) Fels Y € =~ (Nasara - Yansuru) . ’j.a%594 The Inflection Of The Imperative Verb - Filul Amr ( 2] (53). Pronouns are understood within the verb as the subject. (You) do (m/s) (ral) sl (You) do (m/d) (ifalaa) Seal (You) do (m/p) (ifaluu) tbat (You) do (ffs) (Ialiiy «dsl (You) do (f/a) (fala) Sl (You) do (tip) (falna) ohal The Inflection Of The Negative Imperative Verb - Filun-nahyi (4) : pense Pronouns are understood within the verb as the subject. (You) don't do (m/s) (Laa taf'al) (You) don't do (m/d) (Laa taf'alaa) Sede ¥ (You) don’t do (m/p) (Laa taf'aluu) tyes Y (You) don't do (/s) (Laa tafalii) (You) don't do (f/a) (Laa tafalaa) (You) don't do (f/p) (Laa tafalna) Note (1): Whenever there is a Dam-mah on the third letter of the present/future tense verb, the imperative verb will carry a am-mah on the Hamzah, otherwise it carries a Kasrah. i Examples: (Ungur-Laatansur) fas Y- sail = €& (Nagara- Yangum) fas = Sal drib-Laatadriby yas Y- ye! = € (Daraba- Yadribu)95 Drill 3 (You) do (m/s) (fal) (You) do (ffs) (ifalii) (You) don't do (m/s) (Laa tafal) (You) don't do (£/s) (Laa tafalii) (1) (You) hit (m/s) (Idrib) (2) (You ) hear (f/s) (Isma-'ii) (3) (You) don't help (m/s) (Laa tansur) (4) (You) don't hit (f/s) (Laa tadribii) (5) (You) help (m/s) (Unsur) (6) (You) open (f/s) (Iftahii) (7) (You) don't hear (m/s) (Laa tasm'a) (8) (You) don't open (m/s) (Laa taftah) (9) (You) think (m/s) Hi (Ihsib) (10) (You) don't hear (f/s) (Laa tasma-‘i) wget 3 Note : The inflections of the past tense verb, present/future tense verb and the imperative verb mentioned in this lesson are relevant to the sound and regular verbs which have only three original letters in the third person, masculine, singular form of the past tense verb, as example, He opened - Fataha (3). The inflections for irregular verbs and verbs which have more than three original letters in the third person, masculine, singular form of the past tense verbs will be discussed in higher Arabic grammar studies. Examples: Irregular verb: He said (Qaala) Us More than three original letters: He sought forgiveness (Istaghfara)96 LESSON THIRTEEN Verbs - Variable and Inva: Past Tense Verbs and Imperative Verbs - Invariable. The past tense verbs and the imperative verbs are invariable or Mabniyy Cea. They are constant and do not change their final vowel nor omit any final letter to suit any case. Therefore each form of the fourteen forms of the inflection of the past tense verb, mentioned in the previous lesson, is fixed and constant and will not change its vowel nor omit any letter because there are no cases for the past tense verb. Similarly, each form of the six forms of the inflection of the imperative verb and the negative imperative verb, mentioned in the previous lesson, is fixed and constant, and will not change its vowel nor omit any letter because there are no cases for the imperative and negative imperative verbs. When the past tense verb or the imperative verb ends with a Sukuun (_) as Fa-'alat G Sukuun for easy reading, and not for case purpose. ) or If'al ( [ash and is followed by the definite article, a Kasrah is applied instead of the Example: The girl sat. (alasat al bintu Jalasatil binw) bank € SLi Hit the boy. (Idrib al walada Idribil walada) .Jy)l wrel € abi Dyed The past tense verbs and the imperative verbs can be inflected in different forms to give different meanings but each form is invariable or constant.97 Present/Fututre Tense Verbs - Variable The present/future tense verbs are variable or M'urab (4%). They change their final vowels and sometimes omit a final letter to suit cases, Among the fourteen forms of the inflection of the present/future tense verbs, mentioned in the previous lesson, two forms are invariable and they do not change to suit any case. They (elas) and "Taf'aina” (a). are the sixth and twelft forms "Yaf'alna" The Three Cases of the Present/Future Tense Verbs. There are three cases of the present/future tense verbs in the Arabic language. They are: (a) Nominative . Rafa @ {b) Accusative . Nab (223) (© Jussive 7 Jazm G3) The case of a present/future tense verb is determined by the absence or presence of certain particles before the verb. There are particles, like "Lan" (.,), which cause the present/future tense verb to exist in the accusative case (Nagb), and there are particles, like "In" (.,), which cause the present/future tense verbs to exist in the jussive case (Jazm). When there is no particle of accusative (Nasb) or jussive (Jazm) before the present/future tense verb, it exists in the nominative case (Raf'a). The forms of the inflection of the present/future tense verb have either a Dam-mah (_) as the final vowel or the letter Nuun (.)) as the final letter.(A) (B) © 98 The following are the rules for the three cases: Nominative case (Raf'a): Apply the Dam-mah on five forms and maintain the final Nuun (,) in the remaining nine forms. Examples: He is doing / will do (Yaf‘alu) They (m/p) are doing / will do (Yafaluuna) Accusative case (Nasb): Change the )am-mah to Fathah on five forms and omit the final Nuun (.) except in Yafaina (a) and Tafalna (Lads). Examples: He will never do (Lan yaf‘ala) They (m/p) will never do (Lan yaf'aluu) They (f/p) will never do (Lan yafalna) Jussive case - (Jazm): Change the am-mah to Sukuun (_) on five forms and omit the final Nuun (.)) except in Yaf'alna (zjlxis) and Taf'alna (Lait), Examples: If he does (in yaf'al) If they (m/p) do (in yafaluu) If they (f/p) do (in yaf'alna)Inflection of the Sound Pre: 99 He is doing / will do (Yafalu) nt/Future Tense Verb in Three Cases. Jussive - Jazm - pi (Lam yaf'al) (Lam yaf'alaa) Accusative - Nasb - 2ta5 (Lan yaf‘ala) (Lan yaf'alaa) Nominative - Raf'a- as (Yaf'alu) (Yafalaani) (Lam yafaluu) (Lan yaf'aluu) (Yafaluuna) (Lam taf'al) Usa A) Can tatatay (Taf alu) Us (Lam taf'alaa) Sods H| Lan tafataa) Sed5 *)) (Tafalaani) pels (Lam yaf'alna) (Lan yafana) leks oJ) (Yatalna) (Lam taf'al) (Lam taf‘alaa) (Lam taf'aluu) (Lam tafalii) (Lan taf‘ala) (Lan taf'alaa) (Lan taf'aluu) (Lan taf alii) (Tafalu) (Taf'aluuna) (Tafaliina) (Lam tafalaa) (Lan taf'alaa) (Taf alaani) (Lam taf'alna) (Lam afal) (Lam naf‘al) (Lan taf'alna) (Lan af‘ala) (Lan nafala) (Taf'alna) (Afalu) (Nafalu)100 : Note: Lam @ causes the present/future tense verb to be in the jussive case (Jazm) and it causes the meaning to be negative in the past tense. Example: He did not do. (Lam yaf'al) Us a Particles of Nasb want to help. (Uriidu an angura) To ol [Zaid will never hit. | (Lan yadriba zaidun) 3h Gag bl | Never ra sat in order to hear] (Jalastu kai asma-'a) ged 5 Gu | Inorderto & ‘ou sat. Therefore you will hear. (alasta. Idhan tasma~a) Therefore | {31 shall sit in order to hear. (Ajlisu li asma-'a) es In order to J Sit until you hear. | ([jlis hat-taa tasma-'a) Until [If you hit, I shall hit) (In tadrib adrib) Zaid didnot hit | (Lam yadrib zaidun) Zaid has not hit yet | (Lam-maa yadrib zaidun)| 4 Laas WI | Notyet ~ | Wd101 Vocabulary Verbs (he) went (dhahaba - yadh-habu) (he) fell (saqata - yasqutu) (he) sat (alasa - yajlisu) I want (uriidu) Drill 1 (1) Zaid is hearing the Adhaan. (Yasma-‘u zaidun al adhaana) (2) Zaid will never hit a small boy. (Lan yadriba zaidun waladan saghiiran) (3) He is going to the room in order to sit on the chair. (Yadh-habu ilal ghurfati li yajlisa ‘alal kursiy-yi) teil & (4) Iwant them to help Bakr. (Uriidu an yansuruu bakran) (5) Faatimah did not hear the Adhaan. (Lam tasma’ faatimatul adhaana) BoE] LG qe pl (6) If Zaid goes, I shall go. (in yadh-hab zaidun adh-hab) (7) I want you to sit in the room. (Uriidu an tajlisa fil ghurfati) (8) Zaid went to the village in order to help Bakr. (Dhahaba zaidun ilal qaryati li yansura bakran) ES eld Sa Sl 205 83102 (9) They are sitting in the room in order to hear the teacher. CYajlisuuna fil ghurfati li yasma-‘ul mudar-risa) «(0 Iron Syl & (10) They (f/p) will not hit a small boy. (Lan yadribna waladan saghiiran) cbc bl, Revision Three Grammar Revision. (1) The case of a noun is decided upon the grammatical structure of that noun in a sentence. (2) There are three cases of nouns in the Arabic language. They are: (a) Nominative - Rafa % (b) Accusative - Nasb teh © Genitive - Jarr a GB) The final vowel or letter(s) of a noun may change to suit the case. (4) ‘There are nine categories of nouns for vowel and letter changes to suit the cases. The following are five common categories with examples: Types of nouns Jar - 5 Nasb - £205 Rafa » Genitive Accusative Nominative. 1) Singular |(Waladin) 24,] (Waladan) tal, (Waladun) uy Broken plural |(Rijaatiny JG] (Rijaalan) «= VS] (Rijaalun) «Jb 2) Sound feminine plural |(Muslimaatin)=tCW4((Muslimaatin)t.L.2. |(Mustimaatun) tL. 3) Ghairu Munsarif (Paatimata) “6 (Faatimata) LU) Faatimatu) bb (not fully declinable) (4) Dual number ((Qalamainiy gal |(Qalamaini) ral] (Qalamaani) Uli (5) Sound masculine plural] (Muslimiina) ¢,-2] (Muslimiina) £4) (Muslimuuna).;.1-.(5) (6) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) 103 Nouns which are variable are called M'urab (¢52). The vowels and letters which change to suit the cases are called I-raab (Cts). There are six I'-paab (te): Dam-mah (), Fathah (_), Kasrah (_), Alif (b, Waw ( (,) and Yaa (.). The noun of the dual number and the noun of the sound masculine plural are omitted when the dual or plural becomes the first word (Mudaaf - 3%) in a possessive construction. Verbs are divided into three groups with respect to tenses: ( Past tense verb - Al Filul Maadii Cgalall (Jai. (ii) Presentffuture tense verb - Al Filul Mudaari (7 ,Ca2il (Jaa). Gi) @ Imperative verb - Filul Amr (31 Ue). (b) Negative Imperative verb - Filun-nahyi (gel Up. ‘A masculine subject needs a masculine verb and a feminine subject needs a feminine verb, When the subject of the past tense verb or the present/future tense verb is a noun, then the verb will be in the singular form, whether the subject is singular, dual or plural. ‘When the subject of the past tense verb or the present/future tense verb is a Pronoun, then the verb will be inflected to reflect the exact person, gender, and number of that pronoun. The pronoun will be understood within the verb and will be indicated by Prefixes or suffixes resulting from the inflection. The past tense verbs, Al Filul Maadii (lal (Jailh and the imperative verbs, Filul Amr, Filun-nahyii (el bs ; zl us) are invariable (Mabniyy - i. The present/future tense verbs (Al Filul Mudaari - ¢ aH! Js) are variable (Miurab - 2524), However, two forms of inflection, namely Yaf'alna (leis) and Taf'alna (: invariable and constant. They do not change to suit any case, ‘The case of the present/future tense verb is decided upon the absence or presence of certain particles before the verb.104 (14) There are three cases of the present/future tense verb in the Arabic language, They are: (@ Nominative - Rafa a (b) Accusative : Nasb ties (©) Jussive . Jazm pe (15) The twelve variable forms of the inflection of the strong present/future tense verb can be divided into two categories. Forms of the Present, Jussive Accusative Nominative Future tense verbs Jazm - pe Nasb - 2205 Rafa - ay i) Final letter has Lam yaf'al Lan yafala Yafalu Dam-mah in Raf'a ii) Final letter is Nuun | Lam yafaluu Yaf‘aluuna without Pam-mah in Raf'a. joe: Constant Lam yaf‘alna Lan taf'alna Yaf'alna Note: Nominative - Rafa (35) Accusative - — Nagb (22 Genitive - Jar fs) Jussive + Taam (#55)105 ical Terms and Cases Nouns Grammatical Structures Case 1 1) Mubtada - hee | subject Rafa » 2) Khabar of Mubtada - taza 243 | Predicate of Mubtada Rafa ee pieces 3) Ism of Kaana - Subject of Kana Rafa % (4) Khabar of Kaana - Predicate of Kaana Nasb (5) Ism of In-na - Subject of In-na Nasb 6) Khabar of In-na - Predicate of In-na Rafa & 1) Faa'il - Subject of verb Rafa a) (8) Mafuul Bihi - Object Nasb oes 9) Dharf - S35 | Adverb of time/place Nasb as (10) Haal - UG | Adverb of manner Nasb 11) Majrour - Saxe | Noun following a preposition] Jarr i 12) Mawsuuf - isyecys | Described noun Varies (13) Sifan - Sie | Adiective Following Mawsuuf| (14) Mudaaf - cites | Property Varies (15) Mudaaf Naihi Nasb - 2225 Raf'a x Genitive Accusative Nominative. 1) Singular |(Waladin) 24,) (Waladan) toll (Waladun) ay Broken plural \(Rijaalin) JE] Rijaalan) Ye -»| (Rijaaluni) Je 2) Sound feminine plural |(Muslimaatin)=.laL2|(Muslimaatin).=tob2 |(Muslimaatun)-s lols 3) Ghairu Munsarif (Faatimata) bb (Faatimata) tb (Fatima) 6 (not fully declinable) (4) Dual number (Qalamaini) — al5 |(Qalamainiy | (Qalamaani) i 5) Sound masculine plural] (Muslimiina) ¢-.l.| (Muslimiina) <2) (Muslimuuna),-jyul-22107 Present/Future Te Forms of the Present/ Jussive Accusative Nominative Future tense verbs Jazm - p> Nagb - £225 Rafa - 35 i) Final letter has Lam yafial Lan yafala Yafalu Dam-mah in Rafa Usis al Uae ol ais ii) Final letter is Nuun | Lam yaf‘aluu Lan yaf‘aluu Yafaluuna without Dam-mah in thes oJ oye Raf'a. [Feminine Plural - Lam yaf‘alna Lan tafalna Yaf'alna 6th Form and 12th Fomy hts A j As this book is completed, Allah is praised. End