The Integumentary System

Chapter 5
 Chapter 5 Outline
 Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis- structure/function
 Skin color
 Sunlight & vitamin D3
 Hair
 Glands
 Nails- structure
 Integumentary System

 Largest system of the body

 16% of body weight
 1.5 to 2 m2 in area
 1st line of defense

 Made up of 2 parts
 Cutaneous membrane
 Accessory structures
 Cutaneous Membrane
 Cutaneous membrane has 2 components
 Epidermis (outer)
 Superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)
 Dermis (inner)
 Connective tissues
 Accessory Structures
 Originate in the dermis
 Extend through the epidermis to skin surface
 Hair
 Nails
 Multicellular exocrine glands
Introduction to the Integumentary System
 Connected to other systems
 Cardiovascular system
 Blood vessels in the dermis
 Nervous system
 Sensory receptors for pain, touch, temperature
 Integumentary System
 Subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia or
hypodermis)
 Loose connective tissue
 Below the dermis
 Location of
hypodermic injections
Components of the Integumentary System
 Functions of Skin
 Protects underlying tissues and organs
 Excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
 Maintains body temperature (insulation &
evaporation)
 Synthesizes vitamin D3
 Stores lipids
 Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Basic Organization of the Epidermis

 Avascular stratified squamous epithelium

 Nutrients, oxygen diffuse from capillaries in dermis
 Mechanical & pathogen protection
 Cells of the Epidermis

 Keratinocytes
 Contain large amounts of keratin
 Most abundant cells in epidermis
 Basic Organization of the Epidermis

Thin Skin
Covers most of body
4 layers of keratinocytes
Thick Skin
Covers palms & soles
5 layers of keratinocytes
 Structure of Thick Epidermis

.
 Stratum Germinativum
 Germinative layer
 Many germinative cells (basal cells)
 Attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes
 Forms strong bond between epidermis & dermis

 Forms epidermal ridges (fingerprints)

 Dermal papillae (tiny mounds)

 Increase area of basal lamina
 Strengthen attachment between epidermis &
dermis
Epidermal Ridges of Thick Skin
 Stratum Spinosum
 Spiny layer
 Produced by division of stratum germinativum
 8 -10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
 Cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (spiny)
 Continue to divide, increasing thickness of
epithelium
 Stratum Granulosum
 Grainy layer, 3-5 layers keratinocytes
 Stops dividing, starts producing
 Keratin- tough, fibrous protein makes up hair, nails
 Keratohyalin- forms dense granules promote cross-
linking of keratin fibers
 Stratum Lucidum
 Clear layer
 Found only in thick skin
 Covers stratum granulosum
 Stratum Corneum
 Exposed surface of skin
 15 - 30 layers keratinized cells
 Water resistant
 Shed & replaced every 2 weeks
 Stratum Corneum
 Keratinization- formation of layer of dead,
protective cells filled with keratin
 Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
 15–30 days for cell to move from stratum
germinativum to stratum corneum
Each of the following is a function of the
integumentary system, except
A. Protection of underlying tissue
B. Excretion of salts & wastes
C. Synthesis of vitamin C
D. Maintenance of body temperature
 Perspiration
 Insensible perspiration
 Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the
stratum corneum, pint/day

 Sensible perspiration
 Water excreted by sweat glands

 Dehydration- damage to stratum corneum (burns,

blisters) increase rate insensible perspiration
 Burns- reduce water barrier, dangerous fluid loss
 Immersion in hypertonic solution (seawater- water flows
out of cells, osmosis)
 Skin Color
 Skin color is influenced by 2 pigments

 Carotene: orange-yellow pigment

 Found in orange vegetables
 Accumulates in epidermal cells & fatty tissues of dermis
 Can be converted to vitamin A

 Melanin: yellow-brown or black pigment

 Produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum
 Stored in transport vesicles (melanosomes)
 Transferred to keratinocytes
 Melanocytes

Manufacture melanin from tyrosine and

package it in intracellular vesicles-
melanosomes
 Melanocytes- Pigment Transfer

Melanosome are transferred to keratinocytes- color temporary

Melansome will fuse with lysosome and be broken down
 Skin Pigmentation

Pale skin- transfer occurs in

Dark skin- transfer occurs in
stratum germinativum &
stratum granulosum as well,
spinosum, superficial layers lose
darker pigmentation
pigmentation
 Skin Pigmentation
 Skin pigmentation differences generally
not number of melanocytes, different
levels of synthesis of melanin
 Freckles
 Rates of melanin production different by your own
melanocytes
 Face, shoulders

Liver spots- senile lentigos

 Function of Melanocytes
 Melanin protects skin from sun damage
 UV radiation causes DNA mutations & burns-
lead to cancer & wrinkles
 Dermal Circulation
 Oxygenated red blood contributes to skin color
 Blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens
 Blood flow decreases, skin pales
 Cyanosis- bluish skin tint
 Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or
oxygenation
 Illness and Skin Color
 Jaundice- buildup of bile produced by liver, yellow
color
 Addison disease- disease of pituitary gland,
produce ACTH, skin darkening
 Vitiligo- loss of melanocytes, loss of color
 Vitamin D3
 Epidermal cells produce
cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
in the presence of UV
radiation
 Liver & kidneys convert
vitamin D3 into calcitriol
 Aid absorption of calcium
& phosphorus
 Insufficient vitamin D3 can
Bending of weak
cause rickets bones under weight
of body
 Dermis
 Located between epidermis & subcutaneous
layer
 Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair
follicles, sweat glands)
 Has 2 components:
 Outer papillary layer
 Deep reticular layer
 Dermis- Papillary Layer
 Areolar tissue- contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics,
sensory neurons
 Dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges
 Dermis- Reticular Layer
 Dense irregular connective tissue- contains larger
blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerve fibers
 Contains collagen and elastic fibers
 Contains connective
tissue proper
 Dermatitis
 Inflammation of papillary layer
 Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical
irritation, or chemicals (poison ivy)
 Characterized by itch or pain
 Dermal Strength and Elasticity
 Presence of 2 fibers:
 Collagen fibers: very strong, resist stretching but
bend easily- provide flexibility
 Elastic fibers: permit stretching & then recoil to
original length- limit flexibility of collagen fibers to
prevent damage to tissue

 Skin turgor- properties of flexibility & resilience

 Affected by water content
 Skin Damage
 Sagging and wrinkles (reduced skin elasticity) caused:
 Dehydration
 Age
 Hormonal changes
 UV exposure

 Stretch Marks
 Thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of
skin due to pregnancy, weight gain
 Lines of Cleavage of the Skin
 Collagen & elastic fibers in the dermis
 Arranged in parallel bundles
 Resist force in a specific direction

 Establish important patterns

 Parallel cut remains shut, heals well
 Cut across (right angle) pulls open & scars
 Dermal Circulation
Capillary return
deep to papillary
plexus

Capillary network
from small
arteries in
papillary layer

Network
of arteries
along
reticular
layer
 Hypodermis
 Subcutaneous layer
 Lies below the integument
 Stabilizes the skin
 Allows separate movement
 Made of elastic areolar & adipose tissues
 Connected to reticular layer of integument by
connective tissue fibers
 Has few capillaries and no vital organs
 Site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic
needles
The 2 major components of the dermis
are the
A. Papillary layer and reticular layer
B. Superficial fascia & cutaneous
membrane
C. Epidermis and hypodermis
D. Stratum germinativum & stratum
corneum
Integumentary Accessory Structures

 Hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands,

sweat glands, nails
 Derived from embryonic epidermis
 Located in dermis
 Project through the skin surface
 Hair
 The human body is covered with hair, except
 Palms
 Soles
 Lips

 Functions of Hair
 Protects and insulates
 Guards openings against particles and insects
 Sensitive to very light touch
 Hair Follicle

 Located deep in dermis

 Produces nonliving hairs
 Is wrapped in a dense
connective tissue sheath
 Base is surrounded by
sensory nerves- root hair
plexus
 Accessory Structures of Hair
 Arrector pili
 Involuntary smooth muscle
 Causes hairs to stand up
 Produces “goose bumps”
 Sebaceous glands
 Lubricate the hair
 Control bacteria
 Hair Follicles

[INSERT FIG. 5.10c]

 Exocrine Glands in Skin
 Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
 Holocrine glands (rupture of secretory cell)
– Secrete sebum- oily lipid secretion, lubricates & protects
epidermis (inhibits bacterial growth)

 Sebaceous follicles
 Discharge directly onto skin surface
– Face, back, chest, nipples, external genitalia

 Sweat glands (sudoriferous)

 Two types: apocrine and merocrine (eccrine) glands
 Watery secretions
 Sweat Glands
 Apocrine Sweat Glands- actually merocrine secretion
 Found in armpits, around nipples, groin
 Secrete products into hair follicles
 Begin secreting at puberty
 Produce sticky, cloudy secretions, break down & cause odors
 Merocrine Sweat Glands
 Widely distributed on body surface, especially palms & soles
 More numerous than apocrine sweat glands
 Discharge directly onto skin surface
 Sensible perspiration
 Functions: cool skin, excretes water & electrolytes, flushes
microbes & harmful chemicals from skin
 Sweat Glands

Merocrine
sweat
gland

Aprocrine
sweat
gland
.
 Other Integumentary Glands

 Mammary glands
 Produce milk

 Ceruminous glands
 Produce cerumen
(earwax)
 Protect the eardrum
 Nails
 Protect fingers and toes
 Made of dead cells packed with keratin
 Metabolic disorders can change nail structure
 Yellow- chronic respiratory disorder, thyroid disorder, AIDS
 Concave- blood disorder
 Structure of a Nail

 Nail body- visible portion of the nail, covers nail bed

 Lunula- pale crescent at base of nail
 Sides of nails lie in lateral nail grooves
 Surrounded by lateral nail folds
 Important Concepts Ch 5
 Know functions, structure, cell types of:
 Cutaneous membrane
 Epidermis- epithelial tissue
– Thin/thick skin, stratums
 Dermis- connective tissue
– Outer papillary layer & deep reticular layer
 Subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia or hypodermis)
 Loose connective tissue below dermis
 Skin color production
 Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) production
 Dermal Strength and Elasticity- fibers, damage, lines of
cleavage, circulation
 Accessory structures- functions, structure