CHAPTER 3: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 3.

1Basic Definitions:
3.1.1 Deformation Gradient: Consider a body as shown in Fig. 1 which undergoes some deformations. Let R and R* be the undeformed and deformed states of the body respectively. Let x be the position vector of a point P of the body in R. Position of point P in the deformed configuration is p and its position vector is y. Let dx represents a

Formatted: Justified

Figure 1: Body in undeformed and deformed configurations

small length element in undeformed configuration and it is changed to dy in the deformed configuration . Then dy and dx are related to each other by (1) where F is given by
Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified

(2)

Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

[ This F and is called the deformation gradient. Here u in directions respectively.

] are the components of displacement

3.1.2 Principle Invariants of a Tensor: For any tensor A we can define three terms called as principle invariants which are denoted by I1, I2, I3 and are given by ( ) *, ( )( ) where tr denotes trace of tensor and det denotes determinant of tensor. 3.1.3 Indicial notations: The indicial notations we have used can be understood by taking an example. Let f is a function of then
Comment [w1]: We should define how to calculate tr and det of any tensor. Otherwise this is incomplete information. Thissub-section can come after indicial notation.

)+

[ ]

3.1.4 Cauchy Green Deformation Tensors: 3.1.4.1 Right Cauchy Green deformation tensor: It is defined as (3) Here T denotes the transpose. 3.1.4.2 Left Cauchy Green deformation tensor: It is defined as (4) 3.1.5 Traction Vector: If dF is the force acting on an area ds of the surface of a body then traction vector is defined as
Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Comment [w2]: Again what is transpose. Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified

3.1.6 Stress At A Point: At any point of the body the state of stress is defined by following stress tensor [ ]

Here represent that the stress is acting in jth direction on a plane which is perpendicular to the th i direction.

3.1.7 Relation between t and : If the normal vector to the surface of the body is n then at that point and t are related by (5) 3.1.8 Types Of Stress Tensor: When a body undergoes large deformations then we have to make distinction between undeformed and deformed configuration . Let us assume that traction T is applied on a small surface element dS in R .N is the normal vector on dS. While t and n are the traction vector and normal vector to the surface element ds in R*. Let force acting on the body is df. Then we can define following three types of stress tensors
Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Comment [w3]: No space before full stop. But at least one space after full stop.

Figure 2: Body with PK-I and Cauchy traction vectors

3.1.9 Cauchy Stress Tensor : In this tensor the area of deformed configuration is used for stress calculation. It is denoted by and is given by (6) Here t is the Cauchy traction vector. Cauchy stress tensor is symmetric. 3.1.10 First Piola-Kirchhoff (PK-I) stress Tensor: In this tensor the area of undeformed configuration is used for stress calculation. It is denoted by and is given by (7) Here T is the first Piola-Kirchhoff (PK-I) traction vector. First Piola-Kirchhoff (PK-I) stress Tensor is generally not symmetric. 3.1.11 Second Piola-Kirchhoff (PK-II) stress Tensor: We define a pseudo force vector such that then second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor denoted by S is given by 3.1.12 Relation Between Three Stress Tensors: By equations (6) and (7) we obtain (8)
Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

We shall use the Nansons relation which relates the normal vector in undeformed and deformed co-ordinates,
Comment [w4]: Full stop or comma after equation

Now

(9) This is the relation between and . J is the third invariant of incompressible materials. Again from (7) and (8) and its value is 1 for

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

(10) and putting from (9) (11) This is the relation between and S.

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

3.2 Hyper elastic materials and basic governing equations:

3.2.1 Hyperelastic materials: Linear elastic material model assumes that the deformations are small in the material. There exists some materials which are elastic but exhibits large deformations upon loading so that linear elastic model is not suitable for such materials. Hyperelastic model is used to characterize such material behavior. Rubber, vualcaunized elastomers, unfilled elastomers and biological tissues are some examples whose behaviour can be best characterized by hyperelastic model. These materials are a special case of Cauchy elastic materials which means that the stress state depends only on the current state of deformation and not on the path or history of deformation. For these materials stress-strain relationships are derived from strain energy density function W and given by (12) For general hyperelastic material model W is a function of three principle invariants of the left (or right) Cauchy-Green tensor ( [ The values of are given by ) ]
Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

I is the unit tensor. Putting values in S [ Using (11) [ ( ) ( )] (13)

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

)]

Following are the names of some of the widely used hyperelastic material laws: a. Neo-Hookean b. Mooney-Rivlin c. Polynomial form of order 2 d. Reduced Polynomial form of order 2 e. Arruda-Boyce These all differ in the way that they assume different expressions for W. In this seminar material is chosen to be Neo Hookean because it gives the simplest expression for W. In addition the Neo-Hookean material is assumeds the material to be incompressible. So to ensure that deformation is locally volume preserving (incompressible) we shall assume that an arbitrary hydrostatic pressure p is acting at all points of the body such that equation (13) converts to [ ( ) ( )] (14)

Comment [w5]: References in general are missing everywhere

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

For Neo-Hookean material W is a function of and will be zero hence from equation (14) [

only so the derivatives of W with respect to

(15) and from equation (9) (16)

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

Chapter

Problem

Considered

And

Its

Solution

Figure 3: Crack with coordinate system 4.1 Solution of the crack problem: Consider a region R which represents the open cross
section of an infinite slab containing a crack of length 2c. The slab is to be deformed in finite anti plane shear . Such a deformation is characterized by ( )
Formatted: Font: Italic

Our goal is to find which will satisfy the boundary conditions and equilibrium equations and consistent with the constitutive relation (15) and (16). Now with the above displacement components the values of and from EQs. (???) and (???) will be

] [ ( ) ( ) ]

So from the state of stress in the slab in terms of PK-I stress tensor from equation (16) is

] [ ]

(17)

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

And in terms of Cauchy stress tensor from equation (15) is

[ [ ( ) ( ) ]

Formatted: Justified

(18) ( The equilibrium equations in terms of and are (19) (20) Since the surface of the crack is a free surface i.e. there is no load at that surface so traction will be zero along the crack faces in both deformed and undeformed configuration. We can not determine the stress boundary conditions in terms of Cauchy stresses because body has undergone large deformation so in the deformed configuration we do not know the normal vector in the plane of crack. We can determine the boundary conditions only in terms of PK-I stresses so we shall solve equation and determine the state of stress . Then from the relation between and we shall determine which we are finally interested in. From (17) and (20) 0 1 (21) ( ) ( ) )

Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Comment [w6]: Both places we cant use div. Its meaning is different in undeformed and deformed cases. Formatted: Justified

(22)

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

Here and have the range 1, 2. Since left side expression of this equation is a function of and only so p should be linear in . And first two equation requires that should be independent of so let us assume p to be of the following form ( Where ) ( ) (23)
Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Font: Italic Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

is an arbitrary constant. Putting p into equations (21) and (22) [ ] (24)

Solving equation (24) we get (25) Load along the crack faces is zero so the traction vector along the crack line is { } Normal vector of the crack faces in R is { } So by the relation between and we get boundary conditions (27) (26)

Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

(28) is already zero. By the second boundary condition we get

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

( This equation should be true for all values of

) so we get

From third boundary condition we get

So we get the condition (29) After putting the value of p in equation (22) we get the condition [ ] (30) should correspond to simple shear at large
Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Font: Italic Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

There is one additional boundary condition distances from the crack tip i. e.

(31) Here k represents the amount of shear. Now the problem is to find such that it satisfies (29), (30) and (31). Oone more condition on is that it should be bounded near the crack tips. For the Neo-Hookean material the value of W is given by ( ) ( )

Using this value the equation (30) converts to (32) And the value of stresses areis, *( The global solution of this problem is given by ( So the values of stresses are ( ) (33)
Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

) +

(34)

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

(35) Resultant shear stress is ( ) (36)

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

The near tip approximation of near the right crack tip is denoted by and is given as, ( ) (37)

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Comment [w7]: We should specify what is different

If the problem is solved using the linear theory than near tip approximation of is found to be same as that obtaind above. So we shall use this value (37) to compare with exact value of (36) to get a measure of non linearity of the problem.

4.2 Condition for the nonlinearity to be small scale:

4.2.1 level nonlinear zone ( crack problem the inequality ): If represents the specified error tolerance than for this

represents the set of all points ( ) for which the elastic field is approximately non linear at level (because is non linear and is linear). Putting values from equations (35) and (36) we get (38) ( Figures below show level nonlinear zone ( ) ) for different values of k. It can be seen that
Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified

Figure 4:

level nonlinear zone (

), k=0.9

Figure 5:

level nonlinear zone (

), k=

Figure 6:
For k
( )

level nonlinear zone (

( ) ( )

), k=
( )

contains two bounded, connected subsets

and

( )

such that

( )

+ while ( contained. And for

) contains right (left) crack tip. In this case we say that nonlinear effect is is unbounded.
( )

4.2.2 level near tip linear zone for right crack tip ( ): This represents set of all points for which relative error commitedcommitted by near tip approximation to the resultant shear stress is in magnitude at most i. e. set of all points for which | |

Putting values | Figures ??????? below show the . / |

( )

(39) for and . The

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Comment [w8]: Mention numbers

level near tip linear zone

( )

region between the outer and inner curve is , the middle curve is the locus of all points where and are exactly equal. The matlab code for the curves of sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 haves been included in the appendix.

Figure 7: Near tip linear zone

( )

Figure 8: Near tip linear zone

( )

We say that the nonlinear effect is small scale if it is contained and

( )

( )

( )

( )

(40)

Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified

Since the problem is symmetric about the axis so if we satisfy either of the condition of equation (40) the other will be satisfied automatically so we take first condition
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(41) and with the axis respectively then

( ) ( ) If and represents the intersection of the by equation (41)

Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified

( Now we shall determine and and equation (38) holds with ( ) ( )

(42) ) belongs to if and only if i. e. if and only if ( )

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

explicitly. A point ( | |

| | |

) )

( And (
( So )

coincides with the interval ( )

)

) and equation (39) holds with | |

(43)

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

( A point ( ) belongs to | | i. e. if and only if

if and only if

. /

| | |

. /

| | |

. / ( 0 ) ,

| | | . / (

( . / | | | |

) -1

. / 0 ,

| | | (

(
( So )

) -1

coincides with the interval (44) ( ( ) 0 ) 0 , , ( ( ) -1 ) -1

Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified

We can verify that (45) From equation (42), (43) and (45) it follows that ( ) ( ) ) ( ) (46)
Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

( So from above two equations we can write { ( We can show that for all values of equation (47) may be written as ) (

)}

(47)

Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

between 0 and 1 first entry is smaller than second so (48) ( ) (49)

Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified

Now we have shown that if the nonlinear effect is small scale at level then k must satisfy the condition (48). It can also be shown that equation (48) is sufficient as well as necessary for equation (42) and also that equation (42) implies equation (41). So it follows that equation (48) supplies necessary as well as sufficient condition to be satisfied by the amount of shear at infinity k if the nonlinear effect in the crack problem considered to be small scale at level .

Formatted: Justified, None, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 10 pt, Don't keep with next, Don't keep lines together

FINITE STRAIN DEFORMATION NEAR THE TIP OF CRACK IN HYPERELASTIC SOLIDS Abstract: Analysis of cracked bodies is a very important subject from the point of view of fracture. Linear elastic fracture mechanics is used for the analysis of most cracked bodies. This theory is valid for the elastic bodies undergoing small deformations. Here in this report, by relaxing the assumption of small strains the crack problem has been analyzed for hyperelastic material which shows large deformations. The body has been assumed to be deforming in anti plane shear. A condition has also been derived under which the error committed by linear approximation of finite deformation problem will be less than a specified value.

Keywords: Large deformation, Cauchy stresses, Hyperelastic, Neo-hookean

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Finite deformation problems always give a nonlinear solution which is complex to analyze and in case of cracked bodies it is even more complex. So our motivation is always to solve such problems by linear theories which are simpler but they may lead to errors and in some cases they may give ambiguous results. If we have a condition under which non linearity will be small in the crack problem then we can apply linear theories without exceeding a specified error level. In this report we derive such condition for finite anti plane shear of an infinite body containing a crack of finite length.

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION From equation (48) it can be inferred if the value of is higher then the upper limit on k will also be higher for the nonlinear effect to be of small scale for that level of , it is expected because if the deformation is large then nonlinearity will also be large and the error due to linaer approximation will be large. If the crack is not symmetric about axis then two conditions of equation (40) are not equivalent to each other and the nonlinear effect might be small scale at one crack tip and not at the other. If the material used is not Neo-hookean then expression for W will be different and the results derived will not be valid. This remark also holds if the crack is deformed in mode I or mode II rather than in mode III (anti plane shear).

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Recently much work has been done on the study of deformations and stresses near the tip of crack for hyperelastic materials. [4] did asymptotic analysis of deformations and stresses in traction free crack in infinite slab under plane strain. They assumed uniform axial tension at infinity at right angles to the faces of crack. [2] Did analysis of crack in finite anti-plane shear in an infinite slab. He took the material to be Neo-hookean. [5] Did the asymptotic analysis of traction plane crack under plane strain condition. He took the power law materials (which in a special case converts to Mooney-Rivlin material. [6] Did the asymptotic analysis of traction free interface crack between two dissimilar semi infinite Neo-hookean sheets. [1] Did the analysis of anti-plane shear problem in crack and derived the condition for the nonlineasr effect to be small scale. [7] Did the asymptotic analysis of traction free crack at interface of two semi infinite slabs bonded under the conditions of plane strain. [8] Did the asymptotic analysis of stress and strain near the tip of a crack with generalised Neohookean material. He assumed the crack to be deforming in mode I and mixed mode. [9] Did analysis of interface crack between, (1) two generalised Neo-hookean sheets having same hardening characteristics and (2) a generalised Neo-hookean sheet and a rigid substrate. [10] Did the analysis of motion field surrounding a rapidly propagating crack which is loaded symmetrically in mode I conditions. In this seminar anti-plane shear problem for Neo-hookean material has been studied because this is the simplest problem to solve.

Appendix I Matlab Code For Section 4.2.1 and 4.2.2

%create the following function files function crak=sem(x,y) syms x y crak=1.5^4*(x.^4+y.^4+2*x.^2*y.^2)-(x.^2+1-2*x+y.^2)*(x.^2+1+2*x+y.^2) function crac2=sem2(x,y) syms x y e=0.67 crac2=2*(x.^2+y.^2)*(1+e.^2-2*e)-(x.^2+1+2*x+y.^2)^0.5 function crac2=sem4(x,y) syms x y e=0.67 crac2=2*(x.^2+y.^2)-(x.^2+1+2*x+y.^2)^0.5 function crac2=sem3(x,y) syms x y e=0.67 crac2=2*(x.^2+y.^2)*(1+e.^2+2*e)-(x.^2+1+2*x+y.^2)^0.5 %give the following commands ezplot (sem,[-4,4])

%and separately
ezplot (sem2,[-10,10]);hold on ezplot (sem3,[-10,10]);hold on ezplot (sem4,[-10,10])

REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] J. K. Knowles, A. J. Rosakis (1986), On the scale of nonlinear effect in a crack problem, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 53, 545-549. J. K. Knowles (1977), The finite anti plane shear field near the tip of a crack for a class of incompressible elastic solids, Journal of Elasticity, 13, 611-639. C. S. Jog (2007) Foundations and applications of mechanics, volume 1: continuum mechanics, 2E, Narosa Publication House.
Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Justified Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single

Knowles, Sternberg (1973), An asymptotic finite deformation analysis of the elastostatic field near the tip of a crack, Journal of Elasticity, 3, 67-107. [5] Rodney A. Stephenson (1982), The equilibrium field near the tip of a crack for finite plane strain of incompressible elastic materials, Journal of Elasticity, 12, 65-99. [6] Knowles, Sternberg (1983), Large deformation near a tip of an intrerface crack between the Neo-Hookean sheets, Journal of Elasticity, 13, 257-293. [7] J.M.Herrmann (1989), An asymptotic analysis of finite deformations near the tip of an interface crack, Journal of Elasticity, 21, 227-269. [8] Philippe H. Geubelle (1994), Finite strains at the tip of a crack in a sheet of hyperelastic material: I. homogeneous case, Journal of Elasticity, 35, 61-98. [9] Philippe H. Geubelle (1994), Finite strains at the tip of a crack in a sheet of hyperelastic material: II. Special biomaterial case, Journal of Elasticity, 35, 99-137. [10] Angelo Marcello (1999), Large deformation near a tip of an intrerface crack between the Neo-Hookean sheets, Journal of Elasticity, 57, 85-103.

Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: single Comment [w9]: Reference format Formatted: Justified