A Guide to Bundling

Small-scale CDM Projects

 A Guide to Bundling
Small-scale CDM Projects
Developed for the EU Synergy CDM Pool Project: “Establishing the Institutional Capacity to En-
able Small-scale CDM Projects in India”
by IT Power UK, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), and IT Power India. (Contract
No: 4.1041/D/002-002)

The project was partly funded by the European Commission under the Synergy Programme.

Authors:
• Jay Mariyappan (IT Power Carbon, IT Power Group, UK)
• Nishant Bhardwaj (IT Power Carbon, IT Power Group, India)
• Heleen de Coninck (Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN)
• Nico van der Linden (Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN)

The findings, interpretations and conclusions in this report are entirely those of the authors and
should not be attributed to the European Commission.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Lasse Ringius (World Bank), Steve Thorne (SouthSouthNorth), Sameer
Singh (International Finance Corporation), and John Green (IT Power) for their valuable inputs and
comments on the final document.

This guidebook can be downloaded from www.cdmpool.com

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
(CDM) I
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background and Context 1
1.2 Simplified Modalities and Procedures 2
1.3 Bundling Experience to Date 4
2. CHECKLIST REQUIREMENTS FOR BUNDLING 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Eligibility Requirements 6
2.3 Sustainable Development Requirements 8
2.4 Financial requirements 9
2.5 Legal requirements and risks 10
3. BUNDLING ORGANISATION 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Required Skills and Capacity 13
3.3 Type of Organisations 14
3.4 Business Plan for a CDM Bundling Organisation 15
4. REPRESENTATIVE PROJECT BUNDLE EXAMPLES 16
4.1 Introduction 16
4.2 Lessons learnt 20
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 22
Annex 1: FURTHER INFORMATION 24
UNFCCC Website 24
CDM Pool website 24
Annex 2: TEMPLATE TEXT FOR A CDM BUNDLING ORGANISATION BUSINESS
PLAN 25
Business Description 25
Market Analysis and Demand 25
Business location 25
Customers 25
Service Description and Strategy 27
Organisational Structure and Operating Plan 28
Organisational structure 28
Operating Plan 28
Financial Analysis and Plan 28
Main Assumptions 28
Annex 3: AN EXAMPLE PROJECT CONCEPT NOTE FOR A BUNDLED PROJECT33
Annex- A 41
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Project categories for small-scale CDM projects........................................................3
Table 2. Transaction costs of normal and small-scale CDM projects.......................................5
Table 3. Summary of proposal on bundling for each of the steps in the project cycle
(Shaded cells correspond to potential reductions in transaction costs) ......................6
Table 4. Sustainable Development Indicators ...........................................................................8
Table 5. Estimated transaction costs .........................................................................................9

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Bundling Small-scale projects .....................................................................................2
Figure 2. Flow chart to check CDM eligibility for potential bundled projects ...........................7
Figure 3. Legal Agreements for CDM Projects.........................................................................11
Figure 4. The Role of the Bundling Organisation – CDM Project Cycle..................................13
Figure 5. An example of a candidate bundling organisation in India.......................................15
Figure 6. Contractual agreements in bundling with single project developer in a bundle .......21
Figure 7. Break-even analysis ...................................................................................................29
Figure 8. Expenses (Yearly) includes start-up costs..................................................................31
Figure 9. Bundling Organisation Revenue (Years 1-6) .............................................................32
Figure 10. Profit and Loss Account for Bundling Organisation .................................................32
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO THE CLEAN
DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
Additionality: According to the Kyoto Protocol, gas emission reductions generated by Clean De-
velopment Mechanism and Joint Implementation project activities must be additional to those that
otherwise would occur. Additionality is established when there is a positive difference between
the emissions that occur in the baseline scenario, and the emissions that occur in the proposed
project.

Annex I countries: These are the 36 industrialised countries and economies in transition listed in
Annex 1 of the UNFCCC. Their responsibilities under the Convention are various, and include a
non-binding commitment to reducing their GHG emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000.

Annex B countries: These are the 39 emissions-capped industrialised countries and economies in
transition listed in Annex B of Kyoto Protocol. Legally-binding emission reduction obligations
for Annex B countries range from an 8% decrease (e.g. EU) to a 10% increase (Iceland) on 1990
levels by the first commitment period of the Protocol, 2008-2012.

Baseline: The baseline for a CDM project activity is the scenario that reasonably represents the
anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) that would occur in the absence
of the proposed project activity. A baseline should cover emissions from all gases, sectors and
source categories listed in Annex A (of the Kyoto Protocol) within the project boundary.

Baseline methodology: A methodology is a tool to determine the baseline for an individual pro-
ject activity, reflecting aspects such as data availability, sector and region. In cases where no
methodology applicable to the proposed project has been approved by the CDM Executive Board
project participants have the opportunity to propose a new methodology.

Bundling: refers to combining or aggregating a number (more than one) of small-scale projects
and/or project activities into a single emissions reduction project. Small-scale CDM project ac-
tivities may be bundled at the following stages in the project cycle: the project design document,
validation, registration, monitoring, verification and certification.

Carbon offsets: offsets are tradable emission reductions that are used to offset emissions from
various sources, such as emissions related to personal or business air travel. Offset “credits” can
be generated by a number of activities, most commonly the output of carbon sequestration pro-
jects in the forestry sector, or to refer to the output of any climate change mitigation project more
generally. Such credits are then purchased by an organisation/individual that is responsible for the
actual emissions (“debits”) usually on a voluntary basis.

Carbon credits: as for carbon offsets, though with added connotations of (1) being used as ‘cred-
its’ in companies’ or countries emission accounts to counter ‘debits’ i.e. emissions, and (2) being
tradable, or at least fungible with the emission permit trading system.

I
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e): The universal unit of measurement used to indicate the
global warming potential (GWP) of each of the six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A of the
Kyoto Protocol – carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Carbon dioxide – a naturally
occurring gas that is a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, land-use changes, and other
industrial processes – is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured,
and the global warming potential of 1 ton of CO2 is set equal to 1, for example the GWP of CH4 is
21 and the GWP of N2O is 310.

CERs (certified emission reductions): the technical term for the output of CDM projects, as de-
fined by the Kyoto Protocol. One CER is the reduction of 1 tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Certification: Certification is the written assurance by the designated operational entity that, dur-
ing a specified time period, a project activity achieved the reductions in anthropogenic emissions
by sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) as verified.

CDM Executive Board: The formal governance body established under Article 12 of the Kyoto
Protocol to oversee the implementation and administration of the CDM, under the authority and
guidance of the COP/MOP.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): The CDM was established by Article 12 of the Proto-
col and refers to climate change mitigation projects undertaken between Annex 1 countries and
non-Annex 1 countries (see below). Project investments must contribute to the sustainable devel-
opment of the non-Annex 1 host country, and must be independently certified. This latter re-
quirement gives rise to the term “certified emission reductions” or CERs, which describe the out-
put of CDM projects, and which under the terms of Article 12 can be banked from the year 2000,
eight years before the first commitment period (2008-2012).

Conference of Parties (COP): The meeting of parties to the United Nations Framework Conven-
tion on Climate Change.

Crediting period: The crediting period for a CDM activity is the period for which reductions
against the baseline are verified and certified by a designated operational entity for the purpose of
issuance of certified emission reductions (CERs). Project participants are able to choose the start-
ing date of a crediting period to be after the date the first emission reductions are generated by the
CDM project activity. A crediting period can’t extend beyond the operational lifetime of the pro-
ject activity. The project participants may choose between either a fixed crediting period of 10yrs
or three renewable crediting periods of a maximum 7 years each (i.e. maximum 21 years).

Debundling test: Debundling is defined as the fragmentation of a large project into smaller parts.
A small-scale project activity that is part of a large project activity is not eligible to use the sim-
plified modalities and procedures for small-scale project activities. A debundling test would be
carried out to ensure this. A proposed small-scale activity can be deemed a debundled component
of a large project activity if there is a registered small-scale CDM project activity or an applica-
tion to register another small-scale CDM project activity:
• With the same project participants;
• In the same project category and technology/measure; and
• Registered within the previous 2 years; and
• Whose project boundary is within 1 km of the project boundary of the proposed small-scale
project.

II
If a proposed small-scale project activity is deemed to be a debundled component, but the total
size of such an activity combined with the previous registered small-scale CDM project activity
does not exceed the limits for small-scale CDM project activities (paragraph 6(c) of the decision
17/CP.7, then the project activity can use simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale
CDM projects.

Designated National Authority (DNA): The national authority for CDM designated by the Party
to the Protocol.

Designated operational entity (DOE): An entity designated by the COP (or MOP), based on
recommendation by the Executive Board, as qualified to validate proposed CDM project activities
as well as verify and certify reductions in anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse
gases (GHG). A designated operational entity shall perform validation or verification and certifi-
cation on the same CDM project activity. Upon request, the Executive Board may however, allow
a single DOE to perform all these functions within a single CDM project activity.

Emission Reductions Purchase Agreement (ERPA): Agreement which governs the purchase
and sale of emission reductions.

Greenhouse gases (GHGs): These are gases released by human activity that are responsible for
climate change and global warming. The six gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol are
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).

Host Country: The country where an emission reduction project (under Joint Implementation or
the Clean Development Mechanism) is physically located.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR): The annual return that would make the present value of future
cash flows from an investment (including its residual market value) equal the current market price
of the investment. In other words, the discount rate at which an investment has zero net present
value.

Kyoto Protocol: Adopted at the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Conven-
tion on Climate Change held in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, the Kyoto Protocol commits in-
dustrialised country ratifiers to reduce their greenhouse gas (or “carbon”) emissions by an average
of 5.2% compared with 1990 emissions, in the period 2008-2012.

Leakage: Leakage is defined as the net change of anthropogenic emissions by sources of green-
house gases (GHG) which occurs outside the project boundary, and which is measurable and at-
tributable to the CDM project activity.

Letter of Approval: A letter issued by the Designated National Authority (DNA) of the Host
Country to a CDM Project confirming that the project, as proposed, will assist the Host Country
to achieve its goals of sustainable development.

Monitoring plan: A set of requirements for monitoring and verification of emission reductions
achieved by a project.

Non-Annex I countries: Countries which are not listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC (generally
developing and least developed countries)

III
Non-Annex B countries: Countries which are not listed in Annex I of the Kyoto Protocol (gener-
ally developing and least developed countries).

Party to the Kyoto Protocol: A country that has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.

Project Activity: A project activity is a measure, operation or an action that aims at reducing
greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The Kyoto Protocol and the CDM modalities and procedures
use the term “project activity” as opposed to “project”. A project activity could, therefore, be
identical with or a component or aspect of a project undertaken or planned.

Project Boundary: The project boundary encompasses all anthropogenic emissions by sources of
greenhouse gases (GHG) under the control of the project participants that are significant and rea-
sonably attributable to the CDM project activity.

Project Design Document (PDD): A project specific document required under the CDM rules
which will enable the Operational Entity to determine whether the project (I) has been approved
by the parties involved in a project, (ii) would result in reductions of greenhouse gas emissions
that are additional, iii) has an appropriate baseline and monitoring plan.

Project Idea Note (PIN): A note prepared by a project proponent regarding a project proposed
for a potential CER buyer, such as the World Bank or SENTER. The PIN is often set out in a
given format as with the World Bank which has a PIN that is generic across all World Bank man-
aged funds.

Registration: Registration is the formal acceptance by the Executive Board of a validated project
activity as a CDM project activity. Registration is the prerequisite for the verification, certifica-
tion and issuance of CERs related to that project activity.

Small-scale CDM project activities: Includes project activities that remain under the limits set
out in paragraph 6 (c) of the CDM modalities and procedures, every year during the crediting pe-
riod. These are:
• Renewable energy project activities with a maximum installed capacity of 15MW;
• Energy efficiency improvement activities up to 15 gigawatt hours per year;
• Other project activities that both reduce emissions directly less than 15,000 tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent per year.
Projects falling within these limits are eligible for the modalities and procedures for small-scale
projects.

Sustainable Development: The original definition by the Brundtland Commission report

(WCED, 198) states that development is sustainable when it “meets the needs of the present gen-
eration without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustain-
able development is a requirement of CDM projects and it is the responsibility of the host country
to confirm whether a CDM project activity assists in achieving sustainable development.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): The international

legal framework adopted in June 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit to addresses climate change. It
commits the Parties to the UNFCCC to stabilise human induced greenhouse gas emissions at lev-
els that would prevent dangerous manmade interference with the climate system.

IV
Validation: The assessment of a project’s Project Design Document, which describes its design
including its baseline and monitoring plan, by a Designated Operational Entity, before the imple-
mentation of the project against the requirements of the CDM.

Verification: Verification is the periodic independent review and ex post determination by a des-
ignated operational entity against the requirements of the CDM.

Verification report: A report prepared by an Operational Entity, or by another independent third

party, pursuant to a Verification, which reports the findings of the Verification process, including
the amount of reductions in emission of greenhouse gases that have been found to have been gen-
erated.

V
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Context

In 1997, almost 200 countries signed the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Con-
vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The most important component of the agreement was the
establishment of quantitative targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in industrialised (An-
nex B) countries. Industrialised countries may meet their targets through a combination of domes-
tic climate change mitigation activities and the use of the Kyoto Mechanisms. One of these
mechanisms, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), allows developed countries to achieve
part of their Kyoto target in a more cost-effective way by implementing projects that reduce GHG
emissions in developing (non-Annex I) countries, assisting the latter in achieving sustainable de-
velopment.

Small-scale energy projects that fit the development needs of developing countries can be sup-
ported via investments made through the CDM. Additional financial flows from certified emis-
sion reductions (CERs) could become important in many developing, and particularly least devel-
oped countries, where they can help to provide much-needed modern energy services and im-
prove living conditions for millions of people in rural communities.

Despite the low prices for CERs and high transaction costs for the development of such projects
that have characterised the market to-date, the current pipeline of CDM projects shows that a
number of small-scale projects, such as small hydro, are beginning to come on stream with some
of the transaction costs reduced through the use of the relevant procedures and modalities1 devel-
oped specifically to “fast-track” projects of this size. However, the majority of CDM investments
are flowing into larger scale projects, whilst projects at the lower end of the small-scale defini-
tion, producing very few CERS, are being overlooked for carbon finance.

While these projects are generally of a higher quality in terms of their contribution to sustainable
development than larger scale projects, and despite some initial indications from buyers, only
small in-roads are being made to increase the value of CERs from small-scale projects. The
World Bank’s Community Development Carbon Fund2, the non-Kyoto compliance market (for
example offsetting of emissions associated with business travel), and the development of the Gold
Standard3 are attempting to lead the way in this field.

One approach to reducing CDM transaction costs is to bundle a number of small-scale projects
into a portfolio that can be developed as one larger CDM project as shown in Figure 1. As long as
the portfolio is under the limits defined for small-scale projects (see below), they can benefit from
reduced transaction costs associated with fast tracking procedures and the spreading of costs
across several projects.

1
Adopted at the Conference of Parties (COP8) in New Delhi in October 2002.
2
See the CDCF website for further details: http://carbonfinance.org/cdcf/home.cfm.
3
See the Gold Standard website for further details: http://www.goldstandard.org.

1
It would also mean that every small-scale project developer would not necessarily need to accus-
tom themselves to the complex modalities of the CDM.

This approach has been advocated by a number of commentators; however, in practice there have
been few examples of successful implementation in developing countries. There are clearly a
number of challenges ahead before bundling can become fully operational. This report will give
some guidance on how to bundle successfully, and where appropriate suggest ways of improving
existing rules to overcome the high transaction costs for small-scale projects.

CER
CER
revenue buyers
CERs
GHG offsets
(tCO2) Carbon
finance
Bundling
organisation

Figure 1. Bundling Small-scale projects

1.2 Simplified Modalities and Procedures

The importance of small-scale projects in terms of sustainable development and cumulatively for
emission reductions has been recognised by governments, and to assist these projects in overcom-
ing the anticipated high transaction costs, the simplified modalities and procedures were devel-
oped for small-scale projects defined as:
• Type (i): Renewable energy projects with a maximum output capacity of 15 MW;
• Type (ii): Energy efficiency improvement which reduce energy consumption, on the supply
and/or the demand side, by up to the equivalent of 15 GWh per year; and
• Type (iii): Other project activities that reduce anthropogenic emissions by sources, and di-
rectly emit less than15/ktCO2e annually.

Each project type is further divided into a number of project categories shown in Table 1 for
which simplified baseline and monitoring procedures have been developed.

2
Table 1. Project categories for small-scale CDM projects
Project Project Category
Type*
Type (i) A. Electricity generation by the user
B. Mechanical energy for the user/enterprise
C. Thermal energy for the user
D. Renewable electricity generation for a grid
Type (ii) A. Supply side energy efficiency improvements-transmission and distribution activities
B. Supply side energy efficiency improvements – generation
C. Demand-side energy efficiency programmes for specific technologies
D. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for industrial facilities
E. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for buildings
F. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for agricultural facilities & activities
Type (iii) A. Agriculture
B. Switching fossil fuel
C. Emissions reduction by low greenhouse emission vehicles
D. Methane recovery
E. Avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through controlled combustion
Types (i)-(iii) Other small-scale projects**
* In accordance with paragraph 60c) of decision 17/CP.7
**Paragraph 8-10 of the simplified modalities & procedures for small-scale CDM project activities allow project participants to
submit a new small-scale project activity category or revisions to a methodology to the Executive Board for consideration and
amendment of Appendix B by the Executive Board, as appropriate.

Compared to large-scale CDM projects the main differences for small-scale CDM projects after
applying the small-scale procedures and modalities are:
• Project Design Document (PDD): requirements and time taken to complete reduced through
simplified PDD particularly in the baseline methodologies, monitoring methodology and
plan, additionality checklist and environmental impact requirements discussed below;
• Baseline methodologies: simplified standardised baseline methodologies provided for 15
project activities to reduce the cost of developing a project baseline, these methodologies
simplify the baseline calculations for example, the use of default emission factors for certain
project activities;
• Monitoring methodology and plan: simplified monitoring requirements are specified per
project category, including a less frequent and reduced monitoring plan, such as the metering
of a sample of renewable energy systems;
• Additionality requirements: project developers can determine additionality using a simple
barrier analysis showing the existence of investment barriers, a technological barriers, barri-
ers due to prevailing practice, or other barriers such as institutional barriers or information re-
quirements that affect the project;
• Environmental impacts: documentation of environmental impacts must be provided only if
required by host country;
• Leakage: no calculation is required if the technology is installed for the first time4;
• Validation/Verification and Certification: the same designated operational entity (DOE)
may undertake validation, and verification and certification;

4
See glossary for definition.

3
• Registration: a shorter review period for registration is required, and registration costs are
lower for small-scale projects (e.g. US$5,000 for emission reductions of 15ktCO2/year and
US$10,000 for 15-50ktCO2/year compared to a maximum of $30,000 for larger projects with
emissions of more than 200ktCO2/year).

In addition to cost reductions in the project cycle through the above simplifications, the CDM Ex-
ecutive Board has also proposed that several small-scale project activities may be bundled with
opportunities for cost reductions possible at the project design, validation, registration, and moni-
toring/verification/issuance stages. For example a single PDD could be used for a project bundle
and monitoring requirements may be reduced, for example to a sample basis.

1.3 Bundling Experience to Date

Despite the provision by the CDM Executive Board for bundling small-scale projects, there has
been little experience to date, as many developers have focused on projects that are more easily
developed and particularly those with the highest returns. However, in the growing pipeline of
small-scale projects there are a small number of project bundles now being developed. Those at
the most advanced stage (post-validation) include a bundle of 9 biomass gasifier plants in Karna-
taka and Tamil Nadu, India, and a urban housing energy services upgrade project in Kuyasa,
Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa5, the latter a Gold Standard CDM project. In addition, IT
Power is developing a number of projects, some as part of the EU Synergy CDM Pool project and
described in Section 4, these include micro hydro, solar, fuel switch/energy efficiency and biogas.
Desk studies have shown that bundling can make CDM projects more attractive by increasing in-
ternal rates of return by around 1-3%6, this is particularly the case for metered small-scale project
bundles, as the monitoring costs can be particularly high, even though monitoring of only a sam-
ple of individual systems may be required7. Experience from the development of “real” projects
will be crucial for achieving cost reductions using this approach. Relevant results and information
will be available via the CDM Pool website: www.cdmpool.com.

5
See http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/Validation/?archive=yes for more details.
6
IT Power and KITE (2002) Bundling Small-scale CDM Projects. Report for the UK Foreign and Commonwealth.
7
ECN, IT Power & IT Power India (2004) Realising the Potential of Small-scale CDM Projects in India
(www.cdmpool.com) ECN, Netherlands, November 2004.

4
2. CHECKLIST REQUIREMENTS FOR BUNDLING

2.1 Introduction
The simplified procedures and modalities for small-scale CDM projects adopted by the CDM Ex-
ecutive Board can significantly reduce the transaction costs compared to regular CDM projects.
For example, analysis shown in Table 2 for an average-sized small-scale project over a 10-year
crediting period can be reduced by nearly 70% compared to an average large-scale project.8

Table 2. Transaction costs of normal and small-scale CDM projects

Large-scale Small-scale Cost reduc-
(average) (average) tion [%]
Upfront 71,000 28,400 -60
1. Project preparation and review 9,000 4,800 -47
2. Project Design Document 24,000 10,800 -55
3. Validation 12,000 6,000 -50
4. Appraisal phase 20,000 3,800 -81
5. Initial verification (start-up) 6,000 3,000 -50
Operation 132,000 30,000 -77
6. Periodic monitoring 72,000 12,000 -83
7. Verification and certification 60,000 18,000 -70
(yearly)
Total transaction 203,000 58,400 -71
costs
Note: Projects with a crediting period of 10 years are assumed. The small-scale project achieves a yearly reduction of
10-30 ktCO2eq. The last column indicates the reduction of the transaction costs for small-scale projects compared to
large-scale projects.

These transaction costs can, in some cases, be even further reduced by bundling of several indi-
vidual small projects into a single CDM project. Recent bundling proposals by the CDM Execu-
tive Board’s small-scale working group are summarised in Table 3 with shaded cells showing op-
portunities for further cost reductions. This section presents a checklist of requirements for devel-
oping a bundled project that can qualify for the CDM and also is attractive from an investor’s
point of view.

8
ECN, IT Power & IT Power India (2004) Realising the Potential of Small-scale CDM Projects in India
(www.cdmpool.com) ECN, Netherlands, November 2004.

5
 Table 3. Summary of proposal on bundling for each of the steps in the project cycle (Shaded
cells correspond to potential reductions in transaction costs)9
Categories Design Validation Registration Monitoring Verification Issuance
Same cate- - Same PDD - One DOE - One fee - Monitoring plan - Same peri- - Issuance for
gory and - Same base- - Public - Review for common: same tech- ods all at the same
same meas- line (under comments registration nology/ - One verifi- time for same
ure/ conditions: (common) on one case Measure cation report period
Technology same cate- affect the - One monitoring - One serial
gory) bundle report number CDM
- Same period registry
Same cate- - PDDs - One DOE - One fee - Separate monitoring - periods or - issuances
gory - Same base- - Public - Review for reports same period - periods or
with line (under comments registration - periods or same - One verifi- same period
measures/ conditions – on all on one case period cation report - serial
Same Type

technologies same cate- PDDs af- affect the if same peri- numbers
gory) fect the bundle ods
bundle
categories - PDDs - One DOE - One fee - Separate monitoring - periods or - issuances
and - Different - Public - Review for reports same period - periods or
measures/ baselines comments registration - periods or same - One verifi- same period
technologies on all on one case period cation report - serial
PDDs af- affect the if same peri- numbers
fect the bundle ods
bundle

- PDDs - One DOE - One fee - Separate monitoring - periods or - issuances

- Different - Public - Review for reports same period - periods or
baselines comments registration - periods or same - One verifi- same period
on all on one case period cation report - serial
Types

PDDs af- affect the if same peri- numbers

fect the bundle ods
bundle

denotes “not the same” for example, PDD.

2.2 Eligibility Requirements

Eligibility requirements consist of two types of requirements: firstly, the (bundled) project has to
fall under one of the three project categories defined by the CDM Executive Board; and, sec-
ondly, the (bundled) project must be additional. Although Table 3, shows that it may be possible
to still reduce some transaction costs, such as for registration, for projects with different baseline
methodologies, it is highly recommended to avoid these types of project bundles as very few
cases will result in reduced transaction costs, particularly when additional PDDs, separate moni-
toring plans and reports etc are required. The eligibility requirements are schematically presented
in Figure 2 and a simple tool based on this flow chart to determine whether or not potential pro-
jects are eligible for the CDM can be found at www.CDMpool.com.

9
Annex 1 of the Report of the Second Meeting of the Small-scale Working Group, 16-17 May 2005, Bonn, Ger-
many see http://cdm.unfccc.int/Panels/ssc_wg for further details.

6
Figure 2. Flow chart to check CDM eligibility for potential bundled projects

7
2.3 Sustainable Development Requirements
Sustainable development requirements have to be met to gain the necessary approval by the host
country. These requirements are related to social, environmental, economic and technological as-
pects and are set by the host country. These aspects will probably vary from country to country
and therefore sustainable development criteria will be different in different countries. In India,
the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) has formulated interim sustainable develop-
ment criteria but these criteria are not very clearly defined and the associated indicators to enable
an objective evaluation of the criteria have not yet been developed. In anticipation of more con-
crete guidelines, Table 4 presents an example set of indicators that can be used for evaluating the
sustainable development requirements. This is by no means an exhaustive list, and the level of
relevance of each indicator will depend on the host country in question.

Table 4. Sustainable Development Indicators10

Dimension Evaluation Indicator for Evaluation Unit Rationale
Poverty Alleviation Net Employment Generation Person- Employment provides people with a
year/ year regular income which helps them to
improve their personal economic situation
Equal Distribution Ratio of income for poor % Equal distribution is a crucial point for
compared to total income sustainable development.
generated by the project or
alternatively proportion of
total job creation for
Social

vulnerable sections of society

(e.g. rural women)
Local Area Development Proportion of total % The proportion of investment that stays in
capital/operating costs the local area is extremely important for
investment that flows into local development
local economy (through
sourcing of goods and
services)
Capacity Building Number of local people No. of Training and other capacity building
acquiring new skills people impacts of the project can have significant
social benefits
Micro Economic Economic Internal Rate of % The EIRR measures the microeconomic
efficiency Return (EIRR) efficiency of projects. It shows to what
extent the flows on the project level
Economic

produce revenues on the investment

Contribution to balance Net foreign currency required USD/MW This indicator aims at the macro-level. If
of payments / MW installed capacity less foreign capital is needed to implement
a particular project the national balance of
payment improves.

Saving of Resources Fossil fuel, Water, Soil, T/year The most important resource has been
Environmental

Biodiversity, etc chosen and its saving can be evaluated.

Pressure release on SPM/ SO2 / NOx emissions Tonnes The most important local can be chosen
local environment and its reduction can be evaluated.

10
Adapted from Factor Consulting + Management AG and Dasag Energy Engineering Ltd. 2001.

8
2.4 Financial requirements
Financial requirements related to the CDM part of bundled projects are determined by the trans-
action costs incurred by CDM, any costs related to bundling itself. Other necessary project fi-
nance aspects related to the non-CDM part, such as principal capital for the physical assets, re-
main relevant but are not considered here. The transaction costs for bundled projects basically
consists of two items:
• Upfront costs related to the CDM project cycle and organisational aspects of the bundle;
• Yearly running costs related to verification and certification of CERs generated.
The effect on transaction costs of bundling individual projects into a single CDM project on is
presented in Table 5. In the first column, transaction costs are given for an individual project in
the low-end range of small-scale (less than 10,000 ton CO2 per year). The second column presents
the transaction costs for a bundle consisting of projects that are metered (connected to the grid)
and, finally, the third column presents the same information for a bundle consisting of projects
that are not metered (off-grid projects).

The distinction between metered and non-metered projects is relevant because the verification
costs for metered projects are substantially lower than for a project without a meter, that is assum-
ing the cost of the meters is not excessive and particularly if the meters would have been imple-
mented normally in the absence of CDM. If the bundled project is metered, verification can be
done simply by reading the meter. If, however, the bundle consists of technologies without a me-
ter, the CDM Executive Board guidelines stipulate that verification must be done by means of an
annual check of the operational status of a representative sample of the systems included in the
bundle. This, however, involves much more effort than simply reading the meter and verification
costs are, therefore substantially higher.

Table 5. Estimated transaction costs

Single small Bundle of Bundle of projects
low-end project metered projects without a meter
Establishment of bundling organisation
Upfront Costs
- Development of registry 4,500 4,500
- Building of capacity 9,000 9,000
- General Costs 3,000 3,000
CDM Project Cycle
Up front Costs
- Project preparation 4,800 5,400 5,400
- Project Design Document 10,800 12,000 12,000
- Validation 6,000 7,200 7,200
- Appraisal phase 8,000 13,000 13,000
- Initial verification 3,000 3,600 3,600
Yearly running costs
- Verification 1,200 1,800 78,000
- Certification 3,000 3,000 3,000
- Personnel costs bund. Org.
Present Value (PV) Transaction 21.0% 9.9% 69.1% (price US$4)
Costs as % of CER revenues 39.5% (price US$7)
Notes:
1) it is assumed that the emission reduction of the bundled project (both metered and non metered) is 30,000 CO2 eq.
per year
2) the bundle consisting of non-metered technologies includes 120,000 very small systems(average emission reduc-
tion per system is 250 kg CO2 per year)
3) Discount rate applied is 8% and the present value calculations are based on a crediting period of 10 years

9
Clearly, taking into account only transaction costs and CER revenues, a project would only be fi-
nancially viable if the bundle generates at least 10,000 tonnes of CO2 per year and consists of pro-
jects that are metered. However, when considering the viability of a project, one would need to
consider the return on investment from both the carbon revenues and the often higher non-carbon
revenues, such as electricity sales. Therefore, more relevant experience on the actual scope for
increasing the viability of small-scale CDM projects through bundling can be obtained from the
development of “real” case studies, such as those discussed in Section 4.

2.5 Legal requirements and risks

There are number of legal requirements and agreements that will have to be fulfilled or negotiated
when developing a CDM project. Project bundling can actually increase these requirements as the
project may well include a greater number of project participants than with a normal CDM pro-
ject. Any contracts and agreements will have to be integrated into the overall project structure to
ensure the successful implementation and operation of the CDM project and share risks (e.g. for
non-delivery of CERs), responsibilities (e.g. for carrying out monitoring of individual projects)
and benefits (e.g. for sharing of CERs) to the appropriate parties. The costs and time required to
put in place and negotiate these CDM related agreements, such as the carbon contract, will be part
of the CDM transaction costs and should be accounted for accordingly. The exact types of agree-
ment or contracts required will vary from project-to-project, however some template documents
for the sale of CERs have been made available by IETA11 and UNEP12 as a starting point for both
project developers and buyers.

Figure 3 shows the kind of agreements that might need to be secured for a project bundle and how
these might fit within an overall project structure. In addition to the CDM related legal require-
ments will be a host of project related agreements for such things as loan agreements, technology
supply contracts, construction agreements, operation & maintenance contracts, power purchase
agreements, environmental permits, land lease agreements, power generation licenses, right of
way etc.

11
IETA (2004) CDM Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement. International Emissions Trading Association
(IETA), Toronto, Canada, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.ieta.org/ieta/www/pages/download.php?docID=311.
12
Draft Contract for Direct Sale of CERs & Draft Contract where CER Buyer has an underlying interest in the pro-
ject. See Legal Issues Guidebook to the CDM. Prepared by Baker & McKenzie, London for UNEP Risø Centre on
Energy, Climate & Sustainable Development: Roskilde, Denmark
http://www.cd4cdm.org/Publications/CDM%20Legal%20Issues%20Guidebook.pdf.

10
 Host Country
National
legislative
Letter of Project framework/
Approval approval

CER Letter of intent Project Entity

Buyer (Bundling
Carbon contract e.g. Organisation) CDM Project
Emission Reduction Agreement
Purchase Agreement (declaring CER
(ERPA) ownership,
responsibilities etc)
CDM
Bundle
e.g. 4 micro Project Project Project Project
hydro Developer Developer Developer Developer
projects
Equity Debt

Investors/ Banks Electricity supply Construction &

shareholders agreements O&M contracts

Figure 3. Legal Agreements for CDM Projects

In addition to legal requirements, there are also several risk factors that have to be taken into ac-
count by the bundling organisation before the decision is made to develop a bundled small-scale
CDM project. Two specific types of risks can be distinguished, CDM related risks and normal
project risks. The CDM specific risk include for example:
• CDM Licensing/Regulatory: These risks are associated with the CDM project cycle itself as
at all stages – appraisal (PDD), monitoring, verification, certification, registration - there is
risk of delays, for example if application of the baseline methodology needs revising, or non-
approval, for example for registration. The largest risk will be that the project does not make
it to registration with some transaction costs already paid out and an agreement for sale of
CERs already in place. There are also risks associated with the crediting period itself, with no
concrete system in place post-2012 and for projects with a crediting period of 21 (3x7) years
there could be risks, after 7 and 14 years, for example: reductions in the crediting of emission
reductions when the project baseline is reviewed;
• Political Risk: These are risks associated with those factors under the control of the Govern-
ment in the country of implementation. These include the risk of failure to gain host country
approval, particularly as many countries are still in the process of setting up a fully function-
ing Designated National Authorities (DNAs) or criteria for approval such as sustainable de-
velopment criteria are still to be fully developed. Other risk factors include regulatory change
which could affect the viability of a project and in some cases the baseline (particularly in
projects to be renewed after 7 years), and changes in tax which could affect the CER revenue,
for example if a country introduced a tax on CERs;

11
• Carbon Market/Financial: As the carbon market is still immature and illiquid, there is still
great uncertainty about the prices. This means that the sale of CERs bears the risk of market
prices for CERs rising above the price set in the contract. However, it is expected that trading
activity will increase with the increasing number of registered CDM projects and the intro-
duction of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in January 2005 includ-
ing a link for CERs, the uncertainty about the price of carbon credits will decrease as the
market becomes more liquid. Furthermore, some buyers are offering more flexible and dy-
namic emission reduction purchase agreement (ERPA) terms with prices indexed to market
prices allowing the buyer and seller to share this risk. Other financial risk relates to the cur-
rency used for sale of CERs, however, in some cases having revenue from CERs in a hard
currency (e.g. US dollars, Euros etc.) can offset some of the main project risk related to the
currency of the host country which is likely to be more open to large fluctuations in relative
value.

Furthermore, the project developer runs the normal project risks, which include:
• Cost/Delay: These risks relate to long delays or extra costs due to licensing and permitting
barriers with different probabilities at different stages of the project, such as the development,
construction, start-up and operation phases;
• Technology: Less than expected performance of the project as a result of, for example, poor
technology performance, could result in less GHG reductions and therefore fewer revenues
from the CDM project, and in some cases cost penalties for non-delivery.

Contractual arrangements, if properly structured, can be used to minimise risk or allocate those
risks to an entity that is best able to control. For example where a project bundle includes a large
number of small installations, such as solar systems, operation and maintenance contracts to in-
stallers or standard seller warranties and indemnities to technology providers may be included to
minimise project performance risk as well as ensure regular monitoring. The price of CERs
agreed with a carbon buyer will usually reflect risk sharing in the contracts.

The risks discussed above are generally found in any normal CDM project, and it is important to
realise that the nature of bundling itself results in additional risks, mainly due to the increased
number of parties, locations, often technologies and whole host of uncertainties that are increased
with a project bundle compared to a single CDM project. These are particularly important consid-
ering the recent recommendations by the CDM Executive Board’s small-scale working group13.
For example, when submitting a project bundle for registration, a request for review of an indi-
vidual component of the project would lead to the whole project bundle being affected. Similarly,
the failure of individual projects can threaten the viability of he whole bundle, and risk mitigation
techniques will be important to minimise the risk of shortfalls in expected yearly CER generation.

13
See http://cdm.unfccc.int/Panels/ssc_wg.

12
3. BUNDLING ORGANISATION

3.1 Introduction
To achieve the successful implementation, registration and operation of a bundled CDM project,
the task of bundling needs to be carried out by a competent organisation with sufficient skills and
capacity to undertake what is often a more complex task than the development of a normal, single
CDM project. This section will focus on the establishment and role of a bundling organisation.

3.2 Required Skills and Capacity

A bundling organisation will require a wide range of skills to develop successful project bundles,
and this capacity relates directly to the role that the organisation carries out. Figure 4 shows the
role of the bundling organisation in the CDM project cycle which includes project identification,
feasibility, development, implementation and finally verification/certification/issuance of CERs.
It will quite obviously not be efficient for the intermediary to carry out all these functions, and to
cut costs, they need to be carried out by, or outsourced to, specialist organisations. For example,
installing monitoring equipment may be carried out by the other entities, such as individual pro-
ject developers, however, the bundling organisation will be responsible for making sure this is
carried out via contractual agreements.

Project Project Project Project Monitoring Verification

Identification Feasibility Development Implementation Certification
Issuance

Project Bundling Bundling Project Developers/ Project Developers/ Bundling

Developers Organisation Organisation Bundling Organisation Bundling Organisation Organisation

# . " )
! &
# (*

$
' "
#
#

( +
#
-*+ -
) " */ #
# %
(*
,
) " -*+
! "

+ $
,
! "
#
# $ -- '
%

Figure 4. The Role of the Bundling Organisation – CDM Project Cycle

13
The skills required to take on this role include:
• Knowledge and expertise of CDM including development and application of appropriate
baseline methodologies and monitoring and verification plans;
• Capacity to screen for and select suitable projects for CDM project bundles that have enough
similarities to reduce transaction costs for individual projects;
• Contract and portfolio management to manage a complex arrangement of contracts and rela-
tionships with a multitude of project developers, financiers, sub-contractors, validators, car-
bon credit buyers, etc.;
• Risk/financial management, including use of risk management tools, risk allocation, insur-
ance, joint ventures, etc.;
• Ability to market CERs to buyers to maximise carbon asset value and returns;
• Ability to market CDM bundling services to project developers to ensure a pipeline of suit-
able projects. This may mean promotional activities for offering bundling services through
existing project developer networks, such as trade associations, workshops, advertisements
etc;
• Credibility (reputation) and stability (financially), for raising finance, gaining trust and credit
worthiness14, to assure project developers that they are able to secure carbon finance and to
provide confidence to carbon buyers that they will be able to deliver the CERs.

As most organisations are unlikely to have all of the required skills, capacity building activities
may be required, including training courses, hiring of relevant and experienced staff, development
or purchase of appropriate tools, and contracting out or strategic partnerships with other organisa-
tions.

3.3 Type of Organisations

In essence, any type of organisation can become a bundling organisation, but not all of these or-
ganisations will be able to carry out the activities efficiently to ensure sufficient cost reductions
and the development of successful bundles. The key requirements discussed above show that it is
necessary for the bundling organisation to be able to organise the development of a CDM project
through the whole of the CDM project cycle and set up and manage a series of contracts and rela-
tionships with other entities, in a way that allocates risks, costs and rewards in a manner that satis-
fies all parties. Suitable candidates will need to view bundling in-line with their main business
objectives. Therefore potential bundling organisations could include:
• Private companies, such as energy service companies (ESCOs) or financial institutions (such
as those that already invest in project activities which reduce emissions) that may wish to be
involved if the business case is strong enough;
• Governmental or non-governmental organisations (NGOs), for reasons associated with ru-
ral/sustainable development, poverty alleviation and the provision of essential services;
• Trade or industrial associations to enhance the business of their members;
• Equipment manufacturers or distributors, to increase the sales of a technology;
• Turn-key contractors or small project engineering contractors (including O&M companies),
to enhance the viability and revenues of their projects.

14
A key determinant when assessing project risk from a CER buyers perspective.

14
Figure 5 gives an example of a candidate organisation from India that is currently exploring this
role in addition to the services it already provides. This organisation was selected from a number
of organisations, including a Trade Association, an ESCO, and a number of finance institutions,
who expressed interest in participating in the CDM Pool project15.

IREDA - Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency

IREDA is a Public Limited Government Company, established in India in 1987 under the administrative
control of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), to promote, develop and extend
financial assistance for renewable energy and energy efficiency/conservation projects for sustainable
development in India. IREDA is in a good position to take advantage of the opportunities afforded by
carbon finance for meeting IREDA’s objectives which are to:
operate a revolving fund for new & renewable sources of energy;
assist in the rapid commercialisation of new & renewable sources of energy;
assist in the upgrading of new & renewable sources of energy technologies;
promote energy efficiency & conservation.
Apart from the CDM’s role in enabling some of the large-scale projects within IREDA’s remit to go ahead,
the majority of projects being targeted by IREDA are small-scale, and taking on the role of a bundling
organisation could help:
reduce CDM transaction costs to allow access to carbon finance for small-scale renewable energy
and energy efficiency/conservation projects;
add carbon finance to help overcome barriers to new and renewable sources of energy;
maximise carbon revenues by acting as a single contact for carbon buyers.
IREDA is well-positioned to act as a bundling organisation as it has 18 years of experience in project
identification and appraisal, investment/financial analysis, financial/portfolio management and marketing its
opportunities and programs particularly to small-scale project developers. It has other useful attributes such
as credibility, financial standing and importantly access to finance. Project appraisal and CDM project
development skills have been noticeably absent; however, this is being addressed through training activities
supported by the EU Synergy project and other ongoing national capacity building programs, as well as an
internal commitment to develop such skills.

Figure 5. An example of a candidate bundling organisation in India

3.4 Business Plan for a CDM Bundling Organisation

The business plan developed in this handbook is based on the situation in India and is focused on
creating a strategic business unit that is either independent or attached to an existing organisation.
However, the same approach could be used by any organisation as a basis for their own business
plan, taking account of specific local conditions.

The text in Annex 2 can be used as part of a business plan by any organisation wishing to develop
a bundling organisation.

15
Details of the selection procedure can be found at www.cdmpool.com.

15
4. REPRESENTATIVE PROJECT BUNDLE EXAMPLES

4.1 Introduction
To gain a better understanding of the key issues when developing CDM bundles, three case stud-
ies from India were selected and compared. These projects were selected from project concept
notes (PCNs) submitted by various project developers for consideration under the CDM Pool pro-
ject, using screening criteria designed through stakeholder consultation in a series of workshops
in India. The first stage of this selection was to check eligibility for CDM bundling using the flow
chart set out in section 2, and a number of projects were ‘screened out’ at this stage. The selected
projects were:
1. Biomass gasification power plant bundled project
2. Energy efficiency in water heating using LPG based water heaters bundled project
3. Solar home systems and solar lanterns bundled project

The projects bundles selected were either similar technologies in similar geographical area or
similar technology in different geographical area, as projects can be developed using the same
baseline methodology for all technologies within the bundle. Very different technologies, would
require different baselines for each technology which would not necessarily reduce transaction
costs (the purpose of bundling), similarly different geographical areas could also require different
baselines in some cases, for example where. This latter issue was one that was explored further
using the case studies.

The selected projects were at different stages of planning and implementation. This helped in ana-
lysing issues on additionality. Both the energy efficiency and the solar bundled projects were im-
plemented before registration as CDM projects, requiring documentation determining additional-
ity and proving that the incentives and benefits created by CDM was seriously considered at the
planning stage of the project. Issues such as baseline, monitoring, additionality, shar-
ing/ownership of CERs, ownership and risk sharing are presented in the table below. An example
project concept note (PCN) is given in Annex 3, and PCNs for the other two projects can be
downloaded from www.cdmpool.com

16
Project Name Biomass Gasification Bundled project LPG water heater Bundled project Solar Home Systems and Solar Lanterns
Bundled project

Location
India (country-wide) West Bengal, India
Ramanthapuram, Tamil Nadu
Developer
Southern Green Power Pvt. Ltd Shri Shakti Alternative Energy Ltd. Market Dynamics Pvt. Ltd.

Description Development of five individual 1 MW biomass Replace existing storage type electrical Provide home lighting solution to communi-
gasification power stations feeding electricity to water heaters by gas water heater ties in the off-grid areas.
the state grid. The biomass feedstock to be used
is the locally available Prosopis Juliflora.
Scale Small-scale (< 15 MW). The scale of this project Small-scale -aggregate energy savings Small-scale (< 15 MW)
is 5 x 1 MW = 5 MW. does not exceed 15 GWh per year.

Type Type I.D Type II.C. Type I.A.

Name of the category Renewable Electricity Generation for a Grid Demand-Side Energy Efficiency Pro-
Electricity generation by the User
grammes for specific technologies

GHG abated Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide

Crediting period 2006-2015 (10 years) 2004 to 2013 (10 years) 2001 to 2010 (10 years)

Baseline methodology Standardised baseline for small-scale renewable Standardised small-scale methodology Standardised small-scale methodology for
electricity generation for grid. for this type of project. The methodol- this type of project. The methodology uses
ogy uses sales projections of the devices sales projections of the devices. The emis-
Refer to Annex I -Modalities and Procedure for and emission coefficient of the grid in sion reductions are assumed to correspond
small-scale CDM projects Type I.D projects the area. to the number of units sold multiplied by an
IPCC emission factor for diesel gensets and
Refer to Annex I -Modalities and Proce- integrated over the number of years relevant
dure for small-scale CDM projects Type for crediting.
II.C projects
Refer to Annex I -Modalities and Proce-
dure for small-scale CDM projects Type I A
projects

17
Outline of baseline The baseline is the kWh produced by the renew- The energy baseline is multiplied by an The energy baseline is the fuel consumption
able generating unit multiplied by an emission co- emission coefficient for the electricity of the technology that would have been used
efficient (in kgCO2/kWh) corresponding to the displaced. This coefficient will corre- in the absence of the project activity. The
weighted average emissions of the current genera- spond to the weighted average emissions measured service level in the project case is
tion mix of the current generation mix (in used to determine the emission reductions.
kgCO2/kWh)
Total reductions for Approx. 250,000 tCO2eq/ over 10 years crediting 1.72 million tCO2eq over 10 years cred- Approx. 21,000 tCO2 eq. over a 10 year
projects in CO2eq period iting period crediting period

Determination of addi- CER revenues increase the IRR of the project Investment barrier and market barriers Investment barriers and market barrier
tionality from 12.9 % to 15.6 % making it comparable to addressing investment cost, competitive analysis to address the investment require-
alternate options. In absence of CERs the project use of LPG, and uncertainties in prices ment for such projects and market uncer-
is least attractive among other available options & government. Policies. tainties to promote such projects even where
i.e. investment barrier. limited government support is available.

Main risks involved in One project implemented and monitored for per- Lower sales than expected. The market for solar is currently supported
this project formance. Based on the performance evaluation by the Government, both at the national &
the other four projects implemented in phases. Monitoring difficulties. state level. The removal of state support to
solar in the future might affect the project
Performance risks associated with new technol- viability. Limited financial means by the
ogy. end-user. Its ability to pay is uncertain.

Very few installations globally.

Contribution to sus- Avoided GHG emission from conventional power Avoided GHG emission from conven- Avoided GHG and indoor air emissions
tainable development plants. tional power plants. from fossil fuels.
(environmental & socio-
Avoid the emission of other pollutants emitted if Transfer of technology by the import of The availability of light gives access to
economic impacts,
the biomass is burned in an uncontrolled manner the units. more activities in education and small-scale
technology transfer ef-
or dumped. economic activities fundamental to meet
fects)
basic needs of the concerned population
Positive impact on poverty reduction due em-
ployment creation for biomass collection and
transport.

Project cost estimate $ 5.72 million $ 12.39 million $ 10 million

18
Source of Carbon fi- Loan from State Bank of India Applied for Loan from IFC Applied for Loan from IREDA. Subsidy
nance from MNES, No ODA.

Indicative ER price 5.5 $US/tCO2eq 5 $US/tCO2eq 5 $US/tCO2eq

Forecast Internal rate IRR - 13% without CDM IRR - 18.2 % without CDM IRR – Standalone – 29.35 %
of return IRR - 15.6 % with CDM IRR - 20.2 % with CDM IRR – Carbon Inclusive – 30.27%

CER ownership CERs will be owned by the project developer CERs will be transferred from the final CERs passed on to the end user in the form
user to the bundling organisation. The of maintenance services.
latter will provide full maintenance ser-
vice.

Outline of monitoring Using a meter on each gasifier plant to monitor If the devices replace existing devices, Annual check of the system performance of
plan annual electricity delivered to grid the number and power of the replaced a sample of lanterns and SHS
devices shall be recorded and moni-
tored.

The power & operating hours OR the

energy use of the devices will be moni-
tored (methods are given in the modali-
ties & procedures for this type of pro-
ject).

The monitoring shall include annual

checks of a sample of non-metered sys-
tems

19
4.2 Lessons learnt
Some of the key lessons learnt from comparison of the above three projects indicate that
• The highest transaction cost is estimated for the energy efficiency bundle followed by the solar
and biomass gasification bundle, with estimates for the upfront transaction costs in the
USD90,000-120,000 range. The differences are mainly because of the extra complexities in de-
veloping the baseline and monitoring plan, and contractual arrangements with more entities par-
ticularly in the energy efficiency bundle where individual technologies will be implemented by a
number of different distributors to a wide range of end users;
• The transaction cost of the project increases with increase in the complexity of baseline (geo-
graphical spread). The biomass bundle is restricted to one state, solar project in one region and
energy efficiency project is at country level. The monitoring and verification cost is the major cost
associated with energy efficiency and solar project as they are non-metered and spread very
widely;
• The biomass gasification and energy efficiency project bundle are viable project bundles and the
solar project is least attractive as CDM projects. The solar project bundle with 23,500 solar home
systems and 12,500 solar lanterns will account for only 2100 ton of CO2eq per year and generating
approx US$10,000 per year. One option for this project could be to sell CERs in the retail market
where carbon offsetting prices may be higher than the compliance market. The solar bundle will
only be attractive at prices nearer US$20 per ton of CO2eq, and may be better served by focusing
on the retail market where potential buyers may be looking for low numbers of credits from a pro-
ject with very high sustainable development benefits;
• Baselines for bundles using the same technology for a project in similar geographical locations
has the advantage of using the same baselines for all projects e.g. in the solar bundle, solar home
systems and solar lanterns were bundled together in areas where there is no grid and kerosene
lamps are presently used for lighting. In this case a default value for diesel genset emissions can
be used by applying the relevant standardised baseline.
• Projects implemented before registration under by the CDM Executive Board should be applying
for registration before December 31, 2005. In addition, for determining additionality it will be
necessary to provide documentation proving that CDM was seriously considered at the planning
stage of the project. The energy efficiency and solar bundle projects were projects that have al-
ready started implementation, whilst the biomass project is in the process of implementation. In
all three bundles CDM revenues were included in the business plan submitted to financial institu-
tions. In addition correspondence regarding carbon finance between the project developers, gov-
ernment institutions (including the national focal point and designated national authority) and fi-
nancial institutions are available for each project.
• Bundles that involve projects developed by a single project developer may be far simpler in con-
tractual terms with related legal and organisational costs minimised. For example the case of the
Biomass gasification bundled project is shown in Figure 6.
• Where five 1MW project bundles are developed by a single project developer who negotiates fi-
nance and all the agreements related to both the project and carbon components.
• Bundling small-scale projects where there is either a large number of project developers involved,
for example technology manufacturers, dealers and distributors will be far more complex contrac-
tually as each will depend on their own project financing and will require a separate CER sharing
agreements, which may include not only the sharing of CDM revenues but also possibly transac-
tion costs, monitoring responsibilities and risks. For projects, such as the solar and energy effi-
ciency bundle this is complicated further by the fact that end-users are making the emission reduc-
tions. In the case of the end users efforts were made to overcome some of these complexities and
costs by lowering the cost of technology or providing free maintenance contracts in exchange for
rights to the emission reductions and permission to retrieve monitoring data for verification pur-
poses.
 Construction & Biomass
Commissioning Supply
Contract Contracts

Biomass
Project
Letter of
Biomass
Project PDD Project Developer Intent
(Southern Green) CER
Biomass ERPA Buyer
Project

Biomass
Project

Financial Agreements Approvals from electricity

with Investors, T&D, Pollution Control
Bank/FI Authority and NCDMA

Figure 6. Contractual agreements in bundling with single project developer in a bundle

Further lessons will be learnt as projects are developed further and implemented, particularly in the
case of the energy efficiency and biomass gasification projects for which PDDs are being prepared.
The development of the solar bundle may still be inhibited by high transaction costs and low CER
prices, and as discussed earlier it is envisaged that this solar project could possibly be developed as a
carbon offsetting project for the retail market.

21
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The addition of revenues from carbon finance has the potential to enable a wide variety of small-scale
energy projects, many of which are the most appropriate option for sustainable development in many
less developed and developing countries which have a high demand for modern energy services but
often limited access to large quantities of project finance. Although for many small-projects, given
current market prices and transaction costs, the CDM may not enhance viability, bundling projects
within the small-scale limits and following the guidelines set out in this handbook, can widen access
to carbon markets and enable more of this small-scale potential.

In order to develop and successfully implement small-scale CDM project bundles, the following are
recommended to project developers:
• Bundling: projects can be bundled at various stages of the project cycle to reduce costs, such as
the project design document, validation, registration, monitoring, verification and certification.
However, the greatest transaction cost reductions can be achieved if projects are bundled at the
earliest opportunity i.e. at the project design stage;
• Screening: an initial screen should be carried out to assess the eligibility of projects for both CDM
in the country to be implemented and for bundling (including a debundling test) using the bun-
dling eligibility tool illustrated in Figure 2, Section 2;
• Project assessment and evaluation: individual small-scale projects should be assessed individu-
ally to identify project finance commitments, sources or requirements, timing of implementation,
and all project related risks. A full analysis of all CDM and bundling related costs/revenues and
risks should be evaluated before proceeding with development. Projects with low returns from
CERs, particularly compared to transaction costs, and uncertain CER generation should not be
developed further for CDM unless revenues can be increased due to high sustainable development
benefits particularly in the retail market;
• Baseline and monitoring plans: project bundles should be limited to include individual projects
that can apply common baselines and monitoring plans, except in cases where a very simple sec-
ond baseline can be applied in line with CDM rules without resulting in excessive costs or lower-
ing the financial viability of the portfolio;
• Monitoring techniques: low cost and innovative monitoring techniques should be used and com-
bined with the normal operation of projects, for example as part of the operation and maintenance
service (O&M) or through electricity meters;
• Bundle size: project bundles should be as large as possible whilst keeping within the small-scale
size limits. Optimisation of the bundle size will entail an evaluation of the transaction costs and
revenues;
• Development stage/timing of the projects: individual projects should be in a similar development
stage to synchronise the CDM project cycle for the overall portfolio;
• Bundling organisation: bundling should be carried out by a competent organisation with the nec-
essary skills to successfully organise, develop and facilitate project portfolios and to act as a sin-
gle contact point for the carbon buyer. Attributes of the bundling organisation should include: in-
depth knowledge of the CDM project development process; credit worthiness, project, financial
and risk management;
• Marketing: the bundling organisation should develop a cost effective marketing plan to increase
the project options for potential portfolios and to maximise carbon revenues. This includes:
- awareness raising activities, which could be carried out within a national or regional program,
targeting small industries/project developers;
- developing, accessing and enhancing small-scale project networks including trade associa-
tions, and other national, regional and local forums;

22
 - developing and packaging project portfolios in a way that can best suit the needs of carbon
buyers in terms of sustainable development benefits and risks. This could include the use of
the CDM Gold Standard and the pooling of project bundles;
• Risk management/minimisation: methods should be applied to reduce or share risks where possi-
ble, through the use of innovative organisational arrangements including monitoring and verifica-
tion, phased implementation, risk management and mitigation tools, including the use of contrac-
tual mechanisms to deal with project risks and CER shortfalls;

In addition to these recommendations focused towards the project developer there are a number of
factors outside the realm of the bundling organisation or project developer that can enhance their abil-
ity to develop successful portfolios of small-scale projects. These include:
• Designated National Authorities: the formation and implementation of adequately resourced des-
ignated national authorities (DNA’s) that can carry out their function in an effective and efficient
manner. Support from Annex-1 countries may be required in many cases;
• Governance: good governance that minimizes host country political and sovereign risks to CDM
projects;
• Capacity building: support for the strengthening of financial intermediaries and bundling organi-
zations through capacity building and knowledge transfer, both North-South and South-South;
• Good quality CERs: recognition by international carbon buyers of the dual benefits of small-scale
projects, in terms of both emission reductions and sustainable development, including the devel-
opment of special procurement funds targeting such projects and the support for ‘quality’ project
indicators, such as the CDM Gold Standard;
• Small-scale limits: removal of the small-scale limits for project bundles to encompass far higher
volumes of small-scale projects in line with larger programs such as rural electrification plans,
whilst ensuring a project bundle meets the “debundling” test requirements;
• Further simplification and bundling tools: the development of further simplification methods and
support tools for bundling small-scale projects by the CDM Executive Boards small-scale work-
ing group with inputs and experience from the international community. For example, provision
for multiple baselines in a single PDD

23
Annex 1: FURTHER INFORMATION

UNFCCC Website
A key resource for any developer considering small-scale CDM should be the UNFCCC website for
small-scale project activities at: http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/pac/pac_ssc.html

From this webpage the following can be downloaded:

• Simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale CDM project activities (Annex II to Deci-
sion 21/CP.8) -http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Documents/AnnexII/English/annexII.pdf
• Appendix A (SSC-PDD) - Simplified Project Design Document:
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Documents/SSC_PDD/English/SCCPDD_en.pdf
• Appendix B - Simplified methodologies for baseline determination and monitoring plans:
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/pac/ssclistmeth.pdf
• Appendix C: Determining the Occurrence of Debundling

In addition to useful information on these pages the Small-scale Working Group (SSC WG) meets in-
termittently to discuss issues concerning small-scale CDM projects. Meeting minutes for the SSC WG
can be found at: http://cdm.unfccc.int/Panels/ssc_wg and these include issues concerning bundling,
new simplified methodologies and amendments to the simplified modalities and procedures.

CDM Pool website

The EU Synergy Project website at http://www.cdmpool.com holds all information regarding the pro-
ject including:
• An introduction to the project and project team
• Workshop summaries;
• Bundling organisation and pilot project selection;
• All project reports including:
− Project Inception Report (Introduction to the project, background and situation in India, sum-
mary/presentations of 3 stakeholder workshops)
− A report on “Realising the Potential of Small-scale CDM Projects in India”
− A Guide to Bundling SSC-CDM Projects.

Furthermore the website includes other publications by IT Power, ECN and others on small-scale
CDM projects and bundling and also relevant links to key resources.

The site will be kept up to date by IT Power, and disseminate worldwide experience in developing
small-scale projects. If you have relevant websites, publications etc. please contact:
[email protected]

24
Annex 2: TEMPLATE TEXT FOR A CDM BUNDLING
ORGANISATION BUSINESS PLAN

Business Description
The proposed business, CDM POOL, will develop a portfolio of CDM projects by bundling small-
scale renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. This will be achieved in a way that maximises
the carbon asset value of each project bundle, minimises the transaction costs and risks, and packages
the projects to obtain carbon prices at the high end of the market range. CDM POOL will succeed for
the following reasons:
• there is a large market in [Country Name] for small-scale renewable energy and energy efficiency
projects for which the organisation has strong links and an already successful track-record in real-
izing some of this potential;
• the organisation is committed to making the business succeed, as the aims and objectives com-
plement the mission of the parent organisation that is to “to be a pioneering, participant-friendly
and competitive institution for financing and promoting self-sustaining investment in energy gen-
eration from renewable sources, energy efficiency and environmental technologies for sustainable
development”;
• the recent developments in information technology make even distributed offgrid generation and
distribution systems feasible;
• the organisation will also acquire and bank CERs from project developers with registered projects
(i.e. projects that may or may not have been bundled) to diversify its portfolio of CERs. This will
help mitigate delivery risk, and by acting as a “one stop shop” for carbon buyers and minimising
transaction costs per CER, this will enhance the average realisation per CER transacted through
CDM POOL;
• the organisation has an excellent track record of financing, developing and facilitating the imple-
mentation of small-scale energy projects and has identified and put in place the necessary skills,
relationships and resources to carry out this new role successfully.

The overall mission of CDM Pool is to become a key facilitator of small-scale renewable energy
and energy efficiency projects, by maximising the value of carbon finance.

Market Analysis and Demand

Business location
CDM Pool will operate nationwide in India, from its headquarters in New Delhi, and through its
branch offices in Chennai and Hyderabad.

Customers
Project developers ranging from energy service companies, turnkey contractors, product/technology
distributors and manufacturers, rural entrepreneurs, farmers and householders etc., will be the main
customers for CDM Pool. Carbon credits will mostly be sold to organisations outside of India, there-
fore international carbon buyers including industrialised (Annex 1) country governments, multilateral
carbon funds and private entities, such as energy intensive companies, brokers, private carbon funds
etc., will also be key customers.

25
Target market
Within in India, specific target customers have been identified through IREDA’s existing network of
customers and during the EU Synergy CDM Pool project, which has initiated a first pipeline of poten-
tial projects and customers. Carbon buyers who are particularly looking to purchase “good quality”
credits have been targeted, including CDM Gold Standard16, special carbon funds for small-scale pro-
jects credits and the retail market (for carbon offsets). These organisations are likely to purchase at the
high end of market prices or allow terms that may minimise some of the risks to the bundling organi-
sation.

Competition
Although there are a few bundled projects being developed in India, and the developers of these can
be seen as the main competition at present. However, there are no organisations currently offering the
complete “bundling” service. It is expected that as capacity is built and the CDM market develops, a
number of different organisations may offer this service, however, CDM Pool can build up a domi-
nant and reputable position in the market during this time. There may be opportunities to partner with
other organisations (including building capacity) to secure further project portfolios.

Demand
The demand for services provided by CDM Pool falls into to two categories:
• demand for carbon finance to facilitate the development of small-scale projects in India;
• demand for CERs from registered small-scale CDM projects.

1. Small-scale projects
India, like many developing countries, has considerable potential for small-scale CDM energy pro-
jects in a number of sectors where emission reductions can be significant and non-carbon benefits,
such as poverty alleviation, can be particularly high. This potential is partly due to the lack of ade-
quate energy services in many rural areas, for example more than 80,000 villages are still to be electri-
fied and around 13,500 of these are remote and difficult to reach. In addition, energy efficiency is low
within many industries, such as foundries and hotels, whilst the vast under utilisation of available
waste products and renewable energy sources offer further opportunities.

In many cases, due to available resources (both financial and energy), local demand, and low opera-
tional efficiency of the power systems, small-scale energy projects may well be more appropriate for
many applications. Although, many of the first pipeline of CDM projects developed in India have
tended to be large-scale projects (as these are low cost emission reduction opportunities which can
easily cover high transaction costs), in terms of numbers there is far more potential for small-scale
CDM projects. The total long term greenhouse gas emission reduction potential for all CDM projects
in India has been estimated at 865-1080 MtCO2eq17. An assessment of the different project types for
small-scale projects has been carried out by IT Power, IT Power India and ECN18, and shows consid-
erable potential for emission reductions in Types I (e.g. biomass and hydro systems), II (e.g. energy
efficiency measures in buildings and industries) and III (e.g. methane recovery and utilization from
waste) projects. A conservative estimate for annual emission reductions from small-scale projects, us-
ing the current market situation19, is around 5 MtCO2, which could generate annual financial inflows
to India of at least US$25m.

Overall the demand for small-scale projects is high, and unlikely to result in constraints to a pipeline
of suitable project bundles for CDM Pool.

16
See http://cdmgoldstandard.org/ for further details.
17
ADB, GEF and UNDP (1998) Asia Least-cost Greenhouse gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS), India. Asian Develop-
ment Bank (ADB), Manilla, Philippines.
18
Bhardwaj, N., Parthan, B., de Coninck, H., Roos, C., van der Linden, N., Green, J., Mariyappan, J. (2004) Realising the
Potential of Small-scale CDM Projects in India. IT Power, IT Power India and ECN, ECN-C-04-084 November 2004,
The Netherlands. http://www.cdmpool.com/reports/C04084.pdf
19
Based on a conservative CER (Certified Emission Reduction) market price of US$5.

26
2. Carbon credits
The demand for CERs is unlikely to be a constraint on the success of CDM Pool in the short-to-
medium term. A number of countries including Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Finland, Italy, Ja-
pan, the Netherlands and Spain are preparing or have already started to procure CERs for meeting
their Kyoto obligations during the first commitment period (2008-2012). In addition, some of these
countries have allocated some of this burden to energy intensive industries, and thus a large number of
private companies are looking to purchase CERs for compliance with their obligations. For example,
the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) started in January 2005, and the linking directive allows
CERs to be used within this scheme.

Depending on EU allowance prices and domestic action by industrialised countries to meet their
Kyoto targets, the demand for CERs has been estimated to be at least 1,000 million tCO2e by 201220.
Although the bulk of this demand will be for credits at the low end of the market prices (e.g. for CERs
from large-scale projects with low implantation costs), a significant amount will undoubtedly come
from small-scale projects. Indeed, a significant number of schemes, such as the World Bank’s Com-
munity Development Carbon Fund, Finland’s Pilot CDM Scheme and Austria’s Small-scale Project
Facility, are targeting CERs from small-scale projects.

Demand for CERs from small-scale projects will also come from the so-called retail market, which is
created by companies or individuals who are unlikely to be regulated under domestic regimes due to
their low level of emissions, but by becoming climate-neutral or offsetting some of their emissions
they can demonstrate their commitment to tacking climate change. Although these emission reduc-
tions are not used for compliance, they may still be generated in line with CDM procedures. For this
growing market CERs are being procured by brokers/retailers and small tranches of CERs are retired
for their customers, with prices often exceeding the average market price.

Overall, the demand for CERs is unlikely to be a constraint on income to CDM Pool, with market
prices upwards of US$5-7.5/tCO2e for such credits; however, prices will be secured on a project-by-
project basis in negotiation with buyers with the best efforts to secure prices at the top-end of the
market. To meet this aim, carbon credits from project bundles of significant size and quality may be
sold via a tendering process.

Service Description and Strategy

CDM Pool will supply an integrated project bundling development service that helps create and
monetise carbon assets from small-scale projects. The level of service will depend on that required for
each individual case, but will include:
• Identifying, quantifying and optimising the value of carbon assets by bundling suitable projects at
either the project design document (PDD), validation, registration or monitoring, verification and
certification stages;
• Realisation and sale of carbon assets through packaging of CERs, matching projects with appro-
priate buyers, negotiating and structuring contracts, and liability and risk management.

These services can be offered in a range of packages:

1. A direct fee basis for which CDM Pool takes no risk in the project itself and will be paid on deliv-
ery/completion of each service;
2. A combined fee/share of CER basis in which CDM Pool takes responsibility for a small propor-
tion of the CDM project risk;

20
Carbon Market Analyst, March 2004, Point Carbon, Oslo, Norway.

27
3. The full “bundling” service will be offered by CDM Pool to suitable projects/project developers
for which the role and involvement of CDM Pool would be to become the main project “partici-
pant”21 taking on a larger share of the CDM project risks/transaction costs and receiving a signifi-
cant share of CERs.

The actual details will be dependent on an evaluation of each project bundle and in negotiation with
project developers; however, the main strategy of CDM Pool will be geared towards offering a full
service to project developers as shown in option 3, which has been identified as the major gap in the
market.

Organisational Structure and Operating Plan

Organisational structure
The business will be owned by the parent organisation as a strategic business unit. The advantage of
this is that time and effort, for example from technical and administrative staff, can be allocated to
CDM Pool from the core business, alongside CDM Pool’s permanent staff. The association with the
parent organisation can also help with issues such as credit worthiness for emission reduction pur-
chase agreement (ERPA) purposes, raising finance and having a credible reputation and track record.

CDM Pool will be overseen by a director, who will work on developing the business and who will
meet every three months with a board of non-executive directors made up of experienced individuals
from the parent organisation, a private financial institution, an NGO and other members who have
been identified as providing a balanced input to the development of the bundling organisation. In the
first year consultants may be contracted where required, for example for the development of a new
baseline methodology, in which case the consultants will work alongside CDM Pool technical staff to
ensure knowledge transfer and the development of in-house expertise. As the organisation grows fur-
ther more staff will be recruited.

Operating Plan
The organisation will develop one project bundle in the first year, rising to the development of two
project bundles in the second year, and four project bundles per year from then on. After developing
the first project bundle options, if demand is seen to be high then the option to develop a greater num-
ber of projects will be considered, which will require additional resources.

Financial Analysis and Plan

CDM Pool’s financial plan is based on conservative estimates and assumptions.

Main Assumptions
The financial plan was developed based on local costs and expenses in Indian Rupees (INR) using a
conversion rate of 46.00 INR to 1 US$ in Year 1 rising by 2% per year. Revenues from the sale of
CERs is conservatively assumed to be start US$7/tCO2 in Year 1 and each bundle is considered to be
at least 30,000 tCO2 per year.

21
As a main project participant, CDM Pool will be responsible for distribution of the CERs (certified emission reduc-
tions).

28
Business cash flow
Start-up costs are estimated to be around US$50,000, this includes approximately US$37,000 to regis-
ter the organisation, acquire office space and equipment and the remainder to cover overheads and ex-
penses (see expenses below) in Year 1 and again in Year 2. An initial investment in the business will
be required to cover these costs as revenues from the sale of CERs will not be received until Year 3.
Bundling fee rates of US$19,500 plus 10% of the CERs from the project has been assumed for each
project bundle, which would be shared between project developers (see *****). This fee would be ne-
gotiable depending on the complexity of the project and the option package. The fee indicated here
would include PDD development and facilitation of the sale of the CERs, but does not include valida-
tion costs. Operating costs shown in Figure 8 include the costs of:
• Personnel;
• Overheads (office, computers, stationary, etc.);
• Marketing material;
• Travel (to visit project developers, stakeholder consultations, buyers);
• Contracting/legal services;
• Insurance/risk management.

As shown in Figure 10, in the first year of operation CDM Pool is forecast to make a loss of
US$12,775, whilst a profit22 of US$18,124 is expected in Year 3. Detailed planned profit and loss
statements are given in below. Taking into account the assumption of a bundling fee for year one and
10% of CERs (at US$7/tCO2), the company will break-even if it sells 31,525 CERs per year, as shown
in Figure 7.

50000

40000

30000

20000
P.A.T (US$)

10000

0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000

-10000

-20000

-30000
CERs/yr

Figure 7. Break-even analysis

22
Profit after tax (P.A.T)

29
Expenses (in USD)
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6
Monthly compensation
Director 1,229 1,325 1,429 1,541 1,662 1,792
Technical Staff 877 946 1,020 1,100 1,187 1,280
Support 458 494 533 575 620 669
Manday rate
Director 56 60 65 70 76 81
Technical Staff 40 43 46 50 54 58
Support 21 22 24 26 28 30
Level of Effort in Mandays
Identification – Projects
Director 5 10 20 20 20 20
Technical Staff 20 40 80 80 80 80
Support 5 10 20 20 20 20
Bundling
Director 3 6 12 12 12 12
Technical Staff 12 24 48 48 48 48
Support 6 6 12 12 12 12
Total - Mandays (Bundling)
Director 8 16 32 32 32 32
Technical Staff 32 64 128 128 128 128
Support 11 16 32 32 32 32
Marketing
Director 5 5 5 5 5 5
Technical Staff 15 15 15 15 15 15
Support 4 4 4 4 4 4
Identification - OE
Director 1 2 4 4 4 4
Technical Staff 7 14 28 28 28 28
Support 2 4 8 8 8 8
Facilitation and Registration
Director 1 2 4 4 4 4
Technical Staff 12 12 24 24 24 24
Support 4 4 8 8 8 8
Total - Mandays (CERs)
Director 15 25 45 45 45 45
Technical Staff 66 105 195 195 195 195
Support 21 28 52 52 52 52
Total - Cost (Bundling)
Director 447 964 2,078 2,241 2,417 2,607
Technical Staff 1,276 2,753 5,937 6,403 6,905 7,447
Support 229 360 775 836 902 973
Total cost 1,952 4,076 8,791 9,481 10,224 11,026
Total - Cost (CERs)
Director 838 1,506 2,923 3,152 3,399 3,666
Technical Staff 2,632 4,516 9,045 9,754 10,519 11,345
Support 438 629 1,260 1,359 1,466 1,580
Total cost 3,908 6,651 13,228 14,265 15,384 16,591
Consultants
Fees per day INR
Overseas 435 469 506 545 588 634
Resident 201 217 234 252 272 293
No. of days (Bundling)
Overseas 0 0 0 0 0 0
Resident 4 4 8 8 8 8
Cost (Bundling)
Overseas 0 0 0 0 0 0
Resident 804 867 1,871 2,018 2,176 2,347
Total 804 867 1,871 2,018 2,176 2,347
No. of days (CERs)
Overseas 2 2 4 4 4 4

30
Resident 8 8 16 16 16 16
Cost (CERs)
Overseas 870 938 2,023 2,181 2,352 2,537
Resident 1,609 1,735 3,742 4,035 4,352 4,693
Total 2,478 2,673 5,765 6,217 6,704 7,230
Travel - International
Cost per trip 1,304 1,407 1,517 1,636 1,764 1,903
No. of trips
Director 1 2 4 4 4 4
Technical Staff 0 0 0 0 0 0
Support 0 0 0 0 0 0
Consultants:
Overseas 0 0 0 0 0 0
Resident 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cost
Director 1,304 2,813 6,068 6,544 7,057 7,611
Technical Staff 0 0 0 0 0 0
Support 0 0 0 0 0 0
Consultants
Overseas 0 0 0 0 0 0
Resident 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total - A 1,304 2,813 6,068 6,544 7,057 7,611
Travel - Domestic
Cost per trip 435 469 506 545 588 634
No. of trips
Director 0 0 0 0 0 0
Technical Staff 1 2 4 4 4 4
Support 0 0 0 0 0 0
Consultants
Overseas 0 0 0 0 0 0
Resident 1 2 4 4 4 4
Cost
Director 0 0 0 0 0 0
Technical Staff 435 938 2,023 2,181 2,352 2,537
Support 0 0 0 0 0 0
Consultants
Overseas 0 0 0 0 0 0
Resident 435 938 2,023 2,181 2,352 2,537
Total - B 870 1,876 4,045 4,363 4,705 5,074
Total - A + B 2,174 4,689 10,113 10,906 11,762 12,684
Workshops
Cost per Workshop 435 469 506 545 588 634
No. of Workshops 1 2 4 4 4 4
Total Cost 435 938 2,023 2,181 2,352 2,537
Legal Fees/Insurance 10,870 21,313 41,790 40,971 40,167 39,380
Start-up costs 36,196 12,525 1,026 0 0 0
Overheads (% of Manpower costs) 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30%
Total Overheads 1,172 1,995 3,968 4,280 4,615 4,977
Depreciation 435 426 418 410 402 394
Interest 0 0 0 0 0 0
Income Tax % 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35%
Figure 8. Expenses (Yearly) includes start-up costs

31
Revenue (in USD)
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6
Bundling Fee - A 39,130 76,726 75,222 73,747 72,301 70,883

CO2 Abated (in tons) 0 30,000 60,000 120,000 120,000 120,000

Price per ton (in USD) 7.00 7.55 8.14 8.78 9.47 10.21
Total Consideration 210,000 452,941 976,932 1,053,554 1,136,186 1,225,298

% of Commission on CER 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

Revenue per year 21,000 45,294 97,693 105,355 113,619 122,530

Year 1 Bundle 21,000 20,588 20,185 19,789 19,401 19,020

Year 2 Bundle 0 45,294 44,406 43,535 42,682 41,845
Year 3 Bundle 0 0 97,693 95,778 93,900 92,058
Year 4 Bundle 0 0 0 105,355 103,290 101,264
Year 5 Bundle 0 0 0 0 113,619 111,391
Year 6 Bundle 0 0 0 0 0 122,530
Revenue from CER - B 21,000 65,882 162,284 264,457 372,890 488,109

Total Revenue - A + B 60,130 142,609 237,506 338,204 445,191 558,992

Figure 9. Bundling Organisation Revenue (Years 1-6)

Profit & Loss Account - with CER

revenues (in USD)

Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6

Revenues from Bundling 19,565 38,363 75,222 73,747 72,301 70,883
Revenue from CER Commission 0 20,588 64,591 159,102 259,272 365,579
0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Revenues 19,565 58,951 139,812 232,849 331,573 436,462
0 0 0 0 0 0
Manpower 3,908 6,651 13,228 14,265 15,384 16,591
Consultancy 2,478 2,673 5,765 6,217 6,704 7,230
0 0 0 0 0 0
Gross Margin 13,179 49,628 120,820 212,367 309,484 412,641
0 0 0 0 0 0
Overheads 1,172 1,995 3,968 4,280 4,615 4,977
Travel 2,174 4,689 10,113 10,906 11,762 12,684
Workshops 435 938 2,023 2,181 2,352 2,537
Legal Fees/Insurance 21,739 42,626 83,580 81,941 80,334 78,759
Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, -12,341 -620 21,136 113,058 210,420 313,684
Depreciation & Amortisation
(EBITDA)
0 0 0 0 0 0
Depreciation 435 426 418 410 402 394
0 0 0 0 0 0
Earnings Before Interest & Taxes -12,775 -1,046 20,718 112,649 210,019 313,290
(EBIT)
0 0 0 0 0 0
Interest 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Profit Before Tax (PBT) -12,775 -1,046 20,718 112,649 210,019 313,290
Cumulative PBT -12,775 -13,571 7,413 119,916 327,584 634,450
0 0 0 0 0 0
Provision for Tax 0 0 2,595 39,427 73,507 109,651
Profit After Tax (PAT) -12,775 -1,046 18,124 73,222 136,512 203,638
Net Margin -65% -2% 13% 31% 41% 47%
Initial Investment - Startup costs 36,196 12,775 1,046 0 0 0 0
Cash flows -36,196 -12,775 -1,046 18,124 73,222 136,512 203,638
Figure 10. Profit and Loss Account for Bundling Organisation

32
Annex 3: AN EXAMPLE PROJECT CONCEPT NOTE FOR A
BUNDLED PROJECT

1. Name of Project:
Biomass Gasification Cluster ( 1MW x 5 Plants)

2. Location of Project (Village/ District/ State):

Ramanthapuram, Virudhunagar & Tuticorin districts of TamilNadu, India.

3. Name of Project Sponsor(s) & Contact details:

Southern Green Power Private Limited
#33, 59th Cross, V Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore – 560 010.
Tel: +91 98450 91641 / + 91 80 23350009

4. Name of Project (Developer/ Consultant) & Contact details:

Southern Green Power Private Limited
#33, 59th Cross, V Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore – 560 010.
Tel: +91 98450 91641 / + 91 80 23350009

5. Ownership details of Project Sponsor(s) Company:

Southern Green Power Private Limited is a new company formed for the purpose of this project.
It is promoted by persons with several years of experience in renewable energy project develop-
ment and implementation.

6. CER sharing arrangements amongst Project Sponsors:

Not yet arrived at.

7. Project description:
The project involves the development of five 1 MW power stations generating 5 MW electricity
round-the-clock and feeding the power to the state grid. Each plant will be about 25 - 50 km
away from the other nearest plant. The technology to be used is Biomass Gasification. The bio-
mass feedstock to be used is the locally available Prosopis Juliflora.

The project involves the construction of five similar systems, each comprising a 1200 kg / hr
gasification reactor along with the cooling systems and other auxiliaries, and 1 MW producer
gas engines to be energized by the gas generated from the gasifier.

The reason for five decentralised systems is to ensure that each plant can source the biomass
from the 10-15 km radius of the plant, thus ensuring that the environment is not stressed, the
biomass is procured from sustainable sources, there are no leakages, transport costs are low, and
project is sustainable on a long term basis.

The main problem that this project addresses is rural employment generation and rural infra-
structure development. In addition, the project generates renewable energy that is environment
friendly along-with improvement of grid transmission efficiency.
8. Technology to be employed:
The power plants will be based on open top gasifier from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
and 100% producer gas engines. Gasification involves the sub-stoichiometric combustion
through thermo-chemical reactions of biomass to generate carbon-monoxide and hydrogen. The
gas generated from gasification is known as producer gas, which is further combusted in IC Gas
Engines. The engine / alternator system generates electricity which is evacuated to the state grid
through the nearest grid sub-station.

9. Technology innovation, (if any):

The technology is the result of years of development efforts by IISc. Banaglore and has recently
been implemented in two projects (using 100% Gas Engines) recently in India.

10. Transfer of Technology (methodology):

Not applicable

11. Project start date: Jan 2005

1st Project: February 2005
2nd Project: June 2005
3rd Project: August 2005
4th Project: October 2005
5th Project: December 2005

12. Project completion date:

1st Project: July 2005
2nd Project: November 2005
3rd Project: January 2006
4th Project: March 2006
5th Project: May 2006

Prospective Dates on which the projects will be operational are:

1st Project: September 2005
2nd Project: January 2006
3rd Project: March 2006
4th Project: May 2006
5th Project: July 2006

13. Project Life time:

15 years.

34
14. Status of Project Clearances:
Activity Status
1. Feasibility Study Completed
2. Biomass Study Completed
3. Wasteland IdentificationCompleted; Soil testing and analysis completed,
and negotiations with local landowners for con-
tract / land lease in progress
4. Land Acquisition for Project 4 of 5 sites completed, 1 more in progress
sites
5. Power Purchase Agreement 1 completed, 4 in process
6. Local Community: Discussions in progress
7. Local Clearances: Obtained for 2 sites
8. Pollution Control Clearance Site clearance for 1st project obtained
9. Negotiations with vendors In Progress
10. Financial Closure: 30% Equity commitment obtained; Soft com-
mitment from financial institution - State Bank of
India for 100% loan sanction at 2:1 debt equity
ratio

15. Financing details of the Project:

Equity: Group of Individuals have committed Euro 0.44 million, ($ 0.54 million, Rs 24.2 million)
to date. Balance equity to be tied up

Debt – Long-term and Short Term debt:

State Bank of India, Foreign Currency Branch, Bangalore. Project has been appraised, similar
projects sites implemented have been visited by Bank Officials, and Biomass Survey and Avail-
ability has been studied. Based on this, loan sanction has been agreed to.
Terms of Debt
- Long-term debt = 2.94 million euros ($ 3.59 million)
- Loan amount is based on 2:1 debt equity
- Short term debt including bank guarantee and working capital support = 0.45 million Euros
($ 0.55 million)
- Rate of interest = 10% pa
- Repayment over 7 years repayment + 1 year moratorium

Formal clearance / sanction will be given when the following milestones are achieved:
- Detailed list of equipment vendors along with details of equipment supply after price nego-
tiations and terms of conditions of supply are completed
- Power Purchase Agreements for the other projects are signed
- Pollution Control Clearance

16. Indicative CER price:

$5.5 / ton of CO2e (Linked to market prices at the time of signing the ERPA).

17. Name & Address of buyer of CER’s:

Not identified

18. IRR and DSCR without CER Revenue:

Refer Annex A

35
19. IRR and DSCR with CER Revenue:
Refer Annex A

20. Whether any ODA is flowing to the Project:

No ODA involvement

21. Subsidy element if any in the project & source:

MNES subsidy on equipment duty exemption.

22. Total cost of the Project:

Project Cost (1 Euro = Rs 55, 1 $ = Rs 45) Euros Dollars Rs
(million)
Land 0.045 0.056 2.5
Gasifier 1.545 1.889 85
Engine with Electrical Accessories 2.064 2.522 113.5
Building 0.300 0.367 16.5
Office Equipment 0.018 0.022 1
Furniture & Fixture 0.004 0.004 0.2
Interest During Construction Period 0.113 0.138 6.2
Preliminary & Preoperative Expenses 0.167 0.204 9.2
Working Capital Margin 0.144 0.176 7.9
Total 4.4 5.4 242

23. Break up of Foreign currency (if any):

Not Applicable

24. Transaction Cost:

Five percent of the expected CDM Revenue.

25. Whether Project appraised by any Financial Institution:

Yes, Project has been appraised by State Bank of India, Foreign Currency Branch, Bangalore.
Similar projects sites implemented have been visited by Bank Officials, and Biomass Survey and
Availability has been studied.

26. Financial Closure:

Financial Closure: 30% Equity commitment obtained; Soft commitment from financial institu-
tion - State Bank of India for 100% loan sanction based on 2:1 Debt: Equity ratio.

27. Expected date of first CER delivery & CER flow year wise:
2006

28. Crediting period:

10 years.

36
29. Estimate of GHG abatement in tCO2 eq.(Year Wise):
Project Details
Each Plant Capacity 1.135 MW
Project Capacity 5.675 MW
Auxiliary Consumption 12%
Net Power Exported 5.0 MW
Plant Load Factor (Year 1) 75%
Plant Load Factor (Year 2 onwards) 80%

Commercial Opera-
tions
(days / annum) Start Date 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Project 1 15-Sep-05 365 365 365 365 365 365 365
Project 2 15-Jan-06 350 365 365 365 365 365 365
Project 3 15-Mar-06 291 365 365 365 365 365 365
Project 4 15-May-06 230 365 365 365 365 365 365
Project 5 15-Jul-06 169 365 365 365 365 365 365

(1000 MWh / an-

num) Start Date 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Project 1 15-Sep-05 6.6 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
Project 2 15-Jan-06 6.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
Project 3 15-Mar-06 5.2 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
Project 4 15-May-06 4.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
Project 5 15-Jul-06 3.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
Total power exported 25.3 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0

Years 2006- 07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Grid Emission Fac- 0.978 0.967 0.968 0.968 0.968 0.966

tor - With Thermal
**
(t CO2/MWh)
Power Exported 25.3 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
(1000 MW / An-
num)
CERs tCO2e/ an- 24,743 33,845 33,880 33,880 33,880 33,810
num
** Source: MNES, GOI http://mnes.nic.in/baselinepdfs/chapter2.pdf

37
 Years 2006- 07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Grid Emission 0.758 0.78 0.767 0.751 0.736 0.736

Factor – All (t
CO2/MWh)**
Power Exported 25.3 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
(1000 MW / An-
num)
CERs 19,177 27,300 26,845 26,285 25,760 25,760
tCO2e/annum
**Source: MNES, GOI http://mnes.nic.in/baselinepdfs/chapter2.pdf

In addition, further green house gas reduction accrues in the following manner:
• Charcoal – About 4% of the input biomass by weight (about 50 gm / kWh) is extracted out of
the system as charcoal on a continuous basis. This represents the biomass that is not com-
pletely converted to Carbon Monoxide. This charcoal is typically converted to energy bricks
for use as fuel by industry. The calorific value of 50 gm of charcoal is about 300 kCal. The
industrial consumption of the charcoal produced as by-product will result in consequent re-
duced consumption of fossil fuel.
• The development of wasteland with fast growing biomass species will result in increased tree
growth and regions that were hitherto devoid of dense tree growth will contribute to reduced
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
However, contribution to GHG reduction due to these components has not been considered for the
sake of being conservative.

30. Baseline Methodology (Approved or New):

Approved, as prescribed by the CDM Small Scale Methodologies

31. Whether EIA conducted for the project:

Not Required

32. Sustainable Development Criteria:

Eligible under the Sustainable Development Criteria of Government of India.

33. Specific global & local environmental benefits:

The overall impacts of using sustainably produced biomass as fuel for generation of electricity
and its impact on the local economy, environment, and rural development are tremendous, with
significant local benefits can that provide important linkage to sustainable development viz.

Promotion of renewable energy

Cleaner environment
Rural Infrastructure development
Increased employment: The projects will result in the creation of direct new employment op-
portunities of about 100 jobs per 1 MW project
Increased economic activities on account of purchase of biomass which was hitherto wasted,
Wasteland development
Reduces import of crude / petroleum products that would have been used for generating the
electricity
Spill over effect, encouraging the usage of the more efficient technology.
GHG emissions reduction has a global effect

38
34. Socio-economic aspects:
Increased Employment Generation (about 100 jobs per 1 MW plant)
Local area economic development
Capital investment
Energy plantation – significant employment opportunity
GHG emissions reduction has a global effect

35. Local stake holders comment:

Not yet conducted

36. Environment Management Programme:

Not Required

37. Project risks (Economic, Legal, Political, Social & Environmental):

Market Environment
The renewable energy industry has developed significantly in India with the Government of India
beginning to encourage clean and decentralised power generation systems. The state electricity
boards offer a preferential price to producers of renewable power. As against the usual price of
Rs 2.25 – 2.5 / kWh paid by Tamil Nadu State Electricity Board (TNEB) to an Independent
Power Producer (IPP) generating electricity from thermal / conventional sources, they pay IPPs
of renewable power a tariff of Rs 3.15 (escalating at 5% pa).

Commercial Risk
The State Electricity Boards (SEBs) in India are under severe pressure to subsidise agriculture,
and this is done by charging higher industrial tariffs to cross-subsidise electricity to the farming
sector. This has created tremendous market distortions and, along with inefficiencies in transmis-
sion / distribution, has resulted in the SEBs having to deal with heavy debt burdened balance
sheets and huge operating losses. For us, this could imply that the payments due to us from the
SEBs could come under pressure.

Therefore, the company strategy is to start with the SEB as the customer, but quickly find indus-
trial customers in the vicinity who can off-take a portion of the power produced. This will help us
in two ways immediately – reducing the payment risk of the SEB and improving our bottom-line.
Strategically, it will position us in a place of strength going ahead, because the Government of
India is pushing ahead with the Electricity Reforms, and in a few years we expect to take over lo-
cal distribution in the regions where we operate.

Biomass Risk
In addition, the other possible risk is raw material availability. We are mitigating this
risk in the following manner:
• Our plants will be situated in areas where biomass availability is very high
• At 1 MW scale, although our capital costs and operating costs will be higher vis-à-vis the
large scale plants, we shall benefit because our biomass will be available in the 10 - 15 km ra-
dius of the plant. This means that we can procure directly from the farmer (and get rid of the
middlemen) and our fuel transport costs will also be correspondingly lower.
• We shall enter into agreements with local land-owners (of uncultivated land) and develop the
wastelands for production of fast-growing biomass species to serve us with a captive source
of bio-energy.

39
Management, Operations, and Logistics
Distributed operations that need to run 24 hours over 3 shifts have to be managed effectively. Each
plant will be managed by an engineer and will be assisted by trained supervisors. In addition, a slew
of practices will be deployed to ensure smooth operations and preventive maintenance:
a. Biomass Management: Each plant requires about 25 tons biomass everyday. Biomass shall be
procured through a multi-pronged strategy – (i) managing captive plantations, (ii) procuring har-
vesting rights of biomass in village tanks from local panchayat bodies, (iii) purchasing from local
supply contractors, and (iv) offering a minimum support price for any local supplier. We shall hire
locally available trucks on long-term basis, so that transport costs are lowered. Our fuel-manager
shall co-ordinate the supply of fuel to our plants to ensure that sufficient stock is maintained at all
times. The biomass processing shall be automated such that manual labour is only required to
stack the biomass as it enters the cutting machine. After cutting, the biomass shall be fed into a
drier room before being moved on to the gasifier. All biomass supply and processing shall be
completed during the daytime hours.
b. Central Maintenance Team: Each plant will be managed by the plant engineer and will be assisted
by 4 supervisors (1 for each shift plus 1 reserve). The power plants shall be supported by the Cen-
tral Maintenance Team that shall comprise a Chief Engineer, an Assistant Engineer, a Foreman, a
Store-keeper, a Mechanic, and an Electrical Supervisor. Strict preventive maintenance schedules
shall be followed as prescribed, with maintenance charts updated and scrutinized every week. The
store-keeper shall maintain updates on availability of consumables at each location, and shall
manage the consumables and spare-parts inventory.
c. Good Logistics. The Power Plants are all to be located near Madurai – within 1-2 hours drive on
reasonably good roads. All of the Power Plants are therefore within an overnight train ride from
Bangalore and within easy access to management and technical expertise from the central office.
All Power Plants are also located right next to existing sub-stations for grid-paralleling.
d. Online data monitoring: Key parameters (flow rate, temperature, pressure, gas quality etc.) at
various points in the process flow and the performance of critical equipment will be digitally
logged on a continuous basis. It will then be possible for our central office to monitor the per-
formance of all the Power Plants on a real-time basis.
e. Video surveillance. Video surveillance cameras shall be installed in all Power Plants to capture
and transmit images of sensitive areas. These still images will be transmitted every few seconds,
but they will allow the central office to monitor the work floor staff at all times.
f. Communications. All plants will be accessible by telephone (landline and cellular). Communicat-
ing back with the plant manager, supervisor and staff to change something at the plant, coupled
with the video and data capture will allow us manage a large number of plants from a central loca-
tion.
g. Hiring and Training. Training programs shall be administered on a periodic basis to train new re-
cruits and to provide additional skills to better performers so they can earn more and grow within
the organization.
h. Technical Advisory Panel. A technical panel shall be assembled to advise us on various technical
issues with respect to the operations of a plant. The Indian Institute of Science has agreed to be
represented in strength on this panel.
i. Onsite Residential Quarters. Onsite residential facilities will be provided for supervisory staff.
j. Company Sponsored Courses. We expect to develop a training module – theory and hands-on that
can be delivered in neighbouring ITI schools (Institutes of Technical and Industrial Vocational
Training) in rural TN. This will provide us with a continuous stream of qualified personnel.
k. Hands-on management. In the initial years, the founding team will be hands-on and on-site and
not depend on multiple layers of managers. Project promoter credentials

40
Annex- A
Basics Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
Plant Capacity [MW] 5.675 5.675 5.675 5.675 5.675 5.675 5.675
Plant Load Factor [%] 75 80 80 80 80 80 80
Units produced [Million kWh] 37 40 40 40 40 40 40
Auxillary consumption + Tie-in
[%] 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Charge
Units available for sale [Million kWh] 33 35 35 35 35 35 35
Cost of Power Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
Revenue
Sale Revenue from Electricity [Rs / kWh] 3.15 3.31 3.47 3.65 3.83 4.02 4.22
Sale Revenue from Carbon
[Rs / kWh] 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
Credits
Total Sales Revenue [Rs / kWh] 3.31 3.47 3.63 3.8 3.99 4.18 4.38
Costs
Cost of Fuel [Rs / kWh] 1.03 1.09 1.14 1.2 1.26 1.32 1.39
Direct Wages [Rs / kWh] 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.3
Plant Maintenance [Rs / kWh] 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.53
Administration Cost [Rs / kWh] 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.3 0.31 0.33
Total Operating Cost [Rs / kWh] 1.94 2.01 2.1 2.2 2.32 2.42 2.55
Finance Cost [Rs / kWh] 0.58 0.4 0.35 0.29 0.22 0.14 0.06
Capital Repayment [Rs / kWh] 0.4 0.54 0.6 0.66 0.73 0.81 0.91
Taxes [Rs / kWh] 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.1
Total Cost including Finance
[Rs / kWh] 2.93 2.98 3.09 3.21 3.33 3.46 3.61
Cost
Project Free Cash Flows (mil-
lion Rs)
Cash Flows with CDM -242 44 50 52 54 56 58 141
Cash Flows without CDM -242 39 44 46 48 50 53 136
DSCR with CDM 1.61 1.38 1.51 1.56 1.62 1.68 1.76 1.78
DSCR without CDM 1.45 1.21 1.34 1.39 1.46 1.52 1.59 1.62
(assuming 33% salvage at end of 7th
7 year Project IRR with CDM 15.60%
year)
7 year Project IRR without (assuming 33% salvage at end of 7th
12.90%
CDM year)
Project Free Cash Flows (mil-
1 $ = Rs 45
lion $)
Cash Flows with CDM 0.98 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.30 3.14
Cash Flows without CDM 0.87 0.98 1.03 1.07 1.12 1.17 3.01

1 Euro = Rs
Project Free Cash Flows (million Euro)
55
Cash Flows with CDM 0.81 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.06 2.57
Cash Flows without CDM 0.71 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 2.47

ECN-I--05-000 41