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Marieb ch7b

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api-229554503
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PART B

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

The Nervous System

ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY


EIGHTH EDITION

ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Reflex Arc


Reflex rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli
Reflex arc direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

Figure 7.11a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple Reflex Arc

Figure 7.11bc
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Reflexes and Regulation


Autonomic reflexes
Smooth muscle regulation

Heart and blood pressure regulation


Regulation of glands

Digestive system regulation


Somatic reflexes

Activation of skeletal muscles


Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Central Nervous System (CNS)


CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube
The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles
Four chambers within the brain Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regions of the Brain


Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon

Brain stem
Cerebellum

Figure 7.12b
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)


Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain
Include more than half of the brain mass

Figure 7.13a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)


The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

Figure 7.13a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lobes of the Cerebrum


Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes
Surface lobes of the cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Figure 7.15a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum


Somatic sensory area receives impulses from the bodys sensory receptors
Primary motor area sends impulses to skeletal muscles Brocas area involved in our ability to speak

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Figure 7.14
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum


Cerebral areas involved in special senses
Gustatory area (taste)

Visual area
Auditory area

Olfactory area

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum


Interpretation areas of the cerebrum
Speech/language region

Language comprehension region


General interpretation area

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum

Figure 7.13c
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Layers of the Cerebrum


Gray matter
Outer layer

Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies

Figure 7.13a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Layers of the Cerebrum


White matter
Fiber tracts inside the gray matter Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres
Figure 7.13a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Layers of the Cerebrum


Basal nuclei internal islands of gray matter

Figure 7.13a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Diencephalon
Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral heispheres

Made of three parts


Thalamus

Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Diencephalon

Figure 7.15
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Thalamus
Surrounds the third ventricle
The relay station for sensory impulses

Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hypothalamus
Under the thalamus
Important autonomic nervous system center

Helps regulate body temperature


Controls water balance

Regulates metabolism

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hypothalamus
An important part of the limbic system (emotions)
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithalamus
Forms the roof of the third ventricle
Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)

Includes the choroid plexus forms cerebrospinal fluid

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Brain Stem
Attaches to the spinal cord
Parts of the brain stem

Midbrain
Pons

Medulla oblongata

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Brain Stem

Figure 7.15a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Midbrain
Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers
Has two bulging fiber tracts cerebral peduncles Has four rounded protrusions corpora quadrigemina Reflex centers for vision and hearing

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pons
The bulging center part of the brain stem
Mostly composed of fiber tracts

Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Medulla Oblongata
The lowest part of the brain stem
Merges into the spinal cord Includes important fiber tracts Contains important control centers Heart rate control

Blood pressure regulation


Breathing Swallowing Vomiting
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Reticular Formation
Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem
Involved in motor control of visceral organs Reticular activating system plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Reticular Formation

Figure 7.15b
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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