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Apple IIc Reference Manual Volume 1 (1984) (Apple) (030-0814-A)

This is the reference manual for the Apple IIc personal computer. It contains detailed descriptions of all the hardware and firmware that make up the Apple IIc

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Moe B. Us
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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3K views

Apple IIc Reference Manual Volume 1 (1984) (Apple) (030-0814-A)

This is the reference manual for the Apple IIc personal computer. It contains detailed descriptions of all the hardware and firmware that make up the Apple IIc

Uploaded by

Moe B. Us
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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10 1.2 Inside of Machine 10 1.2.1 The Internal Voltage Converter 11 1.2.2 The Main Logic Board 13 1.23 The Other Circuit Boards (1m pel atm dade Table of Contents WW chapter 2 Memory Organization and Control 15 15 2.1 The 65C02 Microprocessor 17 22 Overview of the Address Space 18 2.3 Memory Map and Memory Switching 20 2.3.1 Main RAM Addresses (80000-SBFFF and $D000-$FFFF) 20 2.3.2 Auxiliary RAM Addresses ($0000-SBFFF and $0000-SFFFF) 20 2.3.3 ROM Addresses ($C100-SFFFF) 21 2.3.4 Hardware Addresses ($C000-SCOFF) 22, 24 Bank-Switched Memory 24 2.4.1 Page Allocations 24 Page S00 (One-Byte Addresses) 24 Page $01 (The 65C02 Stack) 24 Pages $D0-SFF (ROM and RAM) 25 2.4.2 Using Bank Selector Switches 34 2.5 48K Memory 36 2.5.1 Page Allocations 36 Page $02 (The Input Buffer) 36 Page $03 (Global Storage and Vectors) 36 Pages $04 Through $07 (Text and Low-Resolution Page 1) a7 Pages $08 Through $08 (Text and Low-Resolution Page 2) 37 Page §08 (Communication Fort Butters) 7 Pages $20 Through $3F (High-Resolution Page 1) 38 Pages $40 Through SSF (High-Resolution Page 2) 38 2.5.2 Using 48K Memory Switches 41 2.8.3 Transfers Between Main and Auxiliary Memory a Transferring Data 42 Transferring Control 43 2.5.4 Using Display Memory Switches 48 2.6 The Reset Routine 49 2.6.1 The Cold-Start Procedure (Power On) 50 2.6.2 The Warm-Start Procedure (CONTROL-RESET) 80 2.6.3 Forced Cold Start (6-CONTROL-RESET) 51 2.6.4 The Reset Vector nmmmh hhh m a mm om om om om Mm fm wi Table of Contents WW chapter 3 Introduction to Apple lic 1/0 55 55 3.1 The Standard 1/0 Links 56 3.1.1 Changing the Standard I/O Links 57 3.2 Standard Input Features 87 3.2.1 RDKEY Input Subroutine 58 3.2.2 KEYIN Input Subroutine 58 3.2.9 GETLN Input Subroutine 80 3.2.4 Escape Codes With GETLN 62 3.2.5 Editing With GETLN 62 Cancel Line 62 Backspace 62 Retype 63 3.3 Standard Output Features 63 3.3.1 COUT Output Subroutine 64 — 3.3.2 Control Characters With COUT 64 3.3.3 Control Characters With C2COUT1 66 3.3.4 The Stop-List Feature 66 3.3.5 The Text Window 68 3.3.6 Normal, Inverse, and Flashing Text 68 Primary Character Set Display 69 Alternate Character Set Display 70 3.4 Port 0 70 3.4.1 Standard Link Entry Points 71 3.4.2 Firmware Protocol 73 3.4.3 Port VO Space 73 3.4.4 Port ROM Space 73 3.4.5 Expansion ROM Space 73 3.4.6 Port Screen-Hole RAM Space 75.3 Interrupts WH chapter 4 Keyboard and Speaker 77 77 4.1 Keyboard Input 79 4.1.1 Reading the Keyboard 82 4.1.2 Monitor Firmware Support 82 GETLNZ 82 GETLN 82 RDCHAR 834.2 Speaker Output 83 4.2.1 Using the Speaker 84 4.2.2 Monitor Firmware Support 84 BELLI 8a BELL Teer | Table of Contents a Chapter 5 89 90 90 1 93 96 96 97 100 102 102 104 108 115 120 Video Display Output 87 5.1 Specifications 5.2 Text Modes 5.2.1 Text Character Sets 5.2.2 MouseText 5.2.3 40-Column Versus 80-Column Text 5.3 Graphics Modes 5.3.1 Low-Resolution Graphics 5.3.2 High-Resolution Graphics 5.3.3 Double-High-Resolution Graphics 5.4 Mixed-Mode Displays 5.5 Display Pages 5.6 Display Mode Switching 5.7 Display Page Maps 5.8 Monitor Firmware Support 5.9 I/O Firmware Support Wl chapter 6 126 126 Disk Input and Output 125 6.1 Startup 6.2 External Drive Startup Wi chapter 7 130 133 134 134 135 136 137 138 139 139 wil Serial I/O Port 1 129 7.1 Using Serial Port 1 7.2 Characteristics at Startup 7.3 Hardware Page Locations 7.4 VO Firmware Support 7.5 Screen Hole Locations 7.6 Changing Port Characteristics 7.6.1 Data Format and Baud Rate 7.6.2 Carriage Return and Line Feed 7.6.3 Sending Special Characters 7.6.4 Displaying Output on the Screen Table of Contents 143 147 148 148 149 WB Chapter 8 Serial 1/O Port 2 141 8.1 Using Serial Port 2 8.2 Characteristics at Startup 8.3 Hardware Page Locations 8.4 1/0 Firmware Support 85 Screen Hole Locations Ce | Table of Contents. 150 8.6 Changing Port Characteristics 481 8.6.1 ata Format and Baud Rate 452) 8.6.2 Carriage Return and Line Feed 153 8.6.3 Routing Input and Output 455. Half Duplex Operation 156 Full Duplex Operation 459 Terminal Mode Wl Chapter 9 Mouse and Game Input 161 162 9.1 Mouse Input 162 9.1.1 Mouse Connector Signals 163 9.1.2 Mouse Operating Modes 163 ‘Transparent Mode 163, Movement Interrupt Mode 164 Button Interrupt Mode 164 Movement/Button Interrupt Mode 164 Vertical Blanking Actve Modes 164 1.1.3 Mouse Hardware Page Locations 167 9.1.4 VO Firmware Support 170 Pascal Support 7 BASIC and Assembly-Language Support 471 9.158 Screen Holes 173 9.1.6 Using the Mouse as a Hand Control 174 9.2 Game input 174 9.2.1 The Hand Control Signals 175 Switch Inputs (SWO and SW1) 176 Analog Inputs (PDLO and PDL1) 177 9.2.2 Monitor Support 17 PREAD im a Chapter 10 Using The Monitor 179 179 10.1 Invoking the Monitor 180 10.2 Syntax of Monitor Commands 181. 10.3 Monitor Memory Commands 181 10.3.1 Examining Memory Contents 182 10.3.2 Memory Dump 184 10.3.3 Changing Memory Contents a 184 Changing One Byte = 185 Changing Consecutive Locations 186 10.3.4 Moving Data in Memory 188 10.3.5 Comparing Data in Memory 189 10.4 Monitor Register Commands 130 10.4.1 Changing Registers = 190 10.42 Examining Registers = 191 10.5 Miscellaneous Monitor Commands 191 10.5.1 Display Inverse and Normal 192 105.2 Back to BASIC 193 10.5.3 Redirecting Input and Output 193 10.5.4 Hexadecimal Arithmetic = 494 10.6 Special Tricks With the Monitor = 194 10.6.1 Multiple Command Lines 195 10.622 Filling Memory 196 10.6.3 Repeating Commands 197 10.6.4 Creating Your Own Commands 198 10.7 Machine-Language Programs 198 10.7.1 Running a Program 199 10.7.2 Disassembled Programs 201 10.8 Summary of Monitor Commands = 201 Examining Memory a 202 Changing the Contents of Memory 202 Moving and Comparing 202 The Register Command 202 Miscellaneous Monitor Commands 203 Running and Listing Programs WW chapter 11 Hardware Implementation 205 208 11.1 Environmental Specifications 206 11.2 Power Requirements 208 11.2.1 The External Power Supply 207 11.2.2 The External Power Connector 208 11.2.3 The Internal Converter vi Table of Contents | Table of Contents 210 11.3 Apple lle Overall Block Diagram 211 11.4 The CMOS 6502 Microprocessor — 212 11.4.1 65602 Block Diagram l 213 11.4.2 65602 Timing . 215 11.5 The Custom Integrated Circuits a 216 11.5.1 The Memory Management Unit (MMU) I 218 11.5.2 The Input/Output Unit (JOU) 220 11.5.3 The Timing Generator (TMG) — 221 11.5.4 The General Logic Unit (GLU) 222 1155 The Disk Controller Unit (IWM) 223. 11.6 Memory Addressing a 224 11.6.1 ROM Addressing l 226 11.62 RAM Addressing 226 Dynamic-RAM Refreshment “a 227 Dynamic-RAM Timing I 229 11.7 The Keyboard 282 11.8 The Speaker cat 232 11.8.1 Volume Control l 232 11.8.2 Output Jack 233 11.9 The Video Display | 233 11.9.1 The Video Counters 234 11.8.2 Display Memory Addressing 235 11.9.3 Display Address Mapping = 239 11.9.4 Video Display Modes. 241 ‘Text Displays 242 Low-Reesolution Display Ss 243° ‘High-Resolution Display 248 —_Double-High-Resolution Display 248 11.8.5 Video Output Signals a 248 Monitor Output L 249 Video Expansion Output 252. 11.10 Disk VO — 253 11.11 Serial /O I 258 11.11.1 ACIA Control Register 260 11.11.2 ACIA Command Register a 261 —‘11.11.3 ACIA Status Register | 262 11.224 ACIA Transmit/Receive Register 262. 11.12 Mouse Input — 267 11.13 Hand Controller Input L 274 11.14 Schematic Diagrams 3 L @ index 279 i a ic Volume 2 @ Appendix A The 65C02 Microprocessor 2 A.1 Differences Between 6502 and 65C02 2 A.1.1 Differing Cycle Times 3 A.1.2 Differing Instruction Results 4 A2 Data Sheet Wl Appendix B Memory Map 15. B.1 Page Zero 19 B.2 Page Three 20 B3 Screen Holes 23 B.4 The Hardware Page t | Appendix C Important Firmware Locations 31 C.1 The Tables 32 C.2 Port Addresses 34 C.3 Other Video and I/O Firmware Addresses 34 C.4 Applesoft BASIC Interpreter Addresses 34 C.5 Monitor Addresses 31 | | Appendix D Operating Systems and Languages 37 D.1 Operating Systems 37 _D.1.1 ProDOS 37 _—D.1.2 DOS 38 0.1.3 Pascal Operating System 38 -D.1.4.CP/M 38 0.2 Languages 38 _D.2.1 Applesoft BASIC 39 _D.2.2 Integer BASIC 39 D.2.3 Pascal Language 38 _D.2.4 FORTRAN Table of Contents i Wi Appendix E Interrupts a1 41. E11 Introduction 41 E.1.1 What Is an Interrupt 42.1.2 Interrupts on Apple Il Computers 43 £13 Interrupt Handling on the 65C02 43° £.1.4 The Interrupt Vector at SFFFE 44 £2 The Built-in Interrupt Handler 46 E.2.1 Saving the Memory Configuration 46.2.2 Managing Main and Auxiliary Stacks 47 £3 User's Interrupt Handler at S3FE 48. £4 Handling Break Instructions 49. E.5 Sources of Interrupts 50 £6 Firmware Handling of Interrupts 50 E.6.1 Firmware for Mouse and VBL 52.6.2 Firmware for Keyboard Interrupts 53 Using Keyboard Buffering Firmware 53 Using Keyboard Interrupts Through Software 54 —_E.6.3 Using External Interrupts Through Firmware 55.6.4 Firmware for Serial Interrupts 55 Using Serial Buffering Transparently 56 Using Serial Interrupts Through Firmware 87 Transmitting Serial Data 57 A Loophole in the Firmware 58 E.7 Bypassing the Interrupt Firmware 58.7.1 Using Mouse Interrupts Without the Firmware 89.7.2 Using ACIA Interrupts Without the Firmware r a i t ; C r r = Table of Contents Iie im WB appendix F Apple Il Series Differences 61 61 F.1 Overview £ 63. F.1.1 Type of CPU 63 __F.1.2 Machine Identification a 64 F.2 Memory Structure = 64 F.2.1 Amount and Address Ranges of RAM 65 F.2.2 Amount and Address Ranges of ROM 4 66 F.2.3 Peripheral-Card Memory Spaces z 66 F.2.4 Hardware Addresses 67 "$C000 to SCOOF a 67 $C010 to SCO1F = 68 $0020 to SCOZzF 68 §C030 to SCOF — 68 SC040 to SCOAF = 68 C050 to SCOSF 68 ——_SC060 to SCO6F os 70 $C070 to SCO7F = 70 $0080 to SCOaF 70 $C090 to SCOFF o 71 F.2.5 Monitors . 72 F.31/O in General 72 F.3.1 DMA Transfers = 72 F.3.2 Slots Versus Ports » 72 F.33 interrupts, 73 FA Keyboard - 73° -F4.1 Keys = 74 F.4.2 Character Sets 75 F.5 Speaker 75 F.6 Video Display 75 — F.6.1 Character Sets 76 F.6.2 MouseText 76 — F.63 Vertical Blanking 76 __F.64 Display Modes 77 F7 Disk 0 77 F8 Serial 10 77 F.8.1 Serial Ports Versus Serial Cards 78 _ F.82 Serial (0 Butters 79. F.9 Mouse and Hand Controls, 2 79 F.9.1 Mouse Input 79 F.9.2 Hand Control Input and Output = 80 F.10 Cassette /0 = 81 F.11 Hardware 81 F111 Power 81 F.11.2 Custom Chips al Table of Contents = WW Appendix G USA and International Models 83 83 G.1 Keyboard Layouts and Codes 85 —_G.1.1 USA Standard (Sholes) Keyboard 88 —_G.1.2 USA Simplified (Dvorak) Keyboard 89 G.1.3 ISO Layout of USA Keyboard 90 G.14 English Keyboard 91 G.1.5 French and Canadian Keyboards 93 G.1.6 German Keyboard 94 G17 Italian Keyboard 96 _ G.1.8 Western Spanish Keyboard 87 G2 ASCII Character Sets 99 G.3 Certifications 99 G.3.1 Radio interference 99 G.3.2 Product Safety 99 G.3.3 Important Safety Instructions 100 G.4 Power Supply Specifications Wl Appendix H Conversion Tables 103 103 H.1 Bits and Bytes 106 H.2 Hexadecimal and Decimal 107 H.3 Hexadecimal and Negative Decimal 109 H.4 Graphics Bits and Pieces 112 H.5 Peripheral Identification Numbers 114 H.6 Eight-Bit Code Conversions a Appendix | Firmware Listings 125 a Glossary 219 a Bibliography 243 a Index 247 , Tell Apple Card eee a Table of Contents hair sajqey pue sainbiy Jo }SIT nrc ieee i ° Volume 1 : WN Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Figure 1-1 Apple llc With Standard USA Keyboard 2 Figure 1-2 Back and Left Side of Computer 3 Figure 1-3. Front and Right Side of Computer 3 Table 1-1 Keyboard Specitications 5 Figure 1-4 The USA Standard or Shales Keyboard (Keyboard Switch Up) 6 Figure 1-5 Simplified or Dvorak Keyboard (Keyboard Switen Down) 7 Figure 1-6 Speaker, Volume Control, and Phone Jack 8 Figure 1-7 Built-in Disk Drive 9 Figure 1-8 Back Panel Connectors 10 Figure 1-9 Block Diagram of Inside of Machine 11 Figure 1-10 Power Supply and Voltage Converter 42 Figure 1-11 Main Logic Board a Chapter 2 Memory Organization and Control 16 Figure 2-1. Block Diagram Model of 65C02 19 Figure 2-2 Apple llc Memory Map 23 Figure 2-3 Bank-Switched Memory 26 Table 2-1 Bank Select Switches 27 Figure 2-4 Read ROM 28 Figure 2-5 Read ROM, Write RAM, and Use First $00 Bank 29 Figure 2-8 Read ROM, Write RAM, and Use Second ‘$00 Bank 30 Figure 2-7 Read RAM and Use First $D0 Bank 31 Figure 2-8 Read RAM and Use Second $D0 Bank List of Figures and Tables Tew 32 Figure 2-9 Read and Write RAM and Use First $D0 Bank 33 Figure 2-10 Read and Write RAM and Use Second $00 Bank 35 Figure 2-11 48K Memory Map 39 Table 2-2 48K Memory Switches 39 Figure 212 48K RAM Selection: Spit Pars 40 Figure 2-13 48K RAM Selection: One Side Only 41 Table 2-3 48K RAM Transfer Routines 42 Table 24 Parameters for MOVEAUX Routine 43 Table 2-5 Parameters for XFER Routine 45 Table 26 Display Memary Switches 46 Figure 2-14 PAGE® Selections With B0STORE On and HIRES off 47 Figure 2-15 PAGE2 Selections With BOSTORE On and HIRES On 48 Figure 2-16 RESET Routine Flowchart 52 Table 27 Page 8 Vectors Wi chapter 3 Introduction to Apple lc 1/0 58 Table 3-1 Prompt Characters 60 Table 3-2 Escape Codes With GETLN 64 Table 8-3 Control Characters With COUTI 65 Table 3-4 Control Characters With C3COUT1 68 Table 3-5 Text Window Memory Locations 70 Table 2-8 Port Characteristics 72 Table 37 Fiimware Protocol Locations 73 Table $8 Port VO Locations 75 Table 39 Port Sereen-Hole Locetions I chapter 4 Keyboard and Speaker 77 Table 4-1 Keyboard Input Characteristics 80 Table 4-2 Keys and ASCII Codes: 88 Table 43 Speaker Output Characteristics I Chapter 5 Video Display Output 88 Table 5-1 Guide to the Information in This Chapter 89 Table 82 Video Display Speciications 91 Table 5-3 The Display Character Sets wil List of Figures and Tables mi te. im Ll i old ld ooo oe eo 92 Figure 5-1 MouseText Characters 94 Figure 5-2 40-Column and 80-Column Text (With Alternate Character Set) 95 Figure 5-3 Text Mode Characteristics and Switching 97 Table 5-4 — Low-Resolution Graphics Colors 99 Table 5-5 High-Resolution Graphics Colors 100 Figure 5-4 High-Resolution Display Bits 101 Table 5-6 — Double-High-Resolution Graphics Colors 303 Table 5-7 Video Display Page Locations 105 Table 5-8 Display Soft Switches 107 Table 5-9 Display Modes Supported by Firmware 107 Table 5-10 Other Display Modes. 110 Figure 55 Map of 40-Column Text Display 111 Figure 5-6 Map of 80-Column Text Display 112 Figure 5:7 Map of Low-Resolution Graphics Display 113 Map of High-Resolution Graphics Display 114 Figure 5-9 Map of Double-High-Resolution Graphics Display 115 Table 5-11 Monitor Firmware Routines 120 Table 5-12 Port 3 Firmware Protocol Table 122 Table 5-13 Pascal Video Control Functions i chapter 6 Disk Input and Output 125 Table 6-1 Disk |/O Characteristics i chapter 7 Serial I/O Port 1 130 Table 7-1 Serial Port 1 Characteristics 131 Table 7-2 — Printer Port Commands 133 Table 7-3 Initial Characterstes of Printer Port 134 Table 7-4 Serial Port 1 Hardware Page Locations 134 Table 7-5 Port 1 I/O Firmware Protocol 495 Table 7-6 Port 1 Screen-Hole Locations 137 Figure 7-1 Port 1 Characteristics 138 Figure 7-2 Data Formats: WW chapter 8 Serial /O Port 2 142 Table 8-1 Serial Port 2 Characteristics 144 Table 8-2 Modem Port Characteristics List of Figures and Tables FI 147 Table 8-3 Initial Characteristics of Communication Port 148 Table 8-4 Serial Port 2 Hardware Page Locations = 148 Table 85 Port 2 /0 Firmware Protocol 2 149 Table 8-6 Serial Port 2 Screen Hole Locations 151 Figure 8-1 Port 2 Characteristics = 182 Figure 8-2 Devices in a Typical Communication Setup 154 Figure 8-3 Effect of IN42 185 Figure 8-4 Effect of IN#2 and T Command (Half Duplex) gt 157 Figure 8-5 Effect of IN#2 and T Commang (Full Duplex Terminal) 158 Figure 8-6 Effect of IN#2, PR#2 and T Command (Full Duplex Host) a Chapter 9 Mouse and Game Input 162 Table 9-1 Mouse Input Port Characteristics 166 Table 9-2 Mouse Hardware Page Locations i 168 Table 9:3 Mouse Firmware Rastines 170 Table 9-4 Mouse Port I/O Firmware Protocol = 172 Table 9-5 Mouse Peripheral Card RAM Locations e 174 Table 86 Game Input Characteristics a Wi Chapter 11 Hardware Implementation 208 Table 11-1 Summary of Environmental c Specticatons 207 Table 11-2 Power Supply Speciicaions 207 Figure 11-1 External Power Gonnector x 208 Table 11-3 External Power Connector Signals - 208 Table 11-4 Internal Converter Specifications _ 210 Figure 11-2. Apple llc Block Diagram = 212 Figure 11.3 65602 Block Diagram 213 Table 11-5 68C02 Microprocessor Specifications . 214 Figure 11-4 65C02 Timing Signals a 215 Table 11-6 —65C02 Timing Signal Descriptions 217 Figure 11-5 The MMU Pinouts 217 Table 11-7 The MMU Signal Descriptions 218 Figure 11-6 The IOU Pinouts 218 Table 11-8 The IOU Signal Descriptions 220 Figure 11-7. The TMG Pinouts c 220 Table 11-8 The TMG Signal Descriptions = 221 Figure 11-8 The GLU Pinouts = 221 Table 11-10 The GLU Signal Descriptions = Integer BASIC (Appendix D) Firmware Monitor (Chapter 10) ‘As the user types each character, GETLN sends the character to the standard output routine—normally COUT1—which displays it at the current cursor position and then advances the cursor to indicate the next character position. GETLN stores the characters in its buffer, starting at memory location $200 and using the X register to index the butter. GETLN continues to accept and display characters until the user presses (RETURK) (or to cancel the line). Then it clears the remainder of the line the cursor is on, stores the carriage-return code to mark the end of the buffer, places the cursor at the beginning of the next line, and returns. ‘The maximum jine-length that GETLN can handle is 255 characters. I the user types more than this, GETLN sends a backslash (\) and a carriage return to the display, cancels the ling it has accepted so far, and starts over. To warn the user that the line is getting full, GETLN sounds a bell (tone) at every keypross after the 248th. Note: The Applesoft interpreter accepts only 239 characters. 3.2 Standard Input Features [59 “eo! 3.2.4 Escape Codes With GETLN GETLN has many special functions that you invoke by typing escape codes on the keyboard. An escape code is obtained by pressing (E36), releasing it, and then pressing some other key, as shown in Table 3-2. Note: Be sure to release ight away. If you hold it too long, the auto-repeat mechanism will begin, which may cancel the ESC. In escape mode, you can keep using the arrow keys and the cursor-motion keys (1). @, (&). and (90 without pressing again. This enables you to perform repeated cursor moves by holding down the appropriate key. When GETLN is in escape mode, it displays an inverse plus sign as the cursor. You leave escape mode by typing any key other than a cursor-motion key. Note: The escape codes with the arrow keys are the standard cursor-motion keys on the Apple lic. The escape codes with (). @, ®). and Gi) are the standard cursor-motion keys on the Apple Il and Il Plus, and are present on the Apple Ic for compatability Table 3-2. Escape Codes With GETLN. (1) Cursor-control key: s0@ text. (2) THs 12000 functions only when the enhanced video firmware Is active. Escape Code Function Notes me Clears the window and homes the Cursor (places it in the upper itt comer of the screen), then exits ‘rom escape mode Hora Moves the cursor right one line and exits from escape mode, Doro Moves the cursor let one tine and exits from escape mode. Hoe Moves the cursor down one line {and exits from escape mode. Dor@ Moves the cursor up one line: exits ‘rom escape mode, 1) Horo (Clears to to end of the line; exits ‘rom escape mode. Horo ears to the bottom of the window; exits rom escape mode, Chapter 3: Introduction to Apple llc VO “LF. FL FL TL Ft Th FL FL FL FL ‘FL FL TFA 'FL ‘FL FL ee ee Table 3-2—Continued. Escape Codes With GETLN Escape Code Deo oreo aro re oro Mmm ore) ao ]oImDo Emo Function Notes Moves the cursor up one line 1 remains in escape mode. Moves the cursor left one space; 1 Femains in escape mode. Moves the cursor right one space: 1 remains In escape mode, Moves the cursor down ene line; 1 remains in esoape mode. Switches to 40-column made 2 ‘activates the enhanced video. firmware; sets bnks to COKEYIN and C3COUT!; restores normal ‘window size (Table 3-5}, exits from escape move. ‘Switches to 80-column mode: 2 fctvates the enhanced vise) firmware; sats links to C3KEV ‘and C3COUT; restores normal window size (Table 3-5}, oxits from scape made Disables contro! characters: on'y carriage rotur, ine feed, BELL, land backspace have an effect when printed Roactvates contro! characters, Deactivates the enhanced video 2 firmware; sets links to KEYIN and COUT: restores normal window size (Table 3-5). exits trom escape mode, Escape sequences can be used in the middle of an input line to change the appearance of the screen. They have no effect on the input line. 9.2 Standard input Features ler For an introduction to editing with these features, refer to the Applesott Tutorial ‘The cursor moves even if the deleted character fs an (rvisible) Control character. Thus itis possible for screen alignment and Butler alignment to be diferent See section 324 3.2.5 Editing With GETLN Subroutine GETLN provides the standard on-screen editing features used by the BASIC interpreters and the Monitor. Any program that uses GETLN for reading the keyboard has these features. Cancel Line Any time you are typing a line, pressing causes GETLN to cancel the line. GETLN displays a backslash ( \) and issues a carriage return, then displays the prompt and waits for you to type a new line. GETLN takes the same action when you type more than 255 characters, as described above. Backspace When you press (=) (or (GONTROL}(D), GETLN moves its buffer pointer back one space, effectively deleting the last character in its buffer. It also sends a backspace character to routine COUT, which moves the cursor back one space. If you type another character now, it will replace the character you backspaced ‘over, both on the display and in the line buffer. Each time you press (=), it moves the cursor left and deletes another character, until you are back at the beginning of the line. If you then press G) one more time, you have effectively canceled the line, and GETLN issues a carriage return and displays the prompt Retype @ (©F CCORTAOT)-M) has a function that is complementary to the backspace function. When you press (=), GETLN picks up the character under the cursor just as if it had been typed on the keyboard. You can use this procedure to pick up characters that you just deleted by backspacing across them. You can use the backspace and retype functions with the cursor-motion functions to edit data on the display. Chapter 3: Introduction to Apple lic YO TLL ‘EL 'Fh 'FL a FL PPLE PRL IFA I 3.3 Standard Output Features ‘The standard output routine is named COUT (pronounced C-out) which stands for character output. COUT normally calls COUT! or C3COUTH, which sends one character to the display, advances the cursor position, and scrolls the display when necessary. COUT and C3COUT1 restrict their use of the display to an active area called the text window, described below. 3.3.1 COUT Output Subroutine Your program makes a subroutine call to COUT at memory location $FDED with a character in the accumulator. COUT then passes control via the output link CSW to the current output subroutine, normally COUT1 or C3COUT!, which takes the character in the accumulator and writes it out. If the accumulator contains an uppercase or lowercase letter, a number, or a special character, COUT! or C3COUTI displays it if the accumulator contains a control character. COUT? or C3COUTI either performs one of the special functions described below or ignores the character. Each time you send a character to COUT1 or C3COUTI, it Gisplays the character at the current cursor position, replacing whatever was there, and then advances the cursor position one space to the right. If the cursor position is already at the right-hand edge of the window, COUT1 or C3COUTI moves it to the leftmost position on the next line down. If this would move the cursor position past the end of the last line in the window, COUT1 or C3COUT1 scrolls the display up one line and sets the cursor position at the left end of the new bottom line. ‘The cursor position is controlled by the values in memory locations $24 and $25. These locations are named CH, for cursor horizontal, and CY, for cursor vertical. COUT! and C3COUTI do not display a cursor, but the input routines described above do, and they use this cursor position. However, changing CV directly will not change the cursor's vertical position until the next carriage return or reaching the end of the current line causes a call to VTAB (for setting the base address within windows). If some other routine displays a cursor, it will not necessarily put it in the cursor position used by COUT! or C3COUTI. 98.3 Standard Output Features les ST ri Escape codes are described in section 32.4, Escape Codes: soe section 3.2.4 el Warning When the video firmware is set for 80-column display, the value of CH is kept at 0 and the true horizontal position is stored at $578. When the 80-column video firmware is active, use $578 instead of CH. 3.3.2 Control Characters With COUT1 COUTI does not display control characters. Instead, the control characters listed in Table 3-3 are used to initiate some action by the firmware. Other control characters are ignored. Most of the functions listed here can also be invoked from the keyboard, either by typing the control character listed or by using the appropriate escape code. The stop-list function, described separately, can only be invoked from the keyboard. Table 3-3. Control Characters With COUTI. Controt ASCH Apple lle Character Name Name ‘Action Taken by COUT! CONTROL-G = BEL Produces a 1000 H2 tone for (0.1 second CONTROLH BS backspace Moves cursor position one space to the let: from lelt edge of vwandow, moves to right end of line above, CONTROLY LF ling fead Moves cursor position down to ext line in waincow; seri needed CONTROLM = CR return Moves cursor position to left end ‘of ext ine in windows seri needed, 3.3.3 Control Characters With C3COUT1 C3COUTI does not display control characters. Instead, the control characters listed in the two parts of Table 3-4 are used to initiate some action by the firmware. Other contro! characters are ignored. Most of the functions listed here can also be invoked by using the appropriate escape code. The stop-list function, described separately, can only be invoked from the keyboard. Chapter 3: Introduction to Apple llc VO EME Me Ble he ERE ET Eh Dh ET ER ERTL COT a Table 3-4. Contro! Characters With C3COUT!. (1) Only avaiable when enhanced video firmware 1s active. (2) Only works from the keyboard. (3) Doesnt work from the keyboard. Controt ASCH Apple Ne Character Name Namo CONTROL-G BEL boll CONTROLH 8S backspace CONTROL) LF tine feed CONTROL-K VT clear EOS CONTROL. FF home and clear CONTROL CR return CONTROL-N SO normal CONTROL. SI inverse CONTROL DCI A0-column CONTROL-R —0C2 —&0-column CONTROLS 063 _stopulst CONTROL-U NK quit CONTROLY SYN scroll CONTROL.W ETB scroltup CONTROLX CAN. isabie MouseText CONTROLY EM home CONTROLZ SUB clear line 3.3 Standard Output Features ‘Action Taken by C3COUT! Notes Produces a 1000 Hz tone for 0.7 second Moves curser position one space to the lef; trom let fege of window, MOVES 10 Fight end of tne above. Moves cursor position down to next line in window: serols it needed. Giears from cursor poston 1,3 to the end of the screen, Moves cursor positon to 1,9 upperdeft comer of window {and clears window. Moves cursor position to left tend of next line in window, Serols If needed. Sets display format normal. 1.3 Sets display format inverse. 1.3 Sets display to 40-column. 1,3 Sets display to 80-column. 1,3 Stops isting characters on 2 the display until another key Is pressed. Desetivates enhanced video 1,3 firmware Scrolls the display down one 1,3 line, leaving the cursor in the current postion, Scrolls the cisplay up one 1,3 line, leaving the cursor in the current postion Disable MouseToxt character display: use Inverse uppercase Moves cursor position to 1,3. Lupperlet corner of window (out doesn t cea). Clears the tine te cursor 1.3 position ison. (65 Table 3-4—Continued. Control Characters With C3COUTY Control ASCII Apple tle Character Name Name ‘Action Taken by C3COUT1 Notes CONTROL ESC enable Map inverse uppercase MouseText characters to MouseText characters. CONTROL-\ FS fwd. space Moves cursor position one. 1.3, Space to the right, from right 5099 of window, moves i to lett eng of line below. CONTROL] GS ear EOL Clears trom the current. 1,3, Cursor position to the eng of the line that is, to the right, edge of the window), CONTROL US up Moves cursor up a line, no sero. 3.3.4 The Stop-List Feature When you are using any program that displays text via COUT or C3COUTI, you can make it stop updating the display by pressing (that is, by holding down while pressing (S)). Whenever COUT? or C3COUT1 gets a carriage return from the program, it checks for tt it has been pressed, COUT1 or C3COUTI stops and waits for another keypress. Then it continues normally. The character code of the key you pressed to resume displaying is ignored unless itis COUT! or C3COUT! passes CONTROL-C back to the program: if it is a BASIC program, this enables you to terminate the program while in stop-list mode. 3.3.5 The Text Window ‘After you start up the computer or perform a reset, the firmware uses the entire display. However, you can restrict video activity to any rectangular portion of the display you wish. The active portion of the display is called the text window. COUT1 or C3COUTI puts characters only into the window; when it reaches the end of the last line in the window, it scrolls only the contents of the window. Chapter 3: Introduction to Apple Ile I/O QR Phe hms lms "EE Ela ls tenths Eh Ee ED ‘Ete FE STE a You can set the top, bottom, left side, and width of the text window by storing the appropriate values into four locations in memory. This enables your programs to control the placement of text in the display and to protect other portions of the screen from being written over by new text. Memory location $20 contains the number of the leftmost column in the text window. This number is normally 0, the number of the leftmost column in the display. In a 40-column display, the maximum value for this: number is 39 (hexadecimal $27); in an 80-column display, the maximum value is 79 (hexadecimal $4F). Memory location $21 holds the width of the text window. For a 40-column display. this value is normally 40 (hexadecimal $28); for an 80-column display, it is normally 80 (hexadecimal $50). Warning Be careful not to let the sum of the window width and the leftmost position in the window exceed the width of the display you are using (40- or 80-columns). If this happens, it is possible for COUTI or C3COUTI to put characters into memory locations outside the display page, possibly destroying programs or data. Memory location $22 contains the number of the top line of the text window. This is normally 0, the topmost line in the display. Its maximum value is 23 (hexadecimal $17) Memory location $23 contains the number of the bottom ine of the screen, plus 1. itis normally 24 (hexadecimal $18) for the bottom line of the display. Its minimum value is 1 Table 3-5 summarizes the memory locations and the possible values for the window parameters. Warning Pascal does not use this method of supporting window widths. 3,3 Standard Output Features ler Table 3-5, Text Window Memory Locations Window Parameter 806 Dec Hex Left Edge 3 $20 wath 33 gat Top Edge B82 Bottom 35 $25 Edge Both these cisplay character sats ‘are deseribed in Chapter 5. el Minimum ‘Normal Values: Maximum Values: Location value’ 40c01 deol. ‘cot. Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex Dee Hex 0 % 0 $9 0 3 99 $27 79 SEF rr 2) o 0 % 9 $s 2 s7 2 sir 1 si ste 3.3.6 Normal, Inverse, and Flashing Text The form of a displayed character depends on two things: what value is stored in zero page location $32 (the inverse flag), and whether the enhanced video firmware is off or on. The effects Of the inverse flag are discussed in the next two subsections. If the enhanced video firmware is off, the Apple lic displays what is called the primary character Set; if the video firmware is on, the Apple llc displays what is called the alternate character set, ‘The primary character set includes normal (light on dark), inverse (dark on light), and flashing (alternating normal and inverse) characters. Lowercase inverse characters are not included in this set. ‘The alternate character set includes normal and inverse characters (including lowercase inverse), and a set of icons called MouseText. Flashing characters are not included in this set. To display a character, load it in the accumulator, and then jump to the character-output subroutine COUT. For example, to display the character corresponding to SC8 LDA #sc8 JSR COUT Primary Character Set Display ‘Subroutine COUTI (the standard output link when enhanced video firmware is off) can display text in normal, inverse, or flashing format, but cannot display inverse or flashing lowercase text. Chapter 8: Introduction to Apple Ile I/O TL UPL UPR UPA UPA RR UPL ORL OP UPA FA UPA FATE OF "FL or 9 pe a For a briet explanation of logical functions, refer #9 Appendix H MouseText: see Chapter 5. See secton 52.2 If the value of the character is greater than or equal to $A0, the value is logically ANDed with the value of the inverse flag (at location $32), then displayed. If the inverse flag value is 256 (hexadecimal SFF), the character is displayed in normal format; if the value is 63 (hexadecimal $3F), the character is displayed in inverse format. If the value is 127 (hexadecimal $7F) the character is displayed in flashing format. Note: To avoid unusual character display results, use only the three values S3F, S7F and $FF. Character values from $80 through SSF are interpreted as control characters and are executed, if possible. Character values from $00 through $7F are all display characters, not control characters. Alternate Character Set Display Subroutine C3COUTI (the standard output link when the enhanced video firmware is active) can display characters in normal or inverse format, and can display a set of icons called MouseText. If the character is in the range $00 through $1F or $80 through S9F, itis interpreted as a control character and not displayed. Values $20 through $7F and SAO through SFF are displayed. It inverse flag (location $32) bit 7 is 1, the character value is left alone. If inverse flag bit 7 is 0, the character value is ANDed with $7F (turing off bit 7) to make it display as an inverse character. It MouseText has not been turned on, then the values $40 through $5F are mapped to values $00 through S1F, so they display as the inverse uppercase set. If MouseText has been turned on, the values $40 through S5F are left unchanged and they display as MouseText icons. Warning Use only $3F, $7F or SFF in location $32. Other values will ‘cause unpredictable results. 3.3 Standard Output Features le WH 3.4 Port i/o Apple Ic is a member of the Apple Il family of computers; however, unlike the Apple lI Plus and lle, the Apple le does not have peripheral connector slots. In place of these, it has ports—the equivalent of firmware interface cards installed in slots. 3.4.1 Standard Link Entry Points To maintain compatibility with existing software and its Protocols, each port's I/O firmware has the same standard entry points ($Cn00) as its equivalent slot would have Table 3-6 shows these equivalents, as well as listing the chapter where each port is described, Section 3.1 describes under what conditions these entry addresses are placed in CSW and KSW. For example, issuing PR#n or IN#n changes the output and input links, respectively, so that subsequent output or input is handled by the firmware starting at address SCn00, and thus goes to or comes trom the selected device Table 5-8, Pet Caractere Entry Port pot ol Comector ve Chapter 1 Sc100 Sera pont Primera : 2 $c200 Seralpor?——=—Gommuneston 8 3 SG900 Video connactors Enhanced video 5 somes 4 scf00 Mouse whee 8 0800 Reserves © $0500 disk aves butin ad ‘ 7 $0700 Noone ceenane fone eer Prous! say) Note: The addresses shown in Table 3-6 are not entry points in the sense that you can send characters to be printed by ‘sending them to JSR $Cn00. a Chapter 3: Introduction to Apple le VO TROPA CPL RL UPL UPR UPL OFA PRA FL TR OTE OTE Bh TL FL EL i (3.4.2 Firmware Protocol Besides the standard link address, there is also a standard firmware protocol that provides a table of device identification and entry points to standard and optional firmware subroutines (Table 3-7}. Each table begins with identification bytes. Then, starting with address SCn0D, each byte in the table represents the low-order byte of the entry-point address of a firmware routine. The high-order byte of the address is $Cn, where mis the port number. Using these byte values, a program can construct its own jump table for subroutine calls. On entry, all routines require that the X register contain $Cn (nis the port number), and that the Y register contain $n0. On exit, all routines return an error code in the X register (0 means no error occurred; 3 means the request was invalid). The carry bit in the program status register usually contains a reply to a request code (0 means no; 1 means yes). All of the Apple llc ports except the disk port conform to this protocol. 3.4 Port ae 4 Table 3-7. Fimware Protocol Locations Address 8Cn05 scn07 80008 sono scno0 Scn0e Scn0F sono sent Value $8 518 sot so Description Pascal firmware card/port identier Pascal firmware card/poridentiier Generic signature byte ofa firmware cardiport Device signature byte: / i an identitir (not recessaniy unique} © ~ device class (not all used on the Apple Il): 30 reserved 3 printer 82 hand control or other X-¥ deviee 3 ‘sonia or paralel VO cardiport 84 modem 8 sound or speech device $6 lock 7 mass storage doviee 88 {80-column card/por so network or bus interface 3A special purpose (none of the above) SEF reserved SSCni is the intaization entry ads (en, ‘SChir is the reac routine entry address (PREAD). (Returns character readin & register) ‘SChww is the write routine entry address (PWITE), (Enter with character to write io A register) ‘SGnss is the status routine entry address (PSTATUS}. (Enter with request code in A Fogister: 0 to ask "Are you ready to accent output?” oF 1 to ask “Do you have input ready") ‘$00 adcitional address bytes follow; nonzero if not 721 Chapter 3: Introduction to Apple lic /O hPL TLL TR TL OTL Th OTL TL TL FL TLL ToT ti For more information, refer to the hardware page memory map in Appendix B. 3.4.3 Port I/O Space By a convention used in other Apple Il series machines, each port or slot has exclusive use of sixteen memory locations of the form SCOBO + #n0, where fis the port or slot number. ‘These locations are set aside for data input and output, Table 3-8 lists the port /O space used in the Apple llc, Table 3-8. Port /O Locations Port Locations 1 's0090-8c09F 2 SCOAOSCOAF 6 SCOEO.SCOEF 3.4.4 Port ROM Space In the Apple Il and Ile, one 256-byte page of memory space is allocated to each siot. This space is used for read-only memory (ROM or PROM) with driver programs that contro! the ‘operation of input/output devices, as outlined in Table 3-7. On the Apple llc, this space is dedicated to port firmware. However, I/O ROM space in the Apple llc is used as efficiently as possible, and so there is not a strict correspondence between firmware for port n and the $Cn00 space, except as regards entry points. 3.4.5 Expansion ROM Space The 2k-byte memory space from $C800 to SCFFF in the Apple llc—called expansion ROM space on Apple Il, I Plus and lle—contains the enhanced video firmware and port and memory transfer subroutines. Unlike the Apple Il, II Plus, oF Ile, the Apple llc always has this space switched in. 3.4.6 Port Screen-Hole RAM Space There are 128 bytes of memory (64 in main memory, 64 in auxiliary memory) allocated to the ports, eight bytes per port, as shown in Table 3-9. These bytes are reserved for use by the system, except as described in Chapters 4 through 9. ‘These addresses are unused bytes in the RAM memory reserved for text and low-resolution graphics displays, and hance they are sometimes called screen holes. These particular 3.4 Port 0 fs al locations are not displayed on the screen and their contents are not changed by the built-in output routines. In other words, they are used by the output routines but they are not part of the video display. Warning All the screen holes in auxiliary memory, and many of them in main memory, are reserved for special use by Apple Ie fimware—tor example to store initialization information. Do not use any locations marked reserved in this manual. Chapter 3: Introduction to Apple Ile I/O Pee me hil Ei: EM, TE "Ec El hc oh Eh ‘Eh... Ele STI ee et Table 3-9. Port Screen-Hole Memory Locations Base Adare: 1 2 3 4 5 ‘ 7 so47a $0479 SOATA $0478 SOK $047D SOKTE SOATF S018 SO4F9-SOMFA SOAFB SOA SAFO. SOKFE SOLE $0578 80579 S057A $087B $057C $0570 $OS7E SOS7F SO5FA —SOSF9.SUSFA S0SFB S05FC © $05FD SO5FE SOSFF $0678 $0579 SOBTA $067B $OBTC © $087D$0S7E S057 SOSFe —S0SF9_SOGFA SGT S06FC SOSFD. SOBFE SBF so77@ $0779 SO77A. $0778. SOTTC.$OTTD.SOTTE$077F so7F8 SO7F9_SO7FA SO7FB SOT SU7FD SOTFE SO7FF Port firmware use of these RAM locations and their assigned hardware addresses appear in the six chapters that follow this one. a 3.5 Interrupts ‘Append E gives a full description ff Interrupt handing on the ‘Apple le When the IRQ line on the 65C02 microprocessor is activated, the 65C02 transfers control through the vector in locations SFFFE-SFFFF of ROM or whichever bank of RAM is switched in (Chapter 2). if ROM is switched in, this vector is the address of the Monitor's interrupt handler, which determines whether the request is due to an interrupt that should be handled internally. If $0, the Monitor handles it and then returns control to the interrupted program. If the interrupt is due to a BRK ($00) instruction, control is, transferred through the BRK vector (S3F0-S3F1). Otherwise, control Is transferred through the IRQ vector (S3FE-$3FF), 3.5 Interrupts ws PEM ER TUES a This chapter describes how to use two of the Apple Ilc’s buil yaeideyoa devices: the keyboard and the speaker. I 4.1 Keyboard Input Game input switches: se Chapter 9. Table 4-1 describes the overall characteristics of the keyboard. Monitor keyboard support includes the three standard input routines described in Chapter 3. Table 4-1. Keyboard Input Characteristics Port Number Commands: Ini Characteristics None Keyboard Is always on, in the sense that any keypress generates a KSTRA, FReset routine clears the keyboard strobe and sets the eyooard as the standard input device (that is, sets KSW to point to RDKEY), Hardware Locations Description $000 Keyboard data and strobe sc010 ‘Any-oy-down flag and Ctoar-strobe switch ‘80060 40-column switch status on bit 7; 1 ~ 40-column display smth down 8006 [a) status on bit 7; 1 = pressed (also game inout switeh 0) scos2 status on bit 7: 1 = pressed 4.1 Keyboard Input 7 GETLN, GETLN1, and ROKEY: see Chapter 3. el Table 4-1—Continved. Keyboard Input Characteristics ‘Monitor Firmware Routines Location Name Description SFO6A GETLN Gets an input line with promot sFo67 GETLNZ Gets an input line with preceding carriage return ‘SFO6F GETLNt Gets an input ine, but with no preceding prompt. sFo1B KEYIN The keyboard input subroutine F035 ROCHAR Gets an input character or escape code. sFooc RDKEY The standard character input subroutine Use of Other Pages Page 2 ‘The standard character string input butfer (see GETLN escription) Chapter 4: Keyboard and Speaker ILO UUI RAIMA inti in tn oredr e i For a doserinton of now the keyboard strobe works, refer 10 Appenix E 4.1.1 Reading the Keyboard ‘The keyboard encoder and ROM generate all 128 ASCII codes, 0 all the special character codes in the ASCII character set are available from the keyboard. Machine-lanquage programs obtain character codes from the keyboard by using RDKEY, which feads a byte from the keyboard-data location shown in Table 4-1 Here is how reading the keyboard is done: 1. To see if a key has been pressed, test bit 7 at address $C000. 2. When that bit goes to a 1, the low-order seven bits are the character. 3. Clear the high bit at $C000 by reading or writing anything to address $CO10. ‘C010 has another function: its high bit is a 1 while a key is pressed (except the Apple keys, (GaPSLOcK), and (RESET). Bit 7 at this location is therefore called any-key-down. Any time you read the any-key-down bit at $C010, you also clear the keyboard strobe bit at $CO00. If your program needs to read both the flag and the strobe, it must read the strobe bit first. After the keyboard strobe has been cleared, it remains low until another key is pressed. 4.4 Keyboard Input lo Codes are shown here in hexadecimal; to find the dacimal ‘equivalents, refer to section H6. Bol Table 4-2 shows the ASCII codes for the keys on the Apple Ilo keyboard. If the strobe bit is set, add $80 to these values, Table 4-2. Keys and ASCII Codes Key Normal Char Control Char Shift Char Both Char GE FEL OF DEL 7F DEL 7F EL 08 Bs 08 5S 08 BS 08s. cy Hr 08 WT 09 HT 08 oT OA LF RLF OA oT 0B Tw 00 = cR «0D CRS cR_s wD cR 6 NAK 18 NAK 15 NAK 15 NAK 1 ESC 1B CESC «1B CESS 1B ESC SPACE 20 sp 20 sp 20 SP SP 2 7 2 2 x. Ge . 20 wus Fr > 2e ze se se > fa oe ee er) o 20 0 80 Cr ” 3 + 3 tom boa 2@ 2 op Nu 40 @ NUL 36 B38 3 8 # me 4s 3 4 4 Gog 5% 35 5 9 5 6B %& 8 % e 368 6 1 RS SE ERS 78 37 7 3 7 8 & w & a 38 8 38 rn a * 39 8 9 9 2 | ww ¢ 3 38 3B 3A 3A - 30 - —@ = 8 + 2 + t 5B ot) 1B ESC 7B |) BSC. = sc \ 16 FB ts 1 5s} tS}, " 60 60 a Chapter 4: Keyboard and Speaker "Fh FL Fh Fh FF PER EER ri i aa i Table 4-2—Continuod. Kays and ASCII Codes Key Normal 6 ro7mMoO oe N 20 PRINT PRINT Ds; 30 INVERSE 40 PRINT CHRS (27) ;"@ABCDEF GHI JKLMNOPQRSTUVMXYZ(\}"_ 50 PRINT CHRS(24)3 60 NORMAL PRE! Simulated MouseText characters and their corresponding ASCII characters are shown in Figure 5-1. nev U bho 4 > dt Tr R. a Le) <3

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