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Governing Mechanism of Tunneling

The document summarizes governing mechanisms of tunneling in rock, including: 1) Stresses around a circular excavation based on elasticity solutions. 2) Failure criteria like Hoek-Brown for rock mass strength. 3) Structural failures involving wedges can be modeled using programs like UNWEDGE. 4) Numerical modeling techniques are used to analyze stress changes during excavation sequences and evaluate face stability with various support methods.

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151 views

Governing Mechanism of Tunneling

The document summarizes governing mechanisms of tunneling in rock, including: 1) Stresses around a circular excavation based on elasticity solutions. 2) Failure criteria like Hoek-Brown for rock mass strength. 3) Structural failures involving wedges can be modeled using programs like UNWEDGE. 4) Numerical modeling techniques are used to analyze stress changes during excavation sequences and evaluate face stability with various support methods.

Uploaded by

chouszesze
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Lecture 9
Governing Mechanism of Tunneling
2
Stresses Around a Circular Excavation in an
Elastic Infinite Medium
( ) ( ) { }
( )
( ) k 3 p
270 and 90 sidewall the at and
1 3k p
180 floor the at and
0 roof the at then
cos2 k 1 2 k 1 p
0 and
a r opening, the At
z
0 0
z
0
0
z
r r
=
=
=
=
=
+ =
=
=
Klee, Rummel and Williams (1999)
Kirsch (1898)
3
( ) ( ) { }
z
z
z
r r
p 2 sidewall the at and
p 2 floor and roof the at then
1 k For
cos2 k 1 2 k 1 p
0 and
a r opening, the At
=
=
=
+ =
=
=
MPa 60
MPa 30 x 2

=
=
0
r
=
Uniaxial Compressive Strength (Granite, Granodiorities
and Tuffs in Table 11 of Geoguide 1)
10 - 150 III
100 - 200 II
150 - 350 I
UCS
MPa
Decomposition
Grade
Initiation of Failure NOT
stress control
4
Muirwood [22] and
Adyan et al. [23]
Hoek and Brown [13]
For GSI = 50
( )
1 . 0
150
15

depth m 500 MPa 15


c
1
1
= =
=
i
( )
2 . 0
150
30

depth m 1000 MPa 30


c
1
1
= =
=
i
( )
15 . 0 12 . 0
50
6

depth m 200 MPa 6


c
1
1
< = =
=
i
Most underground
opening in HK
Kinematic Control
5
6
For Stress Controlled Problem
Deep Tunnel
1. Create Mesh. Determine
extent of boundary.
2. Input material properties.
3. Determine boundary
conditions (degree of
freedom)
4. Turn on gravity or assign
horizontal and vertical
stresses
5. Assign all materials to
have elastic properties
and then delete elements
inside the tunnel
7
1. Read out the nodal forces
around the tunnel
boundary
2. Repeat Step 5 by
assigning the true
properties (elasto-plastic
behavior and correct
cohesion and phi) to all
elements AND apply
equal and opposite
direction of nodal forces
obtained from Step 6 to
the tunnel boundary
3. Reduce the nodal forces
proportionally until
inequilibrium is reached
8
Shallow Tunnel
A 12 m span tunnel is to be
excavated by top heading
and bench methods at a
depth of about 15 m below
the surface. The parallel
highway is to be placed on a
cut, the toe of which is
about 38 m from the tunnel
boundary.
Processes involved in
excavation of the highway cut
and the subsequent tunnel
excavation, a simple model is
constructed with no support
in the tunnel.
9
Slope stable after cutting
10
Surface subsidence and
caving in after top bench is
cut.
11
Tunnel Face Instability
The advancing tunnel is represented by a
horizontal slot.
The 12 m tunnel is driven with 3 m advances
and tractions are applied to represent the
installed support.
The vertical stress due to 15 m of cover is
approximately 0.4 MPa.
With the addition of steel sets, the support
pressure from 6 to 9 m is assumed to be 0.3
MPa. Finally, embedding these sets in
shotcrete gives the support pressure of 0.4 MPa
at 9 m behind the face.
3-6m
No support
pressure
0-3m
6-9m >9m
Support
pressure is
0.4 MPa,
representing
steel sets +
shotcrete
Support
pressure is
0.3 MPa,
representing
steel sets
Support
pressure is
0.2 MPa,
representing
shotcrete
12
Face stability needs
to be considered
with different
supporting methods.
One method is to use
forepoling.
13
A crude equivalent model is used in this analysis
Weighted averages can be used to estimate the strength and deformation of the zone of reinforced
rock
The strength is estimated by multiplying the strength of each component (rock, steel and grout) by
the cross-sectional area of each component and then dividing the sum of these products by the total
area. The tunnel roof required to install the forepoles are approximately 0.6 m deep and hence we
will consider a rock beam 1 m wide and 0.6 m deep.
The resulting rock mass strength for this composite beam is 1.57/0.62 = 2.5 MPa.
After supporting Before supporting
14
The forepoles are installed over the crown of the
excavation.
Deformation modulus is reduced 50% to represent the fact
that the face has already reached this point before the
forepoles are installed.
Excavation of the top heading and removing the bench to
create the complete tunnel profile.
Caving has been controlled but large up heave still
occurs at the invert
Supplemented with the provision of a 30 cm thick shotcrete
temporary invert for the top heading.
The displacements of the top heading invert have
been halved.
Objective is to investigate a number of alternatives
15
The effects of excavation sequence:
The slope is cut first and then tunnel excavated. The tunnel is excavated first, then slope is cut.
16
Typical Modeling Capability
Excavation
Staged Excavation
Staged 1 Staged 3
17
Excavation supported by Bolts and Lining
18
Effects of Single Joint to Excavation
19
For Structural Controlled Problem
Tunnels excavated in jointed rock masses at relatively shallow depth:
common types of failure are those involving wedges falling from the roof or
sliding out of the sidewalls of the openings.
These wedges are formed by intersecting structural features, such as bedding
planes and joints, which separate the rock mass into discrete but interlocked
pieces.
Sliding wedge Falling wedge
20
Hoek, Kaiser and Bawden (1995)
21
Unstable Wedge formed inside Tunnel
Top View Perspective View
22
1. Determine the average dip and dip direction of significant discontinuity sets.
2. Identify any potential wedges which can slide or fall from the back or walls.
3. Calculate the factor of safety of these wedges, depending upon the mode of failure.
4. Calculate the amount of reinforcement required to bring the factor of safety up to an
acceptable level.
Use of UNWEDGE Program
= 30 and c=0
Tunnel axis plunges at 15
Trend of the axis is 025
23
The program determines the location and dimensions of the largest wedges
which can be formed in the roof, floor and sidewalls of the excavation as shown
24
Assumes that the discontinuities are ubiquitous, they can occur anywhere in
the rock mass.
Structural features are assumed to be planar and continuous.
Find the largest possible wedges which can form
Very little movement occurs in the rock mass before failure of the wedge.
Factors of safety of 1.5 to 2.0.
Bolts should be inclined so that the angle is between 15 and 30 which
will induce the highest shear resistance along the sliding surfaces.
25
FOS (F) for a block or a wedge reinforced
against sliding on a single plane:
( )
Fsin tan cos
cA tan cos Fsin W
T
+

=

( )
Tsin Wsin
tan Tcos Wcos cA
F

+ +
=

or
where,
W = weight of wedge or block
T = load in bolts or cables
A = base area of sliding surface
= dip of sliding surface
= angle between plunge of bolts or cables and the normal to the sliding surface
c = cohesive strength of sliding surface
= friction angle of sliding surface
26
Tunneling in Heavily Jointed
Rock Mass
27
Relative size of the opening to
the jointing system
Transition from isotropic intact
rock specimen to highly
anisotropic rock mass (controlled
by joints) to isotropic heavily
jointed rock mass
28
Hoek-Brown failure criterion - assumes isotropic rock and rock mass
behaviour
When the structure being analysed is large and the block size small
in comparison, the rock mass can be treated as a Hoek-Brown
material.
Where the block size is of the same order as that of the structure
being analysed or when one of the discontinuity sets is significantly
weaker than the others, the Hoek-Brown criterion should not be used.
In these cases, the stability of the structure should be analysed by
considering failure mechanisms involving the sliding or rotation of
blocks and wedges defined by intersecting structural features.
29
Hoek, Kaiser and Bawden (1995)
30
31
Tunnel face coincident
with measuring point as
tunnel advances
Tunnel face progressed
beyond measuring point
Assume no support
except rock ahead of face
Hoek, Kaiser and
Bawden (1995)
32
Deformation of Tunnel Driven in Elastic Medium: The Axisymmetric Case
Assumptions: circular tunnel of Radius
R in homogeneous isotropic medium
Isotropic Stress =
0
Excavation
Face
Radial Displacement = u
R
For No Support far behind the
face
Shear Modulus of ground = G
( ) ( ) ( ) =
R R
u x x u
At any distance x from
the face:
1 and 0 between
Initial measuring distance from face = x
0
Panet (1993)
33
Deformation of Tunnel Driven in Elastic Medium: The Axisymmetric Case
Approximation of Measured Convergence C (based on
observed extent of plastic zone)
( ) ( )
( ) assumed 0.84R X where
x X
X
1 C x C
2
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Panet (1993)
( ) = = C C ,
2
X
x at
Assumed Distribution
( )
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
2
x X
X
1 0.72 0.28 x
34
Deformation of Tunnel Driven in Elastic Medium: The Axisymmetric Case
Panet (1993)
x < -2R
x =

Assume the same


can be applied to the
change in stress:
( )
0
R
x =
Considered the 3-D problem is
an equivalent Plane Strain
Problem
35
Deformation of Tunnel Driven in Elastic Medium: The Axisymmetric Case
0
2
2

R
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Radial Stress
Tangential Stress
0
2
2

R
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Distribution of Radial Stress and Tangential Stress in an
Elastic Axisymmetric Case, Panet (1993)
36
Deformation of Tunnel Driven in Elastic Medium: The Axisymmetric Case

R
2G

u
2 0

=
Radial Displacement as function of :
2G
R
u
0
R
=
Radial Displacement at the tunnel
wall where = R:
Convergence-Confinement
Curve, Panet (1993)
Support installed at a distance d from the
face (d=unsupported span)
Stiffness of Support = K
c
Pressure on the Support = p
s
Radial Displacement of the Support = u
SR
= u
R
(x)-u
R
(d)
( ) | |
0
c
c
s
d 1
2G K
K
p
+
=
2G
R
0

c
K 2G
c
K d 2G
R
u
+
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
At Equilibrium
At Equilibrium
37
Assumption in this case:
P
0
=
h
=
v
Rock mass behavior is not
time-dependent
Step 3
Step 1
Step 4
Step 5
Step 2
u
i0
P
0
= P
i
Steel sets support
Opening support by
tunnel face
P
0
= 0
38
Complicated ground-reaction interaction simplified by approximate solution
Basic Assumption:
Stress induced deformation
No time-dependent behaviour
P
0
=
h
=
v
Rock mass (original, unbroken)
is linear elastic with strength
criterion as:
In the elastic region, strain is
governed by E and . At failure,
rock will dilate and strain is
calculated using associated flow
rule in the plasticity theory
Rock mass (broken in the plastic
zone is perfectly plastic with
strength criterion as:
Weight of broken rock is added
after stress analysis to simplify
procedure
( )
2
1
2
c 3 c 3 1
s m + + =
( )
2
1
2
c r 3 c r 3 1
s m + + =
39
Based on differential equation for equilibrium:
( )
0
r

dr
d
r r
=

+
and boundary conditions:
0 r
re r e
P , r at
, r r at
= =
= =
Stresses in the ELASTIC region:
( )
2
e
re 0 0 r
r
r
P P
|
.
|

\
|
=
( )
2
e
re 0 0
r
r
P P
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Stresses in the BROKEN rock:
( )
i
2
1
2
c r i c r
i
2
i
4
m
r
P s P m
r
r
ln
r
r
ln
c r
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
40
Stresses at the Plastic and Elastic Zone Boundary:
( )
re 0 re e
P 2 + =
8
m
s

P
m
4
m
2
1
M
where
M P
2
1
c
0
2
c 0 re

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
Radius of the Plastic Zone:
( )

)

+
=
2
1
2
c r i c r
c r
s P m
m
2
N
i e
e r r
where
( )
2
1
2
c r
2
c r 0 c r
c r
M m s P m
m
2
N + =
41
( )
( )
e re 0 e
r P
E
1
u
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
R
1
1 1
r
r
r
r
r
u
2
e
2
i
e
2
i
e
e
e
av
i
e
i
e
r
r
2Dln R , 3
r
r
rock broken thin For = <
D 1 . 1 R , 3
r
r
rock broken thick For
i
e
= >
2
1
c
re
s

m
4 m
m
D
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=
At the opening, the Radial Displacement
u
i
is given by:
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2
1
av
i0 i
A 1
e 1
1 r u
2
i
e
av
e
e
r
r
e
r
u
2 A
where
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
At the elastic boundary, the Radial
Displacement u
e
is given by:
Analysis of Deformation
The average plastic volumetric strain in the
BROKEN zone is given by Ladanyi (1974) as:
r
e
=radius of plastic zone
42
c 0 icr
M P P =
c 0 re
M P =
( )
(


|
.
|

\
|
+
=
> >
i 0 i0 i
icr i 0
P P
E
1
r u then
P P P if Elastic Mass Rock
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+

=
<
2
1
av
i0 i
icr i
A 1
e 1
1 r u then
P P if Exists Mass Rock Broken
The above equations for u
i
are for sidewalls
To allow for the dead weight of the broken
rock
( )
( ) Floor for r r Subtract
Roof for r r Add
i e r
i e r

Ground Convergence Curve


Critical Support Pressure
43
Support Reaction Curve
u
i0
=Initial convergence (support is installed
after certain convergence taken place)
u
ie
=Elastic part of the total deformation u
i
The Radial Support Pressure (P
i
) provided
by the support is given by:
i
ie
i
r
u
k P =
k = Stiffness constant of the support
The Total Deformation of the Support u
i
is given by:
k
r P
u u
i i
i0 i
+ =
44
The stiffness (k
c
) provided by Concrete or
Shotcrete Ring is given by:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2
c i
2
i c c
2
c i
2
i c
c
t r r 2 1 1
t r r E
k
+ +

=
where
thickness shotcrete or concrete t
radius tunnel r
concrete of ratio s poisson'
concrete of modulus elastic E
c
i
c
c
=
=
=
=
From theory of hollow cylinders under external
pressure, the maximum support pressure (P
scmax
)
is given by: Concrete or shotcrete ring
assumed CLOSED LOOP and
Continuous
( )
)
`


=
2
i
2
c i
cconcrete scmax
r
t r
1
2
1
P
cconcrete

=unconfined compressive strength


of concrete
45
The stiffness (k
s
) provided by Blocked Steel Set is given by:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
B
B
2
s s
3
i
s s
i
s
W E
t 2S
1
2sin
cos sin
I E
Sr
A E
Sr
k
1
+
(


+
+ =
r
i
= tunnel radius
S = set spacing along length of tunnel
= half angle between blocking points in radians
W = flange width of set
A
s
= cross sectional area of steel section
I
s
= moment of inertia of steel section
E
s
= Youngs modulus of steel
t
B
= thickness of block (block is assumed square in plan and have a side
length W)
E
B
= modulus of elasticity of block material
46
The maximum support pressure (P
ssmax
) provided by Blocked
Steel Set is given by:
( )
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
cos 1 X
2
1
t r XA 3I 2Sr
I 3A
P
B i s s i
ys s s
ssmax
where,

ys
= yield strength of steel
X = depth of steel section
47
The stiffness (k
b
) provided by mechanically or chemically
anchored UNGROUTED rock bolt is given by:
bolt of modulus s Young' E
spacing bolt rock al longitudin s
spacing bolt rock ntial circumfere s
bolt of diam. d
head and anchor between bolt of length free
where
Q
E d
4
r
s s
k
1
b
c
b
b
2
b i
c
b
=
=
=
=
=
(

+ =
l
l
l
l
( ) ( )
test out pull from
T T
u u u u
Q
1 2
eb1 1 eb2 2


=
bolt in load T
b
=
48
( ) ( )
1 2
eb1 1 eb2 2
T T
u u u u
Q


=
The elastic extension of the bolt shank is:
b
2
b
b
eb
E d
T 4
u
l
=
The deformation of the anchor (slip
between bolt and rock mass), washer plate
and bolt head is:
b ab
QT u =
The maximum support pressure (P
sbmax
)
provided by ungrouted rock bolt is given by:
test out pull from load failure ultimate T
s s
T
P
bf
c
bf
sbmax
=
=
l

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