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Applications of Fluid Principle

This document discusses several major applications of fluid principles: 1) Hydraulics use fluid pressure to create mechanical advantage through amplified force, similar to levers, and are used in car brakes and heavy lifting. 2) Bernoulli's principle explains that faster moving air has lower pressure, allowing airplane wings to generate lift. 3) Fluids reduce friction between surfaces compared to solids, and are used as lubricants between moving parts.

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43 views

Applications of Fluid Principle

This document discusses several major applications of fluid principles: 1) Hydraulics use fluid pressure to create mechanical advantage through amplified force, similar to levers, and are used in car brakes and heavy lifting. 2) Bernoulli's principle explains that faster moving air has lower pressure, allowing airplane wings to generate lift. 3) Fluids reduce friction between surfaces compared to solids, and are used as lubricants between moving parts.

Uploaded by

vishal_kalra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Explanation of how fluid principles are applied in various mechanisms. Also refer to Physical Science, Physics, Mechanics, hydraulics, airplanes, airfoils, Bernoulli, School for Champions, Kurtus echnolo!ies, Milwau"ee, #isconsin. Copyri!ht $estrictions

Applications of Fluid Principles


%y $on Kurtus &' May ())*+ here are several ma,or applications of the special properties of fluids. he pressure of fluids can %e amplified throu!h the use of hydraulic mechanisms. Chan!es in pressure with the velocity of the fluid allow airplanes to fly. -luids are also used to reduced friction. .uestions you may have include/ 0ow can pressure %y amplified throu!h hydraulic mechanisms1 0ow do airplanes fly1 0ow is friction reduced1

his lesson will answer those 2uestions. here is a mini32ui4 at the end of the lesson.

Hydraulics
0ydraulics concern fluids33usually li2uids33that are in partially enclosed containers, such that you can apply pressure in one area. An example is a cylinder with a piston.

Pressure from single piston


5f you have a cylinder filled with a li2uid and apply a force to a piston on one end of the cylinder, the pressure &P+ on the walls of the cylinder e2ual the force &F+ divided %y the area &A+ of the piston in the cylinder. P6F7A

Pressure on second piston


8ow, if the first cylinder was connected to a second cylinder of lar!er diameter, the pressure inside that cylinder would %e the same P, %ut the force F2 applied to the lar!er piston would now %e/ P 6 F2 7 A2 Pressure same he pressure for %oth is the same. hus, F2 7 A2 = F 7 A

or F2 = &F x A2+ 7 A -or example, if F 6 *)) pounds and A 6 9 s2uare inches, then P 6 () pounds7s2uare inch. P is the same on %oth pistons. Force greater on large piston 5f the lar!er piston had an area of A2 6 (9 s2uare inches, and the pressure remained at P 6 () pounds7s2uare inch, then the resultin! force on that piston would %e F2 = &F x A2+ 7 A 6 &*)) x (9+ 7 9 6 9)) pounds. his is a mechanical advanta!e, similar to that seen with levers.

Used in brakes
0ydraulic mechanisms are used in the %ra"es in your car. he force applied on the %ra"e pedal is multiplied on the %ra"e drums. Another use is to ,ac" up a heavy item, li"e a truc".

elocity reduces pressure


he scientist Bernoulli discovered that the air pressure in a tu%e !oes down when the velocity of the air in the tu%e increases. his discovery %ecame "nown as Bernoulli:s Principle.

Used by airplanes
he !reatest application of this principle is used in airplanes. he win! of an airplane is usually curved on top and flat on the %ottom. his shape is called the airfoil. #hen the air moves over the curved top portion of the win! or airfoil, it speeds up %ecause of the shape. his lowers the pressure with respect to the %ottom part of the win!. ;ower pressure on the top results in the lift re2uired to "eep the airplane aloft. he principle is so simple, %ut not very o%vious.

Flying up-side-down
But if the airfoil !ives lift, how can an airplane fly up3side3down1 5f the airplane is !oin! fast enou!h, other factors influence the lift. #hen the plane is up3side3down, it is really flyin! at a sli!ht an!le, so it is !oin! sli!htly upward to compensate for the loss of lift. Some airplanes33such as an airliner33can have !reat difficulty flyin! up3side3down. <sually only smaller stunt planes and military craft can do this maneuver.

Friction reduced

Solids can have rou!h surfaces. Even microscopic rou!hness can result in a su%stantial resistive force of friction when two solids are ru%%ed to!ether, as well as wear on the parts.

Fluids offer little resistance


=n the other hand, a fluid does not have a rou!h surface and ru%%in! a solid alon! a fluid results in little resistive force. 5nstead of friction, the resistance is due to the thic"ness or viscosity of the li2uid, which affects its a%ility to move and chan!e its shape.

Used as lubricants
he reduction of friction of two solids can then %e achieved %y separatin! them %y a layer of a fluid, so the solid surfaces are not in direct contact. his is called lu%rication. #ater can %e used as a lu%ricant, %ut it also evaporates 2uic"ly. =ils are typically used to lu%ricate parts and prevent friction, as well as excessive wear from the friction. 5n some small, hi!h speed parts, such as the hard3drive of your computer, air is used as a lu%ricant.

!n conclusion
0ydraulics use fluid pressure to create the same mechanical advanta!e as a lever. he Bernoulli Principle allows airplanes to fly from the lift created %y reduced air pressure on the top of their win!s. -luids also can %e used to reduce friction.

Apply what you "now

"ini#$ui% to chec& your understanding


&8ote/ >our %rowser must %e a%le to use ?avaScript for this 2ui4 to function properly.+ '( !f the area of the larger piston in an hydraulic de)ice dou*les+ ,hat happens to the force applied to that piston5t stays the same 5t dou%les 5t is cut in half 2( Ho, can a plane fly up#side#do,n5t can only %e done in the movies By flippin! its win!s inside3out

By flyin! at a sli!ht upward an!le .( /hy doesn0t a fluid ha)e a rough surface li&e a solid5t does, %ut you can:t see it A fluid:s surface has no distinct shape -luids are all slippery 5f you !ot all three correct, you are on your way to %ecomin! a champion in science. 5f you had pro%lems, you had %etter loo" over the material a!ain.

/hat do you thin&@o you have any 2uestions, comments, or opinions on this su%,ect1 5f so, send an email with your feed%ac". 5 will try to !et %ac" to you as soon as possi%le. -eel free to esta%lish a lin" from your we% site to pa!es in this site.

Students and researchers


he #e% address of this pa!e is ,,,(school#for#champions(com1science1fluidapplications(htm . Please include it as a reference in your report, document, or thesis. 5f you would li"e to contri%ute a report, short article, lesson material or helpful tips on physical science, please chec" contri%utor information for details on what to do and the %enefits you can receive. Also, tell a friend a%out this material.

/here can you go from here-

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Applications of Fluid Principles Also see2

Fluids Pressure in Fluids Floating in Fluids Succeed in /riting 3ist 4our School 55 Pre)ious | 6ext 77

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