Endangered Species

The Project Report Submitted By: Shabbir Lulawala (1166) - FY C Harshal Nath (1138) - FY C Gaurav Jain (1137) - FY C Bhumik Soni (1171) - FY C Under the Guidance of Dr.Nitin Mahakale Sir

Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies Under Graduate(SCMS-UG)

DECLARATION
I Shabbir Lulawala, Harshal Nath, Gaurav Jain, and Bhumik Soni hereby declare that this project report titled as ENDANGERED SPECIES has been prepared by us during the academic year 2011-12.I also hereby declare that this project is based on an original.

Introduction
An endangered species is a population of organisms, which is either so few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or prediction parameters that it is at the risk of becoming extinct. Thus they are animals or plants that are soon to die out. This means that once they become extinct, they will be never seen on earth again. Section 3 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 defines endangered species to mean any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Many plants and animals become endangered or extinct every year. Recently, however the rate of them dying out increased dramatically. It is estimated that 27,000 species become extinct each year, about three per hour. Since 1996 , scientists calculated that 124 types of amphibians , 1108 types of birds ,734 types of fish , 1096 types of mammals and 253 types of reptiles became endangered . This statistics also applies to plants. There are many reasons that can cause a species of animals or plants to become endangered. First of all, the human population has been increasing at a rapid rate for the last few decades. To accommodate the oversized human population, more and more land is being taken away from these plants and animals. The natural habitats are snatched away from these species, leaving them with only a small portion of the land, which they once roamed freely with the little amount of land these animals or plants have, the food source is becoming scarce. They have to fight amongst themselves in order to remain alive. They also dont have enough

room to live. Sometimes animals or plants do not adapt to the little spaces they now have and die. Another cause for the animals and plants becoming endangered is increasing use of chemicals. When people use pesticides to kill insects and other pests. They also endanger the lives of the other species around them. These chemicals get into the rivers or other water resources and affect the aquatic animals. When birds prey on these marine animals, they are also contaminated with the harmful chemicals. The DDT causes the egg shells to become fragile. Hunting and trading are other means that threaten the lives of many innocent living creatures on earth. People kill animals for their fur, oil, body parts, and skin and for various other purposes to earn a quick buck. Fur coat, cosmetics, perfumes, oil for lamps and traditional medicines. Many people hunt just for entertainment and sports even through it are banned by law. Last but not the least, another factor responsible for the fast decline in a number of plant and animal species is pollution. By polluting the environment,Man is not only harming himself but also other living creatures. Plants and animals too need a clean and healthy environment to survive. The acid rain for example is extremely become brittle and fades their color. Many innocent animals, who consume garbage and other wastes, might get poisoned or choked to death. Toxic wastes in the water system also caused a large number of fishes to die out in the last two decades. Facts about endangered species: According to the scientists, more than one and one - half million species exist out the earth today.

 However, recent estimates state that at least 20 times that many species inhabit the earth. In the United States, 735 species of plants and 496 species of animals are listed as threatened or endangered. There are more than 3500 protected areas in existence worldwide. These areas include parks, wildlife refuges and other reserves. They cover a total of nearly 2 million square miles or 3 % of the total land areas.

List of endangered animals

Common name Antelope Aye aye Alligator Bison Brown bear Boa Cheetah Chimpanzee Crocodile Swamp deer Dhole Dove Asian Elephant Eagle Falcoln Gazelle Gorilla Hyena Hawaiian hawk Ibex , walia Iguana Jaguar

Scientific name Hippo tragus Niger Varian Daubentonia Madagascariensis Alligator Sinensis Bison Athabasca Ursus Arctos Pruinosus Epicrates Inorantus Acinonyx Jubcus Pan Paniscus Crocodyles Palustris Cervus Dwaucali Cuon Alpinus Drepanoptila Holosericea Elephas Maximus Haliaetus leucocephalus Falco Peregrinus Gazella Gorilla Hyaena Brunnea Buteo Solitarius Capra Waliei Conotophus Pallidus Panthera Onea

Place Angola Malagasy China Canada China USA Africa , india Zaire India, Pakistan Iran , Bangladesh, India, Nepal Korea, china, India, South east Asia New Caledonia Southern , central and south east Asia Northern Mexico Worldwide except Antarctica Palestine , Sinai South East Asia West Africa , South Africa Indian ocean Comoro Islands Ethiopia Ecuador USA , Mexico, South America

Kangaroo Kite Leopard Langur Macaque Monkey Numbat Ocelot Ostrich Panda Pangolin Porcupine Quakka Rhinoceros Rabbit Rail Saki Seal Tiger Tamanin Urial Viana Viper Whale

Macropus Giganteus Tasmaniensis Chodrohierox Uncinatus Wilsonii Panthera Pardus Presbytis Pileata Macaca Silenus Cercopithecus Diana Myrmecotins Faciatus Felis Pardalis Struthio Camelus Syria cus Ailuropoda Melannoleuca Manis Temmincki Chartomy Sulpinosus Setonix Brachyurus Rhinoceros Unicomis Sylvilagus Palustris Hetneri Rallus Pectoralis Chiropotes Satanas Monrachus Panthera Tiger Leontopitheaus Ovis Musimom Viagra Vipera Latifi Balaenoptera Musculus

Australia West Indies caba Africa, Asia India , Burma, Bangladesh India Coastal and western Africa Australia USA to central and south America Jordan, Saudi Arabia China Africa Brazil Australia India, Nepal USA New Zealand Brazil Mediterranean , Black sea Temperate and Tropical Asia Brazil Cypnes South America Iran Oceanic

Yak Zebra

Bosgrunniens Mutus Emus Zebra

China, India South Africa

ENDANGERED FAUNA

The great Indian rhinoceros

INTRODUCTION
Rhinoceros, common name for five species of enormous mammals with one or two horns projecting from their snouts. Rhinos are among the biggest and heaviest land animals alive today, exceeded in size only by the elephant and the hippopotamus. They have thick, pillar like legs, with three toes covered with broad hoof like nails. Rhinos are legendary for their poor eyesight, but their senses of smell and hearing are acute. Although they look clumsy, rhinos can survive around rapidly to face danger, and if threatened, can change at speeds up to 50km/h (about 30 mph). Rhinos live in warm climates and bare found only in Africa and Asia. The two African species are the white rhinoceros, a relatively placid animal that is the largest of all rhino species. The Asian species include the Indian rhinoceros, which has skin that looks like a suit of armor, and the two much rarer species, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Javan rhinoceros. As a result of illegal trade in rhinoceros horn and habitat destruction, the population of the Asian Rhinoceros has suffered a sharp decline in recent years , and are now close to extinction in the wild.

EVOLUTION
Rhinos first evolved over 40 million years ago from animals that booked similar to tapirs. Prehistoric ancestors of rhinoceros include Indricotherium and Paraceratherium, hornless giants that may have weighed up to 20 tons, making them among the largest animals that ever lived. During the last ice age, woodly rhinos roamed the tundra of northern Europe and sileria. These two handed animals with long, shaggy coats died out fifteen thousand years ago, but their frozen remains are occasionally discovered.

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Rhinoceros make up the family Rhinocerotidae.The Indian rhinoceros is classified as Rhinoceros Unicomis, the Javan rhinoceros as Rhinoceros Sondaicus and the Sumatran rhinoceros as Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis. The African black rhinoceros is classified as Diceros Bicomis, and the African white rhinoceros as Cerathotherium Sinum.

RANGE AND DENSITY

Female Indian 9 15 sqkm (3.5 5.8 sqm). Ranges of breeding males vary from at least 2 -8 sqkm. The range can be temporarily enlarged when the food and water supplies are low. Conversely, ranges are smallest in the regions of greatest vegetational diversity. Various studies have reported the following population densities of the Indian rhino: more than 2.0 rhinos /sq km in kaziranga, Assam in

India; up to 4.85 rhinos / sq km in grasslands and maximum of 13.3 rhinos /sq km in reverie forest in Chituran, Nepal.

HABITAT
The Indian Rhinoceros is found in marshy lowlands. Tall grass, thick forests and swamps are rhino territory. The rhinoceros spends a significant amount of time during the day, wallowing in mud or marshy pools.

ESTIMATED POPULATION
The estimated population of wild rhinoceros in national parks worldwide is approximately 2400 of which 1600 are in India, primarily in the Kaziranga and Manas Wildlife Sanctuaries in Assam in North East India.

DIET
The Indian rhinos diet mainly consists of grass, leaves and twigs. It also includes fruits, branches of trees and shrubs and cultivated crops. Salt lakes are visited regularly. The Indian rhino uses its prehensile upper lip to browse tall grass and shrubs. It can fold the tip of its lip when feeding on short grass. The Indian rhino daily drinks from streams, rivers, lakes, puddles or wallows. Rhinos often drink very dirty water heavily contaminated with rhino urine. It

usually feeds in the morning and evening and spends the hot daytime cooling off in a mud wallow.

BEHAVIOUR
The Indian Rhinoceros is usually a solitary animal. Calves live with their mothers for several years. Male rhinos are known to fight over territory and during the mating season. The rhinos horn is used as a threatening display as well as to attack other male rhinos or any intruders in its territory. Rhinos can run up to 55 kmph for short distances and rely on their sense of smell and hearing. Their eyesight is comparatively poor. Rhino s can live up to 30 45 years in the wild and have been recorded as living 47 years in captivity.

BIRTH RATE
Usually one Indian rhino calf is born at a time .The time between the births can be as short as 22 months but usually it is 2 - 4 years.

MORALITY AND SURVIVAL RATE

Annual natural morality rates for the Indian rhinos have been reported as 28% for calves, 2.2% for sub adults and 2.9% for adults. These rates include natural morality causes such as tiger predation ,

separation of claves from their mothers , floods , quakes and fights with conspecifics but they do not including poaching.

THREATS
1. Hunting Hunting has also been an important factor in the species historical decline. During the last century rhinos were hunted for sport by Europeans and Asians. Rhinos were also killed as pests in tea plantation. By early 1900s the population was so far reduced that rhino hunting was prohibited in Assam, Bengal and Myanmar. 2. Habitat loss and Degradation The need for land by the growing human population remains a major threat to the Indian rhino. Many of the protected areas with rhinos have now reached the limit of how many individual they can support. 3. Illegal Trade / Poaching A continuous threat is poaching for rhino horn for use in traditional Asian medicines. The horn is used primarily for the treatment of a variety of ailments ranging from epilepsy , fevers, and strokes. Asian rhino horn is believed to be more effective than African Horn. Despite protection, rhino horn is skill traded extensively throughout Asia.

STEPS TO CONSERVE THE RHINOCEROS

Rhinoceros have been listed on CITES appendix 1 since 1977. All international trade in rhinos and their product have been prohibited .to help reduce trade and complement and legislation were implemented in 1990s by a number of consumer states. Effective field protection of rhino population has been critical. Many remaining rhinos are now concentrated in fenced sanctuaries, conservancies, and rhino enforcement efforts can be concentrated at effective levels. The has resulted in surplus animals being Trans located to set up new population both within and outside the species former range. Efforts are being made to increase awareness about the declining population of rhinoceros. Attention is being drawn towards the plight of the rhinoceros. The use and trade of rhinoceros products is discouraged. People are being encouraged to support ecotourism. Responsible tourism can help save some of the worlds most endangered species by promoting the conservation of wildlife and important habitats and providing a source of income for local communities.

IUCN STATUS
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN); also called World Conservation Union is the worlds largest conservation organization. It determines the worldwide status of the threatened animals and publishes the status in its Red List. 1960s: Vulnerable 1970s 1994: Endangered 1996 2004: Endangered (IUCN 2004)

Countries where the Indian rhinoceros is vurrently found: Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan. Population Estimates World India Nepal Pakistan 1966: 740 1953: 370 1960: 225 1986: 2 1983: 1000 1964: 440 1966: 165 1989: 2 1984: 1500 1981: 1600 1968: 108 1994: 1900 1986: 1300 1989: 400 1997: 2095 1989: 1334 1995: 500 2002: 2500 1992: 1557 2000: 612 2005: 2400 1995: 1600 2005: 600

ENDANGERED Flora

List of endangered Plants

Scientific names Acacia Chlorophyll Arabis Canadensis Argusia Gnaphalodes Aristotochia Tomemtosa Arnica Acaulis Asclepias Curtissii Aster Spinulosus Basephyllaea Corallicola Bublophyllum Pachyrachis Common name Tamarindilo Cinnecord Sickepod Sea lavender Pipevine Arnica Curtis Pinewoods custer Carters orchid Rat tailed orchid Family Leguminose Mustard Family Boraginaceae Aristobochiaceae Astercae Milkweed Family Daisy Family Orchidaceae Orchidaceae

Caesalpinia Major Calamintha Georgiana Callirhoe Papaver Cassia Keyensis Deeringothamnus Pulchellus Dicra Palustris Echinacea purparea Encylia Cochleata Salvia Utricifolia Sarracenia Leucophylla Schizachirium neverm Trichostigma Octandrum Vellisia Antillana Vanilla Mexicana Viola Tripartita Warea Cartari Xanthorhiza Yucca Gloriasa Zanthoxylum Americanum

Yellow Nicker Georgia Calamint Poppy Mallow Pea White Squirrel Banana Leatherwood Purple Conaflower Clamshell Orchid Nettle Leaved Sage White Top pitcher Plant Scrub bluestem Hoop Wine Tear Shrub Unscented Vanilla Yellow Violet Carters Mustard Yellow root brook feather Roman Candle lily Prickly ash

Leguminosae Mint Family Mallow Family Leguminosae Custard apple family Mezereum Family Daisy Flower Orchid Family Mint Family Pitcher plant family Grass Family Poleewood family Apocynaeceae Orchidaeceae Violaceae Mustard family Buttercup family Agavasceae Citrus Family

The Indian Sandalwood

INTRODUCTION
The Indian sandalwood is a parasitic , evergreen tree growing primarily in south central India in the dry forests of the Deccan plateau. The tree is modestly sized, unobtrusive like its scent growing to a height of 60 feet or so and with a girth of 4 5 feet. The sandalwood genus can be found around the world including Indonesia, Australia and the south pacific but Indian sandalwood has the highest oil content and is thus the most priced. The Indian government has banned people from cutting sandalwood trees. However, there are no laws barring its export. Until recently there has been limited enforcement of the law and smuggling has resulted. One can find a lot of sandalwood freely available at local market. Due to over enthusiastic harvesting, this tree is rapidly diminishing in number. As the highest concentration of the precious sandalwood oil is found in the heartwood (core) of the tree, the whole tree has to be felled to harvest the precious oil and wood. The heartwood of the tree is well developed only after about 60 years. Immature tree lacks a high oil concentration and the oil they contain is of a lower quality than that of a mature tree.

Sandalwood plant profile

Names Sandalwood , East Indian Sandalwood(English) Chandan, Chandal, Sandal(Hindi)

 Chandana, Anaditran, Taliaparnam(Sanskrit) Chandan, Peetchandan(Bengali) Sandanam, Ulocidam, Kulavuri (Tamil) Botanical Name: Santalam Album Family: Santalacea, the sandalwood family

Description
It is a small tree 20 30 feet high with many opposite slender drooping branches, bark smooth grey brown. Young twigs are glorious. The leaves are placed opposite each other and are without stipules. The petiole is slender about inch long and the blade which is about 1 and 1/ 2 to 2 and 2/2 inches long, is oval, ovate oval at apex, tapering at the base into petiole. The lamina is smooth on both sides and has gracious beneath. The Flowers are small and numerous. Its perianth is smooth, about 1/3 inch long divided into four triangular, acute, spreading segments. The fleshy bud is at first straw colored, changing gradually to deep reddish purple. At the mouth it is provided with four erect, fleshy, rounded lobes. There are four stamens opposite the perianth segments. Anthers are short and two celled. The ovary is half inferior, tapering and one celled. The stigma is small, three or four lobed on a level with anthers. The fruit concealed to the size of a pea. It is spherical in shape, crowned by rim like remains of the perianth tube. It is smooth, fleshy and nearly black in color. The trees are felled or dug up roots. Since, the branches are worthless, they are cut off. It is usual to leave the trunk on the

ground for several months, so that the white ants can get away from the sap wood, which is also of no value. It is then trimmed and sawn into billets 2 to 2 feet long and taken to mills in the forests, where it is again trimmed and sorted into grades. It is heavy, hard, splits easily is light yellow in color with alternating light and dark concentric zones nearly equal in diameter , numerous pores and transverse by many narrow medullar rays . It has a characteristic, aromatic odour. Indian sandalwood is a Government monopoly.

Origin
The exact origin of the sandalwood is not known. It is probably native to the arc of islands in south eastern Indonesia. Some believe that it is a native to southern India, but it is usually believed that it was introduced here over 2000 years ago.

History
It antiquity the Indian subcontinent was known to be the source and exporter of main country luxury goods such as gold, gems, spices, fine textiles, perfumes, sandalwood and ivory. The coastal route to the Persian gulf was ancient and rice, sandalwoods and peacocks were traded by 700 BC. Arab Apothecaries in eight century Baghdad owned private drug stores in which Indian Sandalwood was a commonly used herb. There are depictions, in arab writings and pictures of apothecaries trading with travelling merchants for the precious sandalwood. In Chinese medicine, East Indian sandalwood oil was used internally to treat stomache and vomiting. The oil was also used in Europe for fevers, pain and strengthening the heart.

East Indian sandalwood has been used in the perfume industry for many centuries.

Habitat
Sandalwood is currently naturalized and distributed in south India, Sri Lanka, the Malay Archipelago, Northern Australia, China and Taiwan. In India , it is found in the drier part of the country mainly in deciduous forests on the Western Ghats and Deccan plateau. It has also become naturalized in other parts of India.

Properties
Sandalwood has woody, sweet and exotic aroma. It is considered a base note in perfumery as its scent is subtle and lingers for a long time. Sandalwood is harmonizing and calm and it helps to reduce tension and confusion. This makes it good oil for people who are suffering from nervous depression, fear and stress. It is also ideal for those who are having a hectic lifestyle. Sandalwood is said to be aphrodisiac and forests openness, warmth and understanding. It is mildly astringent in nature. It even nourishes and protects dehydrated skin. Sandalwood is non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing. It gives relieve from day cold and other respiratory problems. It relieves intestinal spasms and inflammation. It is also useful in the treatment of gastritis and diarrhoea.

Uses

 Attractive and fragrant wood: Sandalwood trees are the source of an attractive and fragrant wood. The wood is popular for wood carving and is the source of sandal oil. Sadly, the popularity of sandalwood has led to severe conservation problems. Sandalwood trees are semi-parasitic. They top the nutrient supply of nearly plants. Some 300 species are known to have been parasite by sandalwood. Production and trade: Known in commerce as East Indian sandalwood, sandalwood has two primary features: extraction of an essential oil (sandal oil), as a source of wood for carving. India and Indonesia are two major producers and exporters. The United States and France are two largest importers. Spiritual practices: Sandalwood incense is an integral part of Buddhist and Hindu Practice. In Hindu temples, the smell of sandalwood, jasmine and turmeric. Cosmetics Sandalwood oil is a beneficial skin treatment and used in a range of skin and hair products. Good quality sandalwood can attract a high price. As a cosmetic it has moisturing, astringent, antiseptic, balancing and stimulating properties. It is recommended for dry and aging skin. Perfumery The oil is used in perfumery in both India and Europe. It has a characteristic sweet, woody odour which is widely used in the fragrance industry. It is has excellent blending properties and a

presence of a large constituents in the sandalwood oil makes it valuable as a fixative for other Fragrance. Crafts and carvings Sandalwood is used for a variety of small carved articles, such as boxes, cabinet panels, jewel cases, combs, picture frames, fan handles, pen handles or holders and card cases etc. A large amount of craft work is exported or sold to tourists.

Medicines The heartwood of sandalwood tree, volatile tree oil from the wood and the roots and the seeds are used as medicines. Most common types of medicines widely used all over the world are Ayruvedic medicines, western medicines and Chinese medicines.

Threats
Fire and grazing are threats because they have a detrimental effect on regeneration. The greatest threat to Indian sandalwood trees may loss through disease rather than of production. Trees of all ages and sizes are liable to be infected. These usually die within three years. Another great cause is over grazing due to smuggling for trade.

Conservation
The conservation of these species, in India is not good. Over harvesting and various diseases have led to a serious decline in wild population of the sandalwood species. They are in danger of

extinction and there is very little control over illegal logging and the government is not providing enough support for the establishment of plantations. Despite the restriction on trade in sandalwood Clandestine cutting and smuggling remains a serious threat to the species, Causing law and order problems in areas bordering sandalwood producing states. The smugglers bribe the villagers to take part in illicit cutting and transporting.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.yahoosearch.com www.google.com www.msnsearch.com www.askjeaves.com www.amazon.com www.nationalgeographic.org www.wildlifeinfo.com

Encarta Encyclopedia Britannica Encyclopedia Call of the wild By E.Hanumatha Rao.