Articles

A is used to show singular in number before words beginning with a Consonant sound. Examples book, cow, dog, fish, girl, jar, kitten lion, mango, pen, queen, bird, bag, shirt, spider, university, van, window, xylophone, year, zoo.

**Note university! is used with a! because it begins with a "y# sound. An is used to show singular in number before words beginning with vowel sound. Examples apple, accident, eagle, elephant, engineer, ice$cream, iron, orange, ostrich, umbrella, uncle, hour, heir

An

%% Note !hour! and heir! are used with &an& because they begin with a vowel sound.

The

is used '

To refer to a person or thing that is mentioned for a second time or more. Examples

I bought a book. The book cost RM !.

"e has a car. The car is big.

# To refer to a particular person or specific thing. Examples The man $ho is reading ne$spaper is m% uncle.

The bo$l of noodles she made is tast%.

# To sho$ comparison before ad&ecti'es in superlati'e form. Examples Ali is the tallest bo% in my class.

(efore names of certain countries, ri'ers, mountains etc. Examples M% brother has &ust returned from the )nited *tates of America.

The *ahara +esert is in Africa.

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Nouns are names of people, animals or things

Nouns
,ountable Nouns (. Things that can be counted. boys cats pencils girls )ncountable Nouns (. Things that cannot be counted. soup smoke music sand

). -e use .a/ or .an/ for one thing. Examples0 a car, an apple.

). -e use .the/ instead of .a/ or /an/. Examples0 the food, the water.

*. -e use a fe$, fe$, se'eral numerous, man%, or a large number of for more than one thing. Example0 several cars

* . -e use a little, little, much, a great deal of, a large 1uantit% of or a small amount of to sho$ the amount of the thing. Example0 a little sugar

+. -e use some, an%, plent% of or a lot of for both countable and uncountable nouns.

Example0 ,ome children can eat a lot of rice.

Singular & Plural Nouns

*ingular means one and plural means more than one. The table belo$ sho$s ho$ some of the *ingular Nouns are changed into 2lural Nouns.

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

. Add #s to *ingular Nouns pea peas seal seals heart hearts dragon dragons 5. Add #es to *ingular Nouns that end $ith #ss, #sh, #ch and #x. glass glasses fish fishes leech leeches box boxes 7. Add #es to *ingular Nouns that end $ith #o. potato potatoes mango mangoes Exceptions 0 Add onl% #s to the follo$ing *ingular Nouns that end $ith #o. radio radios piano pianos Eskimo Eskimos 9. Add #s to *ingular Nouns that end $ith #f, roof roofs chief chiefs puff puffs :. ,hange #f or #fe to #'es in certain *ingular Nouns. calf calves knife knives

3. ,hange to #ies for nouns ending in #%. -ady ladies -orry lorries 4. Add #s to nouns ending in .'o$el . %/ /ey keys 0ray trays 6. ,hange the inside 'o$els of *ingular Nouns. postman postmen mouse mice goose geese 8. Add #en to *ingular Nouns Child children 1x oxen !. *ome nouns do not change 2eer deer sheep sheep . *ome nouns are al$a%s in the singular furniture clothing $ $

5. *ome nouns are used onl% in the plural. # spectacles # measles $ pants $ scissors

Pronouns
Personal pronouns are used instead of nouns
As sub&ects of 'erbs As sub&ects of 'erbs

3 like chappati. 4ou are friendly. 5e spoke loudly. 6ohn told me a funny story. 0he teacher sent him to the office. 0he man invited her to his party. ,he baked a cake. 3t is ripe. -e met him just now. 0hey went for a swim. 0he lady gave it to me. 7zlin!s father sent us to the airport. 8ho taught them to play tennis9 ,wee -an gave %ou a present.

Reflexive pronouns are used when the action done by the subject turns back (reflects) upon the subject. These pronouns are also used to show that a certain activity is done without any help. Examples 3 cook it m%self. 4ou tell her %ourself. 5e cut himself accidentally. ,he sews the dress herself 3t dropped by itself. 8e help oursel'es to the food.

2repositions
2repositions
at, in, on, among, behind, in front of, at the back of, under, o'er, abo'e, belo$, against, beneath, bet$een, near, beside, etc. to, from, round, o'er, past, up, do$n, along, across, after, to$ards, etc.

)sage

Examples
,he stood among the crowd. 5is bag is underneath the table. 7li leans against the wall.

To sho$ position and place.

To sho$ direction

0he boys chased each other around the room. 0he postman handed me the letter from outside. 6on paced up and do$n the hall. :any people died of famine during the war. 8e have not seen her since yesterday. 3!ve worked here for a year. 6oyce cut the cake $ith a plactic knife. 0hey arrived b% bus.

at, on, in, b%, before, after, from, since, for, during, till, etc.

To sho$ time.

$ith, b%

To sho$ means of

Conjunctions
,on&unctions ioin two words, phrases or sentences. )sa ge .And/ shows an addition to the ear$ lier words, phrases and sentences. /(ut/ shows ideas or facts different or opposite from each other. .;r/ shows a choice between two things. .If/ shows that something needs to be done before something else can happen. Examples 6iva and ;ani are my classmates. 0he little girl is cold and hungry. ,he is quiet but her brother is noisy. 3 am poor but happy. 7re you doing your homework or watching television9 If you hurry, you may catch the bus. 4ou must wear your swimsuit if you are going into the pool. 3 walked home because 3 missed the bus. 5e stopped schooling as his family is too poor to support his studies. 5is hair is long so he went to the barber. 5e is a proud man. Therefore he has a few friends. Although they play well, they lost the game. 4ou can either have your tooth extracted or have it filled. 8e neither smoke nor drink.

.(ecause/ and .as/ shows reason.

.*o/ and .therefore/ shows result.

.Although/ shows the opposite of what should have happened. /Either .... or! expresses two alterna$ tives and /neither ...nor/ joins two negative ideas.

Adjectives
An ad&ecti'e or ad&ecti'e phrase tell more about a noun or a pronoun. Examples

(. 0he boys rested under the shad% tree. ). 0here was an old bungalow behind the school.

*. :other threw away the rotten oranges.

+. 7ll the clothes in the cupboard belong to me.

djective are used in makin! comparisons There are three de!rees of "omparison. 2ositi'e ,omparati'e *uperlati'e (. <the = ad&ecti'e = est< Example0 -e are the earliest to arri'e. ). ?the most = = Ad&ecti'e@ Example0 5e is the most generous man here.

(. <as = ad&ecti'e = as< (. <ad&ecti'e = er = Example0 than< 0he clerk is as bus% Example0 as a bee. ,he writes faster than you. ). >or some ad&ecti'es ). <more = ad&ecti'e = $hich ha'e more than< than t$o s%llables. Example0 Example0 0he chair is more This is a comfortable comfortable than chair. that one. 7. >or irregular ad&ecti'es Example0 4our handwritting is bad. :y result is good. ,he ate many sweets. Example0 5is handwritting is $orse than yours.. 4our result is better than mine. 5e ate more sweets than his sister.

Example0 4our handwritting is the $orst. 5is result is the best. I ate the most s$eets.

The place of ad&ecti'es 0 . Ad&ecti'e go (E>;RE a noun. *almah is a cle'er girl. ,ulaiman is a good football player. 5. Ad&ecti'e also go A>TER A'erb to beB. *alman is handsome.

. 3t is hot and dr% today.

The order of ad&ecti'es0

8hen we use two or more adjectives, we put them in this order' Cualit% . *iDe . Age . ne$ small nice old
More examples 0

,olour . white

Race . Made of .

N;)N car bars dress stamps

iron blue Indian

(. 0wo old black cars ). some lar!e red apples *. some old wooden huts +. that bi! steel ladder ?. a tall "hinese girl

<. her new pink dress 7 . a small black cat =. an u!ly old man >. a bi! wooden box (@. a new !rey shirt

Adverbs
Ad'erbs tell us more about an action (verb). T%pes of Ad'erbs Ad'erbs of Manner. #oftly$ %uickly$ an!rily$ etc. To describe ho$ an action is done. Examples 0 0he old man walked slo$l%. ,he carried the box carefull% . ,iva did $ell in the examination.

Ad'erbs of Time. fter$ seldom$ already$ Now$ since$ soon$ seldom.

Examples 0 0hey went home after the show. 5er parents will be home soon. 3 have not seen her since last night.

To describe $hen an action happens. Examples 0 Alease sit here. ,he has lived there for two years. 0hey threw the rubbish e'er%$here.

Ad'erbs of 2lace. &ere$ there$ everywhere$ nowhere. To sho$ $here an action is done.

EI*T ;> ADVERBS

Adv erbs co mmonly used wi th certai n ve rbs :

act

- quickly, wisely

pull run

- hard - fast, quickly

answer - correctly, clearly ask

- nicely, humbly, politely

remember - clearly sing shout sleep smile speak wait walk work write play practise arrange scold do shine study talk - sweetly, happily, softly - angrily, loudly, joyfully - soundly - sweetly, broadly, shyly - softy, boastfully - patiently, anxiously - slowly, briskly, hurriedly - slowly, willingly, hard - neatly - well, badly - hard - neatly - angrily - well, badly - brightly - hard - loudly, politely

accept - readily, gratefully bark bleed blow bow clap

- fiercely, loudly, joyfully - badly, profusely - gently, strongly - humbly, respectfully - loudly, joyfully, excitedly

cry - sadly, bitterly, loudly dance - gracefully, beautifully drive - carefully, recklessly, slowly eat - greedily, hungrily explain - clearly, briefly ight - bravely, furiously give
- generously, kindly, willingly

greet - politely, cheerfully laugh - heartily, happily, loudly listen - attentively, carefully look
- carefully, shyly, lovingly

!he Present !ense

!he Simple Present !ense !he Present Continuous !ense

1.

For habitual actions

1.

For actions that are taking place at the time of speaking .

Example 0 0hey are gathering in front of the school now.

Example 0 8e assemble in front of the school every :onday.

2.

For factual situations $hich are, ~ true at the time of speaking.

Example 0 :y brother wears spectacles.

2. For actions that are going on for a length of time.

Example 0 3 am studying at the school behind my house

~ universal truths.
Example 0 5ot air is lighter than cold air.

3.

For planned future events

Example 0 0he train arrives at 6.30 a.m. tomorrow morning.

3. For actions that are about to take place.

Example 0 Brother is going fishing with his friends this evening.

!he Past !ense

Csed for an action that took place in the past but the time may or may not be given. Csed for an action that was taking place in the past as! a. A continuous action.

Examples 0 3 sa$ the movie last night.

Examples 0 (. 8e $ere $ashing our shoes just now. b. Two continuous actions that were occuring at the same time. Examples 0 0he baby $as crying while mother $as cooking in the kitchen. c. A continuous action takinq place while another action occurred. Examples 0 0hey were sleeping when the thief broke into their house.

0he discipline teacher punished her because she misbehaved.

The *imple 2ast Tense0 to sho$ that an action happened

Aast tense can be formed in various ways' 1. By adding ed to the verbs (regular) Aresent 0ense add Aast 0ense added Aresent 0ense discover Aast 0ense discovered

adjust allow appear ask attack bark call camp chill clean climb colour comb construct contain cook cover crash crawl crush

adjusted allowed appeared asked attacked barked called camped chilled cleaned climbed coloured combed constructed contained cooked covered crashed crawled crushed

discuss display disturb end enjoy enter exist explain faint fetch finish form gather greet hand happen help invent join jump

discussed displayed disturbed ended enjoyed entered existed explained fainted fetched finished formed gathered greeted handed happened helped invented joined jumped

'.(y addin! )d* to the verbs +

Aresent 0ense Aast 0ense acquire acquired agree approve arrange arrive bake agreed approved arranged arrived baked

Aresent 0ense hope introduce invite judge like line

Aast 0ense hoped introduced invited judged liked lined

bathe behave believe care carve cause

bathed behaved believed cared carved caused

live love measure move name observe

lived loved measured moved named observed

celebrate change close compare complete continue cycle date decide describe divide donate exchange hate

celebrated changed closed compared completed continued cycled dated decided described divided donated exchanged hated

organize paste place prepare preserve prove provide realize recognize reduce remove revise save score

organized pasted placed prepared preserved proved provided realized recognized reduced removed revised saved scored

Aresent 0ense knock laugh learn look match mention

Aast 0ense knocked laughed learned looked matched mentioned

Aresent 0ense roll sail scratch search sew sharpen

Aast 0ense rolled sailed scratched searched sewed sharpened

miss need nail order paint pass play possess pray pretend print protect quarrel rain reach record remember return

missed needed nailed ordered painted passed played possessed prayed pretended printed protected quarrelled rained reached recorded remembered returned

shout show smell soak start stay subject talk turn wait walk want wash watch water whisper work

shouted showed smelled soaked started stayed subjected talked turned waited walked wanted washed watched watered whispered worked

3. By changing y! to ied! " Aresent 0ense carry copy cry deny Aast 0ense carried copied cried denied

Aresent 0ense identify marry study try

Aast 0ense identified married studied tried

dry fry

dried fried

worry bury

worried buried

#. By doubling the $inal letter o$ the verb be$ore adding ed! " Aresent 0ense bar clap clip drop flip rob scan shop slap slip can Aast 0ense barred clapped clipped dropped flipped robbed scanned shopped slapped slipped canned Aresent 0ense snip spot stop snap strip tap top trip trap wrap zip Aast 0ense snipped spotted stopped snapped stripped tapped topped tripped trapped wrapped zipped

%. &o'e verbs re'ain the sa'e in the present and past tense "
2resent Tense cast cost cut hit let 2ast Tense cast cost cut hit let 2resent Tense put set shed shut read 2ast Tense put set shed shut read

(. By changing one or 'ore letters o$ the verb (irregular) "

2resent Tense are a$ake bear become begin bend bite blo$ break bring build burn bu% can catch choose come 2ast Tense $ere a$oke bore became began bent bit ble$ broke brought built burnt bought could caught chose came 2resent Tense creep deal dig do dream drink dri'e eat fall feed feel fight find flee fl% forget get 2ast Tense crept dealt dug did dreamt drank dro'e ate fell fed felt fought found fled fle$ forgot got

Aresent 0ense give go grow hang have hear hide hold is D am keep know lay E learn leave lend lie lose make may meet pay ride ring rise run say wear

Aast 0ense gave went grew hung had heard hid held was kept knew laid learnt left lent lay lost made might met paid rode rang rose ran said wore

Aresent 0ense see sell send shake shine shoot sing sink sit sleep smell speak spell spend stand steal stick swim take teach tear tell think throw understand win write

Aast 0ense saw sold sent shook shone shot sang sank sat slept smelt spoke spelt spent stood stole stuck swam took taught tore told thought threw understood won wrote

!he "uture !ense

T h e F u t u r e T e n s e s h o w s future actions Simple Future Tense
. I shall $rite to %ou soon. 5. -e shall sleep earl% tonight. 7. Fou $ill come earl%, $on/t %ou G 9. "e $ill repair the car. :. *he $ill return it tomorro$. 3. It $ill rain soon. 4. The% $ill help %ou after$ards.

going to Form
. I am going to repl% him soon. 5. -e are going to lea'e earl% tomorro$. 7. Fou are going to get $ell soon. 9. "e is going to repair the car tonight. :. *he is going to pla% tennis later. 3. It is going to stop raining soon. 4. The% are going to paint it after$ards.

*IM2EE >)T)RE TEN*E

pla% I shall stud% -e $ill sing cook dance "e *he It The% Fou $ill come eat go next %ear. tonight. next *unda%. tomorro$. this e'ening. later.

!he Per ect !ense

05E A;E,EF0 AE;GEC0 0EF,E

05E A7,0 AE;GEC0 0EF,E

(. Gor an action which happened recently.

(. Gor an action which too) place be$ore another action in the past. Example ' 0hey had eaten the dish when the waiter came to talk to them.

Example ' Alease call back later because my father has just gone out. ). Gor an action which began in the past and continues to the present. Example' 5e has never been to a

PRESENT PERFE T TENSE

The !artici!le o" a verb is always used with a#hel!in$ word% such as #is&are & has and have % Tabl e ' :

I eaten all the biscuits. Fou taken all the books. gone to the librar%. -e ha'e gi'en the ke%s to the storekeeper. broken the 'ase. The% &ust spoken to the headmaster. (e She )smail Ro*iah The boy That $irl +y uncle drunk some milk. has seen the doctor.

Table , : Sim!le !resent beat become Past !artici!le beaten become Sim!le !resent bring build Past !artici!le brought built

Sim!le !resent do draw drink drive eat fail feed feel fight find fly forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang hear hide hold keep kneel know lay lead

Past !artici!le done drawn drunk driven eaten failed fed felt fought found flown forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung heard hidden held kept knelt known laid led

Sim!le !resent leave lie light lose make meet pay ride ring ring rise run saw say see sell send shake shine shoot show sing sink sit sleep sow speak spend

Past !artici!le left lain lighted lost made met paid ridden rung risen run sawn said seen sold sent shaken shone shot shown sung sunk sat slept sown spoken spent

*IMIEAR MEANINH*
Afraid Aid Alike Allo Al ays Ancient Animal Annual Ans er Ask Attempt &ad &eat &eautiful &eautify &egin &elo &ig &lank &laze &ra)e &reeze &rief &road &urst $areful $entre $heck $hoose $ircular $le)er $lose 1y !amp !angerous !a n $oarse Frightened , Scared Help Same , Similar Permit "ften "ld &east 'early (eply +uestion Try $ruel, ,icked Hit , Strike Lo)ely , Pretty !ecorate Start %nder Huge, Large /mpty, 0acant Fire &old, !aring ,ind Short ,ide /2plode $autious .iddle /2amine, Inspect Pick , Select (ound &right , Intelligent -ear ,et (isky, %nsafe !ay1reak (ough Honest Idea Idle Illness #oin #ump #ungle Learn Lea)e Listen Little Look Loud .ad .ain .end .ild .ischie)ous -early -eat -otice "ccupation "ccur " n "rdinary Pastime Perhaps Pile Pleasant Polite Port Po erful Prison Pro)ide Pupil Purpose Truthful Plan , Thought Lazy !isease , Sickness $onnect , %nite Leap Forest Study !eparture , *o Hear Small See -oisy Insane $hief (epair *entle , Soft -aughty Almost Tidy ,arning # o 1 , ,ork Happen Posses -ormal , %sual Ho11y Possi1ly Stack -ice $ourteous Har1our Strong $ell , #ail Supply Student Aim

OPPOSITE MEANINGS
A1o)e A1sent Accept Acti)e Add After Alike Ali)e All Al ays Ans er Arri)e Ask Attack A ake &ack &ad &eautiful &egin &ehind &etter &ig &lunt &old &ra)e &road &uy $areful $heap $lean $le)er $loudy $lumsy $old $ome $ommon $ruel $ry &elo , %nder Present (e3ect Passi)e 4 Su1tract &efore !ifferent !ead -one -e)er +uestion !epart Ans er !efend Asleep Front *ood %gly Finish In front of ,orse Small Sharp Timid $o ard ,ide Sell $areless /2pensi)e !irty Stupid $lear *raceful Hot *o (are 5ind Laugh Friendly *ain *enerous *entle *i)e Happy Hard Healthy Hea)y Here Hide High Ill Import Increase Inhale Innocent Inside Interesting #oin #unior Lazy Least Lend Length Lenient #ess Little Long Loud Lo)e .aster .odern .o)ing -atural -eat -e -oisy Proud Loss Stingy (ough Take Sad
Easy

Sickly Light There Seek Lo ,ell /2port !ecrease /2hale *uilty "utside !ull Separate Senior Hard orking .ost &orro &readth Strict .ore .uch Short Soft Hate Ser)ant Ancient Stationary Artificial %ntidy "ld +uiet