2014

Dreaming in English
Grammar Supplement
A comprehensive book of explanations and exercises to support your everyday English learning.

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement Project Core Team Learning Supplement Series Edition 2014.1

Dreaming in English

2014

Dreaming in English
Grammar Supplement A comprehensive book of explanations and exercises to support your everyday English learning.

Project Core Team Open Source Textbook Project Edition 2014.1

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

THE SERIES:

Dreaming in English

Dreaming in English: Foundational Course (A0 A1) Dreaming in English: Elementary Course (A1 A2) Dreaming in English: Pre-Intermediate Course (A2 B1) Dreaming in English: Intermediate Course (B1 B2) Dreaming in English: Upper-Intermediate Course (B2 C1) Dreaming in English: Advanced Course (C1 C2) Dreaming in English Grammar Supplement Dreaming in English Graded Reader The Open Source Textbook Project is a group of language teachers who have chosen to combine their efforts and create a series of English language learning textbooks. These books are licensed under Creative Commons, which allows for royalty-free distribution of all materials. This means that the books themselves are free to share, use, edit, and redistribute, as long as the Open Source Textbook Project (or the other fine contributors to this great project) receives credit. Licensing of this book is though Creative Commons, Attribution 4.0 International type. Users may copy, distribute, display and perform this work and make derivative works based on it only if they give the original author of the work or the Open Source Textbook Project credit for the original. Commercial use and redistribution is encouraged, as long as the original copyright attribution remains with the derivative work. Additions, corrections, and derivative works can be shared by contacting the Open Source Textbook Project. This work is copyright 2014 by the Open Source Textbook Project, and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. If you are confused about your rights under this license, please visit http://creativecommons.org. The Grammar Supplement is aimed at Pre-Intermediate to Advanced learners who need a consolidated reference and revision guide as an adjunct to their language learning. It uses examples, counterexamples, timelines, and exercises to provide learners with a basic understanding of each grammar point. For students: the purpose of this book is to serve as a supplement to your current language learning. There is no need to complete all of the exercises in the book. Use the timelines, the charts, the descriptions, and the exercises all together, to help yourself completely understand the grammar point as written. For teachers: This book is organized so that in its print form, exercises can be copied using the front and back of one sheet of A4 or Letter sized paper. On the obverse of this sheet should be your examples, and on the reverse should be your exercises - 15 of them, in varying formats. The native format (Word 2007/docx) file is available from the Open Source Textbook Project if you need to modify the exercises.

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Contents

Dreaming in English

Present and Past...................................................................................................................................... 8 Present Continuous (Im doing)............................................................................................................ 9 Present Simple (I do).......................................................................................................................... 11 Present Continuous and Present simple 1 .......................................................................................... 13 Present Continuous and Present simple 2 .......................................................................................... 15 Past Simple (I did) .............................................................................................................................. 17 Past Continuous (I was doing) ............................................................................................................ 19 Present Perfect (I have done)............................................................................................................. 21 Present Perfect and Continuous......................................................................................................... 23 Present Perfect and Continuous and Simple....................................................................................... 25 How long have you (been)? ............................................................................................................. 29 For and Since ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Simple Present Perfect and Simple Past ............................................................................................. 33 Past Perfect ....................................................................................................................................... 35 Past Perfect and Continuous .............................................................................................................. 37 Have got and Have............................................................................................................................. 39 Used to .............................................................................................................................................. 41 Future ................................................................................................................................................... 44 Present Tenses for the Future (Im doing/I do) ................................................................................... 45 Will/Shall ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Will and Going to ............................................................................................................................... 49 Will be doing and Will have done ....................................................................................................... 51 When and If ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Modals .................................................................................................................................................. 55 Can, could, and be able to.................................................................................................................. 56 Have to and Must .............................................................................................................................. 58 Could (do) and could have (done) ...................................................................................................... 60 Must and cant .................................................................................................................................. 62 May and might .................................................................................................................................. 64 Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Must, Mustnt, Neednt .................................................................................................................... 66 Should ............................................................................................................................................... 68 Had better and Its time ..................................................................................................................... 71 Would ............................................................................................................................................... 74 Can, Could, Would You?..................................................................................................................... 76 If and Wish ............................................................................................................................................ 78 If I do and If I did ................................................................................................................................ 79 If I knew and I wish I knew ................................................................................................................. 81 If I had known and I wish I had known ............................................................................................... 83 Wish .................................................................................................................................................. 85 Passive .................................................................................................................................................. 87 Passive 1 is done/was done............................................................................................................. 88 Passive 2: be done/been done/being done ....................................................................................... 90 Passive 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 92 It is said that/ He is said to/ He is supposed to ................................................................................... 95 Have/Had something done ................................................................................................................ 97 Reported Speech ................................................................................................................................... 99 Reported Speech ............................................................................................................................. 100 Questions and Auxiliary Verbs ............................................................................................................. 103 Questions 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 104 Questions ........................................................................................................................................ 107 Questions 2: Do you know where? He asked me where? ................................................................ 110 Auxiliary Verbs................................................................................................................................. 113 Question tags .................................................................................................................................. 116 -ing and the Infinitive .......................................................................................................................... 119 Verb + -ing ....................................................................................................................................... 120 Verb+ to .......................................................................................................................................... 122 Verb + object + to ............................................................................................................................ 124 Prefer and would rather .................................................................................................................. 127 Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing [Add here!]............................................................................. 130 Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Dreaming in English

Articles and Nouns .............................................................................................................................. 132 Countable and uncountable ............................................................................................................. 133 A/an and the.................................................................................................................................... 135 Pronouns and Determiners .................................................................................................................. 137 Myself / Yourself / Themselves / etc. ............................................................................................... 138 A friend of mine / My own house / On my own / by myself.............................................................. 140 There ... and it ................................................................................................................................. 142 Some and any .................................................................................................................................. 144 No/none/any Nothing/nobody ........................................................................................................ 146 Much, many, little, few. a lot, plenty ................................................................................................ 148 All / all of most / most of no/none of ............................................................................................. 150 Both/Both of, Either/Either of, Neither/Neither of ........................................................................... 152 All. Every, and Whole ....................................................................................................................... 154 Each and every ................................................................................................................................ 156 Relative clauses ................................................................................................................................... 158 Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which ............................................................................. 160 Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which.......................................................... 162 Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where .......................................................................................... 164 Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1) .............................................................................. 166 Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2) .............................................................................. 168 -ing and -ed clauses ......................................................................................................................... 170 Adjectives and Adverbs ....................................................................................................................... 172 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.) ....................................................................... 173 Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired .................................................................................... 175 Adjectives and adverbs I (quick/quickly) .......................................................................................... 178 Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/late, hard/hardly) ..................................................................... 180 So and such ..................................................................................................................................... 182 Enough and too ............................................................................................................................... 184 Quite, pretty. rather and fairly ......................................................................................................... 187 Comparison l (cheaper. more expensive etc. ) .................................................................................. 189 Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Dreaming in English

Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better) ...................... 191 Comparison 3 (as ... as I than) .......................................................................................................... 193 Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable etc. ) ......................................................................... 195 Word order 1: Verb + object; place and time ................................................................................... 197 Word order 2: Adverbs with the verb............................................................................................... 199 Still, yet and already Any more / any longer / no longer .................................................................. 201 Even ................................................................................................................................................ 203 Conjunctions and prepositions ......................................................................................................... 205 Although / though / even though In spite of / despite...................................................................... 206 ln case ............................................................................................................................................. 208 Unless As long as Provided/providing ............................................................................................. 210 As (As I walked along the street ... / As I was hungry ... ) .................................................................. 212 like and as........................................................................................................................................ 214 For, during, and while ...................................................................................................................... 216 By and until By the time ... .............................................................................................................. 218 Prepositions ........................................................................................................................................ 220 At/in/on .......................................................................................................................................... 221 On time and in time At the end and in the end................................................................................ 223 At/in/on (position) 1 ........................................................................................................................ 225 At/in/on (position) 2 ........................................................................................................................ 226 At/in/on (position) 3 ........................................................................................................................ 228 to/at/into ........................................................................................................................................ 230 At/in/on (other uses) ...................................................................................................................... 232 By .................................................................................................................................................... 234 Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc .. ) ............................................................................... 236 Adjective + preposition 1 ................................................................................................................. 238 Adjective + preposition 2 ................................................................................................................. 240 Verb + preposition 1 to and at ......................................................................................................... 242 Verb + preposition 2 about/for/of/after........................................................................................... 244 Verb + preposition 3 about and of ................................................................................................... 246 Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Dreaming in English

Verb + preposition 4 ........................................................................................................................ 248 of/for/from/on ................................................................................................................................ 249 Verb + preposition 5 in/into/with/to/on .......................................................................................... 251 Phrasal Verbs ...................................................................................................................................... 253 Phrasal Verbs 1 ................................................................................................................................ 254 Phrasal verbs 2 in/out ...................................................................................................................... 256 Phrasal verbs 3 out .......................................................................................................................... 258 Phrasal verbs 4 on/off (1)................................................................................................................. 260 Phrasal verbs 5 on/off (2)................................................................................................................. 262 Phrasal verbs 6 up/down ................................................................................................................. 264 Phrasal verbs 7 up ( 1) ..................................................................................................................... 266 Phrasal verbs 8 up (2) ...................................................................................................................... 268 Phrasal verbs 9 away/back............................................................................................................... 270

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Dreaming in English

Present and Past

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Present Continuous (Im doing)

Construction Subject + to be (present tense) + verb (present participle)

Dreaming in English

Im / hes / shes / its / were / youre / theyre + verb + -ing affirmative negative question Im swimming. Im not shouting. Are you studying? Shes driving. He isnt looking. Is it working? Theyre playing. Were not sleeping. Are you writing?

Usage For things that we are doing at the moment we are speaking. Things happening now, right this second. o o The teacher is talking. Dave is speaking with Mary.

For things happening in the world during this time, but not permanently. o Schools are improving. o The world is changing. For actions happening in the future. o I am flying to Miami next week. o Im having a party on my birthday.

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Complete the exercise with the present continuous form of the verb in parentheses. Dont forget the auxiliary verb! The first one is done for you. 1. Please turn down the music. I ___am trying______ (try) to study. 2. Why dont we play outside?. It ________________________ (not rain) anymore. 3. Can you turn off the computer?. I ________________________ (not listen) it. 4. My sister called from Beijing. She ________________________ (have) lots of fun! 5. I ________________________ (get) frustrated. I need a break. Complete the exercise with the present continuous form of the verb in parentheses. Dont forget the auxiliary verb! 1. ___________ they ___________over for lunch? (come) 2. The dog ______________________________ on our sofa. (not sleep) 3. The CEO ______________________________ this week. (visit) 4. I ______________________________ breakfast at the moment. 5. My cousin ______________________________ German. (learn) 6. I _____________________________ on vacation until January. (not go) 7. We ______________________________ dinner at a French restaurant tonight. (have). 8. Jamie______________________________her birthday today. (celebrate) 9. They ______________________________ an online bookstore. (browse) 10. My cat is ______________________________ in her bed. (sleep) (have)

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Present Simple (I do)

Construction

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Affirmative : Subject + verb in present tense + predicate Negative Question affirmative : Subject + verb in present tense, negative form + predicate : Verb in present tense + subject + predicate He paints houses. negative I am not a professor question Are you ready? Does it turn on? Does he make a lot of money? It doesnt work. She helps children learn to walk. They dont like to study.

I am a student.

Usage For statements of fact that never change. o My name is Rena. o The earth is not the center of the universe. For conditions that are true in repeated time. o We take a shower every morning. o Dad doesnt work weekends.

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Complete the exercise with the present tense form of the verb in parentheses. Then rewrite the sentence in the negative, and as a question. 1. My favorite movie ________ Starship Troopers. (be) 2. I _________ computer games. (play) 3. She _____________ to the USA every year. (travel) 4. They ____________ swimming. (love) 5. Our dog __________ all day. (sleep) Complete the exercise with the present tense form of the verb in parentheses. Then, rewrite the sentence in the negative, and as a question. 1. Jason, please __________ here. (come) 2. The dog ____________ on the sofa. (sleep) 3. The CEO ________________ every year. (visit) 4. I __________________ time on Saturday. (have) 5. My cousin ________________ German in school. (learn) 6. I ___________________ Mexican on Fridays. (eat) 7. My mom still ______________ letters by hand. (write) 8. Americans _____________________ Independence Day on July 4. (celebrate) 9. People ______________ milk at the pharmacy. (buy) 10. My cat ____________________ in my bed. (sleep)

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Present Continuous and Present simple 1

Construction Present Continuous Subject + to be (present tense) + verb (present participle) Im / hes / shes / its / were / youre / theyre + verb + -ing Present Simple Affirmative : Subject + verb in present tense + predicate Negative Question Usage

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: Subject + verb in present tense, negative form + predicate : Verb in present tense + subject + predicate

We use Present Continuous for actions that are continuing at present. They are not yet finished. o It is raining outside. o It is not raining outside. We use Present Simple for actions done at present or those that happen habitually. o It rains in the morning. (repeated) o It does not rain in this region during summer. (repeated)

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Use either the present or present continuous form to complete the sentence. Use the words found in the parentheses. 1. Jasmine is ______________________ her friends at the moment. (call) 2. Jasmine ______________________ her friends every Saturday. (call) 3. Mike ______________________ editorial cartoons for the weekly paper. (make) 4. Mike ______________________ an editorial cartoon presently. (make) 5. The guards ______________________ turns in guarding the post. (take) Use either the present or present continuous form to complete the sentence. Use the words found in the parentheses. 1. The bird ______________________ on a branch. (settle) 2. The bird ______________________ on a branch at the moment. (settle) 3. Jack and Cris ______________________ hide and seek right now. (play) 4. Jack and Cris ______________________ hide and seek each time they come here. (play) 5. Ava ______________________ every night. (pray) 6. Ava ______________________ is in her room now. (pray) 7. Ethan ______________________ cartoon characters in his free time. (draw) 8. Ethan ______________________ his favorite cartoon character presently. (draw) 9. Currently, Lisa ______________________ her clothes. (wash) 10. Lisa ______________________ her clothes during weekends. (wash)

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Present Continuous and Present simple 2

Construction Present Continuous: Subject + to be (present tense) + verb (present participle) Im / hes / shes / its / were / youre / theyre + verb + -ing Present Simple Affirmative : Subject + verb in present tense + predicate Negative Question

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: Subject + verb in present tense, negative form + predicate : Verb in present tense + subject + predicate

Usage There are some action words that are not usually used in present continuous form. These include like, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know, realize, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remembers, belong, fit, contain, consist, seem, see, hear, and smell. If presently done, use present form only. o Right now, I love to listen to that artists songs. o I dont know what he is up to currently. Use being to restate something which describes the subject. o Alma is rude = Alma is being rude. o The kids are rowdy = The kids are being rowdy. For look and feel, you can use both forms. o You look wonderful today! = You are looking wonderful today! o I feel great! = I am feeling great!
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Use either the present or present continuous form to complete the sentence. Use the words found in the parentheses. 1. I want to go home. I ________ not ______________________ well. (feel) 2. Dont eat that! It ______________________ funny. (smell) 3. She ______________________ pretty sick. (look) 4. I ______________________ our lessons perfectly. (understand) 5. Are you ______________________ alright? We can go to the doctor if you want to. (feel) Work Book Exercise Use either the present or present continuous form to complete the sentence. Use the words found in the parentheses. 1. Why do you act that way? You ______________________ disrespectful! (be) 2. Yes, she ______________________ what is going on. (understand) 3. I ______________________ really healthy and fit! (feel) 4. I ______________________ you want to leave that place after what had happened. (suppose) 5. Why dont you appreciate what Ana is doing? She ______________________ nice and all. (be) 6. We ______________________ in what he says. (believe) 7. The boys ______________________ a sound from distance. (hear) 8. Move faster! second! (get) 9. The class ______________________ a population of thirty kids in a class. (reach) 10. The children ______________________ for their dreams as we speak.
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Dreaming in English

I _________________________ hungrier and hungrier every

Past Simple (I did)

Construction Subject + past form of the verb

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Im / hes / shes / its / were / youre / theyre + past form of the verb Usage Past form is used for actions done in the past. For regular verbs, add d or-ed. o I loved to listen to that artists songs back in the day. o Caleb finished his work yesterday. For irregular verbs, change the spelling accordingly. o Emma ran around the track earlier today. (from base form run) o The bird flew back to its nest. (from base form fly)

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Change the verb in the parentheses in its past form to complete the sentence. 1. My little brother accidentally ______________________ the vase two days ago. (break) 2. I ______________________ a movie by myself. (watch) 3. The last time we had baseball practice, Tim ______________________ the ball forcefully. (hit) 4. Mom ______________________ for the entire family last Thanksgiving. (cook) 5. Logan ______________________ you from yesterdays show. (recognize) Change the verb in the parentheses in its past form to complete the sentence. 1. Dad _________________ Mom when they were still in Senior High. (meet) 2. James already _________________ the bills. (pay) 3. Olivia _________________ in yesterdays concert. (sing) 4. We _________________ so much money for our trip last May. (spend) 5. Lee _________________ me a letter two months ago. (write) 6. Isabella _________________ a cute, pink dress for last nights party. (wear) 7. He _________________ some unpleasant words that made Sheila cry. (say) 8. Noah _________________ that book last year. (read) 9. The phone _________________ a couple of minutes ago. (ring) 10. Pym _________________ Hank so they became friends again. (forgive)

Dreaming in English

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Past Continuous (I was doing)

Construction Subject + past form of be verb + -ing form of the verb

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Im / hes / shes / its / were / youre / theyre + past form of be verb + -ing form of the verb Usage Past continuous form is used for actions that are on-going sometime in the past before another action happened. o He was studying when I entered his room. o Dan was watching TV when I arrived.

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Join the two sentences using the past continuous form. The first one is done for you. 1. The girls were practicing the dance. I entered the gym. _______The girls were practicing the dance when I entered the gym.______ 2. Dad was fixing the car. I called him. __________________________________________________________________ 3. Jaden was answering his assignment. I arrived home. __________________________________________________________________ 4. The children were playing in the backyard. Mom picked us up. __________________________________________________________________ 5. Mr. Sanders was cleaning the porch. I handed him a flyer. __________________________________________________________________ Change the given words in the parentheses to complete the sentence. The first one is done for you. 1. _________________ when I entered his room. (Tim , read a book) 2. _________________ when I found her by the stairs. (My little sister, cry) 3. _________________ when I felt hungry. (We, drive through the freeway) 4. _________________ when I reached him through his phone. (Sam, pay the bills) 5. _________________ when I arrived home. (My older sister, cook) 6. ____ when we asked about their admission routine. (They, still accept enrollees) 7. _________________ when Mom requested me to prepare the table for dinner. (I, finish my project) 8. _________________ when we made a surprise visit. (Aunt Iris, clean her house) 9. _________________ when we reached home. (The kids, sleep)
10. _________________ when the teacher finally caught him. (Shane, copy answers

Dreaming in English

from his seatmate)

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Present Perfect (I have done)

Construction Subject + has/have + past participle form of the verb

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I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + has/have + past participle form of the verb Usage

For actions that continue from the past until now

o Michelle is so hungry. She has not eaten since this morning! o The students have studied since last week just to prepare for this test.

To use with today, this week, this year, etc. if these are not yet finished at the
time of speaking o Tim has changed a lot this year. o The kids have received so many treats tonight.

For actions that have happened for the (first) time

o This is the fifth time that Mike has visited India. o It is the first time that we have met celebrities in the flesh.

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Complete the following sentences using the present perfect tense of the verb in the parentheses. 1. My sister ____________________________ for that book since last year. (wait) 2. That is the sixth time that the audience ___________________________________ the artist a standing ovation. (give) 3. Isabel ___________________________________ so many awards this year. (win) 4. I ___________________________________ several calls today. (receive) 5. This is the first time that the government ___________________________________ that kind of announcement. (make) Complete the following sentences using the present perfect tense of the verb in the parentheses. 1. This is the third time that we _______________________ the President. (meet) 2. The girl ___________________________________ sick since this morning. (feel) 3. He ___________________________________ to his parents so many times. That is why they dont trust him so much. (lie) 4. Mom and I _______________across the country a dozen times this year. (travel) 5. Camille is so popular. She ___________________________________ so many letters from her admirers this week. (receive) 6. Cory _________________________ to London two or three times before. (go) 7. Dennis has to be careful. This is the first time that he ___________________________________ the car alone. (drive) 8. The new graduate __________ multiple invitations for job interviews today. (get) 9. Bob _________________________ that movie several times this week. (watch) 10. They __________________ the project three times already. (research)

Dreaming in English

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Present Perfect and Continuous

Construction Subject + has/have + been + -ing form of the verb

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I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + has/have + been + -ing form of the verb Usage

For actions that has recently stopped

o The ground is wet. It has been raining. o There you are! I have been looking all over for you.

For actions repeated over a period of time

o The manager has been holding a series of meetings today. o We have been traveling across the country this year.

To go with for/since
o Our parents have been taking care of us since we were little. o We have been waiting for a cab for almost an hour now.

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Put the verb into its correct present perfect and continuous form. The first one is done for you. 1. Brent has been studying for the test since last week. (Brent/study) 2. _______________________________ you the whole afternoon. (Someone/call) 3. ____________ for the announcement for over an hour now. (Everyone/wait) 4. ______________________ all day because my beloved pet puppy died. (I/cry) 5. ___________________________________________ everywhere to find the perfect dress for the school dance. (She/look) Put the verb into its correct present perfect and continuous form. 1. Since he found out that he has been chosen as the winner, ________________________ up and down for about an hour now. (James/jump) 2. ________________________ to speak Mandarin since he was little. (John/learn) 3. The _________________________ a different variety of the crop. (farmer/grow) 4. The __________________________________________ his wife for the entire duration of his post in Baghdad. (soldier/write) 5. My ________________________ the same car for over six years now. (Dad/drive) 6. _________________________________ that song since yesterday. (Ralph, sing) 7. The bone now lies in pieces. The ___________________________________________ on it nonstop. (dog/chew) 8. The ___________________________________________ about Egyptian history for over a decade. (famous archeologist/study) 9. Lester looks strong and healthy. _______________________________ a lot of fruits and vegetables lately. (He/eat) 10. I want to go home. ___________________________ sick all day. (I/feel)

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Present Perfect and Continuous and Simple

Construction Present Perfect and Continuous Subject + has/have + been + -ing form of the verb

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I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + has/have + been + -ing form of the verb Simple Present Perfect Subject + has/have + past participle form of the verb I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + has/have + past participle form Usage

Use Present Perfect and Continuous form if the focus is on the activity. Use
Simple Present Perfect form if the focus is on the result. Present Perfect and Continuous Present Perfect Simple I have been cleaning the room since this I have cleaned this room already. (A clean morning. (The act of cleaning is room is emphasized.) emphasized.) She has been writing reports all day. The She has written that report. (A finished act of writing reports is emphasized.) report is emphasized.)

Use Present Perfect and Continuous form to show how long an action has
been happening. Use Simple Present Perfect form to show how many, how many times, or how much. Present Perfect and Continuous How long have you been practicing that routine? They have been dancing all week-end long. Present Perfect Simple How many times have you practiced that routine? They have invited more young people to join the dance troupe.

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Use Present Perfect and Continuous if the activity is still ongoing. Use Present
Perfect Simple form if action has been done. Present Perfect and Continuous day long. (still studying) afternoon. (still sleeping) Present Perfect Simple (completed the action) afternoon. (completed the action) The pupil has been studying for the test all The pupil has studied for the test. The baby has been sleeping the whole The baby has slept for two hours this

Dreaming in English

Present Perfect and Continuous form is not applicable to all verbs.

Present Perfect and Continuous Not I have been knowing Not I have been believing morning. I have believed his side of the story even before the evidence came out. Present Perfect Simple I have known about the news since this

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Read the following statements. Ask a suitable question using either the Present Perfect and Continuous form or the Simple Present Perfect form to elicit such response. The first two are done for you. 1. I have been training to be a martial arts expert for over a decade now. How long have you been training?___________________________ 2. Tina has watched that movie seven times. How many times has Tina watched that movie?________________ 3. I have been running errands all day long. ________________________________________________________ 4. I have been waiting for you for over an hour. ________________________________________________________ 5. Yes, I just finished studying. ________________________________________________________

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Rewrite the verb in the parentheses into a more suitable form for the given sentence. Decide whether to use Present Perfect Form and Continuous or Simple Present Perfect form. 1. I _______________________________________________ my hands nonstop since the show started. (clap) 2. I _______________________________________________ only once since the show started. (clap) 3. She _______________________________________________ letters many times to the Editor so that her work would get published. (send) 4. She _______________________________________________ letters all day. 5. The expensive vase is broken! What _________________ you ______________________________? (do) 6. Your room is as messy as I left it this morning. What ____________________ you _______________________________________ that prevented you from cleaning your room? (do) 7. Shawn _______________________________________________ all his assignments so he can have more free time later in the day. (make) 8. Shawn _______________________________________________ his assignments for over an hour now. (make) 9. Dad _______________________________________________ my bike but it still remains broken. We might bring it to the shop tomorrow. (repair) 10. Our teachers _______________________________________________ about Marys predicament even before she told them what it was. (know)

Dreaming in English

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How long have you (been)?

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Construction and Usage Use Simple Present Perfect form for actions that have been started in the past and continues in the present Subject + has/have + been + past participle form of the verb The artifact has been lost for over a century. (One does not say: The artifact is lost for over a century.) My parents have been married for 25 years. (One does not say: My parents are married for 25 years now.)

Use Present Perfect and Continuous form to answer how long questions.
This does not apply, however, to verbs like know, believe, and like. These three verbs normally use the simple present perfect form. Subject + has/have + been + -ing form of the verb Mike has been training to be a firefighter for almost four years now. The boys have been playing pranks on the girls since last week. Juliet has known that story since she was little.

For the verbs live and work, you can use both forms (simple and continuous)
Mr. Smith has been living / has lived in Brazil for many years. Dr. Rosen has been working / has worked in the same place forever.

Use Simple Present Perfect form for negative statements with since or for
Subject + has/have + not + past participle form of the verb + since/for Mr. Dobbs has not talked to his neighbor since the dispute started. They have not participated in the games for as long as I can remember.

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Answer the following questions by using either the Simple Present Perfect form or the Present Perfect and Continuous form appropriately. The first one is done for you. 1. Youve been to Panama, havent you? Yes, I have been to Panama. 2. The cake design is intricate. You spent so much time preparing it, right? Oh, yes. I _____________________ since early this morning. 3. I m sorry for being late. How long did you wait for me? Its alright. I think I only __________________ for you for about fifteen minutes. 4. Theres a regional contest for athletes this May. Do you think that school will participate? Im not sure. They ______________ not ______________ any contest for years! 5. Your parents are inseparable! Theyve been married for ages, havent they? Yes. They ___________________________________ for 15 years now. Put a check () if the underlined sentence structure is correct. Write the correct statement if the structure is wrong. Blanks before each number are provided for your answers. 1. The little girl is crying. She has been waiting for her Mom to pick her up. 2. Mrs. Johns has not yet deciding where to hold her party. 3. Cate has been living in Hawaii since 2008. 4. Simon has lived in Thailand back in the day. 5. I have learned to paint for months now but I still cant get it right. 6. My Mom has not been liking the way I spend so much time online. 7. Ms. Williams has not been driving before. 8. I have met you before but I just dont remember when or where. 9. Henry has been telling stories to his younger siblings all evening long. 10. You dont look surprised. Have you already known about the news?

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For and Since

Construction and Usage Use for to show period of time or duration

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I have been waiting for you for three straight hours. My family has been going back and forth states for a couple of months now.

Use since to show the start of an action

I have been waiting for you since this morning. My family has been going back and forth states since last year.

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Complete the sentence by writing for or since on the space provided. 1. The strong wind has been blowing ______________ hours now. 2. The assigned pupils have been waiting for their turn to report ______________ this morning. 3. The baby has been sleeping ______________ noon time. 4. She has been studying for the test ______________ a week now. 5. The Principal has been making announcements ______________ yesterday. Complete the sentence by writing for or since on the space provided. 1. The store manager has been talking the employees regarding policy changes ______________ last week. 2. The doctor has been making his rounds ______________ 8:00 in the morning. 3. Universities have been giving free orientations for first year students ______________ the beginning of the school year. 4. The government has changed ______________ the new administration began. 5. Ross has been learning how to speak fluent French ______________ over three years now. 6. That artist has been singing songs ______________ as long as she can remember. 7. The entertained audience has been applauding tirelessly ______________ over an hour now. 8. This movie has been running ______________ about three hours already. 9. The disaster victims have been asking for more support ______________ the tragic calamity destroyed their homes. 10. Danny has been playing baseball ______________ years. That explains why hes that good.

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Simple Present Perfect and Simple Past

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Construction Simple Present Perfect form = Subject + has/have + past participle form of the verb Simple past = Subject + past form of the verb Usage

Use Simple Present Perfect form to show what has happened now. Use
Simple Past form to show what happened in the past. Simple Past I went to the store earlier but now Im back. (Not have gone) Caitling found her long-lost diary two days ago. (Not has found)

Simple Present Perfect I have gone to the store. Ill be back immediately. (Im not at home now.) Caitlin has found her long-lost diary. (She found it now)

Use Simple Present Perfect form for the newest things. Use Simple Past for
those that are not new. Simple Present Perfect Have you heard the new song from Beyonce? The child has begun to eat vegetables and fruits. Simple Past Beyonce was born and raised in Houston, Texas. The child ate vegetables and fruits during lunch time.

Never use I have done for finished time. Use I did.

I did my work yesterday. (Yesterday is finished time so do not use I have done.) She has sung that song today. (Today is connected to now so do not use sang.)
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Encircle the verb or verb phrase in the parentheses that will best complete the sentence. 1. My father ( has driven , drove ) that car last night. 2. I ( have auditioned , auditioned ) for a new role in a Broadway play yesterday. 3. We ( have tried , tried ) to eat in the newest restaurant in town. 4. Sasha ( has left , left ) the building but she will be back. 5. Amelia Earhart ( has flown , flew ) across the Atlantic in 1928. Complete the sentence by putting the verb in the parentheses either in Simple Present Perfect form or Simple Past form. 1. Patricia _________________________________ (sing) that song two nights ago. 2. The Robinsons __________________________ (throw) a grand party last night. 3. The girls _________________________________ (go) to the newly-opened boutique at Soho. 4. Uncle Pat _________________________________ (lose) the map so we do not know which way to go. 5. Today is the sixth time that I _________________________________ (hear) that song in the radio. 6. The honest cab driver _________________________________ (return) the wallet to the owner yesterday. 7. I _________________________________(visit) my grandparents two weeks ago. 8. Camille _________________________________ (change) a lot since she arrived from her trip. 9. Mom ______________________ (give) me a golden locket for my 13th birthday. 10. The company president _________________________________ (speak) to the employees in last nights convention.

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Past Perfect
Construction Subject + had + past participle form of the verb

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I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + had + past participle form of the verb Usage

Use Past Perfect for actions or states of being that have been completed in
the past before past actions or states of being I was so lucky. I had gone out before the building collapsed. She had been sick when classes started last September.

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Fill in the sentence with either the past form or past perfect form of the verb in the parentheses. 1. Jessica _________________________________ (sing) the National Anthem in last nights ball game. 2. Jessica _________________________________ (sing) the song before the lights went out. 3. Dad _________________________________ (leave) when I arrived. 4. Dad _________________________________ (leave) about an hour ago. 5. We _________________________________ (finish) the whole tube of ice cream when she asked for more. Fill in the sentence with either the past form or past perfect form of the verb in the parentheses. 1. The pilot _________________________________ (land) the plane safely. 2. The pilot _________________________________ (land) the plane even before the passengers found out that something was wrong. 3. All the players ___________________ (cheer) in delight after winning the game. 4. All the players _________________________________ (cheer) for their injured teammate before they left the dug-out. 5. They _________________________________ (go) away when we came. 6. They _____________________________ (go) away about fifteen minutes ago. 7. The bell ____________________ (ring) loudly. It signaled the end of lunch time. 8. The bell _______________________________ (ring) before we left the building. 9. She _________________________________ (send) the letter before I discovered the secret message. 10. She _________________________________ (send) the letter two days ago.

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Past Perfect and Continuous

Construction Subject + had + been + -ing form of the verb

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I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + had + been + -ing form of the verb Usage

Use Past Perfect and Continuous form for actions or states of being had been
happening in the past before something else I had been studying in my room when my little sister barged in. The celebrity had been making donations to charities before the media caught wind of it.

Past Perfect and Continuous (had been happening before something else) I had been feeling sick before I was rushed to the hospital. (Felt sick before going to the hospital) The kids eyes were red. They had been crying. (take note of the verb were)

Present Perfect and Continuous (has been happening before now) I am now in the hospital. I have been feeling sick. (before now) The kids eyes are red. They have been crying. (take note of the verb are)

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Fill in the sentence with either the Past Perfect and Continuous Form or the Present Perfect and Continuous form of the verb in the parentheses. 1. The class was quiet. The teacher ___________________ (tell) a thrilling story. 2. The class is quiet. The teacher ________________________________________ (tell) a thrilling story. 3. They ________________________________________ (board up) their doors and windows ever since they heard the news about the super typhoon. 4. Its a good thing that ________________________________________ (board up) their doors and windows before I arrived to tell them about the super typhoon. 5. The boy ________________________________________ (reading) a book when his Dad came to pick him up. Fill in the sentence with either the Past Perfect and Continuous Form or the Present Perfect and Continuous form of the verb in the parentheses. 1. The children ____________________ (play) outside before I walked in the door. 2. The children ___________________________ (play) outside since this morning. 3. Her voice is hoarse. She ________________________________ (talk) for hours. 4. Her voice was hoarse. She ______________________________ (talk) for hours. 5. Dad ______________________________________ (cut) the grass for hours now. 6. Dad ____________________ (cut) before the gardener came to finish the work. 7. I _________________________ (save) for the wedding even before you asked. 8. I ________________________________________ (save) for that concert. 9. She hopes her Mom arrives soon. She __________________________________ (wait) for well over thirty minutes now. 10. She ________________________________________ (wait) for well over thirty minutes before her Mom arrived.

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Have got and Have

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Construction and Usage Have got and have are used to show possession or relationships among others. There is not much distinction between the two of them. If you say Ive got a new tablet, you can also say I have a new tablet. If you say Mark has got a younger sister, you can also say Mark has a younger sister. Question form Has Trisha got what Louise asked for? Do you have any food to eat? Negative form (with got) Trisha hasnt got what Louise asked for. I havent got any food to eat. Negative form (without got) Trisha doesnt have what Louise asked for. I dont have any food to eat. Accepted form but rarely used Trisha hasnt what Louise asked for. I havent any food to eat.

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Pair each negative statement with another negative statement. Make sure the pair that you will give has has or have. Use the phrases in the parentheses as your clue. Be careful with your tenses. Cant is for present actions. Couldnt is for past actions. The first two are done for you. 1. I cant drive. (a car) I dont have a car.__

Dreaming in English

2. She couldnt remember. ( a good memory) She didnt have good memory. 3. My uncle cant swim. (training) _____________________________________ 4. I cant stay long. (meeting) _________________________________________ 5. Mom cant come. (a conference) _____________________________________ Write sentences using the words in the parentheses. Make sure that each of your sentences has has/have or has/have got. The first one is done for you. (a car) (a computer) (friends) (a cousin) (a new book) (a phone) (any questions) (any ideas) (a shiny ring) (a plan) 1. I dont have a car. 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________ 9. ______________________________________________ 10. ______________________________________________

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Used to
Construction Subject + used to + base form of the verb

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I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + used to + base form of the verb Usage

For actions that were usual in the past but do not happen anymore
I used to dance a lot before. Megan used to attend voice lessons but not anymore.

Question form Did you use to dance a lot before? Did Megan use to attend voice lessons?

Negative form 1 Negative form 2 I didnt use to dance a lot I used to not dance a lot before. before. Megan didnt use to Megan used to not attend attend voice lessons. voice lessons.

Used to and used to doing mean two very different things. Never interchange them. I used to jog here every morning. (Speaker jogged here a lot every morning but not anymore.) I am used to doing three full jog turns in this track. (Speaker is in the habit of doing three full jog turns in the track because he has been accustomed to do so for quite a time.)

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Complete the following sentences with used to and a suitable verb. The first one is done for you. 1. After his operation, Dad quit smoking. He ____used to smoke______ about two packs a day. That was how bad it got. 2. I ______________________________ a boy scout but after the injury, I had to quit. 3. This is a great place for army drill. There was a group of soldiers that ______________________________ drills here but they dont come here anymore. 4. There ______________________________ a majestic tree that grew here until the tornadoes came and toppled it down with the other trees. 5. There was a time that I read so many books. I ______________________________ a lot but I dont have time to do so now.

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Complete the following sentences with used to and a suitable verb. 1. Farmers ______________________________ a variety of crops here until the quakes destroyed the field. It is a pitiful sight, isnt it? 2. Grandma Roses grandkids ______________________________her a lot when she was still alive. She would sit by the porch and watch them play by the driveway. 3. I play the tuba because my uncle also ______________________________ the tuba professionally. He was the one who taught me. 4. Elaine plays the piano well because she ______________________________ classical training in a Music School. 5. There was a time when books were enough for us on a rainy day. Reading ______________________________ the favorite past time of kids of yesteryears. 6. My aunt ______________________________ me to that amusement park every weekend when I was little. 7. Mom ______________________________at home all the time until she found a job that took her out of town three times a week. 8. What happened to that artist? I ______________________________ a fan of hers. 9. There was time that Lily ate whatever she wanted. She ______________________________ sweets every meal time until she was diagnosed to be a borderline diabetic. 10. Because of my work, I dont jog as often as you would like. I ______________________________ four or five times a week. Thats a luxury I cannot afford anymore.

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Future

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Present Tenses for the Future (Im doing/I do)

Construction Present Continuous Subject + linking verb + -ing form of the verb I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + linking verb + -ing form of the verb Simple Present Subject + linking verb + present form of the verb I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + linking verb + present form of the verb Usage

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Use Present Continuous for actions that have already been set.
o I am leaving for Panama next month. o Are you still playing basketball this weekend?

Use Present Continuous for actions right before you begin doing them.
o Tinas confused about the instructions. She is going to call her boss. o Im exhausted. Im going to rest first.

Use Present Continuous for personal arrangements.

o Im meeting Daisy at the park next week. o What time are you getting together with the folks?

Use Simple Present for schedules (transportation, programmes, etc.)

o The bus leaves at 8:15 am tomorrow. o The movie ends at 9 in the evening.

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Make a suitable question for each answer using either Present Continuous or Simple Present for the future. The first one is done for you. The train leaves at 11:15 a.m. today. The concert ends at 10 in the evening. I am meeting her later at 4. Yes, we are going bowling later. They are arriving at dawn on Tuesday. 1. What time does the train leave today? 2. _________________________________ 3. _________________________________ 4. _________________________________ 5. _________________________________

Dreaming in English

Give a suitable answer for every question. Use Present Continuous or Simple Present for the future. The first one is done for you. What are you doing later? Are you going to that concert tonight? What time does the plane leave? What time does the movie start? What time does the bus arrive tomorrow? What time are you meeting your doctor? Are you visiting your uncle this Christmas? Are your parents watching the show later? What are you doing tomorrow night? What time does the show end? 1. I am going to go to a party later. 2. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________ 5. ______________________________ 6. ______________________________ 7. ______________________________ 8. ______________________________ 9. ______________________________ 10. ______________________________

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Will/Shall
Construction Subject + will/shall + base form of the verb

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I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + will/shall + base form of the verb Usage

Use will for actions that are to be carried out at the time of speaking
o Its cold outside. Ill go get a jacket. o We dont have food anymore. Ill call for some take out.

Use will when one offers to do something; agrees to do something; promises

to do something; or asks to do something o Ill help you carry that box if you want. (offering) o Can you help me carry this box? Sure, Ill help you carry that box. (accepting) o Just leave that box there. Ill carry it for you. Itll be in your room when you come back. (promising) o Will you carry that box for me? (asking to do something)

Use shall in questions that ask a persons opinion especially when one offers
or suggests to do something o Shall I carry that box? (Do you want me to carry the box?) o Shall we call for help? (Do you want us to call for help?) Shall I carry that box? (Do you want me to carry the box?) Shall we ask for help? (Do you want us to ask for help) Will you carry that box? (I want you to carry that box.) Will you call for help? (I want you to call for help.)

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Write a suitable question for each statement. Use will or shall. The first one is done for you. 1. Yes, I will help you with that. 2. 3. 4. 5. Will you help me with this?

________________________________ When will you come back? ________________________________ Shall we go to the homecoming dance? ________________________________ Shall I open the door? ________________________________ Shall we watch the movie?

Write a suitable answer for each question. Use will or shall. The first one is done for you. Will you help me with this? When will you come back? Shall we go to the homecoming dance? Shall I open the door? Shall we watch the movie? Will you close the windows for me? Will you take the test next week? Shall we dance? 1. Yes, I will help you with that. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Will and Going to

Construction Will Subject + will + base form of the verb

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I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + will + base form of the verb Going to Subject + linking verb + going to + base form of the verb I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + linking verb + going to + base form of the verb Usage

Use will for actions that are to be carried out at the time of speaking. Use
going to when it is connected to now.

I will wear a jacket. (Just decided to wear Its cold outside. one) open the windows.)

Im going to wear a

jacket. (Its cold now.) the windows. (The wind is blowing in now.

I will open the windows. (Just decided to The wind is blowing in. Im going to close

Usually, when the question has the present continuous form of the verb,
answer it with going to if suitable. o Are you watching the game later? Yes, Im going to watch it. o Is Ana coming tomorrow? No, she is not going to come. o When is Michelle leaving? She is going to leave next Monday.

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Write a suitable answer to each of the questions. Use will or going to. The first one is done for you. Are you wearing a tie to the dinner? Will Mark attend the service? Can you call Martha, please? When is Michael arriving tomorrow? Is the police officer arresting the fugitive? 1. Yes, Im going to wear a tie. 2. 3. 4. 5. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

Dreaming in English

Fill in the blanks with the words in the parentheses. Add will or going to. The first one is done for you. 1. Its raining right now. I am going to get an umbrella. (I/get) 2. __________________________________ for Paris. (She/leave) 3. __________________________________ me carry the bag? (you/help) 4. Its snowing outside. __________________________________ a snowman! (We/make) 5. __________________________________ the movie. (Tom/watch) 6. __________________________________ in the next Spielberg movie. (She/star) 7. Im thirsty. __________________________________ water. (I/drink) 8. Today is Sunday. __________________________________ Mass. (We/attend) 9. __________________________________ you fix that. (They/help) 10. Ms. Martin is here. She __________________________________ Math. (She/teach)

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Will be doing and Will have done

Construction Will be doing (future continuous) Subject + will be + -ing form of the verb

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I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + will be + -ing form of the verb Will have done (future perfect) Subject + will have + past participle form of the verb I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They + will have + past participle form of the verb Usage

Use future continuous for actions that will be completed in the future.
o By this time next week, I will be soaking up the sun in Malibu. o Will you be leaving tomorrow?

Use future perfect for actions that will be completed before something else in
the future. o By the time you go home later, she will have gone. o I will have sent the letter by the time you arrive. o

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Complete the following sentences with either future continuous form or future perfect form of the verb in the parentheses. 1. This time next year, I ______________________________ (travel) across Asia. 2. Francis _____________________ (go) to the park by the time you will get home. 3. At 8 tonight, you will find her in the office. She _________________ (work) late. 4. See me at 3 this afternoon. I _______________________ (get) home by then. 5. Dont go there later! You ________________________ (put) yourself in danger. Complete the following sentences with either future continuous form or future perfect form of the verb in the parentheses. 1. At the rate that he is going, he __________________________________ (reach) the top of the corporate ladder before he will turn 30. 2. My Dad ___________________________ (arrive) from his business trip by 3:30. 3. Call her after 8pm. She ______________ (return) to the office before that time. 4. Dont come after dinner. I ______________________________ (do) homework. 5. By the time you fly to Australia, your sister __________________________________ (fly) back to Los Angeles. 6. You will have to leave already. She __________________________________ (leave) by the time you reach the restaurant. 7. My family and I __________________________________ (visit) our sick grandmother later today. 8. Its useless! Carol __________________________________ (finish) eating by the time you will invite her to eat out. 9. You will have to come early. Mom __________________________________ (drive) to work by the time you get here. 10. This time next month, James __________________ (study) in a different school.

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

When and If

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Construction Subject of the first clause + will + base form of the verb + when/if + Subject of the second clause + verb in present tense Usage

Use when for actions that are SURE to happen. Use if for actions that MIGHT
happen.

We will leave when your aunt arrives. (The We will leave if your aunt arrives. (The aunt will surely arrive.) aunt might arrive.) May I use your pen when youve finished May I use your pen if youve finished with with it? (Person spoken to will surely finish it? (Person spoken to might finish using using the pen.) surely leaving.) the pen.) (Person spoken to might leave.) Ill cry when you leave. (Person spoken is Ill cry if you leave.

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Finish the following sentences. 1. The kid will stop crying if __________________________________________. 2. Mom will be happy when __________________________________________. 3. Paolo will study if _________________________________________________. 4. Emma will be angry when __________________________________________. 5. Mr. Williams will give us a prize if __________________________________. Use the following words in the parentheses in sentences with when and if. The first one is done for you. a. I/ play for the team/ I/ receive a scholarship. 1. I will play for the team when I receive a scholarship. 2. I will play for the team if I receive a scholarship.____ b. She/ dance/ someone/ plays good music 3. __________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________ c. People/applaud/ actors/ perform well 5. __________________________________________________________ 6. __________________________________________________________ d. Vincent/ feel hungry/ he/ sees this picture 7. __________________________________________________________ 8. __________________________________________________________ e. Mom/ scold me/ she/ finds out 9. __________________________________________________________ 10. __________________________________________________________

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Modals

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Can, could, and be able to

Construction Subject + can + infinitive Subject + could + infinitive Subject + be able to + infinitive Usage

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Use can for ones ability to do something. Negative form is cannot (cant).
Past tense is could. o I can sing. I cant sing. I could sing before. o She can read an entire book in a day. She cant read an entire book in a day. She could read an entire book in a day.

Use be able to if can cannot be used (since can has only two forms: present
(can) and past (could). o Luis might be able to dance in tomorrows show. o Ive been able to travel across the Asian continent.

Use was able to or managed to for specific actions done in the past.
o When the accident happened, I was able to find help. (not could) o Ben managed to get some sleep last night even if he had so much work to finish. (not could) o

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Using the words in the parentheses, create sentences that reflect the guidelines above. The first one is done for you. (Cathy/ can) (Dad/managed to) (pupils/could) (kids/cant) (Tom/was able to) 1. Cathy can drive five hours straight without resting._ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________

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Complete the following sentences. 1. Ria is sad because she cant _______________________________________. 2. It was a good thing that there firefighters were able to _________________________________________________________________. 3. Dont worry! I could _____________________________________________. 4. I did not know that you could ______________________________________. 5. Martin is such a show off! He wants everyone to know that he can _________________________________________________________________. 6. This hi-tech gadget can ____________________________________________. 7. My favorite superhero is ____________________________________ because he/she can ________________________________________________________. 8. My little sister was so angry yesterday because she couldnt ________________________________________________________________. 9. Her friends managed to ___________________________________________. 10. I have a classmate who is so talented. She can __________________________________________________________________

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Have to and Must

Dreaming in English

Construction Subject + have to + infinitive Subject + must + infinitive Usage

Have to and must connote obligation.

o We have to go to the art exhibit. We promised him we would. o We must go to the art exhibit. We promised him we would.

While the two are similar, their negative forms are significantly different.
We must not go to that place. Ive heard We dont have to eat outside unless you bad things about it. (obligatory) (obligatory) really want to. (not obligatory) friends might look for us. (not obligatory) We must not miss Sunday Service. We dont have to be in that event but our

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Complete the following sentences with has to, have to, or had to. 1. The show is at eight in the morning. We

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___________________________________ prepare early if we want to catch it. 2. I was so sick last week that I _______________ miss classes for a couple of days. 3. Michelle sings and acts very well. She ____________ audition for the main part! 4. I didnt remember if I locked the door so I ___________________ double check. 5. The principal will be here any time now. We _________________be very quiet. Complete the sentences with mustnt or doesnt/dont have to. 1. This information is highly confidential. You ___________________ tell anyone. 2. You _________________________ come if you dont have the time to do so. 3. That is one of the best films ever! You __________________________ miss it! 4. We ____________________________________ go there now. We can do so tomorrow since we still have time. 5. I ____________________________________ scare my little sister. She screams really loud when shes scared. 6. Eric ____________________________________ lose tomorrow if he wants it to make it to the Finals. 7. Tony _________________________ sing tomorrow but itll be great if he could. 8. The ladies ____________________________________ wear formal clothes unless they want to dress up. 9. Ive been up all night just to catch this late night show. I __________ fall asleep! 10. The auditorium management closes the doors five minutes after a show starts so we ____________________________________ be late.

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Could (do) and could have (done)

Construction Subject + could + infinitive Subject + could have + past participle form of the verb Usage Could has other uses aside from being the past tense of can. Read on.

Dreaming in English

Use could for actions that can be possibly done now or in the future (just like
might or may). o We could go watch the show if you want to. o You could stay with us in case you decide to visit here next year.

Use could for actions that are unrealistic.

o Terrence is so hungry he could eat a horse. o Im swamped with work. I could use a holiday.

Negative form of could is could not (couldnt).

o We couldnt watch the movie even if we wanted to. o I couldnt bring myself to like mayonnaise.

Use could have (couldve) for actions in the past.

o We couldve rented a cabin but decided against it. o Mitch couldve called us when he was in the neighborhood.

Negative form of could have is could not have (couldnt have).

o He couldnt have done that. He was with me the whole time! o You couldnt have seen her because she was in her room the whole time.
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Put a on the blank before the number if the sentence structure is correct. Put an X if not. _______1. Im so sleepy I could sleep for a hundred years and never wake up! _______2. The woman couldnt have gone inside because the doors were locked. _______3. She could have sing if you ask her to. _______4. The kids could played in the back yard as soon as Mom arrives. _______5. That was the best party ever! We couldnt ask for more! A hyperbole is figurative language that shows exaggerated meaning. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate hyperbole. Be creative! The first one is done for you. 1. I am so thirsty I could drink the whole river.__________________________. 2. I am so happy I could _____________________________________________. 3. I am so angry I could ______________________________________________. 4. I am so hungry I could _____________________________________________. 5. I am so sad I could ________________________________________________. 6. I am so bored I could ______________________________________________. 7. I am so excited I could _____________________________________________. 8. I am so tired I could ______________________________________________. 9. I am so scared I could _____________________________________________. 10. I am so energized I could __________________________________________.

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Must and cant

Construction With a verb:

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With have: Subject + must have + past participle form of the verb Subject + cant have + past participle form of the verb

Subject + must + infinitive Subject + cant + infinitive Usage

Use must for actions that need to happen.

o We must go help her. She needs us. o I really want to pass this test so I must study seriously.

Must is used for things one believes are definite.

o You havent slept yet. You must be really sleepy. o She is about to meet her favorite actor. She must get very excited when she sees him!

Use cant for actions that are not possible.

o You cant be that scared. Thats just a movie! Its not real. o It cant be all that bad. Trust me. Ive seen worse.

Past tense for each are must have and cant have respectively. Couldnt have
can also be used instead of cant have. o Dave must have put this here. He was the only ones in the room. o My cousin cant have eaten the cake. She was already full. o The children couldnt have left this mess. They have never been in this room.

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Fill the sentences with must or cant. 1. Theres your best friend. You _________________ be happy to see her. 2. I heard the great news! She _________________ be ecstatic. 3. Sorry, I _________________ go to the party. Ill be out of town. 4. Always persevere. You _________________ give up. 5. I love that actress! I _________________ watch her new film!

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Complete the following statements using the words in the parentheses. Use must have or cant have. The first one is done for you. 1. The ground is wet. (It/rain) 2. I saw a kid crying. (He/lose his toy) 3. The lights of the house were all on. (Mom/go home early) (He/laugh out loud) 5. I didnt remember the story. (I/read _________________________________ the book) 6. Melissa had no memory of meeting you _________________________________ there. (You/ meet her) 7. Tim had gone there. (He/miss it) 8. Ritas phone kept on ringing. (She/fall asleep) 9. Donnies parents were so mad. (He/do _________________________________ something wrong) 10. The girls were so excited. (They/win a prize) _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ 4. My little brother was fast asleep. _________________________________ It must have rained all night. _________________________________

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May and might

Dreaming in English

Construction Subject + may + infinitive Subject + might + infinitive With have Subject + may have + past participle form of the verb Subject + might have + past participle form of the verb Usage

May/Might connotes possibility.

o We may go to the States this summer. (not certain if the trip will push through) o The kids might play later if they wish to. (not certain if they will play)

Negative form is may not or might not.

o I may not be able to attend because I have a prior engagement. o He might not make it because of work.

For past actions, use may have/might have.

o He looked familiar. I may have met him before. o The room looked messy! The kids might have used it as their playroom.

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Rewrite each sentence using may or might. The first one is done for you. 1. Maybe Ill watch a movie later. 2. Maybe Ill travel more next year.

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I might watch a movie later._________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Maybe Ill see you at the concert. __________________________________________________________________ 4. Maybe Ill eat out later. __________________________________________________________________ 5. Maybe Ill transfer to another school next semester. __________________________________________________________________ Complete the following sentences using the verb in the parentheses. Use may have or might have. 1. I lost my keys. I ______________________________ them somewhere. (drop) 2. Jim spoke in front of a huge audience. ________________ really nervous. (feel) 3. Shawn thought that story was familiar. He ____________ it somewhere. (hear) 4. Mom was so cranky yesterday. She ____________________________________ up on the wrong side of the bed. (wake) 5. Darla looked really nervous. She _________________ up to something. (be) 6. I wondered what ________________ if we joined the event yesterday. (happen) 7. Dad looked so tired. He _________________________________ all day. (work) 8. Tanya looked pleased. She ____________________________________ good marks this semester. (receive) 9. Dan is so mad at Cristy. She _________________ something really bad. (do) 10. Gary came really early. He ____________________ excited for the event. (get)
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Must, Mustnt, Neednt

Construction Subject + must/mustnt/neednt + infinitive Usage

Dreaming in English

Use must for actions that have to be done.

o We must leave now if we want to catch that flight. o I must study. I need to pass that exam.

Use mustnt for actions that should not be done.

o You mustnt go there. Its a dangerous place to be in. o He mustnt leave. I need to tell him something first.

Use neednt for actions that do not need to be done but one can still do if
he/she really wants to. It is similar to o We neednt go since there are already so many who volunteered. o Miriam neednt sing, but if she wants to, we can give her a spot in the program. One can also use doesnt need to/ dont need to instead of neednt. o We dont need to go since there are already so many who volunteered for the project. o Miriam doesnt need to sing but if she wants to, we can give her a spot in the program. For past actions, one can use neednt have + past participle of the verb. o If I only knew that this would happen, I neednt have to come. o I thought it would snow so I wore jacket. It didnt snow so I neednt have to wear a jacket after all.
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Complete the sentences with must or mustnt. 1. Your voice is hoarse so you ____________ talk so much so you can give it a rest. 2. It is Independence Day. We _______________________ show appreciation to those who sacrificed their lives so we can be free. 3. Bullying is hurtful so we _________________ resort to such a negative practice. 4. Our teacher assigned us so many things to read. We _______________________ start reading now if we want to finish on time. 5. My little sister has to listen to a story before she can sleep so I _____________ prepare a story for her tonight. Make sentences for each given setting. Examples are given. In your community (MUST): 1. I must plant more trees. It is one way that I can protest global warming. 2. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________ At home (MUSTNT): 5. I mustnt waste electricity by leaving the lights on without anyone using them. 6. __________________________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________________________ In school (NEEDNT): 8. I neednt audition for the part because my drama teacher already told me that I got the part. 9. __________________________________________________________________ 10. __________________________________________________________________
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Should

Dreaming in English

Construction Subject + should + infinitive Usage

Use should when giving advice.

o You should rest. You have a big day tomorrow. o He should be more responsible instead of being too carefree. Hes not getting any younger.

One can also use ought to instead of should.

o You ought to rest. You have a big day tomorrow. o He ought to be more responsible instead of being too carefree. Hes not getting any younger.

Use should for things that are not right or are not expected.
o Why isnt she here? She should be since its her duty time. o Mom told me shed be off work by this time. She should be home.

Use should have (done) for actions that were not done but should have.
o The finance officer shouldve been in her office since its payday. o The principal shouldve called for the kids parents before the issue got blown out of proportion. Use should not have (done) for action that were done but should not have. o You shouldnt have treated her that way. She feels really insulted. o The boys shouldnt have shouted like that. They sounded so disrespectful.

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 Use should after a series of verbs particularly propose, insist, recommend, suggest and demand. o I insist that you should go. o What do you recommend I should do? o I suggest that you go see her. o I propose that we create a project for a worthwhile cause. o I demand that you should bring me to your manager!

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Give an appropriate advice for each of the following concerns. I have been feeling sick all day. I want to get a high score in tomorrows exams. I found a wallet on that bench. want to make my Mom happy on her birthday this weekend. Oh no! A hurricanes going to hit us in the next 48 hours! Complete the sentences using should or should have + verbs in the parentheses. Make sure they are structurally correct. The first two are done for you. 1. I think we should create (create) a tribute of thanks for our teacher, Ms. Anne. 2. All the players should have been (be) more serious during their practices. 3. The bell ________________________________ (ring) at this precise moment. 4. Youre off early. You _______________________________ (go) home and rest. 5. Father has already left the office. He _______________ (arrive) any time now. 6. Beth insists that the class ____________________________________ (donate) something for the victims of the earthquake. 7. Cora _______________________ (master) the dance before she went on stage. 8. My grandparents ____________________ (see) me perform in last nights play. 9. There has been a string of theft in the campus. We ______________________ (take) care of our things more vigilantly. 10. The farmers ____________________________________ (plant) more crops when the weather was still good.
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Dreaming in English

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

Had better and Its time

Construction Subject + had better + infinitive Its time to + infinitive Its time + for (subject) + to + infinitive Its time + you + past form of the verb Usage

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Use had better for actions that are advisable to do. Negative form is had
better not. o Id better leave or else Ill get caught in traffic. o Melissa had better study. I heard she want to pass the test really badly. Had better is similar to should but the first is used for specific situations while the latter is used for general ones. Ex. Id better study for tomorrows test. (specific situation) I should study more. (general situation) o Use Its time for (subject) to... o Its time for Trina to exercise. Shes getting heavier everyday. o Its time for that dishonest official to answer all the allegations against him.

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Use Its time for actions that the subject has already done or has just started
doing. o Its time we prepared for the strong hurricane. o Its time she promised to turn her life around. Use Its about time for stronger emphasis. o I heard she went into rehab. Its about time that she becomes more responsible for her actions. o Its about time that you visit us. You always promised me before but all these promises never worked!

Dreaming in English

Learning Supplement Series | Grammar Supplement

Write your answers on the spaces provided. What time is it? Its time to 1. I have gained so much weight.

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Its time to _______________________________________________________ 2. My camera got busted. Were about to leave for Spain and I dont have a single camera! __________________________________________________________________ 3. I have to leave for France this weekend. __________________________________________________________________ 4. I feel sick and nauseated almost everyday. __________________________________________________________________ 5. My favorite show is now on the Fox Channel __________________________________________________________________ Complete each sentence appropriately. The first one is done for you. 1. My brother is still in the hospital. Id better go visit him.________________. 2. This issue is getting out of hand. Id better ___________________________. 3. I have such a long research paper to finish. Id better __________________. 4. Mom is about to see if I cleaned my room. Id better ___________________. 5. The test is already next week. Id better ______________________________. 6. My cousin will visit me later. Id better ______________________________. 7. My little sister needs help in doing her assignment. Id better _____________________________. 8. My best friend just won the contest. Id better ____________-___________. 9. Charles is not in a good mood. Id better _____________________________. 10. Ive been invited to a party. Id better _____________________________.

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Would

Dreaming in English

Construction Present: Subject + would + base form of the verb Past: Usage Subject + would have + past participle form of the verb

For things that are being imagined

o It would be nice to live in a mansion but we cant afford to build one. o I would love to see the North Pole one day.

Use would have done for actions in the past.

o She would have loved it if she saw this view. o Mary would have come earlier if she knew Mr. Gomez had already left.

Negative form is would not (wouldnt).

o Fritz tried to stop him but she wouldnt listen to him. o I pushed the slab really hard but it wouldnt move.

Sometimes, would is used as past tense for will/wont.

o Henry said that he would vote for you if you ran for office. o Marty told me that he wouldnt be able to pick you up.

One can also use would to speak of something done regularly in the past.
o When we were kids, we would constantly play in that garden. o Whenever my little sister felt scared, she would hide under the bed.

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Complete the following sentences appropriately. The first one is done for you. 1. It would be nice to swim in the Caribbean____________________________. 2. It would be great to ________________________________________________. 3. I would love to ____________________________________________________. 4. I would be thrilled to ______________________________________________. 5. I would be privileged to ____________________________________________. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in the parentheses. 1. I would rather _______________________ (stay) indoors than play outside where its cold. 2. I would love to _______________________ (meet) the Queen of England in person. 3. My little brother would have _______________________ (throw) a tantrum if he saw his broken toy. 4. Shirley would have _______________________ (give) a ride if she werent busy. 5. Tim would have _______________________ (lend) Sam some money if Tim had something to share. 6. You have to believe in me. I wouldnt _______________________ (lie) to you. 7. We tried to calm him but he wouldnt _______________________ (stop) crying. 8. We used to climb up the hill. We would _______________________ (sit) under that apple tree and read books. 9. Ram would have _______________________ (go) out if I didnt stop him from doing so. 10. I would have _______________________ (be) here if I didnt have a prior engagement.
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Can, Could, Would You?

Construction Can : can + subject + base form of the verb Could Would Usage : could + subject + base form of the verb : would you + subject + base form of the verb

Dreaming in English

Can and could are used for requesting things.

o Can you get me a glass of water? o Could you pass the salt, please?

Can and could are used for asking people to do something.

o Can you show me the way? o Could you close the door, please?

Can and would are used to offer something.

o Can I get you anything, maam? o Would you like anything, maam?

Would you is used for inviting.

o Would you like to come over and have lunch with us? o Would it please you if you join us for dinner later?

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Create appropriate sentences for each request (italicized). Usecan you or could you. The first one is done for you. 1. Ask someone to close the door. Can you please close the door?__________ 2. Ask for a cup of coffee. ____________________________________________ 3. Ask for help. 4. Ask for a pack of candies. ___________________________________ _______________________________________

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5. Ask someone to carry the box. ________________________________________ Complete the following sentences with Can you, Could you, or Would you. 1. __________________________________ like a mug of hot chocolate? 2. __________________________________ please come here? 3. __________________________________ need a ride? 4. __________________________________ get me a piece of cake please? 5. __________________________________ like to come with me? 6. __________________________________ sing a line or two from your new single? 7. __________________________________ call me later? 8. __________________________________ answer that on your own. 9. __________________________________ want me to visit later. 10. __________________________________ want to go sight-seeing with the family?

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If and Wish

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If I do and If I did

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Construction and Usage Use if I do for something is most likely to happen. o If I do my best, Ill succeed. o If Melissa sees this, shell be so happy.

Use If I did for things that are just being imagined.

o If I saw him, I wouldve said hello. o If I went to the party, I wouldnt be feeling better.

Ifwould or Ifwouldnt can be used but not in the if- part.

o If I called you, I know you wouldnt pick up. o If I sang in the auditorium, people would leave.

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Complete the following sentences appropriately. The first one is done for you. 1. If I found a wallet, I would pass it on to the authorities, 2. If I won a million dollars, ___________________________________________ 3. If I traveled around the world,_______________________________________ 4. If I saw my favorite artist, __________________________________________ 5. If I got trapped in an elevator, _______________________________________ 6. Complete the following sentences with If I + Present or If I + Past form of the verb found in the parentheses. 1. ________________________________ (become) a president of a country, Id work tirelessly for the needy. 2. ________________________________ (reach) eleventh grade, Id learn culinary arts. 3. ________________________________ (transform) into a lion, Id scare all the bad guys away. 4. ________________________________ (eat) a cup of rice, Id gain more calories. 5. ________________________________ (has) superpowers, Id protect my community from criminals. 6. ________________________________ (write) a letter now, Mom would be able to read it later. 7. ________________________________ (stay) at home, Id feel bored. 8. ________________________________ (sleep) early, Id wake up early as well. 9. ________________________________ (meet) Michael Jackson, Id ask him to teach me his legendary moon walk. 10. ________________________________ (take) a bite of chocolate, Id get sugar rush.
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Dreaming in English

If I knew and I wish I knew

Construction If I (subject) + past form of the verb I (subject) wish(es) I (subject) + past form of the verb Usage

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Use if + past for imagining situations like these:

o I wouldnt do this if I didnt have time. (but I have time) o If Rob didnt want to travel with us, he wouldnt go. (but he wants to)

Use I wish I knew when something is not we would like it to be.

o I wish I found out earlier. I could have come in the morning. o I wish I didnt have to leave tomorrow. I like to stay here.

If I were and If I was can be used either way.

o If I were there, I wouldnt be here or If I wasnt there, I wouldnt be here. o If Time were here, this wouldnt happen or If Tim was here, this wouldnt happen.

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Complete the following sentences appropriately. The first one is done for you. 1. If I were the president, I would work tirelessly for the needy. 2. If I were a superhero, I would_______________________________________. 3. If I were a brilliant scientist, I would_________________________________. 4. If I were a billionaire, I would_______________________________________. 5. If I were King/Queen, I would_______________________________________. Fill in the sentences with the words found in the parentheses. The first one is done for you. 1. I ___wish___ you ___were___ here. (were, wish) 2. Paul ___________ come ___________ it ___________ raining. (if, would, werent) 3. Mitch ___________ he ___________ so he coult talk to you. (wishes, came) 4. ___________ Lisa ___________ this book, she ___________ love it. (read, if, would) 5. ___________ Dad ___________ there, he ___________ get lost. (was, would, if) 6. Danny ___________ visit ___________ he ___________ at work. (if, werent, would) 7. They ___________ they ___________ the cake. (tried, wish) 8. Roma ___________ get a high score ___________ she ___________ distracted. (wasnt, if, would) 9. ___________ I ___________ a scientist, I ___________ create a time machine. (would, if, were) 10. ___________ Mia ___________ bad, she ___________ tell us. (felt, would, if)

Dreaming in English

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If I had known and I wish I had known

Construction If I (subject) + had + past participle of the verb I (subject) wish(es) + had + past participle of the verb Usage

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Use if + had to talk about the past.

o If I had talked to you, I wouldnt have made that decision. o If I had seen you, I would have said hello.

Use I wish I had to wish for something that had happened

o I wish I had talked to you before making that decision. o I wish I had seen you before you left.

Never use would in the if-part.

o Dont say If I would have seen you. Say If I had seen you. o Dont say If I would have talked to you. Say If I had talked to you.

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Complete the following sentences appropriately. Make sure you start with the past participle of the verb. The first one is done for you. 1. If I had seen you, I would have given you a ride home.__________________ 2. If Id known it was your birthday, I would have________________________ 3. If Id learned of your visit, I would have_______________________________ 4. If Id known you were sick, I would have______________________________ 5. If Id won that contest, I would have__________________________________ Read the different situations. Create if I had known and I wish I had known sentences that would be appropriate for each situation. Mike fell ill. 1. If I had known that Mike fell ill, I would have visited him.______________ 2. I wish I had visited him.____________________________________________ Cara was in town yesterday. 3. If I had known that Cara was in town yesterday, I would have__________. 4. I wish I had______________________________________________________. There was beautiful play staged in the town hall. 5. If I had known there was a beautiful play staged in the town hall, I would have ____________________________________________________________. 6. I wish I had_______________________________________________________. Free food was given at the cafeteria. 7. If I had known that free food was given at the cafeteria, I would have_____________________________________________________________. 8. I wish I had_______________________________________________________. Ms. Torres gave a quiz. 9. If I had known that Ms. Torres was going to give a quiz, I would have________. 10. I wish I had_______________________________________________________.

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Wish
Construction and Usage Use wish to wish somebody something. o I wish you guys a wonderful marriage!

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o I met Sheena earlier and I wished her a happy birthday.

Use wish to regret something is not as one would like it.

o I wish I knew the solution of this word problem. o I wish my cousins didnt have to leave so soon.

Use wish to regret something that one cant do.

o I wish I can stay but I really cant. o I wish I can attend the party but I have a prior engagement.

Use wish to wish one would do something.

o I wish you would come. o I wish Mom would buy me a new dress.

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Create appropriate wishes for each setting. The first one is done for you. For your life 1. I wish Id be a successful lawyer someday.____________________________ For your family (parents, brothers, sisters, relatives) 2. __________________________________________________________________ For your friends 3. __________________________________________________________________ For those who are in need (the poor, the hungry, the sick) 4. __________________________________________________________________ For the world 5. __________________________________________________________________ Create sentences for each situation. Use I wish. The first one is done for you. 1. You have to go early. I wish I could stay longer but I really have to go. 2. Wish your friend a happy birthday. ___________________________________ 3. You cant go to the concert. _________________________________________ 4. You wish you can help. ____________________________________________ 5. Wish someone a good health and safety. ______________________________ 6. Wish that it would stop raining. _____________________________________ 7. Wish for a great day today. _________________________________________ 8. Wish to win the lottery. ___________________________________________ 9. You want to go to the movies but you cant. ____________________________ 10. You want to attend the meeting but you cant. __________________________________________________________________

Dreaming in English

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Passive

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Passive 1 is done/was done

Construction Subject + is/was + past participle of the verb Usage

Dreaming in English

Use Passive form if the focus is on what happens to the subject.

o This house was built in the 1940s. o I am not allowed to go there.

Use is + past participle form to state a fact or for actions done regularly.
o The wallet is stolen. o The store is filled with people every Saturday.

Use was + past participle form for past actions.

o The bank has stricter security because it was robbed last month. o The construction project was completed last week.

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Complete the sentences to show passive form. Use the verbs in the parentheses. 1. This bridge __________________________ (build) in the 20th century. 2. My bedroom __________________________ (clean) everyday. 3. That noise __________________________ (make) by my gadget. 4. This artifact __________________________ (display) in the museum two weeks ago. 5. The book __________________________ (read) by kids all over the world. Workbook Exercises Complete the sentences to show passive form. Use the verbs in the parentheses. 1. The urban legend __________________________ (believe) by a lot of people up to this very day. 2. This article __________________________ (write) a decade ago. 3. The school __________________________ (build) in 1894. 4. The structure __________________________ (complete) in the 1930s. 5. The test __________________________ (construct) based on certain criteria. 6. This movie __________________________ (direct) by Filipino director, Erik Matti. 7. The accident __________________________ (cause) by a drunk driver behind that trucks wheel. 8. The call __________________________ (make) two days ago. 9. How __________ this word __________________________ (pronounce)? 10. How ___________ the problem __________________________ (solve)?

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Passive 2: be done/been done/being done

Construction INFINITIVE PERFECT INFINITIVE PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT PRESENT CONTINUOUS Usage : : : : : : (to) be + past participle form of the verb (to) have been + past participle form of the verb has/have been + past participle form of the verb had been + past participle form of the verb (passive) had + past participle form of the verb (active) am/is/are + being + past participle form of the verb

Dreaming in English

Infinitive
o Can you speak louder? Your voice cant be heard. o A new apartment is to be built across our home.

Perfect infinitive
o Thats not the answer. You might have been confused. o They had problems before. Everything seems to have been solved.

Present perfect
o The house looks clean. It has been cleaned. o The chairs are good as new. They have been repaired.

Past perfect
o The piece of bread is burnt. It had been toasted too long. o I had waited for him before I left.

Present continuous
o I am being called to the Principals office. o The kids are being informed about the activity tomorrow.
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Dreaming in English
Put if the statement is structurally correct. Write X if not. ___________1. The room was cleaned tomorrow. ___________2. You should have go there. ___________3. He is fixing the room as we speak. ___________4. Have you heard of this band? ___________5. The gift was being wrapped when I arrived?

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Write the correct form of the verb in the parentheses. Write your answers on the spaces provided. 1. If I were here, my wallet wouldnt have been ____________________________. (steal) 2. The car is ____________________________ repaired as we speak. (be) 3. The painting is to be ____________________________ today. (sell) 4. Lee was ____________________________ when I entered his room. (study) 5. This letter is being ____________________________ for todays show. (write) 6. This figurine has been ____________________________ in China. (make) 7. The artifact had been ____________________________ out of a cavern. (dig) 8. The door should have been ____________________________ an hour ago. (close) 9. Dad must have ____________________________ already. (leave) 10. Rob will be ____________________________ food to the hospital. (bring)

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Passive 3

Dreaming in English

Construction Subject + was/were + past participle form of ask, offer, pay, show, teach, tell Usage

When we use this format, we usually put the person first.

o I was offered a job. o Mel was asked to play the part. o The kids were taught first aid. o We were told the news. o The employees were paid for their work. o The man was showed the way to the diner.

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Arrange words in the parentheses to create a sentence in passive form. Make sure the person comes first. 1. ( Mila, asked, stage, was, on, stand, to) __________________________________________________________________ 2. ( the, in, movie, Jim, offered, was, role, a) __________________________________________________________________ 3. (taught, was, ballet, basics, Eve) __________________________________________________________________ 4. ( William news the told was ) __________________________________________________________________ 5. ( paid, for, was, the, work, Owen, weekends ) __________________________________________________________________

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Arrange words in the parentheses to create a sentence in passive form. Make sure the person comes first. 1. ( asked, He, was, come, to, here ) _____________________________________________________________________ 2. ( offered, was, Abbie, job, a, out of town ) _____________________________________________________________________ 3. ( Hank, handsomely, was, paid ) _____________________________________________________________________ 4. ( taught, was, Sam, the rudiments, of kung fu ) _____________________________________________________________________ 5. ( it, about, was, told, I ) _____________________________________________________________________ 6. ( asked, Theo, the, car, drive, was, to ) _____________________________________________________________________ 7. ( boys, The, were, offered, for lunch, pizza ) _____________________________________________________________________ 8. ( friends, The, paid, were, their, for, efforts ) _____________________________________________________________________ 9. ( was, showed, I, apartment, the legendary ) _____________________________________________________________________ 10. ( taught, were, We, to, Spanish, speak ) _____________________________________________________________________

Dreaming in English

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It is said that/ He is said to/ He is supposed to

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Construction and Usage It is said that/ He is said to can be used to show what many believe to be true. o It is said that Thomas Edison used to stay in this house when he tried to perfect the light bulb. o He is said to be very moody when he carried out his experiments.

In lieu of it is said that/ he is said to, one can use the following verbs:
understood, reported, thought, alleged, considered, believed, known, expected, or understood o It is understood that he is one of the greatest inventors of all time. o He is reported to be quite moody especially when he is in the middle of carrying out his experiments. o It is thought that the light bulb is mans first brush with technology. o He is alleged to have done 1000 experiments before perfecting the light bulb. o It is believed that a large European company tried to buy his experiment. o He is known to be a fine, young man.

He is supposed to be used to point out what many believe.

o He is supposed to be one of the greatest inventors of all time. o It is supposed to be mans first brush with technology.

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Complete the following sentences appropriately. 1. Tim is in his last year in High School. He is expected to graduate in June._______ 2. That house is over a hundred years old. ________________________________ 3. The storm is coming. ______________________________________________ 4. The police officers are chasing after a man. __________________________ 5. The room is designed for me. _____________________________________ Complete the following sentences appropriately. 1. I want to eat in that restaurant. Its supposed to be __________________________________________________________________ 2. Why are you here? Arent you supposed ________________________________ 3. Hes late! He was supposed to ________________________________________ 4. Grandfather is sick. He is said to ________________________________ 5. That tree has been there for centuries. It is considered to be __________________________________________________________________ 6. Dont be fooled by how young she looks. She is reported to be __________________________________________________________________ 7. The Incan temples are truly breathtaking. They are known to be __________________________________________________________________ 8. Lemuel is supposed to _____________________________________________ 9. Why are you still at work?___________________________________________ 10. Why are you still at work? Isnt today supposed to be _________________________________________________________________?

Dreaming in English

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Have/Had something done

Construction Have/Had + object + past participle form of the verb Usage

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Use this to have something done.

o Where did you have your nails done? o Mom had her nails done.

Use this to say something happened to somebody or their belongings. In this

kind of context, the outcome is usually bad. o Eric had his arm broken due to the fall. o We had our wallet stolen the last time we visited there.

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Arrange these phrases correctly to create a coherent sentence. 1. Margaret had, painted yesterday, the room _____________________________ 2. your room, cleaned?, Did you have _________________________________ 3. Paolo had, when he fell, had his knee broken ____________________________ 4. dyed last week, Tim had, his hair ____________________________________ 5. their car wrecked, They had, due to an accident __________________________________________________________________ Arrange these phrases correctly to create a coherent sentence. 1. Dad had, built for me, a room ________________________________________ 2. composed for her, She had, a song _____________________________________ 3. a bouquet, made for his wife, He had ___________________________________ 4. his biography, The artist had, written for him _____________________________________________________________________ 5. bought for my eldest brother, a car, My parents had _____________________________________________________________________ 6. My sister had, sent to me, a letter ____________________________________ 7. a case, filed against them, Our lawyer had ____________________________ 8. ruined after the fight, The boys had, their room _____________________________________________________________________ 9. My cousins had, stolen last week, their money _____________________________________________________________________ 10. attend to our needs?, a store clerk, Did the manager have _____________________________________________________________________

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Reported Speech

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Reported Speech
Construction Direct quote Reported Speech : :

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Tim said, Mom is happy with the surprise party. Tim said that his Mom was happy with the party. Tim said his Mom was happy with the surprise party.

Usage

To relay to another what has been said without directly quoting the original
source. Verbs are usually in the past tense. o I said, I will be there. I said that I would be there or I said I would be there. o If Im not mistaken, he said, Rose cant come. If Im not mistaken, he said that Rose couldnt come or If Im not mistaken, he said Rose couldnt come. o The children said, We are excited for the trip! The children said that they were excited for the trip or The children said they were excited for the trip.

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Change each direct quotation into reported speech. 1. The President said, We extend our help to you.

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_____________________________________________________________________ 2. Our boss said, All of us need to cut cost. _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Our teacher said, This project is important. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. The reporter said, The damage here is overwhelming. _____________________________________________________________________ 5. My little sister said, I love it here. _____________________________________________________________________ Change each direct quotation into reported speech. 1. Carlos said, I am here. _____________________________________________________________________ 2. The children said, We are surprised with the outcome. _____________________________________________________________________ 3. My parents said, Sheenas room is clean. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Mary said, I have a headache.
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_____________________________________________________________________ 5. My friends said, We will visit later. _____________________________________________________________________ 6. Kristen said, I can dance for the show. _____________________________________________________________________ 7. Matt said, Lou is here to visit us. _____________________________________________________________________ 8. Aunt Mae said, We will go to the mall at four in the afternoon. _____________________________________________________________________ 9. Jack said, Dad is in Taiwan for a business trip. _____________________________________________________________________ 10. The girls said, We are hungry. _____________________________________________________________________

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Questions and Auxiliary Verbs

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Questions 1

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Construction and Usage Dont change to past if the situation has not changed. o Tim said, Mom is happy. Tim said that Mom is happy or Tim said Mom is happy. (Mom is still happy.)

Use tell if one wants to specify who the subject spoke to.
o Tim told Ryan, Mom is happy. Tim told Ryan that Mom is happy or Tim told Ryan Mom is happy.

Use infinitive for order and requests.

o Tim told Ryan, Please behave so we can make Mom happy. Tim told Ryan to behave so that they can make their Mom happy or Tim told Ryan to behave so they can make their Mom happy. Complete the following sentences appropriately. 1. The doctor told me to ______________________________________________. 2. Mom told me to ___________________________________________________. 3. Our teacher told us to ______________________________________________. 4. Cara, my friend, told me to _________________________________________. 5. I told Dad to ______________________________________________________. Change each direct quotation into reported speech. 1. My parents said, Elena does the chores everyday.
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_____________________________________________________________________ 2. Lee told me, Samuel is still in the hospital. _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Dad told me, Go to school early. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Ms. Henries told us, Fix your things before you leave. _____________________________________________________________________ 5. Government officials told the people, Please evacuate now. _____________________________________________________________________ 6. Brian said, I study my lessons regularly. _____________________________________________________________________ 7. Mom said, Mitch has that book up to now. _____________________________________________________________________ 8. Uncle Bob said, Rob is in Spain for work. _____________________________________________________________________ 9. Our science professor told us, Cutting trees is bad for the environment. _____________________________________________________________________
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10. The coach told the team, Go win this thing! _____________________________________________________________________

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Questions
Construction GENERAL PRESENT SIMPLE NEGATIVE Usage

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: Subject + verb followed by verb + subject : Do/Does + subject + verb : Isnt it + verb; Didnt you + verb; Havent you + verb

QUESTION WORDS : Who/What/Which/Where/How/Why are placed first

General
o Will you come here? o When did the car break down?

Present simple
o Does he live here? o Do they live here?

Question words
o Who is coming for the party? o What food will be offered later? o Where will the party be held? o Which of these two do you like? o How was it made? o Why are you here? o Negative o Isnt that insect still moving? o Didnt you close the door?
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o

o Havent you taken the test?

Create a question using question words that would go well with the situations given. The first one is done for you. 1. You are looking for Emma. ______Where is Emma?____________________________________________ 2. You want to know why Liam is sick. _____________________________________________________________________ 3. You want to know who looked for your parents yesterday. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. You want to know how to bake a cake. _____________________________________________________________________ 5. You want to know when Tims birthday is. _____________________________________________________________________ Begin your question with the given words. Write two questions for each word. Who 1.________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ Does 3. _______________________________________________________________
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4. _______________________________________________________________ Did 5. _______________________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________________ Didnt you 7. _______________________________________________________________ 8. _______________________________________________________________ Havent you 9. _______________________________________________________________ 10. _______________________________________________________________ 11.

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Questions 2: Do you know where? He asked me where?

Construction and Usage Where is John? ===
Do you know where John is? (person first before the verb) He asked me where John is. (person first before the verb)

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Where does John live?

===

Do you where John lives? (drop does) Mike asked me where John lives. (drop does)

Where do the kids play?

===

Do you know where the kids play? (drop do) Ms. May asked me where the kids play. (drop do)

If no question word, use if or whether: Did they come? ===

Do you know if they came? (past tense because of did) She asked me whether they came. (past tense because of did)

Change each question into a longer one using Do you know or He asked me. Just complete the sentence below each given question. 1. Where is Ana? Do you know ____________________________________________________? 2. Why is Lee here? He asked me ________________________________________________________. 3. Did he clean his room? Do you know ____________________________________________________?
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4. What did she say?

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Ana asked me ____________________________________________________. 5. Did the kids bring snacks? Do you know ____________________________________________________? Change each question into a longer one using Do you know or He asked me. Just complete the sentence below each given question. 1. Did Mark pass by? a. Do you know if _____________________________________________? b. Do you know whether _______________________________________? 2. Does Liam feel ill? a. Do you know if _____________________________________________? b. Do you know whether _______________________________________? c. 3. What is his name? a. Do you know _______________________________________________? b. Mary asked me ______________________________________________. 4. Where is the hospital? a. Do you know _______________________________________________? b. The lady asked me ___________________________________________. c. 5. When is Mias birthday? a. Do you know _______________________________________________?
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c.

b. Tim asked me _______________________________________________.

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Construction Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs. They go before the main verbs in sentences. The words in bold letters are auxiliary verbs. I can dance. The house was built in the 18th century. She will come later. Usage

If one does not want to repeat something

o Did you close the door? Yes, I did. o Have you gone to the hospital? Yes , I have.

If one wants to deny something

o Did you get the cookie from the cookie jar? No, I didnt. o Have you seen him lately? No, I havent.

Show interest
o Rita joined American Idol! Oh, did she? o Mark was rushed to the hospital! Was he? I hope hes okay now.

With so and neither

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o My stomach feels queasy. So does mine. o I didnt make my assignment. Neither did I.

Encircle the most appropriate answer to each of the statements. 1. Marco is feeling ill. a. Oh, did you? b. Oh, did he? c. Oh, is he? 2. Ria has no car. a. Either has May. b. Neither hasnt May. c. Neither has May. 3. Have you fixed your things for school? a. Yes, I have. b. Yes, I do. c. Yes, I does. d. 4. Does this gadget work? a. No, it didnt. b. No, it dont. c. No, it doesnt. d.
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5. Did Mark finish his work? a. No, he didnt. b. No, he did. c. No, he havent.

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Write the most suitable answer to each of the statements. 1. Did you close the door? ____________________________________________. 2. Have you seen a polar bear? ________________________________________. 3. Can you come here later? ___________________________________________. 4. Does a penguin fly? _______________________________________________. 5. Do children love to play? ___________________________________________. 6. Does Trisha live in Europe? _________________________________________. 7. Has Mindy gone to Disneyland? ____________________________________. 8. Can you lend me hand? ____________________________________________. 9. I dont have a credit card. __________________________________________. 10. Will Martha arrive today? __________________________________________. 11.

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Question tags

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Construction and Usage Question tags are short questions that we usually put at the end of a sentence. Auxiliary verbs are utilized in these tags.

General rule: Use negative tag after a positive statement. Use a positive tag
after a negative statement. He is coming, isnt he? (negative tag after a positive statement) He is not coming, is he? (positive tag after a negative statement)

Use do/does/did for present and past simple.

Daisy sings well, doesnt she? These kids sing well, dont they? Henry sang well, didnt he? Encircle the correct question tag that goes with each statement. 1. Mandy is sick, ________________? a. is she? b. wasnt she? c. isnt she? d. 2. Baby Gabriel already walks, __________________? a. doesnt he? b. does he? c. do he? d. 3. Our teachers were in the room, _________________?
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a. werent we? b. were they? c. werent they? 4. I am here, _________________? a. isnt I? b. doesnt I? c. arent I?

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5. The kids havent finished their school work, ___________________? a. have they? b. havent they? c. does they? d. Complete the sentence by writing the correct question tag on the space provided in each sentence. 1. You have gone to Europe, _________________________________________? 2. The girls love that boyband, ________________________________________? 3. You cant live without technology, __________________________________? 4. I am sick, ________________________________________________________? 5. Tim wrote a letter to Mary, ________________________________________? 6. The children are playing in the backyard, ____________________________? 7. He is not late for the program, ______________________________________? 8. She has read the book, _____________________________________________? 9. My little sister isnt afraid of snakes, _________________________________? 10. My grandfather drives a car, _______________________________________?
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11.

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-ing and the Infinitive

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Verb + -ing

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Construction and Usage The ing form of verbs usually follow the following: enjoy, suggest, mind, stop, postpone, admit, avoid, imagine, finish, consider, deny, risk, and fancy. I enjoy swimming in the lake. Ethan admitted lying about the incident. Sometimes, I imagine not having to work so hard and sleeping all day. The ing form of verbs also follow after keep/keep on, give up, put off, or go on/carry on. Keep on smiling and brighten your day. I told Dad to give up smoking. Add having + past participle for actions that have already been done. Shane admitted having lied to the teacher. (You can also say: Shane admitted lying to the teacher.) Josiah enjoyed having introduced new friends. (You can also say: Josiah enjoyed introducing new friends.) Complete the following sentences by adding ing form of verbs. 1. I enjoy ___________________________________________________________. 2. I stopped _________________________________________________________. 3. I finished _________________________________________________________. 4. I admit ___________________________________________________________. 5. I suggested _______________________________________________________.
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A. Complete the following sentences by adding ing form of verbs. 1. Let us not give up _________________________________________________. 2. Keep on __________________________________________________________. 3. Carry on _________________________________________________________. 4. Never put off _____________________________________________________. 5. Go on ____________________________________________________________. B. Add having + past participle of the verb in the parentheses to complete the sentence. 6. Jaden admitted ________________________ the answers of his seatmate. (copy) 7. The girls finished ________________________ for a part in the squad (audition). 8. Rue enjoyed ________________________ the whole afternoon. (rest) 9. Lise avoided ________________________ with her disastrous haircut. (see) 10. Tim admitted ________________________ his little brother. (hurt) 11.

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Verb+ to

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Construction and Usage One can use this format (infinitive) after words such as: offer, agree, refuse, hope, fail, manage, arrange, decide, plan, promise, learn, threaten, deserve, afford, forget, seem, appear, tend, pretend, and claim. They seem to enjoy the party a lot. I pretended to like what I was eating but I really didnt. I cant manage to come early since I have so much to do. One can also use the continuous infinitive (verb + to + be + -ing form of the verb or perfect infinitive to + have + past participle form of the verb). They seem to be having fun at this moment. Dean pretended to have left early. Complete the following sentences appropriately. 1. For the party, Ive decided to _______________________________________. 2. Oh no! I forgot to _________________________________________________. 3. I promised my Mom to ____________________________________________. 4. I cant afford to ___________________________________________________. 5. I learned to _______________________________________________________. 6. Complete the following sentences by using the right form of the verb that will best complete the sentence. 1. The girl appeared to be ___________________________ fun at the party. (have)
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2. You seem to have __________________________ confidence in yourself. (lose) 3. Kris tends to __________________________ when hes nervous. (stammer) 4. Mom hates it when we forget to __________________________ the door. (close) 5. That country seems to have __________________________ out of its way to be of help to other countries that need aid. (go) 6. The school appears to have __________________________ solid reputation in the community. (build) 7. Mia plans to __________________________ for the upcoming play. (audition) 8. Avery seems to have __________________________ a great friend in you. (find) 9. Wyatt managed to have __________________________ his time effectively. (divide) 10. That man claims to have __________________________ the infamous Yeti in the Alps. (see)

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Verb + object + to
Construction and Usage

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This format can be used with verbs like: want, expect, ask, beg, help, mean, would like, would prefer, tell, order, remind, warn, force, invite, encourage, teach, enable, order, warn, invite, persuade, or get. I would like you to leave. Please teach us to speak that language. We can contrast this format with verb + -ing form of the verb. See below: REGRET I regret saying those unpleasant words. (I did something that I regret so Im saying sorry.) I regret to inform you that we have chosen someone else for the job. (notice of rejection usually in formal letters) GO ON She went on singing. (continue doing so) After discussing about climate change, he went on to talk about ways to avert it. (proceeded to another) With these words, you can use either verb + ing format or verb + object + to: begin, bother, start, intend, or continue. I continued kicking until I broke free. I continued to kick until I broke free. Ross intends visiting soon. Ross intends to visit soon. One never doubles up on ing format. Its wrong to say: Im intending staying. Student Book Exercise Put if the sentence structure is correct. Put X if otherwise.
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________1. Liam is beginning seeing the bigger picture. ________2. Liam begins seeing the bigger picture.

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________3. I regret to tell you this but your request was refused. ________4. I regret coming here at all. ________5. Earl invited Ana to skiing in the snow-capped hills. Complete the sentences by using the words found in the parentheses. 1. Elizabeth __________________ ___________________ to _________________ there today. (me, be, expects) 2. Grace __________________ __________________ to __________________ out for bullies. (her sister, watch, warned) 3. Harper __________________ __________________ to __________________ the play with her. (asked, see, her friends) 4. Landon 5. Ms. and Summers Jace __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ to to __________________ them go on the class field trip. (their parents, let, begged) __________________ in love with learning new things. (fall, us, encouraged) 6. I __________________ __________________ to __________________ in a different group. (be, would prefer, her) 7. Dont __________________ __________________ to __________________ the team. (anyone, force, join) 8. __________________ the __________________ to __________________ down the plank. (ball, roll, get) 9. She was the one who __________________ __________________ to __________________. (me, inspired, dance)
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10. The King __________________ __________________ to __________________ his bidding. (his subjects, do, orders)

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Prefer and would rather

Construction and Usage

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Use would prefer to find out what one wants in a specific situation. Would you prefer to take the plane or the boat? Would prefer tea or coffee? Use I prefer to show choice. I prefer to take the plane. Sean prefers tea. Rather connotes alternative. Would you rather drive than walk? Would you rather sing than act? Combine rather with prefer to show choice over an alternative. Id prefer to drive rather than walk. Id prefer to sing rather than act. Student Book Exercise Create a sentence for each situation. 1. Watch a movie or play Would you ___________________________________________________? 2. Sing or dance Would you ___________________________________________________? 3. Get and iPad or Samsung tablet Would you ___________________________________________________? 4. Leave now or later
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______________________________________________________________? 5. Take the train or bus ______________________________________________________________? Fill in the blanks. Make sure they are appropriate for given category. FOOD 1. Id 2. Id prefer prefer to to eat drink ______________________________ ______________________________ rather rather than than ________________________. ______________________________. TRAVEL 3. Id prefer to go to ______________________________ rather than ______________________________. 4. Id prefer to take the ______________________________ rather than the ______________________________. MUSIC 5. Id prefer to listen to ______________________________ rather than ______________________________. 6. Id prefer to watch the concert of ______________________________ rather than ______________________________. 7. SPORTS 8. Id prefer to play ______________________________ rather than ______________________________.
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9. Id prefer to see ______________________________ in action rather than ______________________________. (athletes name) FASHION 10. Id prefer to wear ______________________________ rather than ______________________________. 11. Id prefer clothes with a dominant color of ______________________________ rather than ______________________________.

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Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing [Add here!]

Construction and Usage The most basic principle is that verbs that follow prepositions are usually in ing form. o Are you interested in reading this series? o Im generally not good at singing. o Thanks for being there for us. The to preposition can be a little tricky. Make sure you can distinguish the to preposition from to (do). o I prefer curling up in bed to going around. (not to go around) o I prefer t o go around. (to do) Student Book Exercise Change the verbs in the parentheses to suit the sentence. 1. We appreciate you for ___________________________ our cause. (support) 2. Im not good at ___________________________ to be nice to a person Im not comfortable with. (pretend) 3. How about ___________________________ another chair for the living room? (get) 4. What are your reasons of ___________________________ (enroll) 5. Im not great at ___________________________ about feelings. (talk) Work Book Exercise
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in this school?

Change the verbs in the parentheses to suit the sentence. 2. Sam is wonderful at (create)

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1. How about ___________________________ up later for lunch? (meet) ___________________________ video presentations.

3. Im fed up with ___________________________ with you constantly. (fight) 4. Mark thinks of ___________________________ for another job. (look) 5. Thank you for ___________________________ me for who I am. (accept) 6. Lets head out instead of ___________________________ here. (stay) 7. Tim still read his little brother a story in spite of ___________________________ tired. (feel) 8. Since we forgot the key, we got in by window. (break) 9. Before ___________________________, I made sure all doors were securely locked. (leave) 10. After ___________________________ our project, we waited for our teachers evaluation. (present) ___________________________ a

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Articles and Nouns

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Countable and uncountable

Construction and Usage

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Since countable nouns are readily counted, we can show if these are singular or plural. o I ate a banana. (one banana) o I ate a couple of bananas. (more than one) With uncountable nouns, we usually use counters to show exact quantity. o I bought a kilo of sugar. o I ate a cup of rice. We can use a/an for countable nouns only. o Mom put an apple in my lunch box. o One does not say: I want a coffee. One says: I want a cup of coffee. Student Book Exercise Put if sentence structure is correct. Put X if not. ______1. I removed a sand in my shoes. ______2. Aiden read a book on the Greek mythology. ______3. Olivia drank soda earlier today. ______4. Emma wrote a couple of article for the paper. ______5. Its great to drink a water everyday. Work Book Exercise Fill in with the correct counter for each uncountable noun.

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A great deal volts rolls

bowl pieces bit

bags pinch cube

variety

1. We studied about _____________________________ of electricity. 2. Its great to have _____________________________ of hot soup on a cold, rainy day. 3. Mom bought several _____________________________ of furniture to put up in her office. 4. The chef had several _____________________________ of aluminum to keep the leftovers. 5. One can always rely on _____________________________ of knowledge to get by. 6. A construction of that magnitude requires thousands of _____________________________ of cement. 7. Let me give you _____________________________ of advice. 8. Just put in a _____________________________ of salt. 9. I just dropped one _____________________________ of sugar. 10. They offered a wide _____________________________ of tea.

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A/an and the

Construction and Usage Use the to speak about a specific noun.

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o The man that I saw is unmistakably American. o I have to the dentist later this afternoon. Use a/an for general situations. o Is there a nearby restaurant around here? o I saw a man earlier. Im not sure who he was. Use a here: a kilo of, once a month, etc. o I bought a kilo of rice. o I had to take the pill three times a day. Student Book Exercise Put in a/an or the. 1. I bought _______ on Ebay. 2. I bought _______ computer I wanted. 3. We looked for _______ reputable hotel. 4. We stayed in _______ hotel that we booked online. 5. Can I get you _______ piece of paper to write on? 6. Work Book Exercise Put in a/an or the. 1. Would you like to eat _______ apple pie I baked earlier? 2. Would you like me to buy _______ apple pie for dessert?
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3. Im looking for _______ dress that would go with my shoes. 4. Thats _______ dress that Ive been looking for! 5. Ive been looking for _______ book in my brothers wish list. 6. I saw _______ book on the sofa. 7. Eva read _______ poem you wrote for her. 8. We were told to research for _______ poem that reflected our world views. 9. I read _______ manuscript that was featured on the History Channel. 10. _______ old manuscript was found buried under the rocks in a cave in Athens.

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Pronouns and Determiners

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Myself / Yourself / Themselves / etc.

Construction Reflexive Pronoun - subject + verb + reflexive pronoun Intensive Pronoun Usage Reflexive pronouns are used to express actions that we do to ourselves. pronoun o I cut myself while slicing the fruit. o Ben hurt himself when he slid down the stairs. Intensive pronouns are used for emphasis. o I myself baked the cake. o The kids themselves tied their shoes. 1st Person myself ourselves yourself yourselves 2nd Person 3rd Person himself/ herself/ itself themselves - subject + intensive pronoun

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There are verbs that do not normally use reflexive pronoun. These are decide, feel, relax, etc. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable reflexive pronouns! 1. He built the garage ___________________________. 2. We had a good holiday and we enjoyed____________________________.
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3. John cooked all the food ____________________________.

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4. I was so scared, I didnt know if he hurt_________________________________. 5. When I meet someone for the first time, I always introduce_________________ first. Complete each sentence so that it includes a suitable form of one the verbs from the box, and a reflexive pronoun! introduce, talk, blame, behave, cut, enjoy, hurt, express, put, pay 1. While he was picking up the broken vase, he ________. 2. When Jane fell off the bicycle, she didnt_________. 3. Have a nice trip and ________. 4. My mum told me to stop shouting and to _______. 5. I know a lot of Russian but I cant__________. 6. When he came , he _________ to the other people at meeting. 7. That wasnt your fault, dont _________ 8. I cant imagine how he feels, I am trying to _______ in his position. 9. I was completely devastated, I was trying to ________. 10. If you dont have enough money, I will________.

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A friend of mine / My own house / On my own / by myself

Construction and Usage We say a friend of mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs, as well as a friend of my brothers or a friend of Johns. o Lisa is a friend of Johns. o She is not a classmate of mine. My own/your/his/her/our/their own is used to say that something is only mine and it doesnt belong to anyone else. o This is my own project. o That is not his work. On my own or by myself means ALONE. o I traveled around the province on my own. o Were here for you. You dont have to go through this alone. Complete the sentences using on my own/by myself, my own/your own. 1. Its ______ fault why I have failed this exam again. 2. I dont need any help, I can do it ______. 3. Who were they with you met them? No one. They were _______ 4. He has always dreamt about ______ house at the seaside. 5. Did you go to Spain______? Unfortunately, yes. 6.

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Rewrite the sentence so it has the same meaning (use a friend of mine format). The first one is done for you. 1. I met one of Toms sisters at the party. _____I met one of the sisters of Toms at the party.______________________ 2. Is that girl one of your classmates? __________________________________________________________________ 3. I am visiting one of my old friends tonight. __________________________________________________________________ 4. Jack took one of my CDs. _________________________________________________________________ 5. We had a quarrel with one of our neighbors. _________________________________________________________________ 6. I am so thrilled one of my best friends is getting married tomorrow. _________________________________________________________________ 7. My parent wont come, theyre having dinner with some of their friends. __________________________________________________________________ 8. She met some of her former colleagues. __________________________________________________________________ 9. I am spending weekend with two of my best friends. __________________________________________________________________ 10. They asked for some of our chairs, theyre having many people at lunch. __________________________________________________________________

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There ... and it ...

Construction and Usage

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THERE is used to talk about something for the first time and to say that it exists. IT is used to talk about a specific thing, fact, or situation. THERE also means at/in/to the place. THERE can also be used with modals such as there will be/must be while IT can be used in context of time, distance, weather. Fill in the gaps with there is/was or it is /was. Be careful about questions and negative form. 1. Whats the new shopping mall like? _________ good? 2. ______ traffic jam in the city center for three hours. 3. Yesterday ______an earthquake.______ a lot of damage. 4. ________ a flight to Belgrade tomorrow morning? 5. _______ nothing to worry about. Complete the sentences with there or it followed by the correct form. 1. I want to see you but ______enough time. 2. How far ________from your home to your work? 3. He failed the exam,_________ something very difficult again. 4. _________ a rise in the number of unemployed this year. 5. _________two months since I last visited Paris. 6. _______difficult to understand these rules. 7. ________ my daughters birthday and we will have a big party.
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8. The bar was full of people._________ very stuffy.

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9. __________ enough space for my suitcase in your car? Of course. 10. _________ anything interesting to read, so I went to bed. 11.

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Some and any

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Construction and Usage Some is used in positive sentences. o I have some answers for you. o These are some of the things I want to share with you. Any is used in questions and negatives. o I dont have any questions. o Do you have any questions? Some can also be used in a question as well as making an offer or request o Can I have some salt, please. o Do you want some of the chips? Use any in positive sentences if we mean it doesnt matter which. o Any of the dresses will do. o Any of your shoes will match that dress. Choose some or any to complete the sentences. 1. I put ____ chocolate in the fridge, where is it? 2. Could I have ______ salt, please? 3. There isnt______ milk left in the fridge. 4. They have______ news for you. 5. Do you know _____ language. Its important for this job. 6. Choose some or any to complete the sentences. 1. There are ______ words I dont understand.
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2. Did she buy ______ dress last month? 3. Have you watched _______ good film recently? 4. Could you pass me ______ milk, please.

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5. Please come _____ time, its important, we have o talk. 6. I cant find______ appropriate shoes for that party. 7. I was too sleepy to carry on_____ work. 8. Tom hasnt found _____ job yet. 9. I wanted to make a cake, but there wasnt____ flour in the house. 10. I am so desperate, can you give _______ useful suggestion? 11.

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No/none/any Nothing/nobody
Construction and Usage No is used with a singular or plural noun. o There is no one here. o There are no people in the auditorium. No can be put at the beginning of the sentence. o No, I dont believe you. o No one is home. Any is used in negatives and questions. o There isnt any decent dress in the display room. o Any questions? Use none of the or none on its own. None of the is usually followed by a plural noun. o None of the guests liked the food. o None liked the food. Nobody/Nothing doesnt use a negative verb. o Nobody does anything good around here. (Never Nobody doesnt) o Nothing here is for sale. (Never Nothing isnt) o Complete the sentences by using no, none, none of the, or nothing. 1. _________ students came on time for his lecture. 2. _________ are here yet. 3. I want _________ to eat. I am not hungry. 4. We had to cancel the meeting since _________ one came.
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5. This test is too difficult. _________ of us can answer it! Complete the sentences using no, none, none of the, or any. 1. There wasnt _____ ice-cream left.

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2. There are a lot of books on the table but _______ of them is mine. 3. _________ of the pupils studied about astronomy. 4. I tried to call him but there was ______ answer. 5. There is _________ need for your service so you can go home now. 6. _________ of the artists who auditioned fit the role. 7. _________ of you wants to go home early? 8. _________ support came so the townsfolk became desperate.. 9. There isnt _________ hospital for miles around here. 10. The kid had so many toys but _________ he liked. 11.

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Much, many, little, few. a lot, plenty

Construction and Usage Many and much are usually used in questions and negatives. Many is for countable nouns. Much is for uncountable nouns. o There is much sugar in this coffee drink. o There isnt much sugar in this coffee drink. o Is there much sugar in this coffee drink? o Isnt there much sugar in this coffee drink? o There are many people here. o There arent many people here. o Are there many people here? o Arent there many people here? Little and few (without a) have negative meaning. They both mean small number and not enough. Few is used with countable nouns. Little is used with uncountable nouns. o Few members of the audience disliked the play. o I have little patience in dealing with my pesky little brother. A little and a few have more positive meaning. o A few more miles and were there! o A little more salt is needed to improve the taste. A lot of/lots of both are used in positive sentences with both countable and uncountable nouns. o Kris has a lot of friends/ Kris has lots of friends. o This play box has a lot of sand/ This play box has lots of sand.
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 Plenty means more than enough. o There is plenty of food on the table. o There is plenty of gasoline in that car.

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Complete the following sentences by filling in with much, many, few, or little. 1. Im sorry I cant help you. I have ______ time before Ill have to leave. 2. There isnt _____space left. 3. How ______ money have you got? 4. Terrence is very popular. He has _____ friends. 5. There are ____ chairs available. Some members of the audience might end up standing if we dont add more. Complete the following sentences. Choose among many/much, a few/little, a lot of/lots of, or plenty. 1. There wasnt________ traffic yesterday so I could go home easily. 2. I have_______ problems but I know I can still handle them. 3. Do you use the phone_______? 4. Brian has received ________ job offers lately. 5. He has very________ time for everything. 6. Henry gained ________ support for his cause. 7. ________ more words and youll be done with your essay. 8. Do you have ________ children? 9. Does she do ______ work at home? 10. There arent______ tourist attractions in this city. 11.
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All / all of most / most of no/none of

Construction and Usage All is usually followed by a plural noun and verb. However, in the expressions all day, all night, the noun is singular. o All cars were shipped out to their owners. o I couldnt sleep. I was up all night. Most connotes a great number. It is usually followed by plural nouns. o Most kids I know are excited for the new gadget to come out from production. o You are so brave. Most people would have run away upon seeing that big a snake! Most of is followed by this/that/these/those/my. o Most of those trees fell during the storm. o Most of this dress was ruined after my little brother accidentally spilled his drink on it. No is used with a singular or plural noun. o Its a great idea. I am confident that there will be no committee member who will object to it. o There are no books on the desk. You must have placed them somewhere else. None of is more commonly used with plural verbs than singular. o None of the children will watch that movie. Its too scary! o None of us have signed up for the field trip.

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Complete the sentences. Choose among all, most, most of, no, or none of. how to answer it.

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1. ________ instructions were given to us before the test. Everyone did not know 2. ________my relatives visit us every year. I really look forward to their company. 3. ________these books are mine. I printed my name on the first page of each book for everyone to know I own them. 4. ________us are still sleepy after staying up all night finishing our course work. 5. During weekends, we stay at home ____________day long. Complete the sentences. Choose among all, most, most of, no, or none of. 1. ____________days I get up at 7 oclock. 2. ____________ the volunteers showed up so the work could not be done. 3. ____________ my sisters live in America. They all work in a hospital in California. 4. ____________ shirts have already been printed. Were still waiting for a few more before we deliver them. 5. I want to go shopping early in the morning but ____________ the shops are still closed at this time. 6. She had to watch the movie on her own. ____________her friends wanted to go. 7. Have you passed ____________ the tests that are required of you to take? 8. I received ____________ answer from the company. I will have to call again. 9. Thats strange. There are ____________ cars on the freeway. How can that be possible? 10. After the storm, only a few stores remained open. ____________ of the business establishments were closed. 11.
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Both/Both of, Either/Either of, Neither/Neither of

Construction and Usage We use both, neither and either for two things. o I like both the red dress and the blue suit. o I can wear either the red dress or the blue suit. o I like neither the red dress nor the blue suit. We can use these words with a noun. o Kim likes both paintings. o Kim wants to buy either of the two paintings. o Kim wants to buy neither of the two paintings. Both of/ Neither of/ Either of are followed by the/these/my/Johns. They can also be followed by us/you/them. o The principal wants both of you in her office now. o The ballet company offered a scholarship to either of Robs sisters. o Neither of them was present yesterday. Complete the sentences with both/neither/either. 1. ____________ my friends are of the same age. 2. ____________films are interesting. 3. Carl can present ____________ a hiphop number or a modern jazz dance. 4. Those dresses are dreadful. I like____________. 5. Ive flown to ____________ cities last month. Complete the following sentences using both of, either of, or neither of.
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1. ____________them go dancing at weekends. 3. ____________ them can join our club.

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2. Theyre happy since ____________ of them have homework to do. 4. ______ his parents work. I cant imagine how they survive the day. 5. _____Julie and Mark go to that school. 6. I can wear ____________ the two cocktail dresses for prom. 7. ____________ of the two brothers can play basketball. 8. There are two books on the shelf. You can take home ____________ the two. 9. ____________my sister and I were surprised to hear the news. 10. Tom can go to ____________ of the two schools because of his high grades. 11.

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All. Every, and Whole

Construction and Usage All is usually followed by a plural noun and verb. o All were surprised to see him o All his fans screamed when he came out on stage. Not is also used with all. It is also used as a pronoun at the beginning of a sentence. o Not all were surprised to see him. o Not all his fans were pleased with the stunt he pulled. Every is a singular word so its used with a singular verb. o Every person in this room is curious about the experiment. Whole means complete or entire. o I can sleep the whole day. o Tom can eat the whole cake. Every, All, and Whole can be used with time words. o The baby slept for the whole eight hours. o The bus arrives every ten minutes. o I spend all waking hours in the office. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate word. Choose among all, not, every, or whole. 1. ____________ students have studied well. They really prepared for the exam. 2. ____________ employees come on time so the manager has to strictly monitor employee attendance.
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3. ____________ I can do for you is to listen to your problems. 4. Dont worry. There is a train ____________ 4 minutes.

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5. ____________ of the members forgot to come so the group leader got angry. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate word. Choose among all, not, every, or whole. 1. I have lived here my ____________ life. 2. My Mom works at that diner ____________ single day. 3. Because of the storm, ____________ Ben could do was to stay indoors. 4. ____________ all the girls wore required uniform. 5. I know ____________ single thing about them. 6. He spent ____________ his money on his toy collection. 7. Kirsten ate the ____________ packet of sweets. 8. Ryan didnt have much time so ____________ he could do was to reject the offer. 9. She goes to doctors____________ two months. 10. Lisa has known her ____________ her life. 11.

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Each and every

Dreaming in English

Construction and Usage The meaning of each and every are similar. They are both followed by a singular noun. Each is used when we think of the members of a group separately one by one. Each of can be used. Each can be used after the subject or at the end of a sentence. o Each pupil is required to come. o Each of the pupils is required to come. Every is used when we think of all the members of a group together. Every of cant be used. We cant use every after the subject or at the end of a sentence. o Every pupil in this room should be in his/her best behavior (everyone is expected to behave). Every is used for time words. o My sister comes home every six weeks. Complete sentences with each/each of or every. 1. There is a train _____________fifteen minutes. 2. ____________ person should wear a funny hat. 3. ____________ my sisters have their own rooms. 4. I read ____________ book in my room. 5. I go on a holiday _____________ year. Complete the sentences with each/each of or every. 1. ____________ boxes was wrapped in colored paper.
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2. My sister and I were given 100 dollars ____________. 3. Mr. Rogers changes cars ____________ three years. 4. I know ____________ cafe in this block. 5. Try this one. ____________ one is different.

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6. Before the test started, the students were ____________ given a sheet. 7. I am so bored. We follow the same routine ____________ single day. 8. There are twelve of them in the group. ____________ student has a different task. 9. ____________ seat in the auditorium was taken. 10. ____________ kids had different roles to play in the school drama. 11.

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Relative clauses

Construction and Usage Relative clauses are short phrases beginning with words called relative pronouns (who/which/that) that describe or define people, things, places, possessions and time. There are two types: defining and non-defining. Defining relative clause identifies exactly which person, thing, place we mean. o That is the man who I met in the party. o This bag which I bought is featured in a popular lifestyle magazine. o The country which I visited is known for its beautiful tourist attractions. Non-defining relative clause gives extra information. o That is the man who was imprisoned for theft. o This bag which costs forty dollars magazine. o The country which is right in the middle of the European continent is known for its beautiful tourist attractions. Underline the correct word in the parentheses that will best complete the sentence. 1. The museum, (which, whose) was in a beautiful building, was closed. 2. This the person (where, who) I met yesterday. 3. An old friend of mine (who, which) I saw yesterday was robbed. 4. Marisse was the last person (which, that) I spoke to before I left for the States. 5. He is the man (whose, which) pen I borrowed. Make a non-defining relative clause using each phrase.
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is featured in a popular lifestyle

1. (the doctor)________________________________________________________ 2. (the library)_______________________________________________________ 3. ( the book)________________________________________________________ 4. (the test)__________________________________________________________ 5. ( the town)________________________________________________________ 6. ( the singer)_______________________________________________________ 7. ( the beach)________________________________________________________ 8. ( the lady)_________________________________________________________ 9. ( the pupil)________________________________________________________ 10. ( the pair of shoes )_________________________________________________ 11.

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Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which

Construction and Usage With relative clauses we use relative pronouns: which, that and who. When we give information about things which or that is used. o This is a book which/that I borrowed from you. o This is not the book which/that I borrowed from you. When we give information about people, who or that is used. o He is the man who/that I saw yesterday. o He is not the man who/that I saw yesterday. Join two sentences to make one using a relative pronoun. 1. This is a room. We rented it. _______________________________________________________________ 2. This is a man. He owns it. _______________________________________________________________ 3. This is a book. I got as a present. _______________________________________________________________ 4. This is a caf. It opened last Friday. _______________________________________________________________ 5. This is a school. It was built in the early 20th century. _______________________________________________________________ Rewrite the sentence to include a relative pronoun in each sentence.
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1. The people I met last night send their regards to you. 2. Lisa is the best person I have ever met.

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__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The place we visited last month was stunning. __________________________________________________________________ 4. Monday was the last time I saw him. __________________________________________________________________ 5. Vienna is the beautiful city I want to visit again. __________________________________________________________________ 6. This is the best dish I have ever eaten. __________________________________________________________________ 7. The old couple we met is our neighbors. __________________________________________________________________ 8. The film we watched last night was very sad. __________________________________________________________________ 9. I want to know you talked to. __________________________________________________________________ 10. Sarah is someone I will never forget. __________________________________________________________________

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Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which

Construction and Usage There are cases when which/that/who can be left out and then they are object of the relative clause: o Hats are things (that) you wear on your head. o Doctors are people (who) you go to when you feel sick. Underline the relative pronouns which can be left out in these sentences. 1. The book that I am reading is yours. 2. These are the tickets which Mom was looking for. 3. This was the best holiday which we have ever had so far. 4. The doctor who I go to is one of the best. 5. The last person in the office who I saw last night was Tom. Underline relative pronouns which can be left out in these sentences. Encircle those that are needed to complete the thought of the sentence. 1. The people who were leaving couldnt find their coats. 2. The girl who sang really beautifully was my sister. 3. The man who treated me nicely is my boss. 4. I know a couple of people who have been there. 5. These are the photos which I took to show the beauty of the Grand Canyon. 6. I would like to have a balcony that I can sit on when its hot.
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7. The bus which goes to Rome leaves in five minutes. 9. These are the boys that we met yesterday. 10. A newscaster is a person who reads the news. 11.

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8. The guidebook that you gave me is completely useless.

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Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where

Construction and Usage We use whose in relative clauses instead of his/her/their. It is used mostly for people to express possession. o I found the man whose pen I borrowed yesterday. o I couldnt find the man whose pen I borrowed yesterday. Whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause. o The person whom I wanted to visit is here. o The person whom I wanted to visit isnt here. Whom can also be used with a preposition (to whom/from whom). o For whom is the letter? o To whom is the letter addressed to? We use where to talk about a place. o I visited the house where I grew up in. We can also use which/that + preposition. o That is a house which I grew up in. o Complete sentences using whom/where/who/whose. 1. The friend ________ house I stayed in is coming to stay with us.
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2. Paris is a city ________ my parent first met. 3. Do you know ________ Lisa works for?

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4. I cant remember__________ I lent my pen to. Its precious to me. 5. Do you know with ________ she was talking to? Complete sentences using whom/where/who/whose. 1. Lina ________ yellow skirt accentuated her small waist is a fashion model. 2. Can you show ________ you found this necklace? 3. The hotel ________ we spent our holiday was really luxurious. 4. The girl ________ I wanted to say hello to is your sister. 5. This is the school________ I used to go. 6. This is Susan ________ book I borrowed a year ago. 7. For ________ is that note written? 8. To ________ did Ana send the package? 9. These guests ________ car broke down came really late. 10. Is there anyone here ________ I can talk to? 11.

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Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1)

Construction and Usage Sometimes, relative clauses give us extra information. These are called non-defining. It is not necessary to tell us which thing/person we are talking about. In this case, there are commas before and after the clause. o A tall girl, who was wearing a hat, came into the room. (Remember that we cant use THAT and cant leave out the relative pronoun in non-defining clauses.) Join the two sentences to make a sentence with a non-defining relative clause. 1. Sarah is very moody. She goes to my school. __________________________________________________________________ 2. The hotel was nice. My best friend recommended it. __________________________________________________________________ 3. My sister is a doctor. She lives in Madrid. __________________________________________________________________ 4. John loves his new job. He works as a shop assistant. __________________________________________________________________ 5. The museum was closed. It was in a beautiful building. __________________________________________________________________ Join the two sentences to make a sentence with a non-defining relative clause. 1. The girl was in my class. I spoke to her. __________________________________________________________________ 2. She won the medal. Her abilities were amazing.
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Dreaming in English

__________________________________________________________________ 3. The man knocked at my door. He was carrying two suitcases. __________________________________________________________________ 4. The place was enormous. It was full of old books. __________________________________________________________________ 5. The film stars the popular actor. It became a worldwide hit. __________________________________________________________________ 6. Picasso was a famous painter. He died in 1973. __________________________________________________________________ 7. Tom was looking for a new car. He finally bought one this morning. __________________________________________________________________ 8. Mom works for a diner. She always complains about the stressful hours. __________________________________________________________________ 9. This play is shown in several theaters. It received rave reviews. __________________________________________________________________ 10. The Robinsons are always late. Many cant stand them. __________________________________________________________________

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Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2)

Construction and Usage Prepositions can go either at the beginning or at the end of the clause. o His greatest hobby is motor racing, on which he spent a lot of money. o His greatest hobby is motor racing, which he spent a lot of money on. We can also use all of/most of/none of/neither of with whom/which o There are many books, most of which I own. o There are many books, most of which I do not own. o I told Mom it was neither Ana nor Beth whom I saw last night. Write the relative sentence using a preposition and whom/which. 1. The party, which only close friends were invited to, caused many problems. __________________________________________________________________ 2. My sister mentioned something, which she was very afraid of. __________________________________________________________________ 3. Last month I visited Paris, which I had never been before. __________________________________________________________________ 4. This is our anniversary, which we are very proud of. __________________________________________________________________ 5. These are our friends Mary and John, who we went on holiday with. __________________________________________________________________ Join sentences using which.
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1.She couldnt come to my party. This is sad news. 2. Our flight was delayed. This means we will be late.

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__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. I was asked to come right away. This means it must be important. __________________________________________________________________. 4. The house we lived in is in a peaceful area. This meant we could go wherever we wanted. __________________________________________________________________ 5. She passed a driving test This means she will be able to drive soon. __________________________________________________________________ 6. I was offered a better job in another city. This means we will have to move. __________________________________________________________________ 7. He won a huge sum as reward. This meant he could afford the dream vacation he always wanted. __________________________________________________________________ 8. He committed a lot of mistakes. This was very unusual of him. __________________________________________________________________ 9. We will take part in this competition This explains why we are nervous. __________________________________________________________________ 10. He gave up his new job. This means he would have to look for a new one. __________________________________________________________________

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-ing and -ed clauses

Construction and Usage We use ing clause to say what somebody or something is/was doing at a particular moment. It can also be used to say what happens all the time not just at the particular time. o I observed Tim writing a letter earlier today. o I usually catch Tina sleeping during class. -ed clause has a passive meaning o Sean waited for everyone to go home before he went in the room. o Dad fixed the car while Mom was at work. Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form. ask offer wait play cross 1. Somebody __________him a cigarette while you were out. 2. I saw John ___________ the street. 3. Yesterday I got the letter from him ________ me to come. 4. The kids ________ outside while their parents were in the office. 5. Children _________violent computer games could have disruptive behavior.

Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form. sit overlook research make talk work invite write start spend

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1. He has a big house ________ the lake.

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2. Do you know the boy ________ to your sister? 3. There were five people _________ to come here. 4. People _______ to our party are Susans friends. 5. I spent the entire day ________. 6. Scientists _________ the area were terrified with what they found. 7. Do you know any word _________ with Y? 8. Most of his time _______ in the village was great. 9. Children ______ to study get good grades. 10. She showed me some work her dad ________.

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Adjectives and Adverbs

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Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)

Construction and Usage Adjectives ending in -ED describes state of people, o Im so bored. o That kid is so talented. in -ING describe things that make people feel in that way. o The shocking incident made headlines the next day. o This Math exercise is so confusing. Underline the right adjective that goes with the sentence. 1. I was frightening/frightened when I saw her jumping. 2. The horrifying/horrified scenes were cut from the film. 3. Mr. Sims found this job very fulfilling/fulfilled. 4. They felt inspring/inspired by his example. 5. Aunt Lina is so excited/exciting to hear the news. 6. Choose the most appropriate word. embarrassed/embarrassing interesting/interested amazed/amazing fascinating/fascinated disappointing/disappointed 1. That _______________ story _______________ all the people who listened to it. 2. Our teacher was so _______________ with our _______________ performance in the test.

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3. The _______________ mistake was hard to conceal. The hosts were so _______________ by it. 4. I am _______________ by this view. The beautiful mountains filled with the greenest of trees make up an _______________ sight! 5. Its _______________ to see how _______________ the kids are to join this club. depressed/depressing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. entertained/entertaining bored/boring discouraged/discouraging amused/amusing

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We are so _______________ with his _______________ jokes. Although these events are so _______________, we must not get so _______________ or else we wont be able to move forward. The _______________ performance left the audience _______________. The movie was so _______________ that most of the _______________ moviegoers fell asleep halfway through. Max was _______________ to audition. Unfair treatment is really_______________.

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Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired

Construction and Usage Order is very important if we use many adjectives together the order is very important. Fact adjectives which give us factual information such as age, size, color. We usually put fact adjectives in this order: size, shape, age, color, nationality, material. o A small, rectangular, century-old, red and green, Persian, leather carpet Opinion adjectives tell us what somebody thinks of something or someone. Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives. o An amazing small, rectangular, century-old, red and green, Persian, leather carpet We also use adjectives to say how somebody/something looks, feels, sounds, tastes or smells. o It looks great. o It doesnt feel right. o It sounds amazing. o It smells really bad. o It doesnt taste like anything Ive tasted before. o Put adjectives in the correct position. 1. a big, horrible, brown dog __________________________________________________ 2. a round, old, great, ceramic vase __________________________________________________
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3. an inspiring, , cotton, red flag __________________________________________________ 4. a tiny, black, fashionable dress __________________________________________________ 5. a small, metal, mysterious, decade-old box __________________________________________________

Complete the sentences using the verbs look, smell, taste, sound, feel, taste seem with an appropriate adjective from the list below. awful great delicious tired bored upset tasteless interesting excited nice Be aware when to use the base form or the s form of the verbs. 1. It _______________. She has to put off the music player immediately. 2. This stew _______________. Can you add more salt, please? 3. Mom _______________ every time my naughty brother does something bad in school. 4. The story _______________. You better tell it to the kids. They will love it. 5. Dad enjoys eating my Chef Tonys dishes. They all _______________. 6. I _______________ every time I watch that movie. 7. The team _______________ whenever the school is invited to participate in a tournament? 8. This bag _______________. Im going to buy it.
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9. I dont like the artists new song. It _______________. 10. Tom _______________ every after training. 11.

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Adjectives and adverbs I (quick/quickly)

Construction and Usage Adjectives tell us more about a noun, while adverbs tell us more about a verb. o The girl is beautiful. o The girl sings beautifully. o The girl is not happy. o The girl is not singing happily. We also use adjectives instead of adverbs after state verbs such as be/feel/sound/smell/taste. o I feel sick (not sickly). o This dish tastes delicious (not deliciously). o I like the song. It doesnt sound awful (not awfully). o She isnt happy (not happily) about the incident. Adverbs usually go before adjectives. o She seems clearly happy with positive turn of events. o It seems disgustingly wrong to do such an atrocious act. Choose whether an adjective or an adverb best completes the sentence. 1. You look ______________ (tiredly/tired). 2. This is an ______________boring film(unusual/unusually). 3. He plays basketball ______________ well. (incredible/incredibly). 4. I bought this __________dress( amazingly/amazing). 5. I performed rather ______________ (poor/poorly). 6. Choose whether an adjective or an adverb best completes the sentence.
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1. There is a ______________change of the directors mood. (suddenly/sudden) 2. This is a _________good price(reasonable/reasonably). 3. It tastes___________(delicious/deliciously). 4. She hurt herself quite______________ (bad/badly). 5. He speaks English______________ (accurate/accurately).

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6. Can you explain it _______________ once again(careful/carefully)? 7. Our country has serious______________ concerns. (financial/financially) 8. You behave very______________ (selfish/selfishly). 9. The artist is ______________ gorgeous(absolute/absolutely). 10. Your project is ______________ (complete/completely). 11.

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Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/late, hard/hardly)

Construction and Usage Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ly to the adjectives. o happy happily; excited excitedly; sad sadly But we have irregular adverbs as well. o Good is an adjective while well is an adverb. o Fast, hard, late have the same forms for both adjectives and adverbs. o Be careful with lately and hardly. They have completely different meanings: lately=recently hardly=very little Put a if the sentence is correct. Put an X if it is not. _____1. I hardly ever go skiing. _____2. He runs fastly. _____3. I speak Spanish well. _____4. Where have you been lately? _____5. He has to study hardly. Write good/well or bad/badly. 1. Are you a ______ swimmer? 2. He rides a bike really _____. He was taught professionally. 3. You did _____ in your test since you got an A. 4. Tom is a ______politician. Everyone loves him. 5. I dont understand how you did it so _______. Can you teach me? 6. He is such a _____ dancer. He looks really awkward on stage.
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7. The little sings really _____ for her age. She is a star in the making! 8. My sisters speaks Chinese _____. 9. They sometimes behave ______ in class. 10. I am _____at Mathematics. I barely pass in the exams. 11.

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So and such
Construction and Usage So is followed by adjective or adverb o You are so beautiful. o You sang so beautifully. o This book is not so interesting. o He didnt tell the story so interestingly. Such is followed by a phrase (a/an adjective + noun). We put and indefinite article if the noun is singular. o Daisy gave the puppy such a pretty name. o The kids showcased such amazing dance presentations. Put in so or such/such a. 1. James is _____ nice guy. 2. Janice does her work _____ carefully. 3. We watched _____ good films. 4. The little kids were ______ scared when they saw the shark. 5. You play the violin ____ well. I bet you were trained classically. Put in so or such/such a. 1. It was _____ amazing performance. People gave the performers a standing ovation. 2. We had _____ much free time that we didnt know what else to do. 3. That artist always has _____ nice clothes. 4. You look ____ tired . You must have worked all day.
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5. It was ____ unfair of him to judge you that way. 6. I met ____ energetic kid yesterday.

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7. Everything was seems to be_____ expensive in that shop. 8. What have you done ___far? 9. It was ____ long time ago that Ive forgotten what I did to make her _____ mad at me. 10. My baby brother was _____ calm, Mom could take _____ long period of time to rest. 11.

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Enough and too

Construction and Usage Enough can be used after adjectives and adverbs. o The test is easy enough for the pupils to answers. o She does not act well enough to get a major part. Enough is used before nouns or even alone without a noun, It means as much as needed. o The little boy has enough toys to entertain him for weeks. o The little boy has enough. o The little boy has not enough toys. Enough can also be used in this construction: adjective + enough + infinitive. o The task is simple enough to do. o The task is not difficult enough. Hell do just do it with ease. Too is used before adjective. It means more than. o The test is too difficult. o He was not too tall as people were led to believe. Too can also be used in this construction: too +adjective + infinitive o The test is too difficult to answer. o The tast is not too simple to do. They have to focus if they want to succeed at it. o Put too or enough to complete the sentence. 1. I have _____________ many things. They wont fit in one bag. 2. I dont think Tessie is hardworking _____________ to finish the task.
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3. Is there _____________ food for the party? 4. This job is _____________ complex for me to do.

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5. Liam shouted _____________ in last nights game that he lost his voice. Join the two sentences into one. Use because. Include correct usage of too or enough. The first two are done for you. 1. We cant sleep well. Music in the nearby caf is loud. We cant sleep well because music in the nearby caf is too loud. 2. I cant understand you. You are not speaking clearly. I cant understand you because you are not speaking clearly enough. 3. Mike doesnt need to go to the library. He has books at home. _____________________________________________________________ 4. I cant lend you money. I have money for my family only. _____________________________________________________________ 5. The host is panicking. Many people came. _____________________________________________________________ 6. Rob is ready to go. He has energy for the party. _____________________________________________________________ 7. You cant see all the actors. You are far from the stage. _____________________________________________________________ 8. Mom is worried. We do not have time to buy gifts for everybody. _____________________________________________________________ 9. I can no longer accept more work. This is complex. _____________________________________________________________ 10. Tony did not finish reading the book. It was long.
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Quite, pretty. rather and fairly

Construction and Usage They all have very similar meaning--- less than very but more than a little. Pretty is used mostly in spoken English because its informal. o You should watch the movie. Its pretty good. Quite is followed by a/an + adjective, noun or we can say quite a lot (of) as well. Quite is used with verbs especially like and enjoy. It also means completely-quite sure. It can be used with verbs to have the same meaning. o Quite a lot of kids come here to play. o I quite like reading books when theres nothing else to do. o Matt doesnt quite enjoy the company of strangers. Rather is used in negative context. o The songs rather bad. You can tell it wont be a hit. Fairly is less than quite/rather/pretty and it has a meaning not very good, could be better. o Its fairly good. Just wait until it comes out in DVD, though. Its not worth watching in the theater. o Complete these sentences using quite and the following. impossible, famous, safe, sure, cold 1. You should wear a sweater. Its _________________. 2. I did everything well. Im _________________. 3. Its too high. We cant reach the other side. Its _________________. 4. I cant believe you dont know anything about her. She is _______________.
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5. You should stay here since this area of the neighborhood is _____________. Complete the sentences with quite, rather, pretty, fairly 1. I am _________________ sure that he will be the winner. 2. He is _________________ naughty. He always makes problems in school. 3. Although Dad works a lot, he also spend time with us _________________ often. 4. It was _________________ sunny, so our family went on a picnic. 5. Lee and Mary havent _____ finished their supper. 6. Uncle Hank has _________________ a good job. He plans to stay in that company for a couple more years. 7. She is _________________ shy. Dont force her to speak in front of class. 8. Everything he explained was __________ amazing. 9. I am sorry but I dont ______ understand your point. 10. I found the film okay. The acting was _________________ good but not amazing.

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Comparison l (cheaper. more expensive etc. )

Construction and Usage Simple comparison is used when we just er to the adjective. o Gabe is taller than Danny. Compound comparison is used when we add more. This is for adjectives that have are multi-syllabic. o Gabes work is more colorful than Dannys. There are irregular comparative forms as well. To make its comparative form, the spelling of the adjective is changed. o Gabe is better at basketball than Danny. (base form is good) o Gabe has worse handwriting compared to Dannys. (base form is bad) Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form. difficult beautiful long peaceful fast 1. Cinderella _________than her stepsister. 2. Can you run _________ than him? 3. These exercises are _____________ than the previous ones. 4. This beach is ________ than the one we went to last summer. I like it more.. 5. Your book is _______ so youll have to spend more time reading it. 6. Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form. bad good early many high reliable pretty important often comfortable
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1. Carls brother is__________________ student than he is. 2. Tony has _________________ behavior compared to Lou. The teachers always complain about Tonys pranks. 3. This work is _________________ than Toms. 4. You are late again. You should leave _________________ next time. 5. Ill earn _________________ money if I get two jobs. 6. This building is _________________ than skyscrapers in New York. 7. This document is _________________ than the one we receives last night. 8. He should visit his parents _________________. 9. My sisters is bed is _________________ to sleep on compared to mine. 10. His wife is _________________ than a film star. 11.

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Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better)
Construction and Usage Before comparatives we can use: much, a lot, far, a bit, a little, slightly. We can use any/no before comparative. If we use better and better/ more and more it says that something changes continuously. We can also use the.the. to say that one thing depends on another one ( the sooner the better). Complete the sentences using any/no + comparative form of the adjective in the parentheses. 1. There isnt __________________ medical service that what this hospital can offer. (efficient) 2. I know you think the responsibility given to you is big, but trust me its __________________ than mine. (big) 3. Sorry, but I cant wait for them__________________. (long) 4. If the traffic here is __________________ than the other city, Im moving. (heavy) 5. You were right. The prices here are __________________ than in their main branch. (high) Use the words in the brackets to complete sentences. 1. I tried many things in life but this one is __________________ (a little/scary).
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2. The police officers expected this case to be __________________ than the previous one. (far/easy) 3. Its too expensive for. Where can I find something __________________? (a little/cheap) 4. Your bag is __________________ than mine. (far/heavy) 5. This task is __________________ than I expected. (much/difficult) 6. The cake should be __________________ than the one I baked. (slightly/big) 7. You have to drive __________________ next time. (a little/slowly) 8. For this job, you have to be __________________ (much/talkative). 9. My father is gets __________________ when he is around strangers. (slightly/nervous) 10. I am __________________ than my sister. (a bit/old) 11.

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Comparison 3 (as ... as I than)

Construction and Usage This construction as .as ( we use positive -as good as)is used to say that two things/people are the same. Negative construction is not as .as or not so.as. Than is used in comparative, we can say than me but not than I Complete the sentences with than or as. 1. You cant catch up with me. I am better __________________ you. 2. I am so disappointed. I worked __________________ hard as you. 3. They arent good at football. We are better __________________ them. 4. These shoes are great, but they are more expensive____________ those. 5. We are of the same height. He is __________________ tall as I am. Complete the sentences. The first one is done for you. 1. I have read many books. You havent read as many as I have. 2. They have many rewards. You dont have as __________________. 3. Your house is as big as __________________. 4. The dog looks as adorable as __________________. 5. Today is as cold as __________________. 6. John runs as fast as __________________. 7. Sheila has been working here as long as __________________. 8. Tonights party is as enjoyable as __________________. 9. Tammy moves as slow as __________________. 10. I earned as much as __________________.
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11.

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Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable etc. )

Construction and Usage With simple adjectives( one syllable) we make superlative by adding the suffix est plus the ( the smallest) , whereas with compound adjectives ( two/ more syllables ) we make superlative by adding the most. Be careful about spelling changes- doubled consonant or change y into I ( the same as we mentioned with comparatives): the biggest/ the easiest. There are irregular forms as well: good-best bad-worst little-least many/much-most far-farthest/furthest the superlative of old is oldest, while both forms eldest/oldest are used when we talk about people in the family: My eldest daughter is 12. Put the adjective in the correct form! 1. He is __________________ student in our class. (good) 2. These exercises arent __________________ in this exercise book. (difficult) 3. I think I have the __________________ score of all. (less) 4. Our parents chose that hotel because it was the __________________ (cheap). 5. My __________________ sister is 20 years old. (old) 6. Put the adjective in the correct form. 1. This is the __________________ that I have been to. (far) 2. Sues party was the __________________ by far. (enjoyable) 3. Jasmine is the __________________ person Ive ever met. (kind) 4. In your opinion, what is the __________________ book youve ever read? (interesting)
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5. Dont doubt your capability. You are the __________________ artist here. (skillful) 6. This is the __________________ film Ive ever reviewed. (bad) 7. This was the __________________ journey weve ever taken. (unpredictable) 8. Tims __________________ decision in life was to choose to proceed to college. (important) 9. What was the __________________ mistake youve ever made so far? (big) 10. These tasks are the __________________ so far. (easy) 11.

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Word order 1: Verb + object; place and time

Construction and Usage Word order is very important in the English language. Verbs and objects go together. After that we put adverbs of place and time. o She sang a song at the gym earlier today. o The kids exchanged gifts this morning. Adverb of time can be put at the end of the sentence or at the very beginning of sentence. o Today, I saw my good friend or I saw my good friend today. Is the order in the sentences correct or not? or X. _____1. He gave me his notes last night. _____2. They spent the entire evening last night at the library. _____3. Yesterday, we visited my father in hospital. _____4. I called you immediately after I received the results. _____5. She found the keys on her way home yesterday. Put the words in the correct order in order to make sentences! 1. they/ last month/ a great present/ bought/for me. _____________________________________________. 2. play/all evening/they/games/always/in Toms house __________________________________________. 3. from Jack/ he/ some money/ borrowed/last night __________________________________________.
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4. have worked/for five years/ in the same company/I/ __________________________________________. 5. lost /last weekend /I/in the movie theater/my wallet. _________________________________________. 6. have been dreaming/to visit Paris/I/ since last year. _________________________________________. 7. many friends/in camp/they/last year/ met _________________________________________. 8. drove/she/all day/around London. _________________________________________. 9. I/every morning/go /by bus/to work. _________________________________________. 10. wasnt /last night/I/with them. _________________________________________.

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Word order 2: Adverbs with the verb

Construction and Usage Adverbs used with simple tenses always go before the verb. o Mom regularly plans our holidays. o Our family frequently visited Grandmas house when she was still alive. Adverbs used with compound tenses and negatives go between auxiliary and the main verb. o Sean has conveniently forgotten the incident. o Sean has never forgotten the incident. Note that probably goes before auxiliary in negative forms. o Mr. Simmon probably wont come. o Tyler probably wouldnt join the show. All and both are used in the same positions. o The audience all cried after the show. o They both did not come. Are the underlined word in the right position or not? or X. _____1.He has never been to Egypt. _____2. I wont probably come to your party. _____3. She always is late. _____4. They all know the new classmate. _____5. We sometimes go jogging. Rewrite the sentence. Make sure the adverb is in its correct place. 1. They visit us (often).
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__________________________________________________________ 2. I have visited all the interesting monuments in the city (already).

__________________________________________________________ 3. I will buy her a present on my way home. __________________________________________________________ 4. I am sleepy in the afternoon (sometimes). __________________________________________________________ 5. She wont make it here on time (definitely). __________________________________________________________ 6. I can teach you Spanish if you like (also). __________________________________________________________ 7. They will stay until midnight. (all) __________________________________________________________ 8. She does her homework (regularly). __________________________________________________________ 9. They borrow money from my sister (usually). __________________________________________________________ 10. I will finish my work by the end of the day. (almost certainly) __________________________________________________________

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Still, yet and already Any more / any longer / no longer

Construction and Usage Still is used to say that a situation or action is continuing o He is still working. Yet is used to say until now. It is mainly used in negative sentences and questions o He hasnt finish yet. Already is used to say that something happened sooner than expected. o Im already hungry. Any more/any longer/no longer are used to say that a situation has changed. Any more and any longer go at the end of the sentence, whereas no longer goes in the middle of the sentence. o I cant take this any more/ I cant take this any longer. o I no longer need your services. You are free to go. Are the underlined words in the correct positions or not? _____1. I havent got my packet yet. _____2. I dont need any more you help. _____3. Im doing my homework still. _____4. There is no longer need for your service. _____5. He has watched that film already. Put adverbs still, already, yet, any longer, no longer, any more in the correct place. 1. I wont go with you because Ive watched that film. __________________________________________________________
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2. She isnt here but shell arrive in a minute. __________________________________________________________ 3. Do you want to go with us?

__________________________________________________________ 4. They used to come to training but not. __________________________________________________________ 5. Im tired. I cant stay. __________________________________________________________ 6. I cant believe that its raining. __________________________________________________________ 7. Im done with my work. I dont need your help. __________________________________________________________ 8. Im working so I cant go. __________________________________________________________ 9. He resigned so hes out looking for a new job. __________________________________________________________ 10. I havent found the perfect place. __________________________________________________________

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Even
Construction and Usage Even is used to say that something is unusual or surprising. It is often used in the middle of the sentence. o The millionaire bought all the houses in this block, even that small cottage. o Mike did not tell anyone he was coming, not even his own parents. Even can be followed by comparative. o This designer bag is even more expensive than the one the artist famously bought. Even though is used like although to give a stronger contrast. o He still came even though he was sick. Make sentences with even. Use the words in the parentheses. The first one is done for you. 1. She bought all the shoes in the shop (unusual-looking boots). She bought all the shoes in the shop even the unusual-looking boots. 2. I cant speak Spanish (a word). ______________________________________________________________ 3. He didnt reveal the secret (his wife) ______________________________________________________________ 4. I cleaned all the house (the attic) ____________________________________________________________ 5. He is so rich( a private plane)
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___________________________________________________________.

Complete the sentences using even + comparative. Use the underlined adjectives. The first one is done for you. 1. I found the test difficult. Im positive those who did not study will find it even more difficult. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. These shoes are really cheap, but I found another pair thats ______________________________ sold at a bargain store. That woman is so beautiful, but I find the one who just arrived This This research drink is is very interesting. cold, but the However, one I the had results earlier are was ______________________________. ______________________________ to discuss. really ______________________________. Im always early but I just found out that my roommates is wakes up ______________________________ than I do. 7. Kims Italian is terrible, but mine is ______________________________. 8. Roger is a good driver, but Luigi is ______________________________. 9. This years summer is hot but last summer ______________________________. 10. The music here is loud. Wait until you go to that caf. Its ______________________________ there.

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Conjunctions and prepositions

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Although / though / even though In spite of / despite

Construction and Usage Although is a conjunction which joins two clauses. There are two possible positions: o Although I dont like him, I respect his opinion./I respect his opinion although I dont like him. Though and even though are used in the same way. Even though is a stronger form of although. After in spite of/despite we use a noun or an adjective o In spite of the difficulty, the team won the competition. o Despite a fulfilling job in the city, Dad decided to move us to the quite suburbs. Complete the sentences using although/though, in spite of/despite. 1. _____ it was cold, we still went outside. 2. _____ her illness, she still went to school. 3. _____ what they promised yesterday, they still behave in the same way. 4. I went to the party _____I was angry with him. 5. _____ the rain, we enjoyed the concert. Complete the sentences using although/though, in spite of/despite. 1. _____ it was the middle of November, the weather wasnt so cold yet.
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2. _____ we gave him clear directions, he still got lost. 3. _____ the delay, we still enjoyed the trip. 4. _____ I felt tired , I stayed up to finish my project.

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5. _____ they were behind in the first quarter, they still won in the end. 6. _____he has an interesting job, he doesnt enjoy it. 7. We went out_____the heavy snow. 8. She couldnt complete the task_____having all needed resources. 9. _____we havent met before, it seems weve been friends for a long time. 10. _____ the fact he is graduate, he still cant easily find a job. 11.

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ln case
Construction and Usage We use in case to say why somebody does or doesnt do something. o In case the speaker does not arrive, Ms. Thomas is a ready replacement. o The officers are on stand by in case of any emergency. Finish these sentences with appropriate responses. The first one is done for you. 1. In case Mom calls, tell her Im on my way home. 2. _______________________________ in case it rains. 3. In case you want to help out, _________________________________. 4. _______________________________ in case you feel sick. 5. In case you need help, _______________________________________. What do you say in these situations? Finish the sentences with appropriate responses. 1. In case of emergencies, _______________________________________. 2. In case you get lost, __________________________________________. 3. _________________________________________ in case you get confused by the instructions. 4. In case you see any suspicious activity, _________________________. 5. In case you feel hungry, ______________________________________. 6. __________________________________ in case it snows hard tonight. 7. In case you pass the test, ______________________________________.
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8. ______________________________________ in case Mom forgets. 9. ______________________________________ in case it gets too cold. 10. In case the guests arrive really early, __________________________. 11.

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Unless As long as Provided/providing

Construction and Usage Unless means if not. o Please stay unless you really have to go. o Dont buy expensive things unless you need to do so. As long as /providing/provided means if or on condition. o You can stay as long as youll help pay for the room rental fee. o As long as he is stubborn, hell never change. o The room rental fee is free providing that you are a student of this university. o You can buy expensive things provided that you can afford to do so. Underline the correct word or expression. 1. You can stay as long as/unless you want. 2. Provided/Unless I finish my task, I wont go out with my friends. 3. Youll be late providing/unless you hurry up. 4. Providing/Unless you are a hard worker, you will get a pay raise. 5. Unless/As long as the weather is bad we cant go sightseeing. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1. I will help you unless_________________. 2. Unless _________________, we wont go on a holiday this year. 3. As long as___________________, we are on the same side. 4. Providing ___________________, you can expect me to buy you
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present.

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5. They will pass the exam providing _________________. 6. We can finish this tomorrow providing _________________ 7. I dont mind being late as long as _________________. 8. I cant accept your apology unless _________________. 9. You will miss the bus unless _________________. 10. You can work for me as long as _________________. 11.

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As (As I walked along the street ... / As I was hungry ... )

Construction and Usage As can be used to say that two things happen at the same time, either past simple or past continuous are used. o As they were walking, they saw a friend of theirs. As can also mean because. o As I was exhausted I went to bed. Since is also possible to use in this context. o Since I was not tired yet, I went out with my friends. What does as mean in these sentences? Write A if it means at the same time. Write B if it means because. because at the same time _____1. As he did many mistakes he had to revise for the test. _____2. I was doing my homework as he was watching a TV. _____3. As I have to work hard, we wont see each other for a while. _____4. I used to smoke a lot as I was preparing for my exam. _____5. As I didnt understand anything, I had many problems with studying. Complete the sentences using your own ideas. The first one is done for you. 1. As we havent been to Spain, its best to study its geography. 2. I was vacuuming as ____________________________________. 3. Just as I started eating___________________________________.
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4. As we studied for the test________________________________. 6. As he is well-known ____________________________________. 7. As I finished my work __________________________________. 8. She had to call for help as she ____________________________.

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5. I saw him as I __________________________________________.

9. As I have become too nervous ____________________________. 10. I waved at him as I _______________________________________. 11.

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like and as
Construction and Usage Like which means similar to is always followed by a noun, pronoun or ing form o He behaves like my father/him. o He does not behave like my father/him. As which means in the same way is followed by a clause -subject + verb ( o Drive carefully as I showed you. o Do not drive as carelessly as your brother. We can also say as usual/as always. o He has worked as a doctor for many years. Complete the sentences using as/like! 1. He already 18, but he still behaves _____________________. 2. Your voice sounds____________________________________. 3. I cant believe it . He looks_____________________________. 4. Ram eats as quick _____________________________________. 5. He sounds as terrible ___________________________________. Put like or as in the sentences! 1. I work ___ a teacher . 2. You should follow my instructions ___ I have instructed you. 3. We will start a class with a game _______ usual. 4. I would like to have a stamp collection just _______ him. 5. ___ her classmates, I have only praises for her.
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6. ___ always, Will is the winner.

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7. She was working ____ a shop assistant when I first saw her. 8. You are ___ me. We responds to things similarly. 9. The swimming star swims as quickly __________________________.. 10. These cookies smells __________________________. good as my mums.

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For, during, and while

Construction and Usage

For is used to say how long something goes on( for years).
o This play has been going on for a couple of weeks. o He has not visited for a couple of months now.

During is used to say when something happens. It is usually followed by a noun.

o Dana slipped during the presentation. o Angel cried during the storm.

While can be used in the same context as like for but while is followed by clause
(subject + verb). o Dana slipped while she was dancing. o Angel cried while the storm passed through their town. Complete the sentences using for or during. 1. We met each other _____ our stay at the local inn. 2. I have been living her ____ ten years. 3. We studied ____ six hours last night. 4. We were bored _____ the lecture. 5. He has done the same job ____ almost a decade now. 6. Finish the sentences. 1. I was watching TV, while __________________________________. 2. She waited for her little brother for __________________________. 3. Bart broke his arm during____________________________________.
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4. I havent seen my best friend for_____________________________. 5. We barely spoke during ____________________________________. 6. Well stay in Spain for ______________________________________. 7. We found our dog while_______ ______________________________. 8. I fell asleep during ___________________________________________. 9. Be quiet while ______________________________________________. 10. They made mistakes four times during_________________________. 11.

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By and until By the time ...

Construction and Usage By is used with time to say no later than, on or before. o Shell arrive by three this afternoon. o Ill be able to pass the project by noon today. Till/Until are used to say how long the situation continues. o We will stay till the play is over. o We wont leave until he arrives. We can say by the time it happens/happened. o By the time we get there, they will have finished the lecture. o They will have gone by the time the police will reach their hideout. Complete the sentences with by or until. 1. I will leave ____ June. 2. Please finish this ____ Friday. 3. They promised to come back _____ midnight. 4. Tim waited for me _____ six this evening.. 5. Ms. Mendez gave us _____ Monday to pass our homework. 6. Rewrite the sentences using by the time. 1. We came to the station. The train had gone. _________________________________________________________. 2. I realized I didnt have the documents. I reached the bank. _________________________________________________________.
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3. The movie had ended. He arrived.

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__________________________________________________________. 4. Everyone left. I ended my presentation. __________________________________________________________. 5. It was raining heavily. The party started. _________________________________________________________. Complete the sentences with by or until. 6. Dad said he can only wait for you ______ 6:00 p.m. 7. I will go on holiday ______ the end of this month. 8. You have ______ noon to finish the task. 9. The new caf will be opened ____ Friday. 10. These shops are open ____ ten in the evening. 11.

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Prepositions

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At/in/on
Construction and Usage AT is used for: o Time of day: at 3 oclock, at noon, at night Christmas, at breakfast o Other expressions: at the same time, at the moment, at present IN is used for: o Years, months, seasons, or parts of the day: in 1978, in May, in the summer, in the 1980s, in the future ON is used for: o Days, dates, special days: on Monday, on the 23rd of May, on Christmas day, on Friday morning Put the correct preposition. 1. Baby Gabby woke up twice______ night. 2. Howard was born______ 21st December. 3. My grandfather gets up early______ the morning. 4. Our cousins from Australia will visit us ______ April. 5. The meeting starts ______5 oclock in the afternoon. Put the correct preposition. 1. ______the end of the play, the audience clapped enthusiastically. 2. I will be ready ______ five minutes.
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o The weekend, holiday periods, or meals: at weekends, at Easter, at

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3. I am so sad. My friends wont come ______ Christmas. 4. I do aerobics ______ the evening. 5. I will be home ______ three oclock this afternoon. 6. I am listening to music ______ the moment. 7. She goes jogging ______Sunday mornings. 8. He published the third book ______ 15th of May. 9. They got married ______ 1988. 10. See you ______ Saturday. 11.

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On time and in time At the end and in the end

Construction and Usage ON TIME means punctual, not late, it happens as it was planned. Opposite of on time is late. o She always comes on time. o She never comes on time. IN TIME means soon enough. Opposite of in time is too late. o Hell be a better person in time. o He made it just in time. AT THE END means at the time when something ends. o At the end of the show, people will be on their feet cheering with glee. IN THE END means finally. Opposite of in the time is at first. o The two lead characters fell in love in the end. Complete the sentences with on time or in time. 1. Ravie will definitely be late tonight. He never comes ______. 2. Tanya arrived at the bus stop just ______ the bus arrived. 3. We arrived ______ for the distribution of party giveaways. 4. Please be ______. The Principal doesnt want anyone to come in late. 5. Mr. Rogers visited us just ______ for dinner. 6. Complete the sentences using on time/in time or at the end/in the end. 1. The plane took off ______time. 2. We arrived ______time to buy a ticket.
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3. Everybody cried ______the end of the film. 4. I arrived just ______time to catch the bus. 5. They waited for him for 30 minutes but ______ they turned around and left. 6. I will start my new job______ for the start of spring break. 7. They are angry with me because I dont do anything______ time. 8. I was doing my best but ______, I gave up. 9. It was so misty. Luckily I succeeded to notice the sign ______ time. 10. I promised to go to see them ______ of this semester. 11.

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At/in/on (position) 1
Construction and Usage IN- inside AT point ON- surface Fill in the gaps with the most suitable preposition. 1. We came ______ the hotel very early. 2. I love that painting ______the wall. 3. You can find him ______ his room. 4. We met ______ that restaurant by the lake. 5. Robbie is usually ______ home at this time of the day. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable preposition. 1. He is sitting ______ the chair. 2. There are some cups ______the cupboard. 3. She lives ______ Paris. 4. There is a hole ______the wall. 5. Carl is ______ the hospital. Do you want to visit him? 6. Whats ______ the television tonight? 7. They arrived ______ Belgrade Airport at five this morning. 8. They arent ______ school because theyre sick. 9. There are many interesting toys ______ the shelf. 10. We will watch a movie _______ the local cinema.

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At/in/on (position) 2
Construction and Usage IN: in a line, in a row, in a book, in a letter, in the sky, in bed, in the world, in the country, in an office ON: on the left/right, on the first/second floor, on a farm, on a menu/list, on the left-hand/right-hand side, on the way AT: at the top of/ at the top of, at the corner (point),at the front/at the back Fill in the gaps with the most suitable preposition. 1. He is the most famous person ______ the world. 2. You look so pretty ______ this photograph. 3. Is your house ______the left side or______ the right? 4. They were all sitting ______ the back of the room. 5. Ill pick up you ______ my way home. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable preposition. 1. They spent the entire summer ______ the countryside. 2. Ill see you ______ the cinema. 3. The Carters live _______the second floor. 4. There are so many interesting articles ______ a newspaper. 5. The knight is holding a sword ______ one hand. 6. Dont walk __ road by yourself at night. Its dangerous. 7. She cut her toe ______ shards of glass. 8. Ill see you ______ school tomorrow. 9. Whats ______ the menu?
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10. Everything you need you will find______ in the handbook. 11.

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At/in/on (position) 3
Construction and Usage The basic difference between in and at is that we use in when we think about the building itself, or if we use it with cities, villages. We use at to say where an event takes place or if we are thinking of a place as a point. We also use at when we say at somebodys house (at Marys home).

IN: in hospital/prison/jail- without an article (real purpose of being there, they

are prisoners, patience) AT: (at home/school/office). We say that somebody is at an event (at a concert/ a meeting). On and in used with means of transport ( on a bus/train/ boat/plane/ship/bike/motorbike/horse but in a car/ taxi Use in or on. 1. We live _______ a small cottage. 2. I saw her riding ______ a bus to town. 3. They first met ______ that cozy, little diner. 4. I rode ______ a cab on my way to work. 5. I lost my wallet ______ the supermarket. 6. Complete the sentences with in, at, or on. 1. He spent some time ______ prison for the crimes he committed. 2. The mishap happened ______ the alley behind our apartment.
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3. Because of her condition, Mom had to spend 3 weeks recuperating ______ the hospital. 4. He enjoyed riding ______ his newly-painted bicycle. 5. Many of the injured were trapped ______ their houses. 6. I left my glasses ______ the table.. 7. Her colleagues are fed up with her behavior______ work. 8. I was walking ______ the park when I saw the stray puppy. 9. The performance will be shown ______ that vacant lot behind the school. 10. Marie is ______ home finishing her project which is due tomorrow.. 11.

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to/at/into
Construction and Usage To is used with verbs of movement ( get back to/move to/go to bed) with this exception is been to ( I have been to Paris) When we use verbs such as get and arrive, we say get to ( place) but arrive in/at. Be careful about home, there is no preposition in go home/get home/on the way home. Into is used together with go/get/fly. It means to enter. Opposite of into is out of. We use get on/get off a bus/train/plane but get into/get out of a car. Put the correct preposition to/at/in/into where it is necessary. 1. Melissa has never been ______ Asia. 2. I will get back ______ you as soon as I have enough information. 3. We arrived ______ Germany in the late hours of the 3rd of May. 4. Our parents got ______ this business almost a decade ago. 5. I dont think I can get ______ that tiny, black dress. 6. Put the correct preposition to/at/in/into where it is necessary. Leave it blank if there is no need for a preposition to complete the sentence. 1. The car stopped by the street and she promptly got ______ it. 2. When we arrived ______ Berlin, we received a warm welcome. 3. After the trial, he was taken ______ prison. 4. I have to go ______ the library to return the book. 5. When I arrived ______ home, they had already left.
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6. We will see you ______ the concert tonight. 7. Can you put all the toys______ the box? 8. I left my suitcase ______ Toms room.

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9. After a while we decided to move _____ Barcelona. 10. I am too tired. I am going ______ bed. 11.

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At/in/on (other uses)

Construction and Usage There are some other uses of prepositions at/in/on : o in the sun in capital letters, in the dark, in a bad mood, in the sun, in my opinion, in love o at the age of, at 1000 Celsius, at a speed o on a holiday, on TV, on a diet, on purpose, on a business , on strike Put the correct preposition where it is necessary. 1. The companys CEO is going to be busy next week. He is going ______ several business trips. 2. Water boils ______ 100 degrees Celsius. 3. They said it was love ______ first sight. 4. Whats ______ TV tonight? Something interesting, I hope! 5. The company is in a huge problem, employees are ______ strike. 6. Put the correct preposition where it is necessary. 1. The bride-to- be had to go ______ a diet so she could fit in her dress comfortably. 2. Because of the heat, we spent the entire day ______ the shade. 3. He didnt want to apologize even if he did it ______ purpose. 4. The basketball star set the court ______ fire with his amazing moves! 5. The note attracted my attention because it was written ______ capital letters. 6. ______ my opinion, freedom must always come with responsibility. 7. My daughter spends hours ______ the phone.
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8. Nowadays its easier to research since you can find whatever you need ______ the Internet. 9. Please do your homework only ______ script writing. 10. Because of some problems with the electricity, we spent all day ______ the dark. 11.

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By
Construction and Usage We use it to say to show how we do something o by hand/by post/by check o by mistake/by accident/by chance We use it also to say that something is done by somebody o by me ,wrote by Scott By also means besides o by the lake, by the sea, by the street When we want to express means of transport o by car/bus/train.. (but on foot) When we want to say that we are inside, we use in or on o in the car, on the train Put in, on, or by to complete the sentences 1. He goes to work ______ bus every morning. 2. My little brother enjoys spending time ______ his playroom. 3. How will you pay? ______ cash or ______ check? 4. I first rode ______ an airplane when I was six years old. 5. Mail carriers deliver letters ______ foot. 6. Underline the correct preposition that would fit the sentence. 1. They rode by/in my car. 2. Because of its proximity, I usually go to the gym by/on foot.
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3. Nobody writes letters with/in hand anymore. 4. This play was written by/of Shakespeare. 5. I know that he did it in/on purpose. 6. The keys are by/in the door. 7. Im really sorry. I did it by/on mistake.

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8. The bridge is being reconstructed with/by Toms construction team. 9. Did you come by/in Dads car or yours? 10. Almost like a romantic movie, we met on/by chance in a party thrown by one of our friends. 11.

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Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc .. )

Construction and Usage Noun + for: o Reason for, explanation for, need for Noun + of: o Cause of, list of, plan of, advantage of, photo of. Noun + in: o rise in, fall in noun + to: o answer to, attitude to, solution to, rely to, invitation to noun+ with/between: o relationship with/between, contact with/between, difference between Put the most appropriate preposition in the sentences. 1. There is a huge increase ______ juvenile criminal. 2. I noticed a higher demand ______ organic food. 3. Can you help me to find a solution _______ a problem? 4. The relationship ______ them is a little deteriorated. 5. I am fed up with his arrogant attitude ______ us. 6. Put the most appropriate preposition in the sentences. 1. We received an invitation ______ their party. 2. One advantage ______ living in a big city is the varied job opportunities you can explore.
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3. We didnt know the answer ___ the teachers questions.

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4. There is no virtue ______ giving up. Always go on until you succeed. 5. My parents are so used to Anas misbehavior in school that they are no longer surprised ______ her newest antics. 6. Although we work together, he rarely converses ______ me. 7. What is the difference ___________ these two pictures? 8. Michael showed me a photo______ his when he was still young. 9. I was given a map ______ the city so I can independently find my way around. 10. Is there any need ______ _my service? 11.

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Adjective + preposition 1
Construction and Usage Adjectives are followed by certain prepositions: Adjective+ of: o nice/kind/polite/stupid/kind of adjective + about/with: o angry/annoyed with somebody, about something o upset/excited/worried about o pleased/delighted/satisfied/disappointed with adjective + at/by/with: o shocked/surprised/amazed/astonished by/at something o fed up/bored with o impressed with o Yet another important thing to remember! Sorry about/for situation or something that happened or you did o Sorry about the inconvenience o Sorry about Tom being late o Sorry for/about what I said o Sorry for/about criticizing you o Feel sorry for somebody o Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1. His parents are fed up ______ his outrageous behavior. 2. I felt sorry ______ Sarah so I talked to her right away.
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3. It was nice ______ you to lend Jillian some money. 4. They are excited ______ their future plans. 5. It was silly ______ him to behave in such a way. Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. 1. Kirsten was angry ______ him for what he did. 2. We are dissatisfied ______ their decision. 3. Lou was shocked ______ Emmas reaction.

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4. It was obvious that he was furious ______ his secretary. 5. I heard she won. I am so happy ______ her. 6. After what he went through, its wise to be kind ______ him. 7. There are some children who are rude ______ their parents. 8. Ive never been this bored ______ film since I started writing movie reviews. 9. You should be honest ______ your children and tell them everything. 10. The manager wants his employees to be always polite ______ their customers. 11.

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Adjective + preposition 2
Construction and Usage Adjective + of: o Fond/suspicious/proud/jealous/envious/afraid/terrified of o Aware/capable/typical /tired/certain/sure/sick/short/conscious of Adjective + at/to/from/in/on/with/for: o Good/bad at o Married/engaged to o Similar to o Different from o Interested in o Keen/ rely on o Crowed with o Responsible/famous for Complete the sentences with the most appropriate preposition. 1. I am completely different ______ my brother. 2. He is tired ______ waiting. 3. They are proud ______ their success. 4. Im interested ______ music. 5. Are you aware ______ the complexity of the situation? 6. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate preposition. 1. Howard got married ______ Lisa last year.
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2. You can ask for Matt. He is the one responsible ______ this project. 3. She is incapable ______ finishing this on time.

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4. I am suspicious ______ my neighbor because of his questionable reactions when we ask him some pertinent questions. 5. Your coat is similar ______ mine. 6. My son is bad ______ Mathematics. I might get him a Math tutor. 7. After what you did, you should be ashamed ______ yourself. 8. The hall was full ______ people. 9. He is always late. That is typical ______ him. 10. They are well-known ______ their literary works. 11.

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Verb + preposition 1 to and at

Construction and Usage verb+ to: o belong/listen/talk/explain/apologize to o but its used without: phone/call somebody; answer somebody/something; thank somebody; ask somebody verb+ at: o look/stare/laugh/point/aim at o but sometimes verbs can be followed by both at or to with a difference of meaning: o shout at him-because I am angry/shout to him- to hear me o throw a ball at him- to hit him/throw a ball to him- to catch Complete each sentence with the most appropriate preposition. 1. Does this notebook belong ______ you? 2. She was talking ______ her mother on the phone. 3. Kerry was so angry at his sister that he threw his things ______ her. 4. Dont laugh ______ his singing. 5. They came to apologize ______ me. 6. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate preposition or leave it empty if the preposition is not needed. 1. I am writing a letter to thank ______ him. 2. Can you describe it ___ me in a more detailed manner?
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3. What are you pointing ______? 4. Try to answer ______ my question!

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5. The man wanted to talk _________ the manager. 6. Why are you staring _________ the blank wall ? 7. Terrence _________ at him to get his attention. 8. I think you should call _________ his parents. 9. I was so tired that I didnt even listen ______ them. 10. He lent his books ______ me for the weekend. 11.

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Verb + preposition 2 about/for/of/after

Construction and Usage Verb+ about: o Read/talk/discus/do something about o Care about somebody/something- means think BUT care for somebody/something- means like or look after o take care of means look after verb+ for: o ask/apply/wait/look/search/leave for o be careful about apply for a job but apply to him Put the correct preposition. 1. I applied _________ that position a month ago. 2. Lets ask _________ the bill. 3. Ill wait _________ you outside. 4. I cant go. I have to take care _________ my little sister. 5. Im looking _________ the bus station. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate verbs and prepositions. tell apply search do discuss look care know stares read 1. They wanted to _________ a job in the diner. 2. The kids like to _________ a make-believe adventure anytime, anywhere. 3. Please _________ us a story. 4. He wants to take a _________ the place before he buys it. 5. Because you are my best friend, I really _________ you. 6. We can _________ the details about your promotion during the meeting.
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7. Because of my research, I continue to _________ valuable information needed for my study. 8. Do you plan to _________ something _________ it? 9. That man _________ at her constantly. Its getting creepy. 10. Do you already _________ him? 11.

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Verb + preposition 3 about and of

Construction and Usage Dream about- when you are asleep o Dream of- imagine Hear about- being told about something o Hear of- know somebody or something exists o Hear from- receive a letter mail, call, message.. Think about- consider it, concentrate your mind on it o Think of- the idea comes to you, give an opinion Remind about-tell somebody not to forget o Remind of-cause somebody to remember Complain to somebody about somethingo when you are dissatisfied/complain of a pain/illness- say you have a pain Warn somebody about a person or thing o Warn about/of a danger that might happen later Put the correct preposition. 1. Have you heard _________ him lately? 2. Think _________ what wouldve happened if we didnt prepare for the worst. 3. The secretary reminded her boss _________ the meeting later in the afternoon. 4. I want to _________ to the manager himself. 5. They were already warned _________ what might happen but they didnt do anything to prepare for the storm. 6.
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Complete the sentences using the following verbs and the correct preposition. heard reminds dreamt complained think warned thinking 1. Cris said he ___________ you last night. 2. This city ___________ me ___________ Barcelona. 3. That customer ___________ the poor internet connection. 4. I have too many concerns. I dont want to ___________ them now. 5. The fine print ___________ possible side effects. 6. Have you ever ___________ being a celebrity? 7. He is ___________ his next move. 8. I have never ___________ this film. What about you? 9. You should ___________ me ___________ her embarrassing behavior. 10. Have you ___________ your parents recently? 11.

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Verb + preposition 4

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of/for/from/on
Construction and Usage accuse/suspect/approve/disapprove/compose/consist /die of pay/ thank/apologize/forgive/blame for but be careful about pay for this service/ pay a bill, fine, tax.. blame somebody for something/blame something on somebody suffer/protect from depend/rely/live/congratulate/compliment on Put the correct preposition where it is necessary. 1. He has suffered ___________ chronic disease for years. 2. I dont approve ___________ her style. 3. You can rely ___________ me whenever you want. 4. Lettys house consists ___________ five rooms and a small hall. 5. Thank you ___________ everything you have done for me. 6. Complete the sentences using the following verbs and the correct preposition. Just write the verb if there is no need for a preposition. accuse depend blame pay apologize die protect suspect live live apologized died accused paid 1. I ___________ my offensive behavior. 2. He was ___________ stealing money from the office. 3. His uncle unfortunately ___________ cancer. 4. Ive never let her ___________the bill.
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5. I dont understand how he can ___________ with such a low salary. blame blames depend accused protect 6. My decision will ___________ the certain factors that are important to us. 7. There is no need to ___________ yourself for what happened.. 8. Im trying to ___________ myself ___________ harm. 9. We were ___________ revealing information to our enemies. 10. He always ___________ me ___________ everything that turns out badly. 11.

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Verb + preposition 5 in/into/with/to/on

Construction and Usage Believe/specialize/success in but believe something (that is true) Break/drive/bump/run/split/cut/divide into translate from to Collide/fill/supply/provide with Happen/prefer/invite to Concentrate/insist/spend on Put the correct preposition where it is necessary. 1. While we were on holiday, somebody broke __________ our house. 2. He is telling the truth. I believe __________ him. 3. He prefers swimming __________ playing football. 4. I have a deadline to translate this book __________ Spanish. 5. He was driving and suddenly bumped __________ a tree. Complete the sentences using the following verbs and the correct preposition. specializes spent collided divided invited 1. Brandon ___________ all his money ___________ traveling. 2. It was a gruesome accident. A train ___________ a car.. 3. Dr. Alice Peters ___________ in internal medicine. 4. Your group will be further ___________ two sub groups. 5. He was ___________ our party, but he didnt come. supply insist focus happened provided 6. If you want to pass, you must ___________ the exam.
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7. Why do you ___________ getting what is not yours? 8. The organizers ___________ us ___________ everything that we needed. 9. The typhoon destroyed the their city. The government had to ___________ them___________ food and water. 10. He just vanished. What could have ___________ him? 11.

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Phrasal Verbs

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Phrasal Verbs 1

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Construction and Usage We often use verbs with the following prepositions and make phrasal verbs which have different meaning than the original verb. in on out about by back through forward down off up away round over along Sometimes phrasal verbs have an object. Usually there are two positions for the object: o She turns down the volume; or o She turns the volume down. If the object is a pronoun only, one position is possible o Turn it down Complete the sentences using verbs and appropriate preposition in order to make a correct phrasal verb. deal with dealing with cut down taking off got up 1. You should ________ eating sweets. 2. I hate _______ shoes when I come to someones house. 3. You have to be persistent in _________ all the problems. 4. He is sick, but he will ______ it. 5. He ________ unexpectedly. Complete the sentences using verbs and appropriate preposition in order to make a correct phrasal verb.
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give call pick bring take stand run get put look after out of off up(3X) over(2x) on for

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stand up for took away put on ran out of brought up 1. We must always ________ our rights. 2. I had to go to the supermarket because we ________ milk. 3. I was________ by my grandparents. 4. The government ________her children after she was proven to be an incompetent mother. 5. You have to________ the jacket. It is terribly cold outside. put up pickup call for bringup gave up 6. They had to ________ a meeting to respond to the unfortunate incident. 7. His son________ his company last year. 8. I will ___you ___ at three. 9. She never ______,no matter how hard it was to succeed. 10. Please ________ this ________ with the store manager. 11.

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Phrasal verbs 2 in/out

Construction and Usage IN- INTO SOMETHING drop in- visit unexpectedly join in- take part in activity plug in an electric machine fill in cut something out take somebody in-deceive leave something out - omit cross something out Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verb. left out plug in check out drop in eat out 1. You should ________ the machine first. 2. The Principal might just ________ any minute now so we better be ready. 3. I think we ________ John from the list. 4. I will________from the hotel in the morning. 5. Lets ________, I dont have enough time to make dinner. Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verb. cut out drop in filledin join in walked out 1. Feel free to ________ any time you like.. 2. The investigator quickly ________ us ________ with the details of the case. 3. The kids had to ________ the picture from the page. 4. I hope you can ________ our campaign to save the whales. 5. After making that speech, he ________ of the room in silence.
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OUT-OUT OF SOMETHING eat out drop out of college/school.. get out of something- avoid doing it

comes in Cross out check out takein letout 6. ________ the picture that does not belong to the group. 7. He always ________ very late.

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8. I didnt know how to operate the automated door so I couldnt ________ myself ________. 9. He is so cunning. He always tries to _____us ________. 10. You have to ________ the latest deals in the discount store.

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Phrasal verbs 3 out

Construction and Usage go out , put out a fire/cigarette, turn out a light, work out, carry out an experiment/a plan gives out , points out, turns out. Fill in the the sentences with the correct phrasal verb. pointed out work out sortout go out blowing out 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. He needs time _________things _____. The manager ________ everything that was wrong with our plan. My little sister enjoys birthday parties. She particularly enjoys________ the candles on the cake. Do you want to ________ later tonight? Let us ________ these problems so the issues will be laid to rest permanently.

Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal verb ran out of fall out find out Turn out carried out 1. ________ out the lights as soon as you go out. 2. In the fable, the ant kept on working and saving so it never ________ food. 3. The team of scientists ________ the experiment successfully. 4. We had a ________ after that disagreeing on a very simple matter. 5. The police tried to________ who broke into their house. work out went out gave out put out try out 6. Its high time to ________ our differences so we can unite.
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7. I cant wait to ______ my new computer. 9. They succeeded to ________ the fire. 10. Eric ________ with Angela earlier today.

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8. At the beginning of the test, she ________ our copies.

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Phrasal verbs 4 on/off (1)

Construction and Usage On/off for lights, machines.. o Put on/put off ; switch on /switch off ;turn on/turn off ;put on some music On/off for events o Go on- happen ;call off- cancel ;put off delay On /off for clothes o put on/take off ;put on weight ; try on clothes o off- away from a place or a person o be off ;walk/run/drive/ride off; set off- start a journey; take off- leave the ground; see somebody off- say goodbye Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal verb. put on be off went on put off drove off 1. The couple will ________ on their honeymoon right after the wedding. 2. After the party, he got in his car and ________. 3. It is dark here. Can you please ________ the lights? 4. The noise ________ until the wee hours of the morning. 5. The ceremony was _______ till May. 6. Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal verb. set off seeoff tried on takeoff rode off, 1. If you dont like this dress you can _____it ____. 2. I was so sad when they left. I couldnt even go to the station to ____ them____.
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3. We packed everything and ________ on our long expected journey.

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4. We went shopping together. She _______ a couple of outfits before settling for what she liked. 5. In the end of the movie, the cowboy _______ to the sunset with his beautiful lady friend. call off switch on leave on put on walked off 6. Can you please _______ the lights? I cant see a thing. 7. I didnt know if I had to _______ the lights_______ or to switch them off. 8. I want a cup of hot coffee so Ill _______ the kettle _______. 9. He ________ the stage as quickly as possible. 10. Because of the bad weather, we had to _______ the concert. 11.

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Dreaming in English

Phrasal verbs 5 on/off (2)

Construction and Usage Drive/walk/play/carry/go/keep on-continue Get on- progress Get on with somebody- have a good relationship Get on with something-continue doing something Doze/drop/nod off-fall asleep Finish something off- do the last part Go off- explode Put something off-postpone Rip somebody off-cheat Show off-boas Tell off-reprimand Complete each sentence with on or off. 1. She kept _______ making the same mistake. 2. A bomb was about to go______ in the suburb. 3. We got______well with our new classmate. 4. You should continue_____working like this. 5. He keeps showing _____ when he buys something new. 6. Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal verb telloff, put off, dozed off, drive on, carry on with 1. I was watching the film when I _______.
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2. I think we have to ________ the wedding even if the groom is sick.

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3. His mother always ____him____ for leaving clothes all around the house. 4. We _______ until we found a gas station . 5. We cannot _______ the event. Many have booked their flight already. finish off, ripped off, get on with, carry on, got on 6. That computer game is pretty violent. You have to _______ your opponent using different weapons. 7. You have to finish the task so _______. 8. I _______ the prank when Max told me all about it. 9. Its isnt worth so much. We were _______. 10. Its important to _______ even if the odds are against you. Fortune favors the persistent. 11.

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Phrasal verbs 6 up/down

Construction and Usage Put up-raise Pick up-choose Stand up-upward position Turn up-increase the volume, arrive Take down-move from Put down-leave Sit down Lie down Turn down-decrease the volume Knock/blow/cut down Slow down-go more slowly Calm down-become calmer Cut down on-reduce Break down-stop working Close/shut down Let down-disappoint Turn down-reject Write down- write on paper Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1. My car_______down in the middle of the road. 2. I cant remember everything she said so I_______ everything down.
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3. Can you ________ the music down? 4. Dont drive so fast. ________ down a little.

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5. This is very stressful situation. Try to _______ down. Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1. When he was finished with his work, he _______ down. 2. He sent many applications but was _______ down each time. 3. Mary cant believe what he did, He _______ me down completely. 4. There are a lot of different shapes but I _______ up a couple of them. 5. She was _______ down by the car. Nothing happened to her. 6. He didnt feel well so he was _______ down all the day. 7. Im getting fat. I should _______ on sweets. 8. _______ up and introduce yourself. 9. I cant hear you. Please _______ down the music. 10. He decided to _______ down his shop when the sales hit rock bottom. 11.

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Phrasal verbs 7 up ( 1)
Construction and Usage Go up/come up/walk up Keep up with somebody Set up a firm=start it Take up a hobby, sport =start doing it Fix up a meeting = arrange Grow up =become adult Bring up a kid = raise Clean up/ clear up/tidy up = make it tidy, clean Wash up End up =finish Give up =stop doing it Make up =invent Take up =use space or time Turn up/ show up =appear Use up =use everything so there is nothing left Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1. I love Canada. That is the country I _______ up in. 2. Could you help me _______ up my room? 3. Dad wants _______ up smoking for good. 4. She has_______ up some culinary skills training.
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= approach = continue at the same speed

Catch up with somebody/ catch somebody up=move faster to reach

5. Only one student _______ up so we couldnt do anything new. Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1. I had was assigned to _______ up all the glasses.

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2. I will _______ up at three o clock in the morning to finish my work. 3. Their aunt _______ them up after the death of their parents. 4. If you dont know the meaning of the word, you can _______ it up in a dictionary. 5. That meeting _______ up in bad disagreement. 6. Christine and James have to work hard in order to _______ up with them. 7. The way he _______ up his company was truly legendary. 8. You should _______ up the good work. 9. I know its my fault so let _______ it up to you. 10. He seemed familiar to me so I _______ up and said hello. 11.

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Phrasal verbs 8 up (2)

Construction and Usage Bring up a topic =introduce Come up with an idea =produce Save up =save Clear up =explain, become bright Blow up =explode Tear up =tear into pieces Beat up Break up/split up =disintegrate Do up a shoelace =fasten Do up a room =repair Put up with something = tolerate Hold up =delay Mix up =think one is the other Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1. He is ______ up money for future. 2. The clerk was so furious and ______ all the papers up. 3. It was so cloudy for the entire week. It finally _______ up at the weekend. 4. You can go. I dont want to _______ you up. 5. Tony _____ you up with someone he used to know. Please forgive his confusion. Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1. They are terrible, I cant _______ up with their behavior any more.
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2. Our boss _____ up with an excellent idea to boost our sales. 3. They thought he was an intruder so _____ him up severely.

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4. He is still young. He cant _____ up his shoelaces on his own. 5. Its unfortunate to know that after being together for ten years, they _____ up. 6. She is very good lecturer. She succeeds to _____ up an interesting topic in funny way. 7. It caught fire and _______ up. 8. The entire house looks so messy. It needs to be _____ up as soon as possible. 9. He is very imaginative. He _______ up great stories. 10. I am doing my best to _______ him up, but he still is in a bad mood. 11.

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Phrasal verbs 9 away/back

Construction and Usage Away means away from home, place, person, while back means back home, place, person get away wave/smile/shout/come back get away with caught call/phone/ring back keep away pay back put away get back to somebody = return = dont come closer = money when borrow = move from out of sight = reply = escape = return = do something wrong without being

Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1. He saw me in the street. I was on the other side and I _______ back at him. 2. He always borrows money, but never ______ back on time. 3. You can never _____ crime. Youll get caught eventually. 4. I am not available, Can you _____ back in a few minutes? 5. The artist _____ from all the gossip and retreated in the hills of France. 6. Complete each sentence using a verb in the correct form. 1. I cant find my trainers. I must have _____ them away somewhere in the house. 2. Im afraid he might _____ his CD player back.
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3. He was smiled at me so I _____ right back. never responded to.

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4. He never _____ back to anybody. Im sure his inbox is flooded with messages he 5. The gang was involved in that crime, but somehow, the members managed to _____ away with it. 6. The secretary asked Lisa to _____ back in the afternoon. 7. She always leaves but always _____ back as well. 8. We have received your letter. Well ____ back to you as soon as possible. 9. Mom asked us to _____ from bullies in school. 10. If you have borrowed money, make sure you will _____ on the time you agreed to do so.

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