REPOR ! RE"O#R$E RE$O%ER& E$'(O)O*&! 'E +,ERO -A" E P'.

)O"OP'&/

THE BIOSPHERE GASIFICATION PROCESS

*RUTH P. BRIONES

As the elementary texts or groundwater point out, the 2000 year year-old landfills of the ancient Roman Empire are still generating leachate that to this day still leaks into our ground
SUITE 707, 7TH FLR., OMM-CITRA BLDG. SAN MIGUEL AVENUE, ORTIGAS CENTER

PASIG CITY, MMETROMANILA, PHILIPPINES

RESOURCE RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY THE BIOSPHERE GASIFICATION PROCESS

*
ARTIST SKETCH OF A BIOSPHERE GASIFICATION POWER PLANT

As an introduction, th Bios!h r Proc ss "or # n ratin# #r n $ ctricit% &as in' nt d (% )r* Chris +cCor,ac-* )r* +cCor,ac- is th Chair,an and Chi " E. cuti' O""ic r o" G$o(a$ En'iron, nta$ En r#% Cor!oration /GEECF0* Th Bios!h r !roc ss &as d ' $o! d and has ,!$o% d in th ,anu"acturin# o" c$ an n r#% dis!osa$ s%st , -no&n as 1Th Bios!h r +K234 Th Bios!h r !roc ss and t chno$o#% o! rat s in d ' $o! d nations around th &or$d, to &it5 6nit d Stat s o" A, rica, 6nit d Kin#do,, G r,an%, B irut, China, Tai&an, Bra7i$, L (anon, Li(%a, Ita$%, Canada, W st A"rica, Sin#a!or ,

Franc , 8a!an, Austra$ia, Russia and ,or and ,or countri s ar ado!tin# this T chno$o#%* Th Bios!h r Proc ss S%st ,s has ( n t st d to Euro! an and 6S EPA standards (% Bord na +ona En'iron, nta$ Li,it d* It , ts and .c ds th r 9uir , nts o" th n & st EPA r #u$ations, th n & st Euro! an 6nion r #u$ations and a$$ a!!ro!riat o! rations and ,issions standards in an% c$i nts: ;urisdiction* WHAT IS A BIOSPHERE PROCESS?
A Bios!h r is a #asi"ication !roc ss &hich ( #ins &ith th &ast #oin# into th Bios!h r cha,( r th r ( #innin# th th r,a$ trans"or,ation into a c$ an co,(usti($ #as r " rr d to h r ina"t r as 1s%n#as4* Th syngas is us d to !roduc $ ctricit% in a co,(in d c%c$ #as<st a, tur(in * H at # n rat d (% th !roc ss can ( us d to !roduc $ ctricit%, su! rh at st a,, h at (oi$ r " d &at r and disti$$<d sa$inat s a&at r*

Th Bios!h r !roc ss o! rat s on a = ro Wast Phi$oso!h% . * WHAT IS ZERO WASTE PHILOSOPHY?

A !roc ss o! rat s on =ERO WASTE PHILOSOPH> is d "in d as5 Th r c%c$in# o" a$$ ,at ria$s (ac- into natur or th ,ar- t!$ac in a ,ann r that !rot cts hu,an h a$th and th n'iron, nt* In si,!$ $an#ua# 5 GI3E +E A ROTTEN LE+ON?AFTER AN HO6R, I WILL GI3E >O6 A LE+ONA)E AN) >O6 CAN HA3E GREEN ENERG> 4

THE BIOSPHERE

ZERO WASTE PHILOSOPHY IS.

Th con' rsion o" an% car(on2(as d ,at ria$ is in .c ss o" @AB* Non2car(on2(as d ,at ria$s ar con' rt d into a 'itri"i d #$ass* +o$t n , ta$s ar s !arat d "ro, th #$ass and r co' r d* Non2car(on (as d " dstoc- ,at ria$s ar con' rt d into sa$ a($ !roducts &ith nothin# $ "t o' r* Th r is 'irtua$$% no n d "or a $and"i$$ &ith this !roc ss* Th "u $ #as !roduc d is ,uch c$ an r than standard #asi"ication !roc ss s and on$% contains trac s o" so, $ , nta$ conta,inat s such as !articu$at s, ch$orin , su$"ur and , ta$s /a,ounts d ! nd on th " dstoc-0* Th r ar no tars, "urans or dio.ins* ) ! ndin# on th &ast in!ut th r ,a% ( trac a,ounts o" oth r $ , nts* +ost o" th !articu$at is r ,o' d (% a c%c$on (ac- into th !roc ss, ( co,in# !art o" th

'itri"i d #$ass* Th ch$orin is th n scru(( d out $ a'in# di$ut h%droch$oric acid /HCL0* Th su$"ur is r ,o' d in a & t scru(( r, !roducin# sodiu, (isu$"at * Th di$ut HCL contains so, a,ounts o" !articu$at and , ta$s, &hich ar r ,o' d* Th !articu$at and , ta$s r ,o' d at this !oint a,ount to a "raction o" CB o" th ori#ina$ " dstoc-* Th so$ dischar# standards* into th air is "ro, th tur(in , &hich , ts EPA ,ission

H at "ro, th !roc ss is us d int rna$$% to !roduc disti$<d sa$inat s a &at r*

$ ctricit%, disti$$ HCL or

Th t chno$o#% Th r,a$ Trans"or,ation !roc ss has ( n a!!$i d co,, rcia$$% to a 'ari t% o" ,at ria$s inc$udin# +unici!a$ So$id Wast /+SW0*

THERMAL TRANSFORMATION
Th &ast is in; ct d into th Bios!h r cha,( r o" th r,a$ trans"or, r and !i$ s u! in th (od% o" r actor* Th &ast cr at s a sustain d t ,! ratur o" u! to DCEE*C* Th or#anic ,at ria$ do s not (urn ( caus th r is not nou#h o.%# n* Th or#anic ,att r is trans"or, d to a #as co,!os d !ri,ari$% o" car(on ,ono.id /CO0, h%dro# n /HD0 and nitro# n /N0* This #as contains su(stantia$ n r#% and can ( us d in a 'ari t% o" &a%s* Th hot #as ris s u! throu#h th &ast !i$ d in th r actor and ( #ins th #asi"ication !roc ss on th ,at ria$ !i$ d in th r actor* B% th ti, th &ast has r ach d th (otto, o" th r actor, th hi#h t ,! ratur , o.%# n star' d n'iron, nt has tota$$% trans"or, d a$$ or#anic co,!ounds into a #as* Th #as that .its "ro, th to! o" th r actor and is ,ad u! o" !ri,ari$% car(on ,ono.id , h%dro# n, &at r and nitro# n* S,a$$ a,ounts o" ch$orin , h%dro# n su$"id , !articu$at , car(on dio.id and , ta$s &ith (oi$in# !oints $ ss than CDEE*C ar contain d in th #as* B caus o" th $o& o.%# n at,os!h r and hi#h t ,! ratur , th (as $ , nts o" th #as cannot "or, to.ic co,!ounds such as "urans, dio.ins, NO., or su$"ur dio.id in th r actor* As th #as .its th r actor it "irst #o s to a !ro!ri tar% as r "or, r and th n it is coo$ d in a s ri s o" hi#h t ,! ratur h at .chan# rs* Th s nsi($ h at is r duc d to a(out DAE d #r c nti#rad and is us d to # n rat hi#h2!r ssur st a, that is " d to a st a, tur(in to !roduc $ ctricit%* THERE IS NO WASTE LEFT AT THE EN) OF THE THER+AL TRANSFOR+ATION* ALL OF THE WASTE IS REC>CLE) INTO +ETAL, GLASS OR HAS BEEN CON3ERTE) TO F6EL GAS*

WHAT FUEL SOURCE DOES THE BIOSPHERE USE?

It can consu, as a "u $ sourc F (io, dica$ &ast , , dica$ &ast , us d rai$road crossti s, PCB:s ra& s &a# s$ud# , us d car! t, unusa($ so"t coa$, industria$ (%!roducts, oi$"i $d &ast , construction and d ,o ,at ria$, co,!osit (ui$din# ,at ria$, !r ssur 2tr at d $u,( r, tir s, a#ricu$tura$ sur!$us, or ""$u nt /inc$udin# Pi#, Chic- n Far,s0 R a$$% an%thin# a hu,an can ,a- or !roduc .c !t concr t , #$ass, , ta$s, and nuc$ ar &ast *

THE BIOSPHERE PROCESS AND TECHNOLOGY

Bios!h r Proc ss and T chno$o#% is a !roc ss o" #asi"ication* It harn ss s th ca$ori"ic 'a$u /co,(usti(i$it%0 o" +unici!a$ So$id Wast s /+SW0 to cr at a h at sourc that !roduc su! r h at d st a, 'ia (oi$ r, &hich dri' s a co,(ination str a, tur(in <a$t rnator, # n ratin# #r n $ ctricit%* A Bios!h r is a #asi"ication !roc ss d ' $o! d (% )r* Christo!h r A* +cCor,ac-* Th !roc ss ( #ins &ith a &ast #oin# into th Bios!h r cha,( r th r ( #innin# th th r,a$ trans"or,ation into a c$ an co,(usti($ #as r " rr d to as 1s%n#as4* Th 1s%n#as4 is us d to !roduc $ ctricit% in a co,(in d c%c$ #as<st a, tur(in * H at # n rat d (% th !roc ss can ( us d to !roduc $ ctricit%, su! rh at st a,, h at (oi$ r " d &at r and disti$ d sa$inat s a&at r* S%n#as?or S%nth sis Gas consists !ri,ari$% o" car(on dio.id and h%dro# n, and has $ ss than ha$" o" th n r#% d nsit% o" natura$ #as* S%n#as is co,(usti($ and o"t n as "u $ sourc or as an int r, diat "or th !roduction o" oth r ch ,ica$* S%n#as "or us as "u $ is ,ost o"t n !roduc d (% #asi"ication o" coa$ or ,unici!a$ &ast ,ain$% (% th "o$$o&in# !aths5 C G HDO HI CO G H C G OD HI COD CODG C HI DCO

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INCINERATION AND GASIFICATION?

Incin rators t%!ica$$% o! rat at at,os!h ric !r ssur and t ,! ratur s &ith th ,in ra$ ,att r or ash in th &ast is not co,!$ t $% "us d /as s$a#0 durin# th incin ration !roc ss s* Ash so$ids &i$$ ith r .it th (otto,<dischar# and o" th co,(ustion cha,( rs as (otto, ash or as !articu$ar ,att r ntrain d in th co,(ustion "$u #as str a,*

Four ,a;or t%! s o" co,(ustion cha,( r d si#ns ar us d in ,od rn incin ration s%st ,s5 $i9uid in; ction, rotar% -i$n, "i. d h arth, and "$uidi7 d ( d* Boi$ rs and industria$ "urnac s /BIF units0 ar a$so .a,!$ s o" incin ration s%st ,sF ho& ' r, accordin# to EPA +ACT in"or,ation, $ ss than CJB o" th ha7ardous &ast is dis!os d o" in th s units* Th a!!$ication o" ach t%! o" co,(ustion cha,( r is a "unction o" th !h%sica$ "or, and ash cont nt o" th &ast s ( in# co,(ust d* In ach o" th s d si#ns, &ast ,at ria$ is co,(ust d in th !r s nc o" a r $ati' $% $ar# .c ss o" o.%# n /air0 to ,a.i,i7 th con' rsion o" th h%drocar(on2(as d &ast s to car(on &ast s to car(on dio.id and &at r /JEB to DEEB0 in so, con"i#urations, .c ss "u $ and o.%# n ,ust ( add d to incr as incin ration t ,! ratur to i,!ro' d struction and r ,o'a$ ""ici nc%* This a$so incr as s th !roduction and ,ission o" car(on dio.id *

Factors that ,a% $i,it th a!!$ica(i$it% and "" cti' n ss o" th !roc ss inc$ud 5
C* Th r ar s! ci"ic " d si7 and th ,at ria$s hand$in# r 9uir , nts that can i,!act a!!$ica(i$it% or cost at s! ci"ic sit sF D* H a'% , ta$s, inc$udin# $ ad, cad,iu,, , rcur% and ars nic $ a' th co,(ustion unit &ith th "$u #as s and r 9uir th insta$$ation o" #as c$ anin# s%st ,s "or r ,o'a$* K* 3o$ati$ h a'% , ta$s, inc$udin# $ ad, cad,iu,, , rcur% and ars nic, $ a' th co,(ustion unit &ith th "$u #as s and r 9uir th insta$$ation o" #as c$ anin# s%st ,s "or r ,o'a$* L* + ta$ can r act &ith th oth r $ , nts in th " d str a,, such as ch$orin or su$"ur, "or,in# ,or 'o$ati$ and to.ic co,!ounds than th ori#ina$ s! ci s* Such co,!ounds ar $i- $% to ( short2$i' d r action int r, diat s that can ( d stro% d in a caustic 9u nch* J* Sodiu, and !otassiu, "or, $o& , $tin# !oint ash s that can attac- th (ric- $inin# and "or, a stic-% !articu$at that "ou$ #as ducts* Gasi"ication t%!ica$$% o! rat s on an o.%# n2star' d n'iron, nt at DE2AE (ars o" !r ssur /D@E*EAJ M CECJ*DN !si0* Th #asi"ication !roc ss con' rts an% car(on2containin# ,at ria$ into a s%nth sis #as co,!os d !ri,ari$% o" car(on ,ono.id and h%dro# n, &hich can ( us d as a "u $ to # n rat nu,( r o" us s in th ! troch ,ica$ and r "inin# industri s* Gasi"ication adds 'a$u to $o&2or n #ati' 2'a$u " d stoc-s (% con' rtin# th , to ,ar- ta($ "u $s and !roducts* Gasi"ication t chno$o#i s di"" r in ,an% as! cts (ut shar c rtain # n ra$ !roduction charact ristics* T%!ica$ ra& ,at ria$s us d in #asi"ication ar coa$, ! tro$ u, (as d ,at ria$s /crud oi$, hi#h su$"ur "u $ oi$, ! tro$ u, co- , and oth r r "in r% r sidua$s0, #as s, or ,at ria$s that &ou$d oth r&is ( dis!os d o" as &ast * Th " dstoc- is !r !ar d and " d to th #asi"i r in ith r dr% or s$urri d "or,* Th " dstoc- r acts in th #asi"i r &ith st a, and o.%# n at hi#h t ,! ratur and !r ssur in a r ducin# /o.%# n0 star' d at,os!h r * This !roduc s th s%nth sis #as, or s%n#as, ,ad u! !ri,ari$% o" car(on ,ono.id and h%dro# n /,or than OJB (% 'o$u, 0 and s,a$$ r 9uantiti s o" car(on dio.id and , than *

Th hi#h t ,! ratur in th #asi"i r con' rts th inor#anic ,at ria$s in th " dstoc- /such as ash and , ta$s0 into a 'itri"i d ,at ria$ r s ,($in# coars sand* With so, " d stoc-s, 'a$ua($ , ta$s ar conc ntrat d and r co' r d "or r us * Th 'itri"i d ,at ria$, # n ra$$% r " rr d to as s$a#, in rt and has a 'ari t% o" us s in th construction and (ui$din# industri s* Gas tr at, nt "aci$iti s r "in th ra& #as usin# th !ro' n co,, rcia$ t chno$o#i s that ar an int #ra$ !art o" th #asi"ication !$ant* Trac $ , nts or oth r i,!uriti s ar r ,o' d "ro, th s%n#as and ar ith r r circu$at d to th #asi"i r or r co' r d* Su$"ur is r co' r d ith r in its $ , nta$ "or, or as su$"uric acid, (oth ,ar- ta($ co,,oditi s* I" th s%n#as is to ( us d to !roduc $ ctricit%, it is t%!ica$$% us d as a "u $ in an int #rat d #asi"ication co,(in d c%c$ /IGCC0 !o& r # n ration con"i#uration* IGCC is th c$ an st, ,ost ""ici nt , ans o" !roducin# $ ctricit% "ro, coa$, ! tro$ u, r sidu s and oth r $o&2or n #ati' 2'a$u " d stoc-s* Th co,(in d c%c$ s%st , has t&o (asic co,!on nts* A hi#h ""ici nc% #as tur(in , &id $% us d in !o& r # n ration toda%, (urns th c$ an s%n#as to !roduc $ ctricit%* E.haust h at "ro, th #as tur(in is r co' r d to !roduc st a, to !o& r traditiona$ hi#h ""ici nc% st a, tur(in s* Th s%n#as can a$so ( !roc ss d usin# co,, rcia$$% a'ai$a($ t chno$o#i s to !roduc a &id ran# o" !roducts, "u $s, ch ,ica$s, " rti$i7 rs or industria$ #as s* So, "aci$iti s ha' th ca!a(i$it% to !roduc (oth !o& r and !roducts "ro, th s%n#as, d ! ndin# on th !$ant:s con"i#uration as & $$ as sit s! ci"ic t chnica$ and ,ar- t conditions*

WHAT IS SYNTHESIS GAS (SYNGAS 0

S%n#as consists !ri,ari$% o" car(on ,ono.id , car(on dio.id and h%dro# n and has $ ss than ha$" o" th n r#% d nsit% o" natura$ #as* S%n#as is co,(usti($ and o"t n as "u $ sourc or as an int r, diat "or th !roduction o" oth r ch ,ica$* S%n#as "or us as "u $ is ,ost o"t n !roduc d (% #asi"ication o" coa$ or ,unici!a$ &ast ,ain$% (% th "o$$o&in# !aths5 C G HDE HI CO G HD C G OD HI COD COD G C HI DCO

HOW IS SYNGAS CLEANED UP?

A"t r th "u $ #as has $ "t th h at .chan# r, a!!ro.i,at $% OJ B o" th !articu$at s ar r ,o' d in a c%c$on * A s,a$$ r ! rc nta# o" th , ta$s ar a$so r ,o' d &ith th !articu$at * Th #as th n #o s throu#h th scru(( r &h r th h%droch$oric acid /HCL0 is scru(( d out to "or, di$ut HCL &at r* Th $i9uid #o s throu#h a s ri s o" nana "i$t r , ,(ran s &h r th !articu$at s and , ta$s in th $i9uid ar r ,o' d* Th , ta$s and !articu$at s at this sta# can ith r ( so$d to a , ta$ r "in r or r ,o' d to a $and"i$$* This s,a$$ a,ount o" ,at ria$ is th

on$% !ot ntia$ that #o s (ac- to a $and"i$$ and r !r s nts $ ss than a "raction o" on ! rc nt o" th &ast " dstoc-* Th c$ an HCL &at r is conc ntrat d to CJ2DEB "or co,, rcia$ sa$ * Th &at r in th #as is cond ns d out and is us d to !ro'id c$ an ,a- u! &at r "or th r st o" th !$ant* Th h%dro# n su$"id /HDS0 in th #as scru(( d out to ,a- " rti$i7 r #rad su$"ur usin# a (io$o#ica$ !roc ss or a$t rnati' $% can ( con' rt d into a sodiu, (isu$"at * Th #as th n #o s to a #as co,!r ssor and th n to th #as tur(in *

HOW MUCH RESIDUE IS GENERATED FROM THE BIOSPHERE PROCESS? Th r duction is @KB o" 'o$u, F CAD tons is r duc d to CD*EL tons* WHAT IS THE WASTE WEIGHT TO ENERGY CONVERSION?
Hi#h !r ssur st a, "ro, th !ri,ar% h at .chan# r #o s to st a, tur(in &h r it is con' rt d to $ ctricit%* Th $ ctricit% # n rat d &ith this st a, sourc !ro'id s ,ost o" th !o& r n d d "or int rna$ r 9uir , nts* Th "u $ #o s into a #as<st a, co,(in d c%c$ tur(in &h r it is us d to !roduc $ ctricit%*

A$$ th a'ai$a($ h at in th !roc ss is us d to ,a- $ ctricit% or st a,* Th dischar# t ,! ratur o"" th #as tur(in is $ ss than KEE d #r c nti#rad * An% $o& !r ssur st a, /s,a$$ a,ount0 not us d in th !roc ss is st a, d* A "aci$it% d si#n d &ith $ ctricit% !roduction can .!ort a!!ro.i,at $% E*OL +W o" $ ctricit% "or ach ton o" +SW, d ! ndin# on th ,oistur cont nt and charact ri7ation o" th +SW*

Inc n!"#$%" &'()"%*+c$ n!!* $% &! ,#n*- ,,!*. G#. - !" &'()"%*+c$ n!!* n%$ &! ,#n*- ,,!*.
Countri s, to&ns and citi s, a$$ o' r th &or$d continu to # n rat hu# a,ounts o" ,unici!a$, #r n, (io and industria$ &ast s and ha' a n d to dis!os o" it in a sa" &a% and &ith $ ast n'iron, nta$ i,!act* S! ctru, B$u St $ Cor!oration r adi$% !ro'id s so$ution* Wast s o" a$$ -inds ar us d as an a$t rnat "u $ to # n rat #r n n r#%*

/PRODUCT AND SERVICE DESCRIPTION

Th $oca$ #o' rn, nt units ha' ( n tas- d throu#h th So$id Wast +ana# , nt Act to i,!$ , nt th co$$ ction, hau$in#, trans!ortin# and dis!osa$ o" ,unici!a$ so$id &ast s* With th Bios!h r "aci$it% ( in# insta$$ d, onc co$$ ct d and hau$ d, th +SW ar d $i' r d to th Bios!h r "aci$iti s &hi$ !a%in# Bios!h r a ti!!in# " s t ! r ton o" +SW* Bios!h r !roc ss s th +SW, # n ratin# $ ctricit% &hich is so$d to th rura$ $ ctric coo! rati' s* Th insta$$ation o" A +W <hr Bios!h r Faci$it% &i$$ ( a$$ o' r th id nti"i d sit s in s $ ct d to&ns and citi s durin# th "u$$ o! ration o" th Bios!h r T chno$o#% in th Phi$i!!in s*

B*N +W Bios!h r

Po& r P$ant

Th #o' rn, nt o" th R !u($ic o" th Phi$i!!in s throu#h th E$ ctric Po& r Industr% R "or, Act /R*A* @CJN0 ncoura# s th us o" indi# nous sourc (% , ans o" r n &a($ n'iron, nt T chno$o#% as an a$t rnati' to th $ ctricit% # n rat d "ro, "ossi$ "u $s* S! ctru, B$u St $ Cor!oration .! cts that &ithin t n /CE0 % ars 1Bios!h r S%st ,s4 &i$$ ( th industr% standard in th Phi$i!!in s* Proc ss

TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION Th Functionin# o" th Bios!h r Proc ss S%st ,5 Th Bios!h r !roc ss s%st , &h n o! rat d on +SW ta- s !$ac in "i' distinct sta# s* S$#0! On!1 +SW is co$$ ct d and (rou#ht to a c ntra$i7 d Bios!h r !roc ss "aci$it% $ocat d at th d si#nat d sit * Each "aci$it% is d si#nat d as a 1On 2Sto! Sho!4 !ro'idin# "or u! to CEEB r c%c$in# o" th tota$ tonna# o" +SW co$$ ct d* Th Bios!h r Proc ss "aci$iti s ar cono,ica$$% 'ia($ at a $itt$ as J2O tons<hr and can ( construct d in c$os d "aci$iti s o" as $itt$ as KEEE s9uar " t* Each Bios!h r Proc ss "aci$it% is d si#n d to ( a stand a$on "aci$it%, &ith int rna$ air contro$ nsurin# that th "aci$it% do s not ,it an% !rohi(it d ,issions to th at,os!h r * S$#0! T2%1 Th +SW is sort d to !ro'id s !aration "or co,!ost !roduction, !$astics and ru(( r r co' r%, , ta$s, #$ass and a##r #at r co' r%

and "ina$$%, $ ctrica$ !o& r # n ration* T%!ica$$% o! ratin# at a rat o" tons<hour* Each r c i'in# $in s !arat s +SW into t&o " dstoc- str a,s co,!risin# !utr sci($ /or#anic0 and non2!utr sci($ /non2or#anic0 ,at ria$s* Putr sci($ ,at ria$s usua$$% co,!ris around DE B (% 'o$u, ar ra!id$% co,!ost d and r c%c$ d into hi#h nutri nt 'a$u soi$ additi' s and " rti$i7 rs usin# a !ro!ri tar% ' rtica$ acc $ rat d co,!ost r* Non2!utr sci($ ,at ria$s ar "urth r sort d to a$$o& !$astics and ru(( r r co' r% at around CEB o" 'o$u, ( "or ( in# shr dd d in ad'anc o" 'a$ua($ , ta$ r co' r%* A$$ o" th r co' ra($ a$u,inu, and " rrous , ta$s ar r ,o' d "ro, th &ast str a,, usin# rotatin# tra,, $s 9ui!! d &ith (and ,a#n ts, and hand !ic-in# stations d si#n d and sand ar r ,o' d usin# a Biosphere Separator2 &hich achi ' s th "o$$o&in# s !aration ! rc nta# sF , ta$s, K*CB, #$ass J*DB, a##r #at s, concr t , dirt and sand, O*EB and "ina$$% r sidua$ ,at ria$s suita($ "or !o& r # n ration 9ua$ to not ,or than JK*AB (% 'o$u, o" th initia$ +SW* Sta# Thr 5 In sta# thr o" th !roc ss, a$$ oth r ,at ria$s in th &ast str a, is "orc d throu#h a Bios!h r Densifier 3, &hich co,!acts th +SW into DE# "$a- s &ith CJ2DE B ,oistur t r, d Bios!h r F$a- s L at th rat KE tons<hour, th s "$a- s dri' th Bios!h r Proc ss* S$#0! F%+"1 Th Bios!h r F$a- s ar con' rt d into a C EEE /d #r 0 C, C OEE /d #r 0 C "$u. usin# a Bios!h r 3 nturi J *Th !roc ss is d si#nat d to !roduc an in rt ash &hich is th n r c%c$ d into a concr t !roducts "or th (ui$din# industr%, thus nsurin# u! a CEEB r c%c$in# o" a$$ +SW hand$ d throu#h th Bios!h r Proc ss co,!$ t $% r !$acin# traditiona$ $and "i$$in# as a , thod o" &ast dis!osa$*

S$#0! F 3! 5 Th CEEE/d #r 0 C to C OEE /d #r 0 C "$u. !roduc d in sta# "our is us d to !o& r a N +W # n ratin# $ ctricit%*

DOES THE PROCESS PRODUCE SO4 AND NO5?

Or#anic co,!ounds such as ( n7 n , to$u n , na!htha$ n , and ac na!tha$ n ha' ( n d t ct d at ' r% $o& $ ' $s in th s%n#as "ro, so, #asi"ication s%st ,s* Ho& ' r, &h n th s%n#as is us d as a "u $ and co,(ust d in a #as tur(in , th ,issions o" th s co,!ounds or oth r or#anic HAPs ar ith r not d t ct d or !r s nt at a su(2!art2! r2(i$$ion conc ntrations in th ,itt d stac- #as* In addition, ,issions o" !articu$at ,att r ar "ound to ( to t&o ord rs o" ,a#nitud ( $o& o" th RCRA standards and th r c nt$% !ro!os d +ACT standards "or ha7ardous &ast incin rators* B% r ducin# at,os!h r &ith th #asi"ication r actor !r ' nts th "or,ation o" o.idi7 d s! ci s such as SOD and NO.*

THE FEEDSTOC6 Th Bios!h r Proc ss us s &ast s as its "u $, harn ssin# its ca$ori"ic 'a$u /co,(usti(i$it% or a(i$it% to (urn0, to cr at th h at "or th !roc ss* Wast in its $" is an n'iron, nta$ !ro($ , that continu s to incr as as !o!u$ations #ro&* Which in a$$ cas s it costs ,unici!a$iti s and &ast ,ana# , nt co,!ani s ,on % to # t rid o"* This is usua$$% into $and"i$$, &hich is not satis"actor% so$ution* With th Bios!h r !roc ss, this !ro($ , is 'irtua$$% $i,inat d* In "act ,ost counci$s and &ast co,!ani s &ou$d ( &i$$in# to !a% a " to dis!os o" th &ast 'ia th Bios!h r !roc ss i" it & r to ( $ ss than th % ar !r s nt$% !a%in#* So, th " dstoc- is (asica$$% "r or a !ot ntia$ sourc o" inco, * Th Bios!h r Proc ss, sa" $%, ""ici nt$% and und r ,ini,a$ o.%# n conditions, #asi"i s traditiona$ and non2traditiona$ (%2!roducts, and<or "ossi$ "u $s, into $ ctricit% and oth r ( n "icia$ (%2!roducts* This Proc ss assists in so$'in# th dis!osa($ ,at ria$s such as5 #$o(a$ &ar,in# !ro($ , (% con' rtin#

o o o o o o o o o o

+unici!a$ So$id Wast Auto,o(i$ and Truc- Tir s P tro$ u, and Po$%ch$orinat d Bi!h n%$ /PCB0 Wast A#ricu$tura$ Sur!$us s, ani,a$ &ast or ani,a$ Parts Wast s and A""$u nts Industria$ Wast Sour or W t Natura$ Gas &ithout r "inin# Soi$2conta,inat d Wast Land Fi$$ R c$a,ation Traditiona$ Fossi$ Fu $s, inc$udin# su$"ur conta,inat d coa$ and untr at d Sha$ Oi$ P tro$ u, dri$$in# &ast such as oi$ conta,inat d To! Soi$, dri$$ cuttin#s andOi$2conta,inat d Ground Wat r H7W IS WASTE HANDLED?

Th inco,in# &ast is & i#h d in and th n d !osit d on th ti!!in# "$oor "ro, an% o" th truc-s curr nt$% in us that !ic-2u! and or trans" r +SW* No t dious sortin# or hand$in# is n d d* Th on$% s !aration that is r 9uir d &i$$ ( $ar# o' rsi7 d !i c s that &on:t "it into th shr dd r, h a'% , ta$ it ,s $i- n#in s that ,a% s$o& do&n th shr dd r or it ,s that n d s! cia$ !r 2!roc ssin#, such as r "ri# rators, "r 7 rs and AC units that n d th Fr on r ,o' d* Ha7ardous &ast and , dica$ &ast ar hand$ d s !arat $% and not co2,in#$ d &ith th nor,a$ &ast * Th s%st , is d si#n d to !roc ss &ast as 9uic-$% as !ossi($ * )urin# d $i' r% hours th &ast is d $i' r d "ast r than it can ( #asi"i d* Part o" th &ast is stor d "or !roc ssin# at ni#ht and on & - nds and ho$ida%s* An% o' rsi7 d ,at ria$ is shr dd r d and th n con' % d to stora# * Th &ast is co,!$ t $% c%c$ d ' r% da%* Shou$d unsch du$ d shutdo&ns occur, th &ast r c i' d "ro, th ,unici!a$it% #o s into th stora# ar a &hich is d si#n d to hand$ nor,a$ sur# s and continu acc !tin# th &ast * WHAT IS THE 8UALITY OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF GARBAGE? Tir s and !$astics ar ! tro$ u, (as d !roduc rs h nc &i$$ cr at a hi#h t ,! ratur ! r & i#ht* But th Bios!h r &as d si#n d to turn a$$ &ast into

n r#% r #ard$ ss o" th co,!ounds* A$so, th r is no additiona$ 9ui!, nt n d d to consu, th di"" r nt t%! s o" &ast * WHAT IS THE TYPICAL OPERATING TEMPERATURE FOR GASIFICATION? T ,! ratur "or #asi"ication o! rat s startin# at LEE d #r c nti#rad in th "irst cha,( r* Wh n th s ,i2#as ous ,at ria$ !ass s to th s cond cha,( r th t ,! ratur ris s to CDEE d #r c nti#rad * At this !oint, th ,at ria$ is #asi"i d* It th n !ass s into th third and "ina$ cha,( r &h r th t ,! ratur ris s at CAEE d #r c nti#rad to DCEE d #r c nti#rad * Th h at "ro, th Krd cha,( r is !ass d out to th st a, (oi$ r as a sourc o" ($o&torch h atin# th &at r into su! r h at d st a, &hich in turn dri' s a st a, tur(in that # n rat s th $ ctricit%* +ost o" th co,!on nts us d in th !roc ss ar standard 9ui!, nts such as shr dd rs, ! $$ ti7 rs, $ ctronics, &at r tr at, nt, st a, (oi$ rs and tur(in # n rators* Th Bios!h r 3 ntura, is th on$% s! cia$$% d si#n d !i c o" 9ui!, nt in th !roc ss* WHAT ARE THE BY(PRODUCTS OF GASIFICATION?
Standard So$id Wast ( co, s in rt ash or !o77o$ana, a$so -no&n as !o77o$anic ash, is a "in , sand% 'o$canic ash*

WHAT CAN THE BY(PRODUCTS OF GASIFICATION BE USED FOR? +od rn !o77o$anic c , nts ar a ,i. o" natura$ or industria$ !o77o$ans and Port$and c , nt* In additiona$ to und r&at r us , th !o77o$ana:s hi#h a$-a$init% ,a- s it s! cia$$% r sistant to co,,on "or,s o" corrosion "ro, su$!hat s* Onc "u$$% hard n d, th Port$and c , nt2Po77o$ana ($ nd ,a%( stron# r that Port$and c , nt du to its $o& r !orosit%, &hich a$so ,a- s it ,or r sistant to &at r a(sor!tion and s!a$$in#* WOULD THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY BENEFIT FROM THE USE OF GASIFICATION P Con' ntiona$ "u $s such as coa$ and oi$, as & $$ as $o&2 or n #ati' 2'a$u ,at ria$s and &ast s such as ! tro$ u, co- , h a'% r "in r% r sidua$s, s condar% oi$2( arin# r "in r% ,at ria$s, ,unici!a$ s &a# s$ud# , h%drocar(on

conta,inat d soi$s, and ch$orinat d h%drocar(on (% !roducts ha' a$$ ( n us d succ ss"u$$% in #asi"ication o! rations* Gasi"ication o" th s ,at ria$s has ,an% !ot ntia$ ( n "its &h n co,!ar d &ith con' ntiona$ o!tions such as co,(ustion or dis!osa$ (% incin ration* R c nt$%, th 6*S* En'iron, nta$ Prot ction A# nc% /EPA0 announc d that th A# nc% is consid rin# an .c$usion "ro, th R sourc Cons r'ation and R co' r% Act /RCRA0 "or $ist d s condar% oi$2( arin# r "in r% ,at ria$s &h n !roc ss d in a #asi"ication s%st ,, .c$usion ana$o#ous to th on #rant d "or ins rtion o" RCRA $ist d r "in r% &ast s into th co-in# !roc ss at r "in ri s* In addition, r !r s ntati' s o" th #asi"ication industr% ha' as- d EPA to consid r a (road r .c$usion that &ou$d inc$ud #asi"ication o" an% car(onac ous ,at ria$s, inc$udin# ha7ardous &ast s "ro, oth r industria$ s ctors / *#* ch ,ica$ ,anu"acturin# in ,od rn, hi#h2t ,! ratur s$a##in# #asi"i rs* SITE LOCATION1 THE THREE FACTORS THAT NEED TO BE TA6EN INTO ACCOUNT IN SITE LOCATION ARE o Pro.i,it% to a sustaina($ &ast su!!$% o Pro.i,it% to a suita($ &at r su!!$%* This cou$d ( a ri' r, $a- , da, or s & ra# tr at, nt !$ant or th s aF o Pro.i,it% to a suita($ !o& r #rid* AREA RE8UIRED FOR EACH BIOSPHERE FACILITY A J to CE +W ! r hour !$ant r 9uir s CJ,EEE s9uar " t as an ar a "or th "aci$it% , dou($ that "or ad,inistrati' acti'iti s* This si7 o" Bios!h r Faci$it% r 9uir s CAD tons o" +unici!a$ So$id Wast ! r da%* A KE to LJ +W ! r hour Bios!h r P$ant r 9uir s LJ EEE s9uar " t, dou($ that "or ad,inistrati' acti'iti s and &i$$ consu, C DEE tons o" +SW ! r da%* G n rat d #r n n r#% is NLK to AEE +W ! r da%* THE FACILITY (Inc,+* n0 .9 ):!n$; n.$#,,#$ %n #n* %$9!" c%n.$"+c$ %n< 3a$u <cost "or a J2CE +W<HR Bios!h r P$ant 22 6S Q CD +<PLANT

3a$u <cost "or a KE2 LJ +W<HR Bios!h r P$ant P riod to construct5 K to N ,onths

22 6S Q AD +<PLANT

P$ants ar d $i' r d co,!$ t &ith a$$ th r 9uir d ,achin r% .c !t $oca$$% r 9uir d hand$in# and $ ctrica$ su(stations* O! rationa$ and n#in rin# r !orts a'ai$a($ F P$ants ar d si#n d to o! rat "or OAEE hours ! r annu,F Proc ss is continua$$% ,onitor d usin# a so!histicat d !ro!ri tar% co,!ut ri7 d s%st ,* P$ants ha' a DJ % ar !roc ss $i" as th % ar &arrant d (% ,anu"actur r* "u$$% #uarant d and

TERMS FOR =OINT VENTURE AGREEMENT FOR THE OPERATION OF BIOSPHERE GASIFICATION POWER PLANT S! ctru, B$u St $ Cor!oration ho$ds th $ic ns to th Bios!h r !roc ss s%st ,s and t chno$o#% to ,ar- t, s $$, !ro,ot and o! rat in $ic ns d countri s* To o! rat a Bios!h r Gasi"ication Proc ss, S! ctru, B$u St $ sha$$ nt r into a 8oint 3 ntur A#r , nt /83A0 &ith an% ntit% /#o' rn, nt or !ri'at co,!ani s0 in an% countr%* Th t r,s "or th 83A !ro'id "or ,utua$ coo! ration, 9ua$it% and ,utua$ ( n "its "or (oth Parti s* That in th ' nt o" consu$tation ( t& n th t&o !arti s a DJ % ar contractua$ r $ationshi! sha$$ !a' &a% "or th ;oint ,ana# , nt and o! ration o" th Bios!h r Po& r P$ant* R ' nu s sha$$ ( ,utua$$% a#r d u!on und r a n #otiation !roc ss ( t& n th !arti s , this a$so inc$ud 9uit% shar s in that !articu$ar ;oint ' ntur und rta-in#* Financin# !roc dur sha$$ ( an ""ort "or (oth th Cor!oration and th Partn r in an% countr%* S! ctru, B$u St $

THE BIOSPHERE PRODUCES CLEAN ENERGY WHICH1

o ELI+INATES SOLI) AN) LIR6I) WASTE o RE)6CES LAN)FILL 3OL6+E B> @KB o RECO3ERS BROWN )E3ELOP+ENT FIEL) AN) LAN)FILL SITES FOR

o GENERATES N TO LJ +W CONTINO6S POWER <HR o )ISTILLS JK EEE GALLONS OF )RINKABLE WATER<6NIT<HO6R o PRO)6CES INERT ASH SOL) TO CO++ERCIAL AN) IN)6STRIAL +ARKET REVENUES FOR THE BIOSPHERE PROCESS OPERATIONS1 o WASTE TIPPING AN) PROCESSING FEES o SALE OF EN) PRO)6CTS AN) REC>CLABLES o ELECTRICIT> SALES o CARBON CRE)ITS CARBON CREDIT TRADING
This is th n & tradin# !h no, non that is startin# to ta- o""* As ,or and ,or co,!ani s ar "orc d to co,! nsat "or th ir car(on "oot!rints, th #r at r th d ,and is #oin# to ( to (u% car(on cr dits /CC0* Th ,issions tradin# sch , s s t u! a ,ar- t that &i$$ !ut a 'a$u on car(on ,issions* It &i$$ ncoura# co,!ani s that cut th ir #r nhous #as ,issions and ,a- ,or .! nsi' "or co,!ani s &ho don:t* Th Bios!h r Proc ss is a car(on n #ati' , , anin# that it # n rat s a $ar# a,ount o" Car(on Cr dits that can ( trad d to arn su(stantia$ inco, s in th co,in# % ars* This is ( caus con' ntiona$ coa$, #as, and oth r "ossi$ "u $ $ ctricit% # n ration !roduc s NEB o" th COD ,issions* Car(on Cr dits ar acti' $% tradin# and th !ric o" C ton o" Car(on Cr dits has ris n "ro, QN to o' r Q KJ this % ar a$on *

ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY
Th Bios!h r Proc ss !ass s th n & st EPA r #u$ations, inc$udin# th Batn c Guidanc Not "or th Wast S ctor / R 'ision C M +a% C@@N0, th Counci$ )ir cti' on O 8un C@O@ /O@<KN@<EEC0 and th Co,,on Position /EC0 nO A<DEEE ado!t d (% th Counci$ on DJ No' ,( r C@@@ / DEEE<C DJ<ED0

Ann!5 A. T9! B %.)9!"! P"%c!..1

Materia i! "# e"te$ a%$ &r#'()t t# a "e%tra Bi#!*)ere Pr#"e!! +a"i it, -)ere .00/ #+ t)e t#ta t#%%a(e i! *r#"e!!e$.

Materia i! !#rte$ +#r re"," i%( &, t)e Bi#!*)ere Se*arat#r .. C#0*#!t *r#$'"ti#% 120/3 2. P a!ti"4 R'&&er re"#5er, 1.0/3 6. Meta !, ( a!! a%$ a((re(ate re"#5er, 16/, 7/, 8 9/3 :. Materia &'r%e$ t# (e%erate e e"tri"it, 17:/3 O*erati%( at a rate #+ 7-9T4)#'r! ea") re"ei5i%( i%e !e*arate! 0ateria i%t# t-# +ee$!t#"; !trea0! "#0*ri!i%( *'tre!"i& e1#r(a%i"3 a%$ %#%*'tre!"i& e1i%#r(a%i"3 0ateria ! i+ %e"e!!ar,.

A %#%-re"," e$ 0ateria i! +#r"e$ t)r#'() t)e Bi#!*)ere De%!i+ier, -)i") "#0*a"t! t)e 0ateria i%t# 20(< + a;e! -it) .7-20/ 0#i!t're, 1ter0e$ Bi#!*)ere F a;e!3 at t)e rate #+ 7-9T4)#'r T)e!e + a;e! +'e t)e Bi#!*)ere Pr#"e!!. <20( = 246 #>

Bi#!*)ere F a;e! are +e$ i%t# Bi#!*)ere Ve%t'ri + '? at 6,700 F. 4 2,.00 C. T)i! *r#"e!! *r#$'"e! i%ert a!) -)i") i! t)e% re"," e$ i%t# "#%"rete, 0a!#%r, a%$ & a"; "ar&#%.

Ga!i+i"ati#% *r#$'"t! i% !ta(e +#'r *#-er a (a! t'r&i%e +#r Mi"r# P#-er Ge%erati#%. A! &,*r#$'"t #+ e e"tri"it, (e%erati#%, "#%ta0i%ate$ -ater -)i") -a! e0* #,e$ i%itia , a! a "ir"' ati%( "## a%t, i! $i!ti e$ &, e5a*#rati#% a%$ "#%$e%!ati#%, a%$ "# e"te$ a! *#ta& e -ater.

ANNE> B STEP FIVE OF THE BIOSPHERE PROCESS