Research Models Exploration Form Pathways to Knowledge

Model Name of model and people involved Information Sources Where you located your information Overview of Model Description of the basis for the model Steps in Model Description of each step the students or other adults will follow

Name: Jennifer Cogdill

Pathways to Knowledge (Follett Information Skills Model Marjorie Pappas and Ann Tepe

http://www.k12.hi.us/~mkunimit/pathways.htm http://www.intime.uni.edu/model/information/appr.html

The Pathways to Knowledge research model is an inquiry based model for students to use to locate information. This model promotes appreciation in its beginning stages in order to increase student curiosity and desire to further their interest in the research topic. Appreciation Students will begin the research process by exploring new topics through strategies such as: listening, sensing, viewing, reading, discussing, and enjoying. As their curiosity increases, so does their need to continue exploring their chosen topic. Presearch Students will establish a focus for their research and make connections through a variety of strategies. Students will construct background knowledge, explore basic information sources, and formulate questions about the research topic. Students may also locate key vocabulary and use tools like webs and outlines to show relationships among information found. Search Students will locate the information sources most appropriate to their research topics. After sources have been selected, the students will extract information by note-taking, summarizing, quoting, and then citing the bibliographical information. Interpretation Students will assess the information collected and determine what information is most relevant to the chosen topic. Students will interpret the information collected through a variety of strategies including: making inferences, drawing conclusions, comparing and contrasting, classifying, and determining the credibility of information. Communication Students will compile the information gathered and construct it into a format to be used to present the research to others. Students will select an appropriate presentation format; for example: visual, oral, text, or multi-media. The information will then be communicated with the selected audience. Evaluation Students will reflect upon the research process by thinking about the process from appreciation to interpretation and the product created. Students will reflect upon the effectiveness of the process and decide upon necessary changes for the next research opportunity.

Comparison Description of how model is similar to and different from other models Potential Use Describe the best possible use for this model with the group you would be instructing Adaptations Describe any changes you would make in this model to make it more useful for group you would be instructing

-Total of 6 steps in this model -Very specific details for each stage of the research process -No collaboration among students mentioned. -The initial steps of this model show the students appreciating their topic and feeling excited and positive about the process.

If this model were to be used with middle school students, it would most likely be used in the language arts classroom. In middle school, the language arts teachers are mostly responsible for making sure that the students understand the research process and it is usually through this class that most research projects are conducted. The Pathways to Knowledge model would work best in middle school if the students were allowed to choose the research topic. This would allow the students to appreciate the topic chosen for research; therefore, curiosity would increase and make the entire process more enjoyable and rewarding. If I was using this model for middle school students, I might make an adaptation in the presearch stage by specifically requiring the students to use one kind of graphic organizer for recording initial information and ideas. Students would be more successful in organizing their ideas by having a short mini-lesson on how to construct an outline or record information on a web or cluster. When given too many broad choices, middle school students can get caught up in the type of organizational tool to choose rather than what information needs to be gathered and recorded.

Research Models Exploration Form Name: Jennifer Cogdill Critical Thinking and Information Literacy Process Model
Model Name of model and people involved Information Sources Where you located your information Overview of Model Description of the basis for the model Steps in Model Description of each step the students or Critical Thinking and Information Literacy Process Model

http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/tips/

The Critical Thinking and Information Literacy Process Model is a way for students to research a topic while developing critical thinking skills that will help them to apply their gathered information to make new understandings and solve problems. Encounter the Task Students will be introduced to the assignment / project for which the research will be conducted. Exploring, Formulating, Questioning, and Connecting Students will brainstorm about the topic, formulate questions, and make connections to prior knowledge.

other adults will follow

Searching and Locating Students will locate useful resources and begin to skim and scan them for relevant information. Collecting, Organizing, Managing, and Monitoring Students will collect and organize information using organizational tools such as: chronological order, cause and effect, or a cluster map. Students will also monitor their ethical use of information. Analyzing, Evaluating, Interpreting, and Inferring - Students will analyze the information collected and determine what information is most relevant to the chosen topic. Students will interpret the information collected through a variety of strategies including: making inferences, noticing trends, and analyzing data. Students will also seek opportunities to collaborate with peers. Synthesizing and Solving Students will draw conclusions to create new meaning or understanding about the topic and information collected. Applying New Understanding Assess work, resources, material and equipment in relation to requirements of assignment or project and effort put forth by individuals or group members. Communicating, Presenting, and Sharing Students will choose a method to communicate information, present, and share with an audience. Reflecting and Understanding - Students will reflect upon the research process and transfer knowledge gained to solve new problems in other areas.

Comparison Description of how model is similar to and different from other models Potential Use Describe the best possible use for this model with the group you would be instructing Adaptations Describe any changes you would make in this model to make it more

-Total of 9 steps -Steps are not as specific. Elementary students would not be successful using this model. Most likely most successful when used with high school students or in the business world with adults. -Opportunities for collaboration amongst peers. I can envision the Critical Thinking and Information Literacy Process Model being used in a science classroom for middle school students. A science teacher might use this model when conducting a lab or experiment. Because the steps might seem somewhat ambiguous to students at this grade level, the steps of a lab or experiment would help to guide them through this model while also being able to collaborate with other students in the classroom to complete the task.

This model would be more successful with middle school students if some steps of the model were more specific. For example, during the searching and locating stage, middle school students might not know how to go about skimming and scanning resources for information. Many may be researching for the first time and would need practice with a media specialist or teacher as to how to skim and scan a resource for useful information.

useful for group you would be instructing

The reflecting and understanding step of this model may also be a challenge for middle school students. These students would need much guidance in transferring their research information to other areas. A media specialist or teacher may need to set up the opportunity for students to use the information gained to solve other problems.

Research Models Exploration Form Flip It Model

Model Name of model and people involved Information Sources Where you located your information Overview of Model Description of the basis for the model Steps in Model Description of each step the students or other adults will follow Flip It Model Alice Yucht

Name: Jennifer Cogdill

http://www.aliceinfo.org/flipit/

The Flip It Model is a decision making research model that can be used to teach information literacy skills.

Focus-Specifying Students will select a topic, formulate questions, and decide how the research will be conducted. Input- Students will locate print and non-print resources to from which to collect information. Connections to prior knowledge will also be made during this step. Input/Implementation-Students will review data collected from research, paraphrase information, and determine if information is relevant and useful for the research purpose. Payoff/Presentation-Information is organized into a presentation format and shared with classmates and teachers. -4 steps in this model. -No mention of collaboration among students in this model.

Comparison Description of how model is similar to and different from other models Potential Use Describe the best possible use for this model with the group you

I think that because the Flip It Model only has four stages, it would be easy to implement with the middle school population, however, some of the steps in this model may need more specific directions because many students may be researching for the first time. All content area teachers would be able to adapt this model to work in their classrooms.

would be instructing Adaptations Describe any changes you would make in this model to make it more useful for group you would be instructing

The Payoff / Presentation step would need to be clearly defined for a middle school student. Students at this age might do well when given a few choices from which to choose from to present their research. The students might select from a written report, an electronic presentation such as Prezzi or Power Point, or a multimedia display.

Research Models Exploration Form The Research Cycle

Model Name of model and people involved Information Sources Where you located your information Overview of Model Description of the basis for the model Steps in Model Description of each step the students or other adults will follow The Research Cycle - Jamie McKenzie.

Name: Jennifer Cogdill

http://questioning.org/index2.html http://www.fno.org/dec99/rcycle.html

The Research Cycle sees the students as information producers. Students make up their own minds; draw their own conclusions to form answers and display independence and the ability to make judgment. Students revise and rethink their research questions over and over through the research process and cycle back through the stages before reporting the findings. Questioning The student or student team will map out the essential question being explored by creating a cluster map of related questions to the research topic. Planning Students will think carefully about where to locate the information to find the answers to the questions that have been posed. They will choose resources after much consideration as to what source will provide the most accurate information. Gathering This step should be completed quite quickly if the planning stage was done correctly. The students gather information from the well-chosen resources in order to answer the essential question. Sorting and Sifting Students delve through the information gathered and arrange it in a way that makes the most logical sense for the research purpose. Synthesizing Students will rearrange information many times until it begins to show how the essential question will be answered.

Evaluating - Students evaluate the outcome of the research and decide if enough information has been collected in order to solve the question posed. Most often the student or student groups will cycle back through the steps again before reporting the findings. Reporting The information is presented to an audience and recommendations are given about the topic so that the audience can form their own ideas and draw conclusions. The information is often presented with a multimedia presentation. -7 steps in this model -Has a focus on essential questions -Students are viewed as information producers. -Student groups are encouraged. -This model cycles back numerous times before reporting the information. The Research Cycle would work quite well for research topics that are teacher created. Teachers would pose the essential question for the students and then divide up the students into research teams to complete the steps of the model. Because the school district where I work uses Learning Focused Strategies, students are very familiar with essential questions, so all middle school grade levels would feel comfortable with the notion of answering the essential question. Science and social studies teachers might use this model when introducing new content. The students could research new topics and then report back to class so that the students take on the role of the teacher while the teacher works as the facilitator. I think the middle school students would struggle with the component of the Research Cycle that encourages the students to cycle back through the stages more than once before reporting the findings. Middle school students might not see the need to do the research more than one time, so I would recommend using this model with small groups so that the task of cycling back through may not seem so daunting. Students would be able to divide up the work and decrease the stress of repeating the research process.

Comparison Description of how model is similar to and different from other models Potential Use Describe the best possible use for this model with the group you would be instructing Adaptations Describe any changes you would make in this model to make it more useful for group you would be instructing

Research Models Exploration Form The Big 6

Model Name of model and people involved Information Sources Where you located your information Overview of Model

Name: Jennifer Cogdill

The Big 6 Mike Eisenberg and Robert Berkowitz

http://www.big6.com

The Big 6 is a problem solving model used in schools from K-12, to higher education situations, to the business world. This model assists all users in becoming

Description of the basis for the model Steps in Model Description of each step the students or other adults will follow

skilled users of information and technology.

Task Definition -Students will define the information problem -Students will identify information needed to solve the problem Information Seeking Strategies -Students will consider all possible resources -Students will select the best sources needed to solve the information problem Location and Access -Students will search for the sources -Students will locate the information within the sources Use of Information -Students will read, listen, watch, or touch the information / sources gathered in order to collect information -Students will choose the most relevant information from these sources to use for their research purpose Synthesis -Students will organize the information from all selected sources in a logical fashion -Students will present the information collected Evaluation -Students will evaluate the finished product for effectiveness -Students will evaluate the research process for efficiency -6 steps in this model with 2 sub-stages falling under each of the 6 steps.

Comparison Description of how model is similar to and different from other models Potential Use Describe the best possible use for this model with the group you would be instructing Adaptations Describe any changes you would make in this model to

The Big 6 Model is one that is frequently used in the middle and high school populations. The six steps seem to be easily understood by students at these levels. It would be effective to use when teaching the research process with a language arts class in order to learn how to write a research paper. I think the simplicity of the steps also allows for the students to focus on learning how to take notes and put together a final written product without feeling overwhelmed.

The task definition step may be vague for first time researchers. Teachers may want to pose possible research topics or questions to allow students to focus on a research topic relevant to the content in the grade level or specific content area. Many young researchers will struggle with narrowing a research topic.

make it more useful for group you would be instructing

Research Models Exploration Form KidsConnect KCTools

Model Name of model and people involved Information Sources Where you located your information Overview of Model Description of the basis for the model Steps in Model Description of each step the students or other adults will follow KidsConnect KCTools

Name: Jennifer Cogdill

http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/aasl/index.cfm and then enter Kids Connect in the AASL search box in the top right corner

The KidsConnect KCTools Model is a very basic research model made up of four steps.

I Wonder (Asking a Question) Students will begin to wonder about a topic and think about what they would like to know more about. They should think about what they already know about the topic and decide if the topic is interesting and worth learning more about. I Find (Getting the Information You Need) Students will find information from a variety of places, decide upon key words to use for searching, learn about different search engines, and check for reliability of information found. I Evaluate (Understand What You Have Found) Decide if the information gathered is relevant, accurate, and reliable. I Share (Telling Others What You Know) Present information in an engaging way for the intended audience. Research questions should be answered and resources should be cited. -4 steps in this model -This model would appeal to students just beginning to explore research and all the resources available to them.

Comparison Description of how model is similar to and different from other models Potential Use Describe the best possible use for this

This model seems to be one that could be used with younger learners, especially in the elementary level. Younger students would be able to pick a topic of interest and begin to think deeply about it in order to share information with others. This model seems like a great place to make that initial step into research.

model with the group you would be instructing Adaptations Describe any changes you would make in this model to make it more useful for group you would be instructing

If I were to use the KidsConnect KCTools Model with middle school students, I would require the students to complete an outline or graphic organizer during the I Wonder step in order for them to take this step seriously and narrow their focus for a topic. I would also have the school library media specialist give the students a tutorial on available search engines that would provide them with reliable information.

Research Models Exploration Form Information Search Process

Model Name of model and people involved Information Sources Where you located your information Overview of Model Description of the basis for the model Steps in Model Description of each step the students or other adults will follow

Name: Jennifer Cogdill

Information Search Process - Carol Collier Kuhlthau

http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Feb-99/kuhlthau.html

The Information Search Process model shows the research process from the perspective of the researcher. This model focuses on the uncertainty and lack of confidence that a researcher may feel initially and over time during the process. Initiation In this stage the students feel uncertain and lack confidence about knowledge of the research subject. They may also feel confused as to what steps to take to go about solving the problem and find information. Selection Students will select a general topic or decide upon the purpose for research. They may feel somewhat optimistic at this point. Exploration Students will continue to feel confused and uncertain at times during this stage in the model. It will be challenging to decide what information is needed and what is not. The focus should be on obtaining the information needed to accomplish the research goal. Formulation The student will begin to feel focused during this stage and more certain about the research process This is a turning point for the student. Collection - The student will be able to function easily with the information

during this stage. Gathering information on the topic will be done efficiently. Presentation The student will complete the research and solve the research problem. -6 stages in this model. -This model is more of an overview of how students perceive the research process and lets the media specialist or teacher understand the student thought process. This model informs about the struggles of the researcher in addition to the successes. In my opinion, this model would be best used by media specialists and teachers. Both media specialists and teachers should be aware of the Information Search Process so they can assist students during the times of confusion and uncertainty. As students choose a topic for research and attempts to locate the best resources, teachers and media specialists can guide the students in the right direction through questioning, demonstration, and directing them to the most useful resources. I think I could assist the students in the initiation, selection, and exploration stages with a few different strategies. Providing students will possible research topics during initiation may help with frustration. Having a variety of research materials pulled and several computers accessible with search engines pulled up on the screens would also help to eliminate confusion and uncertainty when starting out in the research process.

Comparison Description of how model is similar to and different from other models Potential Use Describe the best possible use for this model with the group you would be instructing Adaptations Describe any changes you would make in this model to make it more useful for group you would be instructing