2 Region IX 2

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STANDING MEDICAL ORDERS
FINAL EDITION

These protocols have been developed and approved through a collaborative process involving
the Greater Elgin Area, McHenry Western Lake County, Northwest Community,
Provena Saint Joseph, and Southern Fox Valley EMS Systems.
They shall be used:
„ as the written practice guidelines/prehospital standing medical orders approved by the EMS
Medical Directors to be initiated by System EMS personnel for off-line medical control.
„ as the standing medical orders to be used by Emergency Communications Registered Nurses
(ECRNs) when providing on-line medical control.
„ in disaster situations, given that the usual and customary forms of communication are
contraindicated as specified in the Region IX disaster plan.
System members are authorized to implement these orders. On-line medical control
communication shall be established without endangering the patient.
Under no circumstances shall emergency prehospital care be delayed while attempting to establish
contact with a hospital.
In the event that communications cannot be established, EMS personnel shall continue to provide care
to the degree authorized by their license, these protocols, and their scope of practice granted by the
EMS MD in that System.
Patient care is by nature unpredictable. In all circumstances, physicians have the latitude to deviate
from these protocols if it is believed that deviation is in the best interest of the patient. Such
deviations should in no way detract from the high level of patient care expected from EMS personnel.
If a patient situation is not covered by these standing orders, initiate Initial Medical or Trauma Care and
contact the nearest System hospital as soon as possible for a physician's instructions.

Neal J. Edelson, M.D.

EMS MD Greater Elgin Area EMSS
 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
Table of Contents
2009-2010

Chest trauma 42
GENERAL PATIENT MANAGEMENT
Eye emergencies 43
Introduction 1 Musculoskeletal trauma 44
General Patient Assessment 2 Burns 45
Initial Medical Care (IMC) 3 Multiple Patient Incidents 46
Radio Report/Abbreviated Radio Report 4 Mass Casualty Incidents 47
Geriatric patients 5 SMART & JumpSTART 48
Morbidly obese patients 6 Hazardous Materials Incidents 49
Withholding or Withdrawing Resuscitation 7-8 Weapons of mass destruction: Chemical 50
RESPIRATORY Biological Agents ; Pandemic Flu 51
Abuse: Domestic/Sexual/Elder 52
Airway obstruction 9
OB Trauma 53
Drug Assisted Intubation 10
Pts w/ tracheostomy (adult or peds) 11 OB
Allergic Reaction/Anaphylactic Shock 12 Childbirth 54
Asthma/COPD 13 Newborn and post-partum care 55
CARDIAC Delivery complications 56
Newborn resuscitation 57
Acute Coronary Syndromes 14
OB complications 58
Bradycardia with a Pulse 15
Narrow QRS Complex Tachycardia 16 PEDS
Ventricular tachycardia with a Pulse 17 Peds initial medical care 59
Ventricular fibrillation/pulseless VT 18 Peds IMC - CPR/IO guidelines 60
Asystole/PEA 19 Peds IMC - GCS/IO/VS 61
Heart  Failure/Pulmonary  Edema/Cardiogenic  Shock 20 Special Healthcare needs 62
MEDICAL Peds Airway Adjuncts 63
Peds Respiratory SOPs 64-68
Acute Abdominal/Flank Pain 21
Peds cardiac SOPs 69-73
Dialysis/Chronic Renal Failure 21
Peds medical SOPs 74-78
Altered Mental Status 22
Peds ITC/Trauma score/Trauma SOPs/Abuse 79-81
Alcohol Intoxication/Withdrawal 23
Diabetic/Glucose Emergencies 24 APPENDIX 82-97
Drug Overdose/Poisoning 25 Drug appendix 82-89
Carbon monoxide (HBO)/Cyanide poisoning 26 Peds DRUG calculations 90
Cold emergencies 27 Drug routes/ 90
Near drowning 28 Burn severity; Rule of 9s; FENTANYL dosing 91
Heat emergencies 29 QT intervals; 12-lead changes in AMI 92
Hypertension/Hypertensive crisis 30 Peds defib table; FLACC pain scale 93
Psychological emergencies 31 Medical abbreviations/tables 94-
Generalized seizures 32 95
Stroke/Brain attack 33 Body mass index tables
........................................................................... 96
TRAUMA
Differential of COPD/HF
Initial trauma care (ITC) 34 ............................................................................ 97
ITC detailed assessment/GCS/Trauma score 35
Triage & transport criteria (table) 36
Hypovolemic/Hemorrhagic shock 37
Traumatic arrest 38
Head trauma 39
Spine trauma/Helmet removal guidelines 40-41
 Region IX SOPs/SMOs
Introduction
Assumptions
1. All EMS personnel will function within their scope of practice defined by their license/recognition under the Illinois
EMS Act, the IDPH Rules and Regulations, the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, and practice
privileges authorized by the EMS Medical Director of the System in which they are working.
2. The standing orders shall be evidence-based, reviewed periodically and revised as standards change. Guidelines
issued by organizations such as the National Association of EMS Physicians , AHA (CPR, ACLS/PALS), ACS
(ATLS & PHTLS), ACEP (ITLS), Brain Trauma Foundation, PEPP, EMS for Children and the DOT EMT-B, I and P
education standards and scope of practice models shall contribute to the professional development of these
standards.

Guidelines and procedures:

1. Abandonment: No patient with continuing medical needs shall be abandoned. Abandonment includes executing an
inappropriate refusal, releasing a patient to a less qualified individual or discontinuing needed medical monitoring
before patient care is assumed by ED personnel.
2. Bus Accident: Refer to Region policy.
3. Consent: All patients must consent to treatment. Consent must be informed or clearly implied via verbal agreement
to the treatment or gestures indicating their desire for treatment. A patient's lack of refusal or physical resistance or
withdrawal will be taken as consent.
4. Consent (Implied): Patients who are unconscious or otherwise so incapacitated that they cannot comply with the
above provisions and do not exhibit the ability to make sounds judgments, will be treated under implied consent.
Patients who are obviously impaired with altered judgment who are unable to understand their decisions, slurred
speech, and/or ataxia; those suffering from mental illness; those who have made suicidal statements (to EMS
personnel or persons physically present at the scene who will attest to the statements on a petition fo rm) are to be
treated under the doctrine of implied consent. They are not allowed to refuse treatment or transport.
5. EMT-B expanded scope: Expanded scope is System specific and may include medication administration or
rescue airways. See system policy.
6. Minors: Patients who are minors should have consent of a parent or guardian obtained prior to treatment unless they
qualify as an emancipated minor. However, time should not be wasted obtaining consent where the parent or
guardian is not immediately available and the minor is in obvious need of medical treatment.
7. Refusals: Patients who are judged to be legally and mentally competent have the right to refuse any and all
treatment. Patients who are non-decisional may not consent to or refuse treatment.
8. Treatment of prisoners: EMS personnel should transport prisoners under the custody of a law enforcement officer
to a hospital for a medical screening exam at the officer's request. The officer should accompany the prisoner in the
ambulance. Note the officer's name and badge number on the run sheet. EMS personnel are not responsible for the
secured custody of prisoners. If a prisoner has been placed in handcuffs, the officer is still responsible for the
prisoner. If the officer does not accompany the patient in the ambulance, he or she must follow the ambulance in
their squad car during EMS transport but EMS personnel must be given the handcuff key.
9. Physicians on scene: Physicians who are present at the scene may choose to offer their services and di rect
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license is shown. The physician must accompany the patient to the hospital. Medical control must be contacted
immediately and the scene physician should discuss the case with the ED physician. EMS personnel must not
exceed their scope of practice to comply with the requests of an on-scene physician.
10. Lights and sirens: Pursuant to Illinois Vehicle Code Section 625 ILCS 5/11-1421, the use of visual and audible
warning devices from the scene to the hospital is authorized by the EMS MD for time sensitive patients unless
contraindicated per individual SOP.
11. Selection of receiving hospital: See Initial Medical and Initial Trauma Care
12. DNR/Advance Directives/Confirming Death: See pp. 5-6

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 1

 GENERAL PATIENT ASSESSMENT
Definition: The assessments to be performed on all patients with non-traumatic conditions as circumstances allow and
the patient consents. Interventions are to be performed based on patient presentation.

GENERAL PATIENT ASSESSMENT

1. SCENE SIZE UP
Ŷ Assess and secure scene safety. If indicated, follow local haz mat protocols.
Ŷ Initiate universal blood/body secretion precautions on all patients.
Ŷ Apply appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE): contact/droplet precautions prn.
Ŷ Use special care in handling all sharps/contaminated objects/linens.
Ŷ Locate all victims/patients and triage if necessary.
Ŷ Scan environment for clues to the nature of illness.
Ŷ If potential crime scene, make efforts to preserve integrity of possible evidence.
Ŷ Determine need for additional assistance/mutual aid.

2. INITIAL (Primary) ASSESSMENT

Ŷ General impression
Ŷ Determine if immediate life threat exists
Ŷ Assess level of consciousness: AVPU
Ŷ Airway: Assess patency; be alert to possible spine injury
Ŷ Breathing/gas exchange : Assess for spontaneous ventilations; general rate (fast or slow)
ƒ Air movement, work of breathing, symmetry of chest expansion; use of accessory muscles; retractions
ƒ Apply SpO2 monitor if possible hypoxia, cardiorespiratory or neurological compromise.
ƒ Note readings on room air (if able) and after O 2
ƒ Breath sounds if in ventilatory distress
Ŷ Circulation/ECG:
ƒ Compare general rate, quality, & regularity of central vs. peripheral pulses
ƒ Assess skin color, temperature, moisture; neck veins; and heart sounds if indicated.
ƒ ECG (12 lead if available) as indicated by chief complaint or PMH, i.e., chest pain, SOB/HF, weakness/
fatigue, syncope, abnormal cardiac assessment findings, altered mental status, etc.
ALS patients do not necessarily require continuous ECG monitoring or transmission of a strip to the
base station. If a strip is run, attach to the original patient record left at the receiving hospital.
Ŷ Disability: If altered mental status: pupils, Glasgow Coma Scale Score, glucose level
Ŷ Expose & examine as indicated/Environmental control
Ŷ Identify time-sensitive/priority transport patients: These patients require time-sensitive interventions at the
hospital or physician intervention for patient stability. This does not imply that the rate of speed of transport is
accelerated, but rather, there is emphasis on rapid patient packaging and limiting on-scene time (barring
prolonged patient access).
3. SECONDARY ASSESSMENT (FOCUSED HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAM)
Ŷ Full set of vital signs (VS)
Ŷ Chief complaint and SAMPLE history
Ŷ Signs and symptoms: Assess OPQRST; quantify pain on a scale of 0-10 or Wong-Baker Faces Scale
Ŷ Assess need for pain and/or nausea management
Ŷ Rapid assessment based on chief complaint and presenting S&S
Ŷ Systematic head-to-toe assessment (review of systems)

4. ONGOING PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT: Repeat assessments during transport

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 2

 INITIAL MEDICAL CARE
Resuscitative interventions are to be performed during the primary assessment as impairments are found.

1. Airway/spine motion restriction

Ŷ Loosen tight clothing
Ŷ Open/maintain airway using position, obstructed airway maneuvers , suction, and airway adjuncts.
Ŷ Initiate spine motion restriction, vomiting and seizure precautions as indicated.
2. Breathing/gas exchange: Provide or assist ventilations as necessary
Ŷ Oxygen 4-6 L/NC: Adequate rate/depth; minimal distress and SpO 2 95
Ŷ Oxygen 12-15 L/NRM: Adequate rate/depth: moderate/severe distress; S&S hypoxia or per protocol
Ŷ Oxygen 15 L/ BVM: Inadequate rate/depth: moderate/severe distress; unstable
Before advanced airway: Adults: 1 breath every 5 to 6 sec (10-12 breaths/minute) (Exception:  see  asthma  SOP)  
After advanced airway: Adults: 1 breath every 6 to 8 sec (8-10 BPM)
3. Circulation
Ŷ If pulseless: Begin chest compressions at 100/min for 2 min; allow complete chest recoil;
minimize interruptions in compressions to 10 sec or less.
BLS: Apply AED and check for shockable rhythm; call for ALS
Shockable: Go to V-fib/pulseless VT SOP
Not shockable: Go to Asystole/PEA SOP
ALS: Identify rhythm and treat per appropriate SOP
Ŷ Identify type, volume, & source(s) of bleeding and control hemorrhage (ITC SOP)
Ŷ Treat rate/rhythm/pump/volume/volume distribution disorders per appropriate SOP
Ŷ Vascular access: Indicated for actual/potential volume replacement and/or IV meds prior to hospital arrival
ƒ IV/IO of 0.9% NS ± Catheter size & infusion rate based on pt size, hemodynamic status; SOP or OLMC.
ƒ Do not delay transport in time-sensitive patients to establish vascular access on scene.
ƒ Limit 2 attempts/route unless situation demands or authorized by OLMC to continue.
ƒ May continue use of central venous access devices already in place for transport.
4. Keep patient warm unless specified by protocol
5. Psychological support: Establish rapport; reassure patient, attempt to decrease anxiety.
6. Position: Place patient in semi-Fowler's or position of comfort unless contraindicated.
Altered mental status: Place on side, unless immobilized, intubated, or contraindicated, to minimize
aspiration.
7. Pain management: NITROUS OXIDE if available. FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg  in  5  min  (max 100
mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO. Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total dose of 200
mcg.
Goal:  Pain  is  tolerable  upon  ED  arrival  or  all  pain  relieving  options  have  been  exhausted,  pain  meds  are  contraindicated  (SBP  <  
90,  AMS),  or  patient  refuses.    Assess/document  pt  response  including  reassessment  of  VS  after  each  intervention.    
8. Nausea management: ONDANSETRON (Zofran) 4 mg oral dissolve tablet (ODT) or slow IVP (over no
less than 30 sec.) May repeat X 1 in 10 minutes to a total of 8 mg.
9. Medical control contact: Establish on-line medical control (OLMC) as soon as practical. See next page.
10. Continue treatments enroute to minimize scene time and expedite access to definitive care in an ED.
11. Patient disposition: Patients should be transported to the nearest hospital by travel time unless an exemption
applies. A physician must certify that the benefits outweigh the risks of transport to a more distant facility.
Establish contact with a system Resource or Associate hospital per policy before initiating transport to another
location.
12. Ongoing assessments/interventions: Recheck and record VS and patient responses at least every 15 minutes
as able on stable patients and after each ALS intervention. Unstable patients need more frequent
reassessments. Reassess all abnormal VS. Note the times obtained.
13. Secure all EMS equipment. Ensure appropriate restraint systems are used by all ambulance occupants.

Note: A patient's condition or behavior may require IMC, as routinely performed, to be waived or deferred. This decision
is made jointly by OLMC and EMS personnel. Document the situation and t he patient's condition or behaviors
necessitating a change in usual and customary assessment/care.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 3

 RADIO REPORT
Ŷ Patient information may be communicated to a hospital via radio, landline or cellular phone per local policy.
Ŷ Reports should be concise, organized, and address information directly related to prehospital care.
Ŷ Transmit assessment and treatment information, discuss further intervention options, and await orders.
Ŷ Do not delay transport while attempting to establish hospital contact

GENERAL FORMAT
1. Identification
Ŷ Hospital being contacted
Ŷ EMS provider agency and unit #
2. Age, gender
3. Level of consciousness and orientation
4. Chief complaint, nature of call, and paramedic impression including perceived acuity/severity:
Ŷ Chief complaint (OPQRST); life-threats; degree of distress
Ŷ Associated complaints
Ŷ Pertinent negatives/denials
5. History
Ŷ Allergies
Ŷ Medications (current): time and amount of last dose if applicable
Ŷ Past medical history (pertinent)
Ŷ Last oral intake, last menstrual period if indicated
Ŷ Events leading up to present illness/injury (history of present illness)
- Mechanism of injury if appropriate
- Pertinent scene information; environmental factors, social situation
6. Assessment findings
Ŷ Physical examination; include pertinent positive and negative findings
Ŷ Vital signs
ƒ BP: auscultated or palpated
ƒ Pulse: rate, regularity, quality, equality
ƒ Respirations: rate, pattern, depth, effort
ƒ Skin: color, temperature, moisture, turgor
Ŷ Pulse oximetry reading on room air and O 2 if indicated
Ŷ Capnography reading and waveform configuration if indicated and available
Ŷ ECG interpretation, if indicated
Ŷ Blood glucose level; if indicated
Ŷ Glasgow Coma Scale parameters if altered mental status
7. Treatments initiated prior to hospital contact and patient response to treatment; ETA, update as necessary.
Call report to receiving facility if different from medical control facility if pt changes occur prior to arrival if time per mits.
Note: Notify hospital ASAP regarding critical or time sensitive patients (e.g. 12-lead indicates STEMI, stroke).
It is acceptable to call prior to availability of any specific information on VHF/MERCI. Recontact, as able, with
updates.

ABBREVIATED REPORT
Indications: Multiple patient incidents; BLS transports with normal assessment findings; critical patients where priorities
rest with patient care and # of EMS responders is limited to give a radio report.
Report format:
1. ID information: Hospital contacted, EMS agency, receiving hospital and ETA
2. Identify the nature of the situation and how it meets the criteria for an abbreviated report
3. Patient age, gender, level of consciousness and orientation
4. Chief complaint and brief history of present illness: Initial impression including perceived acuity/severity; apparent
life-threats; degree of distress
5. Vital signs and major interventions/resuscitation provided

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 4

 GERIATRIC PATIENTS
Aging  reflects  the  natural  loss  of  function  and  reserve  capacity  that  occurs  as  one  gets  older.  Aging  does  not  affect  every  o ne  equally.  A  person  can  look  
older  or  younger  than  their  chronological  age.  Everyone  ages  differently  and  at  different  rates  ±  evaluate  each  patient  individually.  

Advanced age should lower the threshold for field triage directly to a trauma center if injured.
Recommendations:
Ŷ Advanced  age  is  NOT  by  itself  a  predictive  of  poor  outcomes  &  should  NOT  be  used  as  the  sole  criterion  for  denying  or  limiting  care.  
Ŷ Pre-­existing  medical  conditions  adversely  affects  outcome.  This  effect  becomes  progressively  less  pronounced  with  advancing  age.  
Ŷ ,I•\HDUVD*&6”LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDSRRUSURJQRVLV Geriatric  pt  w/  TBI  &  GCS  <15=  same  mortality  as  adult  w/  GCS  <10.  
Ŷ Post-­injury  complications  negatively  impact  survival.  Implement  therapies  to  prevent  and/or  reduce  complications.  
Ŷ Unless  moribund  on  arrival,  pursue  an  initial  aggressive  approach  as  the  majority  will  return  home  and  will  return  to  independent  function .  
Ŷ ,I•D576DQGRUD55LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK PRUWDOLW\&RQVLGHUOLPLWLQJDJJUHVVLYHWKHUDSHXWLFLQWHUYHQWLRQV  in  these  pts.  
Ŷ 7KRVH•DUHDWLQFUHDVHGULVNIRUXQGHUWULDJHWRWUDXPDFHQWHUVHYHQZKHQWKH\VDWLVI\DSSURSULDWHWULDJHFULWHULD  

1. IMC/ITC special considerations: Rapid airway control with prompt ventilatory support.
Ŷ Use central sensor for SpO2 if available if pt has poor peripheral perfusion (cold hands) or has tremors.
Ŷ Pulmonary system is the leading cause of post-traumatic complications.
PURQHWRYHQWLODWRU\IDLOXUHGWĻOXQJFRPSOLDQFHĻDELOLW\WREUHDWKHGHHSO\DQGĹ:2%
Ŷ Consider need for intubation  and/or  ventilation  w/  BVM  to  increase  oxygenation  and  decrease  WOB  if  O 2  via  NC  or  NRM  are  ineffective.  
Optimizing  oxygenation  and  hemodynamic  status  can  limit  end  organ  damage  and  prevent  complications.  
Ŷ Pulmonary contusionĹ:2%SUHGLVSRVHGWR$5'602'6(DUO\WULDORI&-­PAP  at  5  cm  PEEP  &  60%  FiO2  if  available.  
Ŷ Blunt thoracic trauma:  higher  risk  for  rib  fxs  due  to  bone  brittleness.  Handle  gently.  Pain  control  titrated  to  ventilations.  
Ŷ If chronic hypercarbic state (COPD): Respiratory failure w/ acute resp. acidosis is devastating.
As  pt  compensates  for  "normal"  hypercarbia,  eliminate  only  the  additional  pCO 2  of  the  acute  respiratory  failure.  'RQ¶WRYHU-­correct.  
If intubated and rapidly ventilated to an EtC0 2 of 35-45 mmHg, pt may suffer lethal dysrhythmias from Ca binding.
Slowly reduce PaC02 (not more than 5 mmHg/hr)
2.   1HHGĹSHUIXVLRQWREUDLQ FRURQDU\DUWHULHVGXULQJSURORQJHGVHYHUHK\SRWHQVLRQ5LVNRIFHUHEUDO P\RFDUGLDOLQIDUFWVGW  atherosclerosis.  
5DSLGO\LGHQWLI\FRUUHFWDQGPRQLWRUVKRFN DFLGRVLV0D\DSSHDU³VWDEOH´\HWKDYHSURIRXQGSHUIXVLRQGHILFLWG/t  low  cardiac  output.    
Do not volume overload.  Monitor  mental  status,  SpO2,  capnography  if  available,  breath  sounds,  skin  &  VS.  Obtain  12-­lead  ECG  if  available.  
3.   Accommodate for hearing, visual, cognition, memory, perception, communication, and motor deficits.
4.   Handle  gently;;  consider  bone  density  losses.  Use  sheets  to  lift  and  move  patient.  
Do  not  log  roll  pts  w/  possible  hip  fx  if  possible.  Use  scoop  stretcher  if  available  to  move  to  long  spine  board,  stretcher.  
May  need  to  pad  (creatively)  for  deformities  and/or  spine  changes.  Pad  bony  prominences.  
5.   PAIN management:   Reduce total dose of Fentanyl in elderly pts. May be more susceptible to adverse effects, e.g.
respiratory depression & CV effects. They may also have age-related kidney function impairment, resulting in lower
clearance rates.

Physiologic changes in the elderly

Ļ YDVFXODUFRPSOLDQFHĹUHVLVWDQFHVXEVHTXHQWĹ6%3ĻHIIHFWLYHFLUFXODWLQJYROXPH&ardiac  output  does  not  elevate  (lack  of  reserve  
function)  to  compensate  for  increased  O2  needs.  Oxygenation  may  be  almost  totally  dependent  on  hemoglobin.  Keeping  Hg  at  normal  or  
Circulatory
slightly  elevated  levels  may  improve  O2  carrying  capacity  and  limit  stress  related  to  hypoxia.    
Hypotension  carries  higher  mortality  rates  and  is  considered  a  late  &  unreliable  sign  of  hemorrhage.
Ĺ  DIWHUORDGOHDGVWRĹ/9ZDOOVWUHVV/9K\SHUWURSK\DQGĻ/9FRPSOLDQFH&DUGLDFRXWSXWĹZLWKDQĹLQ/9HQGGLDVWROLFYROXPHQRWIURP
DQ Ĺ LQFRQWUDFWLOHIRUFH Reflex  vasoconstriction  and  tachycardia  may  not  be  the  "typical  response"  to  instability,  hemorrhage,  or  shock.  
Cardiac
Meds  (digoxin,  beta  or  Ca  blockers)  may  limit  tachycardic  response  normally  seen  in  shock. Reduced  myocardial  functioning  increases  the  
risk  of  pump  failure  in  response  to  physiologic  stress,  shock  and  trauma.
ĻFKHVWZDOOFRPSOLDQFHĻWRWDOOXQJFDSDFLW\ĻOXQJ HODVWLFUHFRLOĹOXQJFRPSOLDQFH Weaker  muscles  cause  less  efficient  inhalation.  Gas  
Pulmonary diffusion   diminishes   d/t loss   of   alveolar-­capillary   membrane   surface   area   reducing   p0 2   but   no   changes   in   pC02   if   healthy.   Impaired  
ventilatory  effort  related  to  inadequate  pain  relief.  Decrease  in  gag  and  cough  reflexes.  
Renal )HZHUFRUWLFDOQHSKURQVĻJORPHUXODUILOWUDWLRQUDWH
Nervous ĻUHVSRQVLYHQHVVWR$16ĻUHVSRQVHWR‰DJRQLVWVĻUHVSRQVHWRVWUHVVGHFUHDVHGSHUFHSWLRQRISDLQVLOHQW0,V

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 5

 MORBIDLY OBESE PATIENTS
Definitions ± Patients more than 100 lbs over ideal body weight
Assess patient height & weight and refer to body mass index (BMI) table in appendix

1. IMC/ITC special considerations:

Ŷ Consider undiagnosed sleep apnea and/or airway obstruction when flat
Ŷ Elevate head of stretcher 30-45 or place in sitting position as patient tolerates
Ŷ Endotracheal intubation: Higher incidence of dislodgement, so effectively secure airway
ƒ Attempt intubation X 1
ƒ If difficult to intubate:
ƒ Insert an alternate airway rather than attempting a difficult intubation
ƒ Anticipate difficult access for cricothyrotomy
Ŷ Breathing: Assessment of breath sounds may be difficult
ƒ SpO2 monitoring: Can desaturate more quickly and be more difficult to monitor
ƒ Consider use of earlobe (central) sensor to better detect perfusion
ƒ Expect SpO2 of 88% ± 92% on 6L/min by mask
ƒ O2 by NRM or CPAP w/ PEEP 5 ± 10 cm H2O; assist w/ BVM if hypoxia or hypercarbia persists
ƒ CO2 retention probable (46-52 mEq/L); monitor capnography if available
ƒ Flail chest: Difficult to diagnose clinically; palpate chest wall; CPAP trial; intubate if signs of respiratory
failure
ƒ Tension pneumothorax: Needle pleural decompression per system procedure.
Ŷ Circulation:
ƒ Fluid loading is poorly tolerated
ƒ Standard lg bore IV approaches may be difficult d/t thickness of sub-q fat and relatively short catheters
ƒ IO alternate sites per System policy: humeral head and distal tibia; bariatric needle if available
ƒ ECG: Changes  due  to  obesity:  decreased amplitude (leads farther from heart); flattening of T waves in leads II,
III, AVF, V5, V6, & T wave flattening or inversion in I and AVL
Ŷ Disability:
ƒ Supine patients will have decreased range of motion
ƒ Motor strength may be diminished & difficult to assess due to weight of extremities
ƒ May have deceptive pain perception
ƒ Always look for symmetry
Ŷ Exposure:
ƒ Pannus (abd skin), back, buttocks, and perineum may be difficult to examine; addl. personnel may be
needed
ƒ View as much skin as possible; lift and retract pannus to inspect for wounds, skin ulcers; s ource of
infection
2. Secondary assessment: &OLQLFDODEGRPLQDOH[DPV”DFFXUDWHKDYHDKLJKLQGH[RIVXVSLFLRQIRULQMXU\
3. Medications: Consider using weight-adjusted dose to avoid sub-therapeutic levels. Contact OLMC for orders.
4. Transport considerations: Stretcher/spine board weight limits. Request a bariatric-equipped vehicle if available.

Pulmonary changes Cardiovascular changes:

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ƒ Ĺ chest wall resistance ƒ ĹVWURNHYROXPHDQGVWURNHZRUNLQGH[LQSURSRUWLRQWRERG\ZW  
ƒ Ĺairway resistance ƒ ĹFDUGLDFRXWSXWDQGPHWDEROLFGHPDQG  
ƒ Abnormal diaphragmatic position ƒ Ĺ/9YROXPHZKLFKFDQOHDGWRGLODWLRQDQGK\SHUWURSK\  
ƒ Ĺ upper airway resistance ƒ ĻV\VWHPLFYDVFXODr  resistance  
ƒ ĻP\RFDUGLDOFRPSOLDQFHXSWR RIQRUPDO  
ƒ HTN  augments  pathophysiologic  cardiac  changes  
ƒ Obesity  cardiomyopathy  syndrome,  i.e.  HF  w/  pronounced  hemodynamic  changes    
Gastrointestinal changes: Musculoskeletal changes:
ƒ Ĺintraabdominal pressure ƒ Limited mouth opening capacity
ƒ Ĺvolume of gastric fluid ƒ Short neck with limited mobility
ƒ Ĺ incidence of GERD and hiatal hernia ƒ Decreased range of motion

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 6

 Withholding or Withdrawing of Resuscitative Efforts
1. Use of this SOP MUST be guided by a physician. Contact OLMC via UHF radio or cellular phone.
Note: MERCI radio or private phone may be used in rare circumstances per policy.
2. Provide emotional support to significant others.
3. Patient disposition according to local and county requirements.
4. Patients may be pronounced dead in the field per individual System policy.
Document date and time of pronouncement in the patient care report.
5. Document thoroughly all circumstances surrounding the use of this protocol.

EMS personnel may withhold or ce ase resuscitative efforts in the following circumstances:
Ŷ There is a risk to the health and safety of EMS personnel
Ŷ Resources are inadequate to treat all patients (i.e., mass casualty situations)
Ŷ Death has been declared by a physician, Medical Examiner or coroner
Ŷ A child (< 18 years), where a Court Order is provided to EMS personnel indicating that CPR is not to be commenced
Ŷ Patient w/ blunt trauma who is found apneic, pulseless, and asystolic upon arrival of EMS at the scene
Ŷ For additional examples see below

DNR Orders
Patients who are NOT in respiratory or cardiac arrest should receive supportive/comfort care enroute to the hospital.
DO NOT WITHHOLD OXYGEN AND MEDICATIONS (e.g., analgesia, sedation, antiarrhythmics or vasopressors) unless
these are included in the order.
1. Confirm the validity of the DNR - COMPONENTS OF A VALID DNR ORDER:
Region IX recognizes an appropriately executed IDPH state-wide Uniform DNR form and/or any other written
document that has not been revoked; containing at least the following elements:
Ŷ Patient name
Ŷ Name and signature of the attending physician
Ŷ Effective date; renewal unnecessary for EMS - no expiration unless modified or revoked by the maker
Ŷ The words "Do Not Resuscitate" or "DNR"
Ŷ Evidence of consent - any of the following:
ƒ Patient's signature
ƒ Legal guardian's signature
ƒ Durable Power of Attorney for Heath Care agent's signature
ƒ Surrogate decision-maker's signature under the Illinois Health Care Surrogate Act
ƒ Attached Living Will prepared by the patient. This may be used as consent to a DNR order.
Ŷ 2 witness signatures
2. If the DNR order is valid, withhold resuscitative efforts. Follow any orders found on the DNR order. If an original or
photocopied DNR form is not presented or it is not appropriately executed, contact m edical control.
3. If resuscitation was begun prior to the DNR form being presented, stop resuscitation after order validity is confirmed.
4. Contact medical control and explain the situation; follow any orders received.

Injuries/presentations incompatible with life - "Triple Zero"

Irreversibly dead patients are those found to be non-breathing, pulseless, asystolic and have any of the following injuries
and/or long term indications of death:
Ŷ Decapitation „ Decomposition
Ŷ Thoracic/abdominal transection „ Mummification/putrification
Ŷ Massive cranial/cerebral destruction „ Incineration
Ŷ Rigor mortis without hypothermia „ Frozen state
Ŷ Profound dependent lividity „ Trauma where CPR is impossible
1. DO NOT start CPR for these patients.
2. Contact medical control; explain the situation; indicate that you have a "triple zero". Follow any orders received.
3. 'RFXPHQWWLPHDQGGDWHGHDWKLVFRQILUPHGDQGWKHSK\VLFLDQ
VRUFRURQHU¶VQDPH
4. Removal of bodies should follow local policy.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 7

 Withholding or Withdrawing of Resuscitative Efforts cont.

Power of Attorney for Healthcare / Living Wills

If someone represents themselves as having a power of attorney to direct medical care of the patient and/or a document
referred to as a living will is presented; follow these procedures:
1. Begin or continue medical treatment
2. Contact medical control; explain the situation and follow any orders received
3. Living wills may not be honored by EMS personnel without a valid DNR
4. If a power of attorney for healthcare document is presented by the agent, confirm that the document is in effect
and covers the current situation. If yes, honor the agent's instructions. If there is any doubt, continue treatment,
contact medical control, explain the situation and follow orders received.
5. Bring any documents received to the hospital.

Hospice patients not in cardiac/respiratory arrest

If pt is registered in a hospice program, initiate BLS care and immediately contact OLMC for orders on treatment and
disposition. Inform medical control of the presence of written treatment and/or valid DNR orders.

Patients in persistent ASYSTOLE who do not respond to resuscitation

Note: This SOP does not apply to refractory VF
$SK\VLFLDQ¶VRUGHULVUHTXLUHGWRVWRSWUHDWPHQWXQGHUWKLV623
1. Provide care per SOP, based on the patient's condition.
2. Contact a medical control physician and explain the events of the call.
Report any response to ALS treatment.
3. Affirm all of the following:
Ŷ The patient is an adult, is normothermic, and experienced an arrest unwitnessed by EMS;
Ŷ The patient has remained in continuous monitored asystole for at least 10 minutes;
Ŷ Advanced airway and vascular access are correctly placed;
Ŷ Drug therapy and/or CPR attempts have been carried out according to SOP;
Ŷ There are no reversible causes of arrest identified.
4. The physician may give the order to discontinue medical treatment if determined to be appropriate.
Note the time resuscitation was terminated. Follow System policy for patient disposition.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 8

 AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
Non-Region (NR)

1. Begin BLS IMC:

Ŷ Determine responsiveness and ability to speak or cough
Ŷ If conscious: Allow patient to assume preferred position
Ŷ If unconscious: Position appropriately to open the airway
ƒ No trauma: Head tilt/chin lift
ƒ If possible c-spine injury: modified jaw thrust
ƒ Maintain in-line spine stabilization/immobilization
Ŷ Check for breathing; assess degree of airway impairment
Ŷ Monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias and/or arrest

CONSCIOUS
ABLE TO SPEAK or COUGH:
2. Complete IMC:
Do not interfere with patient's own attempts to clear airway by coughing or sneezing

CANNOT SPEAK or COUGH:

2. 5 abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) with victim standing or sitting.
If pregnant > 3 months or morbidly obese: 5 chest thrusts.
REPEAT IF NO RESPONSE:
3. If successful: complete Initial Medical Care and transport
4. If still obstructed: Continue step #2 while enroute until foreign body expelled or patient becomes unconscious.
(See below)

UNCONSCIOUS
Note: Any time efforts to clear the airway are successful complete Initial Medical Care
2. If no effective breathing: Attempt to ventilate. If obstructed: reposition head, reattempt to ventilate.
3. If unsuccessful: Begin CPR.
Ŷ Look into mouth when opening the airway to begin CPR.
Use finger sweep to remove visible foreign body.
ALS
4. As soon as equipment is available:
Visualize airway w/laryngoscope and attempt to clear using forceps or suction.
5. Intubate; attempt to push the foreign body into right mainstem bronchus, pull ETT back and ventilate left lung.
6. If still obstructed and unable to intubate or ventilate adequately:
Ŷ Perform cricothyrotomy (adult: surgical; children 12 or less: needle); O2 12-15 L/BVM
Ŷ May attempt surgical cricothyrotomy in children 8 - 12 only per Medical Control
Ŷ Transport; attempt to ventilate with 15 L O2/BVM

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 9

 DRUG-ASSISTED INTUBATION (DAI)
Purpose: To achieve rapid tracheal intubation of a patient with protective airway reflexes intact who needs an immediate
airway through the use of pharmacological aids and techniques that facilitate intubation.
Possible indications for DAI:
Ŷ Actual or potential airway impairment or aspiration risk (trauma, stroke, AMS)
Ŷ Actual  or  impending  ventilatory  failure  (HF,  pulmonary  edema,  COPD,  asthma,  anaphylaxis  w/  RR  <10  or  >40;;  shallow/labored   effort;;  or  SpO2    
92)  
Ŷ Increased WOB (retractions, use of accessory muscles) resulting in severe fatigue
Ŷ GCS  8  or  less  due  to  an  acute  condition  unlikely  to  be  self-­limited  (Ex.  seizures,  hypoglycemia,  postictal,  certain  drug  overdoses)  
Ŷ Inability to ventilate/oxygenate adequately after insertion of OPA/NPA and/or via BVM
Ŷ Need for inspiratory or positive end expiratory pressures to maintain gas exchange
Ŷ Need for sedation to control ventilations
Contraindications/restrictions:     Coma  with  absent  airway  reflexes  or  known  hypersensitivity/allergy.  
Use  in  pregnancy  could  be  potentially  harmful  to  the  fetus;;  consider  risk/benefit.

1. IMC: SpO2, evaluate before and after airway intervention; confirm patent IV; ECG monitor
2. Prepare patient:
Ŷ Position supine in sniffing position (earlobe horizontal w/ xiphoid) if not contraindicated
Ŷ Assess patient for signs suggesting a difficult intubation
3. Preoxygenate for 3 minutes
Ŷ If pt is breathing spontaneously w/ rate of 8 or greater: O 2 12-15 L/NRM to avoid gastric distention
Ŷ If RR < 8 or shallow: O2 15 L/BVM at 10-12 BPM (asthma: 6-8)DSSO\6HOOLFN¶VPDQHXYHU
4. Prepare equipment
Ŷ Check suction source; attach rigid tip (Yankauer/tonsilar)
Ŷ Prepare drugs & airway equipment
5. Premedicate prior to intubation
Ŷ Head  trauma,  stroke,  HTN  crisis: LIDOCAINE 1.5 mg/kg IVP per System policy
Ŷ Gag reflex present: BENZOCAINE 1-2 second spray, 30 seconds apart X 2 to posterior pharynx
May need to wait until after midazolam & etomidate given if teeth clenched
Ŷ Pain mgt if needed FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg.  May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg  in  5  min  (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.  
Additional doses require OLMC.  May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg  q.  5  min  up  to  a  total  dose  of  200  mcg.  
6. Sedate
Ŷ VERSED (midazolam) 5 mg IVP/IN
Ŷ If not sedated sufficiently to intubate in 60 seconds: ETOMIDATE 0.5 mg/kg IVP
ƒ Monitor VS, level of consciousness, skin color and SpO 2 q. 5 min. during procedure
ƒ Assist ventilations at 10-12 BPM if RR or depth, or BP & hypoxic
ƒ Allow for clinical response before intubating (if possible)
7. Intubate: Sellick's maneuver until ETT placed & cuff inflated; in-line stabilization if indicated
8. Confirm tube placement
Ŷ Visualize ET going through cords
Ŷ Attach EtCO2 detection device
Ŷ Ventilate and observe chest rise; auscultate over epigastrium, bilateral anterior chest, and midaxillary lines
9. If successful
Ŷ O2 15 L/BVM at 8-10 BPM (asthma 6-8)
Ŷ Inflate cuff (avoid overinflation); note diamond number on ETT level with teeth or gums
Ŷ Secure ETT with commercial device. Reassess breath sounds. Apply lateral head immobilization.
Ŷ VERSED (midazolam) 2 mg IVP/IN increments to 20 mg as needed if BP > 90 for post -intubation sedation.
10. If unsuccessful: Reoxygenate and repeat steps 7 & 8.
If unsuccessful after 2 attempts or cannot visualize cords, insert a rescue airway; ventilate with O2 15 L/BVM
11. If unable to adequately ventilate: Needle or surgical cricothyrotomy per System procedure.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 10

 Pts w/ TRACHEOSTOMY (adult or peds)
with Respiratory Distress

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Assess airway patency & breathe sounds; RR; WOB; oxygenation by skin color & temp, SpO 2;
ineffective airway clearance as evidenced by crackles and wheezes; need to suction.
Ŷ Assess tube position.
Ŷ Assess that the tracheostomy cuff is deflated unless pt is on a ventilator or i f pt has excessive secretions
Ŷ Assess tracheostomy site and secretions
ƒ Assess for redness, swelling; character & amount of secretions
ƒ Assess that tracheostomy ties are secure but not too tight.
ƒ Assess for subcutaneous emphysema around site.
Ŷ Assess stoma for redness, swelling, character of secretions, and presence of purulence or bleeding.
Ŷ Assess for need of tracheostomy care.
Ŷ Monitor SpO2 if available; ECG

2. If airway patent and respiratory effort/ventilation adequate:

Ŷ Support ABCs, complete IMC; suction as needed to clear secretions.
Ŷ Maintain adequate humidity to prevent thick, viscous secretions.
Ŷ Position head of stretcher up 45 degrees or sitting position as patient tolerates.
Ŷ Provide oral care and remove oral secretions if necessary.

3. Report to OLMC:
Ŷ Significant respiratory distress.
Ŷ S&S of local inflammation/infection (redness, swelling, purulent drainage).
Ŷ Changes in character and amount of secretions.
Ŷ Dislodgement of tracheostomy tube.
Ŷ Damage to tracheostomy cuff line.
Ŷ Subcutaneous emphysema.

4. Respiratory distress:
Ŷ Have disposable inner cannula available at all times. Suction after removing inner cannula if present
Ŷ Place inner cannula back in tracheostomy to allow attachment of BVM.
Ŷ O2 per tracheostomy collar & initiate supportive ventilation via BVM prn using 15 L O2.
Ŷ Maintain head position to open airway maximally.
Ŷ Have second tracheostomy tube available if possible.
Ŷ Dislodgement of trach tube: In an emergency, insert the replacement trach tube or insert appropriately sized
ETT into stoma; reassess patency.

5. If continued obstruction and/or ventilation/effort inadequate:

Ŷ If trach not patent after changing; ventilate mask to mouth.
If no chest rise, ventilate with infant mask to stoma.
Ŷ If chest rise inadequate: reposition airway, compress bag further and/or depress pop-off valve.
Ŷ Transport ASAP.
Ŷ Refer to respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest protocols as indicated.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 11

 ALLERGIC Reactions / ANAPHYLACTIC Shock
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Ask about a history of allergies vs. asthma
Ŷ Apply venous constricting band proximal to bite or injection site if swelling is rapidly.
Ŷ Attempt to identify and/or remove inciting cause: scrape away stinger.
Ŷ Apply ice/cold pack to bite or injection site unless contraindicated.
Ŷ Do NOT start IV, give meds, or take BP in same extremity as a bite or injection site.

LOCAL Reaction: No  alteration  in  mental  status,  hives  and  edema  at  site  of  exposure  or  GI  distress  after  food  ingestion;;  BP    90  
2. Observe for progression and transport

MILD SYSTEMIC Reaction SBP 90 or above

S&S:  Peripheral  tingling,  warmth,  fullness  in  mouth  and  throat,  nasal  congestion,  periorbital  swelling,  rash,  itching,  tearing,  and  sneezing    

2. BENADRYL (diphenhydramine) 1 mg/kg (max 50 mg) IM or slow IVP

MODERATE SYSTEMIC Reaction SBP 90 or

above
S&S:  Above  PLUS  bronchospasm,  dyspnea,  wheezing,  edema  of    airways,  larynx,  or  soft  tissues;;  cough,  flushing,  N&V,  warmth,  or  anxiety    

2. EPINEPHRINE (1:1000) 0.3 mg (mL) IM. (EMT-B may use epi pen)
Ŷ Caution: P > 100, CVD/HTN; on beta blockers, digoxin, MAO inhibitors; or pregnant
Ŷ May repeat in 5-10 minutes; DO NOT DELAY TRANSPORT waiting for a response
3. BENADRYL (diphenhydramine) 50 mg IVP; if no IV give IM
4. If wheezing: ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg & IPRATROPIUM (Atrovent) 0.5 mg via HHN or mask
Supplement w/O2 6 L/NC if patient is hypoxic & using a HHN.

SEVERE SYSTEMIC Reaction/ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK SBP less than 90

Life-threatening. S&S: Above plus intense bronchospasm (decreased/absent breath sounds or diffuse wheezes), la ryngeal
edema, hoarseness, stridor, severe dyspnea, cyanosis, respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, dysrhythmias, and coma. GI
edema results in dysphagia, intense abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and vomiting.

2. IMC special considerations: Time sensitive patient

Ŷ If airway/ventilations severely compromised: Rx per DAI SOP
Ŷ IV NS consecutive 200 mL fluid challenges to attain BP of 90 or above.
3. EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) titrate in 0.1 mg 5. If on beta or Ca blockers & not responding to Epi
increments q. 1 min up to 1 mg slow IVP/IO &/or Dopamine:
Ŷ Reassess after each 0.1 mg GLUCAGON 1 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM
Ŷ No IV/IO: EPI (1:1,000) 1 mg IM May repeat X1.
Ŷ EMT-B may use epi pen ± may repeat X 1 in 5-10 min.
4. If BP remains < 90: DOPAMINE IVPB 10 mcg/kg/min.
Titrate up to 20 mcg/kg/min to maintain BP > 90

Ŷ BENADRYL (diphenhydramine) 50 mg IVP; if no IV give IM

Ŷ If wheezing: ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg & IPRATROPIUM (Atrovent) 0.5 mg /HHN
Continue nebulizer therapy while enroute to hospital. May repeat ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg/HHN.

If cardiac arrest occurs:

Ŷ CPR
Ŷ Start 2nd vascular access line; give IVF as rapidly as possible (up to 8 L) (use pressure infusers if available).
Ŷ EPINEPHRINE 1:10,000 1 mg IVP every 2 minutes (high dose); treat dysrhythmias per appropriate SOP
Ŷ Prolonged CPR is indicated while results of anaphylactic reaction resolve.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 12

 ASTHMA/COPD
with Respiratory Distress
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Evaluate  ventilation/oxygenation,  WOB,  accessory  muscle  use,  degree  of  airway  obstruction/resistance,  speech,  cough  ( productive  or  
non-­productive  ±  yellow/green),  cerebral  function,  fatigue,  hypoxia,  CO2  narcosis,  and  cardiac  status  
Ŷ Obtain Hx of current meds: time and amount of last dose; duration of this attack
Ŷ If wheezing without Hx of COPD/Asthma: consider FB aspiration, pulmonary embolus, vocal cord spasm,
HF/pulmonary edema. See appendix for differential. If probable cardiac cause (PMH: CVD): Rx per Cardiac
SOPs.
Ŷ Assess for pneumonia, atelectasis, pneumothorax or tension pneumothorax.
If tension pneumothorax ( BP, absent breath sounds): Needle decompress affected side
Ŷ Airway/Oxygen: Assess need for DAI if near apnea, altered mental status, fatigue, hypoxic, or failure to
improve with maximal initial therapy.
ƒ If assisted ventilation/intubation required: ventilate at 6 - 8 BPM to allow complete exhalation
ƒ Never withhold O2 from a hypoxic patient due to a Hx of COPD or awaiting SpO 2 monitor.
Ŷ Vascular access
ƒ Mild distress: No IV usually necessary
ƒ Moderate to severe distress: IV NS titrated to maintain hemodynamic stability
Ŷ Monitor ECG: Bradycardia signals deterioration of patient status

MILD to MODERATE distress with wheezing and/or cough variant asthma; SpO 2 •

2. ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg & IPRATROPIUM (Atrovent) 0.5 mg via HHN or mask

Ŷ Supplement w/O2 6 L/NC if patient is hypoxic & using a HHN.
Ŷ Begin transport as soon as neb is started. Do not wait for a response.
Ŷ Continue nebulizer therapy while enroute to hospital. May repeat ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg/HHN.

SEVERE distress: Severe SOB, orthopnea, use of accessory muscles, speaks in syllables, tachypnea,
breath sounds diminished or absent; exhausted (HR & BP may be dropping)
2. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Time-sensitive patient
Ŷ Prepare resuscitation equipment; anticipate rapid patient deterioration
C-PAP: Start with 5 cm PEEP. May increase to PEEP of 10 cm to achieve SpO2 > 95%. If SBP falls under
90: Remove C-PAP.

History of ASTHMA History of COPD

3. EPINEPHRINE (1:1000) 0.3 mg (mL) IM 3. ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg & IPRATROPIUM 0.5 mg via
ƒ (EMT-B may use epi pen) HHN, mask or BVM
ƒ Caution: P > 100, CVD/HTN; on beta blockers, Begin transport as soon as neb is started.
digoxin, or MAO inhibitors; pregnant; or Do not wait for a response.
experiencing significant side effects to albuterol May repeat Albuterol 2.5 mg X 1.
ƒ Begin transport as soon as Epi is given.
Do not wait for a response.
ƒ May repeat Epi X 1 in 10 min if minimal
response.
4. ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg & IPRATROPIUM 0.5 mg via
HHN, mask or BVM. Continue enroute to hospital.
May repeat Albuterol 2.5 mg X 1.
5. Severe distress persists: MAGNESIUM (50%) 2 Gm (4
mL) mixed with 16 mL NS slow IVP over 5 min.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 13

 Acute CORONARY Syndromes (ACS)
Suspected angina or acute MI with or without pain, ST segment elevation, or PVCs

Chest discomfort at rest or for a prolonged period (more than 10 min, not relieved by NTG), recurrent chest discomfort, or
discomfort associated with syncope or acute heart failure are considered medical emergenc ies. Other presentations of ACS
(anginal equivalents) may include back, neck, jaw, arm or epigastric pain, chest tightness, weakness, fatigue, dyspnea,
diaphoresis, nausea and vomiting. Anginal equivalents and very atypical pain, including sharp and pleuri tic pain, is more
common in women, people with diabetes and the elderly.

1. Begin immediate IMC

Ŷ Perform brief, targeted history & physical exam.
Ŷ Assess for rate, rhythm, pump, or volume problem; hypoperfusion and cardiorespiratory compromise.
Treat rate, rhythm and pump problems per appropriate SOP.
Ŷ Decrease O2 demand (i.e., limit activity, do not allow to walk, sit up, loosen tight clothing).
2. Obtain, review, and transmit 12-lead ECG if available.
If 12 lead ECG indicates AMI (STEMI): Notify receiving hospital ASAP.
While prepping for 12 Lead: ASPIRIN 324 mg (4 tabs 81 mg) chewed and swallowed.
Give to all ACS patients regardless of pain status, unless contraindicated.
Time sensitive patient: Minimize scene time as much as possible.

NONE to MILD cardiorespiratory compromise MODERATE cardiorespiratory compromise

+ pain/discomfort present + pain/discomfort present
Alert, oriented, well perfused & SBP > 100 Alert, oriented, perfused & SBP 90-100

3. *NITROGLYCERIN (NTG) 0.4 mg SL 3. Complete IMC:

(unless contraindicated) IV NS 200 mL fluid challenge if lungs clear
4. Complete IMC: IV NS TKO 4. *NITROGLYCERIN (NTG) 0.4 mg SL
(unless contraindicated)

5. Pain persists  6%3•5HSHDWNTG 0.4 mg SL every 3-5 min X 2; monitor for hypotension.
6. Pain persists  6%3•3-5 min. after 3rd NTG:
FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total dose of 200 mcg.  

SEVERE cardiorespiratory compromise: Altered sensorium, signs of hypoperfusion, or SBP < 90

3. If HR less than 60: Treat per Bradycardia SOP (p. 12).

If HR 60 or above: Treat per Cardiogenic Shock SOP (p. 17) with DOPAMINE IVPB
Start at 5 mcg/kg/min; titrate to 20 mcg/kg/min to maintain SBP 90

Ŷ *Use NTG w/ caution or not at all in pts with inadequate RV preload (contact OLMC for orders):
ƒ Inferior wall MI w/ possible RV involvement; start IV first, monitor closely for hypoperfusion
ƒ Hypotension (SBP < 90 or more than 30 mmHg below baseline), HR < 50 or over 100
ƒ Recent use of Viagra or Levitra (vardenafil ) w/in 24 hrs or Cialis (tadalafil) w/in 48 hrs)
Ŷ If ICD is firing repeatedly and patient is hemodynamically stable, assess need for anxiety & pain control:
If agitated: VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments q. 30-60 sec IVP (0.2  mg/kg  IN;;  5  mg  single  dose  IM) up to 10 mg.
May repeat to 20 mg if BP > 90.
If pain & SBP 90: FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total dose of 200 mcg.  

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 14

 BRADYCARDIA with a PULSE
Supraventricular, AV blocks, or Idioventricular rhythms
Absolute bradycardia (< 60 BPM) or
Functional or relative bradycardia (inappropriate or insufficient rate for condition)

1. Assess for rate, rhythm, pump, or volume problem; hypoperfusion and cardiorespiratory compromise.
Correctly identity the presence & type of AV block. Correct rate problems first unless VT/VF.
2. Assess/treat for possible underlying causes: Cardiac ischemia, OD, vasovagal episode, etc.
3. IMC: Support ABCs; determine need for invasive airway management.
Anticipate need for pacing; do not delay TCP while attempting vascular access.
4. Obtain, review, and transmit 12-lead ECG if available
5. If possible ACS & alert with gag reflex and stable: Treat ischemia/pain per ACS SOP with ASA & Fentanyl

NONE to MILD cardiorespiratory compromise

Alert, oriented, well perfused, and Systolic BP 90 or above

6. Ongoing assessment for hemodynamic and rhythm stability.

7. Place TCP electrodes in anticipation of clinical deterioration in pts w/ acute ischemia or MI associated w/ severe
VLQXVEUDG\FDUGLDDV\PSWRPDWLFÛ$9%0RELW]W\SHDV\PSWRPDWLFÛ$9%RUQHZRQVHW%%%RUELIDVFLFXODU
block with AMI.

MODERATE to SEVERE cardiorespiratory compromise

Instability related to slow rate: Altered sensorium, BP < 90, chest discomfort or pain, SOB, poor peripheral perfusion,
weakness, fatigue, light headedness, dizziness and presyncope or syncope, pulmonary congestion, HF or pulmonary
edema, escape beats, frequent PVCs or VT.

6. Transcutaneous external cardiac pacing (TCP

Ŷ Apply ECG electrodes and pacing/defib pads.
Ŷ Turn pacer on. Select rate of 60 BPM. May adjust rate p to 70 BPM based on clinical response.
Ŷ Increase mA until mechanical capture is confirmed by palpable femoral pulses or a maximum of 200 mA
Ŷ Evaluate BP once capture is achieved.
Ŷ If mechanical capture is present: CONTINUE PACING ENROUTE. Do not turn off.
Assess need for sedation and /or analgesia
Ŷ If agitated: VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2  mg/kg  IN;;  5  mg  single  dose  IM) up
to 10 mg. May repeat to 20 mg if BP > 90.
Ŷ If pain & BP 90: FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg.  May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total of 2 mcg/kg (max 200 mcg).
If pacing is not immediately available or is ineffective
6. ATROPINE 0.5 mg rapid IVP/IO (1 mg ET) while awaiting pacer unless contraindicated
Ŷ &RQWUDLQGLFDWLRQVÛ$9%0RELW]W\SHRUÛ$9%ZZLGH456WUDQVSODQWHGKHDUWV (will  not  respond  to  atropine)  
Ŷ Use with caution in suspected ACS
Ŷ Repeat ATROPINE 0.5 mg rapid IVP/IO (*1 mg ET) q. 3-5 minutes to a max of 0.04 mg/kg (3 mg) IVP
(6 mg ET) if bradycardia with BP persists.
7. If on beta or calcium blockers & unresponsive to atropine & pacing: GLUCAGON 1 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM.
May repeat every 1 minute up to a total dose of 3 mg I VP/IO if necessary.
8. If patient remains unstable:
Treat per Cardiogenic Shock SOP (p. 17) with DOPAMINE IVPB
Start at 5 mcg/kg/min; may titrate to 10 mcg/kg/min to maintain systolic BP 90.

*Note: ET drug administration is only to be used if vascular access is unsuccessful in unresponsive patients.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 15

 NARROW QRS Complex Tachycardia - NR
w/ pulse & HR > 100

1. Assess for physiologic stimulus (pain, fever, anemia, anxiety), hypoperfusion and cardiorespiratory compromise
2. IMC: Support ABCs; determine need for invasive airway management
Ŷ Identify rhythm; obtain, review and transmit 12-lead ECG if available
Ŷ IV NS TKO in proximal vein (AC/external jugular)
Ŷ If unconscious: defer vascular access until after cardioversion
3. Consider/treat for possible underlying causes: cardiac ischemia, OD, vasovagal episode, etc.
Ŷ Rate problem: Beating so fast CO is reduced or beating ineffectively so coordination between atria and
ventricles reduces CO- use this SOP
Ŷ Pump problem: HR > 100 & LV failure: - see HF/Pulmonary Edema/Cardiogenic Shock
Ŷ Volume problem: See Hypovolemic Shock
Ŷ Metabolic problem: See Glucose Emergencies, Drug OD, & Renal emergencies
4. If possible ACS & alert with gag reflex and stable: Treat ischemia/pain per ACS SOP with ASA & Fentanyl

NO cardiorespiratory or perfusion compromise; ST

5. Ongoing assessment of cardiorespiratory status; treat underlying cause; transport.

STABLE: MILD to MODERATE cardiorespiratory or perfusion compromise

HR 150 or greater; alert, BP 90 with chest pain or SOB but without evidence of cardiac output

5. Vagal maneuvers unless contraindicated

REGULAR R-R IRREGULAR R-R (AF/A-flutter/MAT) or
PSVT, reentry SVT (PSVT), AT, JT PSVT that recurs despite Adenocard
6. SVT persists: Note: HR of 120-150 may require drug therapy. Contact
ADENOSINE 6 mg rapid IVP + 20 mL NS flush medical control for orders. Do not give to WPW.
7. SVT persists or recurs w/in 1-2 min: 6. VERAPAMIL 5 mg slow IVP over 2 min (over 3 min in
ADENOSINE 12 mg rapid IVP + 20 mL NS flush older patients). May repeat 5 mg in 15 min.
8. Rhythm persists: Go to irregular R-R

UNSTABLE: SEVERE cardiorespiratory/perfusion compromise

HR > 150DOWHUHGVHQVRULXP%3”62%RQJRLQJFKHVWSDLQVKRFNSXOPRQDU\HGHPD+)RU$&6
Immediate cardioversion is seldom needed for HR <150 unless pt has significant heart disease or other conditions

5. IMC special considerations in conscious patient:

Ŷ /XQJVFOHDU%3”&RQVLGHU,916IOXLGFKDOOHQJHVLQP/LQFUHPHQWV
Ŷ May give a brief trial of meds while prepping to cardiovert: adenosine
Ŷ If conscious: VERSED (midazolam) 5 mg IVP/IN; May  repeat  2  mg  increments  IVP  every  30-­60  sec  up  to  10  mg.  
6. *Synchronized cardioversion at 100-200-300-360 J (equivalent biphasic) for persistent SVT
Ŷ If not possible to synchronize and condition critical, go immediately to unsynchronized shocks.
Ŷ Support ABCs; ongoing assessment of cardiorespiratory status enroute.

Notes:
Ŷ If unresponsive to Adenocard/Ca blockers and questionable QRS width (> 0.10 sec): Refer to VT SOP.
Ŷ DC cardioversion is ineffective in junctional and ectopic atrial tachycardias.
Ŷ *PSVT & A-flutter often responds to lower energy levels, start with 50 J.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 16

 VENTRICULAR Tachycardia with a PULSE
(Wide complex tachycardia w/ QRS 0.12 sec or longer)

1. Assess for hypoperfusion and cardiorespiratory compromise

2. IMC: Support ABCs; assess need for invasive airway management.
If unconscious: defer vascular access until after cardioversion.
3. Obtain, review and transmit 12-lead ECG if available; determine if monomorphic or polymorphic VT.
4. If possible ACS & alert with gag reflex and hemodynamically stable: ASPIRIN per ACS SOP.

STABLE: NONE to MODERATE cardiorespiratory compromise

Alert, HR > 150, BP 90 no evidence of tissue hypoperfusion or shock

Regular Monomorphic VT & Irregular Polymorphic VT w/

polymorphic VT w/ normal QT interval prolonged QT interval* / Torsades de pointes

5. AMIODARONE 150 mg mixed with 7 mL NS slow IVP 5. MAGNESIUM 2 Gm mixed w/ 16 mL NS slow IVP over
over 10 minutes. 5 minutes (no more than 1 Gm/min).

6. Chest pain: NTG if HR drops to 100 or less; pain persists: FENTANYL per ACS SOP

UNSTABLE: SEVERE cardiorespiratory/perfusion compromise

Instability must be related to HR > 150. Altered sensorium, BP < 90, shock, pulmonary edema, HF, or ACS.
Immediate cardioversion seldom needed for HR < 150.

5. Assess need for sedation: VERSED (midazolam) 5 mg IVP/IN/IO

May repeat 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec up to 10 mg.
If condition deteriorating and critical, omit sedation.
6. Monomorphic regular VT: Synchronized CARDIOVERSION at 100-200-300-360 J (equivalent biphasic)
Polymorphic irregular VT: DEFIBRILLATION at biphasic device & AED specific J see below
If not possible to synchronize and clinical condition critical, go immediately to unsynchronized shocks.
Ŷ Assess ECG and pulse after each cardioversion.
Ŷ Treat post-cardioversion dysrhythmias per appropriate SOP.
VT persists
7. AMIODARONE 150 mg mixed with 7 mL NS slow IVP/IO over 10 minutes
Ŷ No vascular access: Seek medical control order for LIDOCAINE 1 mg/kg ET q. 3-5 min up to 3 mg/kg ET.
Ŷ Do not give amiodarone or lidocaine to patients with AV blocks, IVR or ventricular escape beats.
8. Synchronize cardiovert at 360 J (biphasic device specific) after ½ of the Amiodarone dose or after each
Lidocaine dose. Complete the medication dose even if pt converts after cardioversion provided BP > 90.

Notes: *See table of maximum QT intervals based on gender and heart rate in drug appendix

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Medtronic LP 12 truncated 200-300-360
MRL 200-300-360
Philips MRX 150
Zoll M series rectilinear 120-150-200
Monophasic (LP 10) 360 J

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 17

 VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION (VF)
& PULSELESS VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

1. Begin BLS IMC ± All care is organized around 2 minute cycles of CPR
Ŷ Determine unresponsiveness
Ŷ Open airway using head tilt-chin lift; determine breathlessness; suction as necessary
Ŷ No breathing & pocket mask/BVM available: 2 breaths (1 sec. each) w/ just enough volume to produce visible
chest rise ± do not delay compressions; give O 2 when available
Ŷ Verify pulselessness (5 to 10 sec); Begin CPR*: Chest compressions at 100/min (30:2).
Ŷ Apply pads with chest compressions in progress: BLS: AED; ALS: Cardiac monitor
Ŷ If arrest not witnessed by EMS or response time > 4-5 min, perform 2 min of CPR (5 cycles of 30:2)
before rhythm check or defibrillation. If witnessed, shock immediately.
2. Check rhythm: Shockable? Defibrillate: 1 shock: **Biphasic & AED - device specific see below
Ŷ Resume chest compressions immediately for 2 min (5 cycles of 30:2).
Ŷ NO rhythm check until after 2 min of CPR unless patient wakes or begins to move extremities.

The following need to be accomplished simultaneously in separate time cycles.

Continue 2 min cycles of CPR: ALS interventions with minimal interruption to CPR*
Check rhythm. ± Shockable?  See  below.     ƒ Intubate;  8-10 BPM (NO hyperventilation)
1RWVKRFNDEOH"ĺ$V\VWROH3($ ƒ After advanced airway placed: continuous compressions at 100/min;
Ŷ Defibrillate: 1 shock: do not pause compressions to give breaths.
**Biphasic & AED - device  specific  see  below   ƒ Establish vascular access: NS TKO
Ŷ Resume chest compressions When IV/IO available, give a vasopressor every 3- 5 min during CPR
immediately (before  or  after  shock).  Order  of  use  optional.  
Ŷ NO rhythm or pulse check until after 2 ƒ VASOPRESSIN 40 U IVP/IO, single dose, 1 time only
min of CPR unless patient wakes or May replace 1st or 2nd dose of epi
begins to move extremities. ƒ EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 1 mg IVP/IO***
After 2 min of CPR check rhythm   AMIODARONE 300 mg IVP/IO during CPR  (before  or  after  the  shock)****  
Shockable?  Continue  below  
1RWVKRFNDEOH"ĺDSSURSULDWH623   After 5 min: May repeat AMIODARONE 150 mg IV/IO
Organized  rhythm?  9  SXOVHĺ526&   SODIUM BICARBONATE 1 mEq/kg IVP/IO:
Ŷ Defibrillate: 1 shock Give  only  if  arrest  is  caused  by  a  bicarbonate-­responsive  acidosis  (DKA/tricyclic  
Ŷ Repeat pattern as long as CPR cont. antidepressant  or  ASA  OD,  cocaine  or  diphenhydramine)  or  known  hyperkalemia .

Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC): Assess  VS;;  support  ABCs;;  follow  appropriate  SOP.  Rx  hypotension  w/  UNWARMED  IVF  challenges  
up  to  2  L  (pressure  infusers).  If  BP  <  90  after  10  min  (regardless  of  amount  of  IVF  infused);;  add  DOPAMINE 2-­20  mcg/kg/min  IVPB.  Avoid  hyperthermia  
&  hyperglycemia.

Ŷ *CPR notes:  Push hard & fast; ensure full chest recoil; minimize interruptions in chest compressions (10 sec or
less)
ƒ Continue CPR while defibrillator is charging and drugs are prepared & given.
ƒ Ideally, interrupt chest compressions only for ventilations (until advanced airway placed), rhythm check & shock
delivery.
ƒ Rotate person providing compressions every 2 minutes during ECG rhythm checks
ƒ Pts  should  not  be  moved  while  CPR  is  progress  unless  in  a  dangerous  environment  or  pt  is  in  need  of  intervention  not  immediately  
available.  CPR  is  better  and  has  fewer  interruptions  when  resuscitation  is  conducted  where  the  pt.  is  found.  
Ŷ ***If no IV/IO: EPI (1:1,000) 2 mg + 8 mL NS ET q. 3-5 minutes
Ŷ ****No IV/IO: LIDOCAINE 2 mg/kg ET then 2 mg/kg ET q. 3-5 min, Max 3 doses or 6 mg/kg.
If AICD is delivering shocks, wait 30-60 sec. for completion of cycle. Place pads at least 1 in. from implanted device.
Ŷ Refer to specific SOPs: Hypothermia; Poisoning/OD; Renal failure

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Medtronic LP 12 truncated 200-300-360
MRL 200-300-360
Philips MRX 150
Zoll M series rectilinear 120-150-200
Monophasic (LP 10) 360 J

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 18

 ASYSTOLE; PEA
Search for and treat possible contributing factors:
‡+\SR[HPLD ‡+\SRWKHUPLD ‡7R[LQV ‡7KURPERVLVFRURQDU\RUSXOPRQDU\
‡+\SRYROHPLD ‡+\SHUK\SRNDOHPLD ‡7DPSRQDGHFDUGLac ‡7UDXPD
‡+\GURJHQLRQDFLGRVLV ‡+\SRJO\FHPLD ‡7HQVLRQSQHXPRWKRUD[

1. Rapid scene size up: Any evidence personnel should NOT attempt resuscitation (valid DNR order, triple zero)?
2. Begin BLS IMC -± All care is organized around 2 minute cycles of CPR
Ŷ Determine unresponsiveness
Ŷ Open airway using head tilt-chin lift; determine breathlessness; suction as necessary
Ŷ No breathing & pocket mask/BVM available: 2 breaths (1 sec. each) w/ just enough volume to produce visible
chest rise ± do not delay compressions; if  available;;  give O2 when available
Ŷ Verify pulselessness (5 to 10 sec): Begin CPR*: Chest compressions at 100/min (30:2).
Ŷ Apply pads with chest compressions in progress: BLS: AED; ALS: Cardiac monitor
Ŷ If arrest not witnessed by EMS or response time > 4-5 min, perform 2 min of CPR (5 cycles of 30:2)
before rhythm check. ALS: Confirm asystole in 2 leads.
3. Check rhythm: Rhythm not shockable:
Ŷ Resume chest compressions immediately for 2 min (5 cycles of 30:2).
Ŷ NO further rhythm check until after 2 min of CPR unless patient wakes or begins to move extremities.

The following need to be accomplished simultaneously in separate time cycles.

Ŷ Continue 2 minute cycles of CPR ALS interventions with minimal interruption to CPR*
Ŷ Check rhythm every 2 minutes ƒ Intubate; 8-10 BPM (NO hyperventilation)
ƒ Asystole  persists/no  shock  advised:     ƒ After advanced airway placed: continuous compressions at 100/min;
continue  CPR   do not pause compressions to give breaths.
ƒ If  organized  activity,  9  pulse   ƒ Establish vascular access: NS TKO
ƒ ,ISXOVHSUHVHQWĺ526&   When IV/IO available, give a vasopressor every 3- 5 min during CPR
(before  or  after  shock).  Order  of  use  optional.  
ƒ VASOPRESSIN 40 U IVP/IO, single dose, 1 time only
May replace 1st or 2nd dose of epi
ƒ EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 1 mg IVP/IO**
If asystole or slow PEA rate (< 60)
ƒ ATROPINE 1 mg rapid IVP/IO . No IV/IO: 2 mg ET
Repeat every 3-5 minutes to a total of 3 mg IVP or 6 mg ET.
SODIUM BICARBONATE 1 mEq/kg IVP/IO:
Give  only  if  arrest  is  caused  by  a  bicarb-­responsive  acidosis  (DKA/tricyclic  antidepressant  or  
ASA  OD,  cocaine  or  diphenhydramine)  or  known  hyperkalemia .

Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC): Assess  VS;;  support  ABCs;;  follow  appropriate  SOP.  Rx  hypotension  w/  UNWARMED  IVF  challenges  
up  to  2  L  (pressure  infusers).  If  BP  <  90  after  10  min  (regardless  of  amount  of  IVF  infused);;  add  DOPAMINE 2-­20  mcg/kg/min  IVPB.  Avoid  hyperthermia  
&  hyperglycemia.
TERMINATION OF RESUSCITATION
If normothermic, intubated patient remains in persistent monitored asystole 10 minutes or longer despite the steps above,
and no reversible causes are identified seek OLMC physician's approval to terminate resuscitation.

Ŷ *CPR notes: Push hard and fast; ensure full chest recoil; minimize interruptions in chest compressions (10 sec or less)
ƒ Continue CPR while drugs are prepared & given.
ƒ Ideally, interrupt chest compressions only for ventilations (until advanced airway placed) & rhythm check.
ƒ Rotate person providing compressions every 2 minutes during ECG rhythm checks  
ƒ Pts  should  not  be  moved  while  CPR  is  progress  unless  in  a  dangerous  environment  or  pt  is  in  need  of  intervention  not  immediately  
available.  CPR  is  better  and  has  fewer  interruptions  when  resuscitation  is  conducted  where  the  pt.  is  found.  
Ŷ **If no vascular access: EPI (1:1,000) 2 mg + 8 mL NS ET q. 3-5 minutes
Ŷ Refer to specific SOPs: Hypothermia; Poisoning/OD; Renal failure

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 19

 HEART FAILURE / PULMONARY EDEMA
Ŷ Assess for hypoperfusion and cardiorespiratory compromise. Differentiate HF from COPD/asthma by Hx, meds, S & S.
Ŷ Consider cause: rate, rhythm, volume, or pump problem; treat per appropriate SOP based on etiology.
Listen to breath sounds in all lobes, front and back. Report timing and location of wheezes/crackles.

MILD to MODERATE cardiorespiratory compromise :

Alert, normotensive or hypertensive (SBP 90 and DBP 60)

1. IMC special considerations:

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Ŷ If severe respiratory distress: Assess need for DAI
Ŷ O2 15 L/NRM (C-PAP immediately if available)
C-PAP: Start with 5 cm PEEP. May increase PEEP to 10 cm to achieve SpO2 > 95%.
If SBP falls under 90: Remove C-PAP.
Ŷ Rate problem: see Bradycardia or Tachycardia SOPs
2. ASPIRIN 324 mg (4 tabs 81 mg) PO per ACS SOP unless contraindicated
3. NITROGLYCERIN 0.4 mg SL
6%3UHPDLQV•: Repeat NTG 0.4 mg every 3-5 minutes ± no dose limit
Note: Contraindication to giving NTG to a pt w/ HR > 100 does NOT apply in pulmonary edema
4. Severe anxiety: VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN; 5 mg single doses
IM) up to 10 mg. May repeat to 20 mg if BP > 90.

CARDIOGENIC SHOCK TIME SENSITIVE PATIIENT: Transport ASAP

Pump failure with BP less than 90 w/ S&S hypoperfusion or shock

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Assess need for DAI to work of breathing, protect airway, or ventilate patient.
Ŷ Assess carefully for signs of hypovolemia/dehydration.
2. DOPAMINE 400 mg/250 mL NS or D5W or 800 mg/500 mL NS or D5W IVPB
Start at 5 mcg/kg/min; slowly titrate up to 20 mcg/kg/min until BP is maintained above 90.
3. If hypovolemic and/or dehydrated and certain that lungs are clear and respirations are not labored:
IV NS fluid challenges in 200 mL increments. Frequently reassess breath sounds.
4. If alert with gag reflex: ASPIRIN 324 mg (4 tabs 81 mg) PO per ACS SOP

Prescription drugs used in the treatment of Heart Failure

ACE Inhibitors (ACEI) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB)   Beta Blockers (BB) Diuretics
Benzapril/Lotensin Candesartan/Atacand Acebutolol/Sectral Amiloride/Midamor
Captopril/Capoten Eprosartan/Teveten Atenolol/Tenormin Bumetanide/Bumex
Enalapril/Vasotec Irbesartan/Avapro Betaxolol/Kerlone Chlorothiazide/Diuril
Fosinopril/monopril Losartan/Cozaar Bisoprolol/Zebeta Diazide
Lisinopril/Prinivil/Zestril Olmesartan/Benicar Carvedilol/Coreg Furosemide/Lasix
Moesipril/Univasc Telmisartan/Micardis Labetalol Hydrochlorothiazide/Hydrodiuril
Perindopril/Aceon Valsartan/Diovan Metoprolol/Lopressor/Toprol Indapamide/Lozol
Quinapril/Accupril Nadolol/Corgard Metolazone/Zaroxolyn
Ramipril/Altace Vasodilators Pembutolol Polythiazide
Trandolapril/Mavik Hydralazine/Apresoline Pindolol Spironolactone/Aldactone
Isosorbide/Isordil Propranolol/Inderal Torsemide
Anticoagulants Minoxidil/Loniten Timolol/Blocadren Trianterene/Dyrenium
Heparin Nesiride/Natrecor Sotalol/Betapace
Clopidogrel/Plavix Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Digoxon
Nitrates/NTG  
Warfarin/Coumadin Amlodipine/Norvasc

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 20

 Acute ABDOMINAL/FLANK PAIN
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Consider cardiac/great vessel etiologies (AAA); palpate/compare pulses in upper vs. lower extremities
Ŷ Note and record nature & amount of vomiting/diarrhea, jaundice; vomiting precautions
Ŷ Adjust IV rate to maintain hemodynamic stability
Ŷ Document OPQRST of the pain; menstrual history in females of childbearing age; last BM

NONE to MILD cardiorespiratory compromise

Alert, oriented, well perfused, no S&S of peritonitis, and Systolic BP 90 or above
2. Transport in position of comfort
3. Pain: FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total of 2 mcg/kg (max 200 mcg).

MODERATE to SEVERE cardiorespiratory compromise or S&S of peritonitis

Altered sensorium, signs of hypoperfusion, guarding or rigidity of abdominal wall

2. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ No pain meds
3. If suspected abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA):
Ŷ Do not give IV fluid challenges unless SBP < 80
Ŷ Apply PASG (if available); inflate all chambers if BP drops less than 90.

DIALYSIS / Chronic Renal Failure Emergencies

Vascular access in dialysis patients is often through an AV fistula or graft (a surgical connection of an artery and vein).
This access is the patient's lifeline, take meticulous care to protect it.
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ BPs, venipunctures, and IVs should NOT be performed on an extremity with a shunt.
Ŷ If patient unresponsive: Vascular access by IO
Ŷ When emergencies occur during dialysis, the staff may leave access needles in place, clamping the tubing.
If this is the only site, request their assistance to connect IV tubing.
2. Treat per appropriate SOP and with special considerations listed below

HYPOTENSION : Occurs  during  dialysis  due  to  rapid  removal  and  acute  reduction  in  fluid  volume.  Other  causes:  hemorrhage,  cardiogenic  
shock,  sepsis,  electrolyte  disorders,  anaphylaxis,  pericardial  tamponade,  or  pulmonary  embolism.  
2. Place in supine position with legs elevated unless contraindicated
3. If lungs are clear, treat per Hypovolemic Shock SOP: IV/IO NS fluid boluses in 200 mL increments.
4. If unresponsive to IV fluids or pulmonary edema is present: Rx per HF/Pulmonary edema/Cardiogenic Shock SOP

CARDIAC ARREST : potassium and acidosis common in renal failure/dialysis patients

2. Treat dysrhythmias per appropriate SOP with the following addition(s):
Ŷ In-line ALBUTEROL in repeated 5 mg doses up to20 mg/neb throughout transport
Ŷ SODIUM BICARBONATE 50 mEq slow IVP over 5 min.
3. Do NOT give magnesium sulfate to these patients.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 21

 ALTERED MENTAL STATUS (AMS)
Consider possible etiologies and refer to appropriate SOPs
A: Alcohol and ingested drugs/toxins; ACS, arrhythmias
E: Endocrine/exocrine, particularly liver; electrolyte imbalances
I: Insulin shock, DKA
O: Oxygen deficit (hypoxia), opiates, overdose
U: Uremia; other renal causes including hypertensive problems
T: Trauma, temperature changes)
I: Infections, both neurologic and systemic
P: Psychological
S: Space occupying lesions (subarachnoid hem.), stroke, shock, seizures

Scene size up:

Ŷ Inspect environment for bottles, drugs, letters or notes, or source of toxins suggesting cause of AMS
Ŷ Ask bystanders/patient about symptoms immediately prior to change in consciousness
Detailed assessment: Special considerations
Ŷ Affect
Ŷ Behavior: consolable or non-consolable agitation
Ŷ Cognitive function (ability to answer simple questions); hallucinations/delusions
Ŷ Memory deficits; speech patterns
Inspect for Medic alert tags
Ŷ General appearance; odors on breath; evidence of alcohol/drug abuse; trauma
Ŷ VS: observe for abnormal respiratory patterns; or T
Ŷ Skin: Observe for lesions that may be diagnostic of the etiology
Ŷ Neuro exam: Pupils/EOMs; motor/sensory exam; for nuchal rigidity; Cincinnati quick stroke screen

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Suction prn; seizure/vomiting/aspiration precautions
Ŷ If GCS 8 or less: Assess need for intubation (DAI)
Ŷ O2 12-15 L/NRM or BVM at 10-12 BPM
Ŷ If BP < 90: IV NS fluid challenge in consecutive 200 mL increments; monitor breath sounds
Ŷ Position patient on side unless contraindicated
Ŷ If supine: maintain head and neck in neutral alignment; do not flex the neck
Ŷ Consider the need for a 12 lead ECG if Hx of syncope; monitor ECG
Ŷ Monitor for S&S of ICP: reduce environmental stimuli
Ŷ Document changes in the GCS
2. Obtain and record blood glucose level (capillary and/or venous sample)
Ŷ If < 60 or low: DEXTROSE 50% 50 mL (25 Gm) IVP
If unable to start IV: GLUCAGON 1 mg IM/IN
If borderline (60-70): DEXTROSE 50% 25 mL (12.5 Gm) IVP
Observe and record response to treatment; recheck glucose level; may repeat Dextrose prn.
Ŷ If 70 or greater: Observe and continue to assess patient
3. If possible opiate intoxication w/ RR <12 and/or small pupils:
Naloxone 2 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM until ventilations increase
May repeat in 5 minutes if transient response observed.

Notes on syncope: Older age, structural heart disease, or a history of CAD are risk factors for adverse outcomes. Younger
pts with nonexertional syncope and those with no history or signs of CV disease, family history of sudden death, or
comorbidities are at low risk for adverse events.
Syncope vs. seizure: Assess history for seizure disorder. Look for incontinence with seizures. Rare with syncope.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 22

 ALCOHOL INTOXICATION / WITHDRAWAL
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Do not assume that the smell of alcohol automatically means intoxication; consider alternative causes of
impaired behavior/motor incoordination
Ŷ If GCS 8 or less: Assess need for DAI
Ŷ Assess hydration status: If dehydrated: IV NS 200 mL fluid challenges
Ŷ Assess for hallucinations, delusions, tremors
Ŷ Ask patient about time of last alcohol ingestion
2. Assess mental status and cognitive functioning per AMS SOP
3. If combative or uncooperative, attempt verbal means to calm patient; seek law enforcement assistance and/or use
restraints per System policy
4. Evaluate for evidence of motor impairment (ataxia)
5. If altered mental status, seizure activity, or focal neurologic deficit:
Obtain blood glucose level (capillary and/or venous sample)
Ŷ If < 60 or low: DEXTROSE 50% 50 mL (25 Gm) IVP/IO
If unable to start IV: GLUCAGON 1 mg IM/IN
If borderline (60-70): DEXTROSE 50% 25 mL (12.5 Gm) IVP
Observe and record response to treatment; recheck glucose level; may repeat Dextrose prn.
Ŷ If 70 or greater: Observe and continue to assess patient
6. If generalized tonic/clonic seizure activity: treat per Seizure SOP.
7. Tremors - especially if in alcoholic withdrawal or
Delirium tremens (mental confusion, constant tremors, fever, dehydration, P > 100, hallucinations):
VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN; 5 mg single doses IM) up to 10
mg to stop seizures. May repeat to a total of 20 mg if BP > 90.
8. Transport. Ongoing assessment enroute.

Note: A patient who is chemically impaired, evidenced by altered mental status, altered cognition, hallucinations,
delusions, and/or ataxia is considered non-decisional and may not refuse transport to the hospital.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 23

 DIABETIC / GLUCOSE Emergencies
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Obtain PMH; type of diabetes (1, 2, gestational, other specific types)
Ŷ Determine time and amount of last dose of diabetic medication/insulin and last oral intake
Ŷ Vomiting and seizure precautions: prepare suction
Ŷ Obtain and record blood glucose level (capillary and/or venous sample)
Elderly patients who are hypoglycemic may present with the signs and symptoms of a stroke.
Check glucose levels on all patients with altered mental status or neuro deficits.

Blood sugar 70 or less or S & S of hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemic patients are not considered decisional. When their hypoglycemia is corrected and confirmed by a repeat
dextrose reading, they can be assessed for competency to refuse care.
2. GCS 14 or 15 and able to swallow: Oral glucose in the form of paste, gel, or liquid if available.
3. If borderline (60-70): DEXTROSE 50% 25 mL (12.5 Gm) IVP
If < 60 or low: DEXTROSE 50% 50 mL (25 Gm) IVP/IO
Note: Confirm patency of vascular access before infusing dextrose
3. If no IV/IO: GLUCAGON 1 mg IM/IN
4. Observe and record response to treatment; recheck glucose level
Ŷ If 70 or greater: Ongoing assessment
Ŷ If < 70 repeat Dextrose if necessary
5. If a decisional patient refuses transportation, they must be advised to eat before EMS leaves the scene.

KETOACIDOSIS (DKA) or HHNS*

Patients must present with at least a combination of dehydration and hyperglycemia (DKA has all 3)
Ŷ Dehydration: tachycardia, hypotension, skin turgor, warm, dry, flushed skin, N/V, abdominal pain
Ŷ Acidosis: AMS, Kussmaul ventilations, seizures, peaked T waves, and ketosis (fruity odor to breath)
Ŷ Hyperglycemia: Elevated blood sugar; most commonly 240 or above
Notes:
Ŷ Diabetic ketoacidosis will occur primarily in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Ŷ *Consider presence of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) in elderly, type 2 diabetics, or
those without history of DM who present with very high glucose levels and dehydration, but no acidos is or ketosis.
Ŷ EMS personnel shall not assist any patient in administering insulin.
2. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Monitor ECG for dysrhythmias and changes to T waves
Ŷ Vascular access: NS wide open up to 1 L unless contraindicated (HF, bilateral crackles)
(Patient may have fluid deficit of 5-6 L or more)
Ŷ Assess breath sounds & respiratory effort after each 200 mL in elderly or those w/ Hx CVD
Ŷ Attempt to maintain systolic BP > 100
Ŷ Monitor for development of cerebral and pulmonary edema
3. Observe and record response to treatment.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 24

 DRUG OVERDOSE / POISONING
GENERAL APPROACH
1. History: Determine method of injury: ingestion, injected, absorbed, or inhaled
Patients are often unreliable as to what they took.
2. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Uncooperative behavior may be related to the associated intoxication/poisoning.
Do not let behavior distract from assessment of the underlying pathology.
Ŷ Anticipate respiratory arrest, seizure activity, dysrhythmias, and/or vomiting
Ŷ Assess need for intubation (DAI) if GCS 8 or airway compromised unless otherwise specified
Ŷ Support ventilations w/ 15L O2/BVM if respiratory depression
Ŷ Large bore IV NS; monitor ECG
Ŷ Impaired patients may not refuse treatment/transport
3. If altered mental status (AMS), seizure activity, or focal neurologic deficit:
Ŷ Obtain blood glucose; If < 70: treat per Hypoglycemia SOP
4. If AMS, RR < 12 and substance unknown: naloxone 2 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM

BETA BLOCKER ³/2/V´- See list on Pulmonary Edema/Cardiogenic shock SOP.

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER: Adalat, Amlodipine, Calan, Cardene, Cardizem (diltiazem), Dilacor, Dynacirc, Felodipine,
Isoptin, Nifedipine, Nimotop, Norvasc, Plendil, Posicor, Procardia, Vascor, verapamil, Verelan
5. If P < 60 & BP < 90: & unresponsive to atropine & pacing per Bradycardia SOP : GLUCAGON 1 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM.
Initial dose of 3 mg IVP/IO may be necessary. No response: Rx per Cardiogenic Shock SOP.

STIMULANTS: Amphetamines, methamphetamines, COCAINE ("Coke", "Crack", "Blow", "Rock"), ephedrine, PCP
5. Treat tachycardia, dysrhythmias, cardiac ischemia, and hyperthermia per appropriate SOP.
6. If  seizures/tachycardia,  HTN  crisis;;  ACS: VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN;
5 mg single doses IM) up to 10 mg to stop seizures, slow HR, and/or BP. May repeat to a total of 20 mg if BP
> 90.

CYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT Adapin, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Anafranil, Ascendin, Desipramine, Desyrel, Doxepin, Elavil,
Endep, Imipramine, Limbitrol, Ludiomil, Norpramine, Pamelor, Sinequan, Triavil, Tofranil,
Vivactil
5. IV NS wide open
6. SODIUM BICARB 1 mEq/kg IVP. Repeat dose if BP, deterioration of mental status, wide QRS, or
dysrhythmias.
7. Convulsive activity present: VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN; 5
mg single doses IM) up to 10 mg to stop seizures. May repeat to a total of 20 mg if BP > 90.
ECSTASY: Methamphetamine designer drug used at "rave" parties. Suspect if patient has a pacifier around the neck or is
holding a Vicks vapor rub inhaler. Anticipate malignant hyperthermia, seizures, teeth grinding.
5. Manage airway with OPA/NPA + BVM. Do not sedate further or attempt to intubate unless aspiration risk.
6. See above under stimulants.

GHB: Cherry meth, Easy lay, G-riffic, Grievous body harm, liquid ecstasy, liquid X, liquid E, organic quaalude, salty water, scoop,
soap, and somatomax
5. Observe for CNS depression, euphoria, respiratory depression, apnea, nystagmus, P, BP, seizures
6. Manage airway with OPA/NPA + BVM. Do not sedate further or attempt to intubate unless aspiration risk.

NARCOTIC OR Codeine, Darvon, Darvocet, Demerol, Dilaudid, Dolophine, Fentanyl, Heroin, Lortab, Speedballs
SYNTHETIC NARCOTIC Methadone, Morphine, Percocet, Percodan, Roxanol, Talwin, Tylox, Vicodin, Wygesic
5. Naloxone 2 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM
Ŷ Assess need for restraints; monitor for HTN after narcotic is reversed if speedballs used.
Ŷ Repeat in 5 minutes if transient response noted.
ORGANOPHOSPHATES: Cholinergic poisoning w/ "SLUDGE" reaction (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI
distress, emesis). May also exhibit bronchial secretions, P, pinpoint pupils
5. Remove from contaminated area; decontaminate as much as possible before moving to ambulance.
6. ATROPINE 1 mg rapid IVP/IM. Repeat q. 3 minutes until improvement (reduction in secretions).
Usual Atropine dose limit does not apply ± See  Haz-­Mat  incidents  &  Chemical  Agents  under  Weapons  of  Mass  Destruction.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 25

 CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Use appropriate Haz-mat precautions & PPE
Ŷ Remove patient from CO environment as soon as possible.
Ŷ Treat airway impairment and respiratory/cardiac arrest per appropriate SOP
Ŷ O2 12-15 L/NRM or BVM; ensure tight seal of mask to face
SpO2 UNRELIABLE to indicate degree of hypoxemia in CO poisoning
Ŷ Vomiting precautions; ready suction
Ŷ Monitor ECG
Ŷ Keep patient as quiet as possible to minimize tissue oxygen demands
2. Consider cyanide poisoning in presence of smoke/fire if patient has soot in nose/mouth/oropharynx plus
confusion//disorientation, AMS, coma, respiratory or cardiac arrest.
3. Transport stable patients to nearest hospital unless ordered otherwise by medical control to a facility w/ a
hyperbaric chamber. If in arrest or airway unsecured, transport to nearest hospital.

Hyperbaric oxygen chambers

Advocate Lutheran General Hospital 847/723-5155 24/7

Loyola University Foster G. McGraw Hospital 708/216-4904 M-F 7-3:30 (no emergency or decompression)
6W/XNH¶V0HGLFDO&HQWHU0LOZDXNHH 414/649-6577 24/7

CYANIDE POISONING
Consider cyanide exposure in the presence of fire (house, car, synthetic materials), silver recovery, electroplating,
metal cleaning.
1. PPE including SCBA; evacuate danger area
2. IMC per Drug OD/Poisoning SOP; decontaminate pt as necessary. Do NOT direct water jet on liquid.
Absorb liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to a safe place. Remove vapor cloud w/ fine water spray.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin with soap and water for 2-3 min.
3. Establish OLMC ASAP so receiving hospital is prepared for your arrival.
4. If hypotensive or pulseless: IV NS wide open. CPR as indicated.
5. Per OLMC: AMYL NITRITE inhalants 1 per minute X 12 minutes if available.

ILLINOIS POISON CENTER #: 1-800-222-1222 (www.mchc.org/ipc)

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 26

 COLD Emergencies

FROSTBITE
1. ITC
2. Move to a warm environment as soon as possible. Remove wet/constrictive clothing.
3. Rapidly rewarm frozen areas. Do NOT thaw if chance of refreezing.
Ŷ Immerse in warm water (105 F) if available.
May use hands/hot packs wrapped in a towel. Use warming mattres s if available.
Ŷ HANDLE SKIN GENTLY like a burn. Do NOT rub. Do not break blisters.
Protect with light, dry, sterile dressings; cover with warm blankets and prevent re-exposure.
4. Anticipate severe pain when rewarming
Ŷ NITROUS OXIDE if available, unless pregnant female present
Ŷ FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total of 2 mcg/kg (max 200 mcg)

HYPOTHERMIA
1. ITC special considerations:
Ŷ Protect against heat loss & wind chill: place in warm environment, remove wet clothing; dry patient.
Ŷ Maintain horizontal position; handle gently when checking responsiveness, breathing and pulse.
Ŷ Assess breathing and pulse for 30-45 sec to confirm respiratory arrest, pulseless cardiac arrest, or
bradycardia profound enough to require CPR.
Ŷ IV NS. Warm IV fluids up to 43Û C (109Û F) and coil tubing if possible; do not infuse cold fluids.
Ŷ Monitor ECG & GCS continuously.
Ŷ Obtain core temperature if possible.
Ŷ Assess for local thermal injury (frostnip, frostbite).
Ŷ Minimize movement to myocardial demand; prevent translocation of cold blood from the periphery to the core
and severe muscle cramping.

MILD/MODERATE Hypothermia: &RQVFLRXVRUDOWHUHGVHQVRULXPZLWKVKLYHULQJÛ)RUDERYH

2. Active external rewarming: Apply wrapped hot packs to axillae, groin, neck, & thorax ; warming mattress if
available. Cover entire body with blankets; protect head from further heat loss.
3. IV NS fluid challenges in 200 mL increments to maintain hemodynamic stability.

SEVERE Hypothermia: $06QRVKLYHULQJÛ&- Û)

2. ITC special considerations:
Ŷ Intubate, if indicated; use gentle technique to prevent vagal stimulus and VF
Ŷ O2 12-/150RU%90ZDUPWRÛWRÛ&LISRVVGRNOT hyperventilate - chest will be stiff
Ŷ If pulseless with no detectable signs of circulation, start chest compressions immediately.
**TRIPLE ZERO CANNOT BE CONFIRMED ON THESE PATIENTS**
Ŷ Vascular access: (Warm) NS 200 mL IVP/IO fluid challenges
Will  require  large  volume  replacement  due  to  leaky  capillaries,  fluid  shift,  and  vasodilation  as  rewarming  occurs.  
Ŷ Rewarm trunk only with hot packs; avoid rewarming extremities
3. If rhythm shockable: Defibrillate X 1: Biphasic & AED ± device specific per VF SOP. Monophasic 360 J
Repeat shocks only if tHPSULVHVDERYHÛ&Û F).
4. Do NOT give any drugs unless body temperature 86 F or ordered by medical control.
,IWHPSULVHVDERYHÛ),9,2GUXJVSHUDSSURSULDWH6237&3LVFRQWUDLQGLFDWHG
5. Transport very gently to avoid precipitating VF.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 27

 NEAR DROWNING

1. ITC special considerations:

Ŷ Spine precautions as indicated
Ŷ Intubate if indicated
Assisted ventilations preferred to time lost suctioning water from lungs
Ŷ If awake with good respiratory effort, yet congested and increased work of breathing:
C-PAP: Start with 5 cm PEEP.
May increase PEEP to 10 cm to achieve SpO2 > 95%.
If SBP falls under 90: Remove C-PAP.
Ŷ If pulseless and non-breathing: CPR; Rx per appropriate SOP
Ŷ Remove wet clothing; dry patient as possible
Ŷ Apply protected hot packs to neck, axillae, sides of chest, groin if hypothermic
2. Assess for hypothermia: Treat per appropriate SOP
3. (YDOXDWHIRUĹLQWUDFUDQLDOSUHVVXUHĹV\VWROLF%3 pulse, abnormal respiratory pattern)
If present; treat per Head Trauma SOP.
4. Enroute: Complete ITC: IV NS TKO

Diving and water-related emergencies

Note: Consider decompression illness even if an apparently safe dive according to the tables or computer
1. ITC special considerations:
Ŷ Position supine or in recovery position
Ŷ Consider transport to hyperbaric chamber: See Carbon Monoxide Poisoning SOP for chamber locations.
Ŷ If assistance is needed: Divers Alert Network (DAN) (919) 684-8111

Notes:
Ŷ All persons submerged 1 hour should be resuscitated despite apparent "rigor mortis".
Ŷ If hypothermic, one focus of resuscitation must be appropriate rewarming.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 28

 HEAT EMERGENCIES

HEAT CRAMPS OR TETANY

1. IMC: IV may not be necessary
2. Move patient to a cool environment, remove excess clothing, and transport
Do NOT massage cramped muscles

HEAT EXHAUSTION (Note: if altered sensorium, see Heat Stroke below)

1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ IV NS fluid challenge in consecutive 200 mL increments WRPDLQWDLQ6%3•
Ŷ Vomiting precautions; ready suction
Ŷ Monitor ECG
Ŷ Monitor and record mental status; seizure precautions
2. Move patient to a cool environment. Remove as much clothing as possible.

HEAT STROKE: Elevated temperature ( 105 F) with hot skin and altered mental status.
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ $QWLFLSDWHĹ,&3
Ŷ If SBP 110 or above:
- IV NS TKO
- (OHYDWHKHDGRIVWUHWFKHUÛ-Û
Ŷ If signs of hypoperfusion:
- Place supine with feet elevated
- IV NS fluid challenge in consecutive 200 m/LQFUHPHQWVWRPDLQWDLQ6%3•
Ŷ Monitor ECG
2. Move to a cool environment. Initiate rapid cooling:
Ŷ Remove as much clothing as possible
Ŷ Cold packs to lateral chest wall, groin, axillae, carotid arteries, temples, and behind knees
Ŷ Sponge or mist with cool water and fan
3. Convulsive activity present:
VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN; 5 mg single doses IM) up to 10
mg to stop seizures. May repeat to a total of 20 mg if BP > 90.

Medications/substances that predispose to heat emergencies:

Ŷ Anticholinergics (atropine), antihistamines (diphenhydramine)
Ŷ Beta blockers, antihypertensives, cardiovascular drugs
Ŷ Tranquilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, phenothiazines (Thorazine), MAO inhibitors
Ŷ ETOH, LSD, PCP, amphetamines, cocaine
Ŷ Diuretics

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 29

 HYPERTENSION
Stable / Acute Crisis

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Maintain head and neck in neutral alignment; do not flex neck or knees
Ŷ Assess and record GCS and neuro signs as a baseline
Ŷ Assess for history of HTN, CVD, ACS, renal disease, diabetes, pregnancy, or adrenal tumor

NONE to MILD Cardiorespiratory compromise BP > 140/90

No focal neurologic deficits

2. Assess for chest pain and/or pulmonary edema. If present: treat per appropriate SOP.
3. If patient is hypertensive but without CV or neurologic compromise: Transport without drug therapy to reduce BP
4. If severe headache: FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total of 2 mcg/kg (max 200 mcg).

HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS: Systolic BP > 220 and Diastolic BP > 130

Non-traumatic origin

Assess for S&S of end organ dysfunction: Neurovascular S&S (headache, visual disturbances, seizures, AMS,
paralysis); chest pain and/or pulmonary edema
DO NOT use drug therapy to rapidly lower BP in chronically hypertensive patients.
2. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Time sensitive patient: needs IV BP control at hospital
Ŷ Keep patient as quiet as possible; reduce environmental stimuli
Ŷ If GCS 8: Assess need for DAI; use LIDOCAINE 1.5 mg/kg IVP as a premed per System protocol
Ŷ Elevate head RIVWUHWFKHUÛ-Û
Ŷ Seizure/vomiting precautions; suction only as needed
Ŷ Repeat VS before and after each intervention
3. If chest pain or pulmonary edema: NITROGLYCERIN 0.4 mg SL per ACS or PE SOP
4. Convulsive activity present:
VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN; 5 mg single doses IM) up to 10
mg to stop seizures. May repeat to a total of 20 mg.
5. Treat per appropriate Cardiac SOP.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 30

 PSYCHOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
1. Assess SCENE AND PERSONAL SAFETY. Call law enforcement personnel to scene, if needed.
DO NOT JEOPARDIZE YOUR OWN SAFETY; always position self for a safe exit.
Ŷ Inspect environment for bottles, drugs, letters, notes, or toxins.
Ŷ Ask bystanders about recent behavioral changes.
2. Assess decisional capacity
Ŷ Consciousness/arousal using GCS (see ITC for chart), attention span
Ŷ Activity: restlessness, agitation (consolable or non-consolable), compulsions
Ŷ Speech: rate, volume, articulation, content
Ŷ Thinking/thought processes: delusions, flight of ideas, obsessions, phobias
Ŷ Affect and mood: appropriate or inappropriate
Ŷ Memory: immediate, recent, remote
Ŷ Orientation X 3, understands and complies with instructions
Ŷ Perception: illusions, hallucinations (auditory, visual, tactile)
Ŷ General appearance; odors on breath
Ŷ Inspect for Medic alert tags; evidence of alcohol/drug abuse; trauma
Ŷ Is patient a threat to self or others, or unable to care/provide for self?
Ŷ Explore suicidal thoughts/intentions with patient directly. Bring any suicidal notes to hospital.
3. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Limit stimuli and the personnel treating the patient as much as possible.
Ŷ Do not touch patient without telling them your intent in advance.
Ŷ Provide emotional reassurance. Verbally attempt to calm and reorient the patient as able.
Do not reinforce a patient's delusions or hallucinations.
Ŷ Avoid threatening or invasive interventions unless necessary for patient safety.
Ŷ Protect patient from harm to self or others. Do not leave them alone.
4. If combative and/or uncooperative :
Ŷ Attempt verbal reassurance/persuasion. If unsuccessful: Apply restraints.
Ŷ Use only to protect the patient and/or EMS personnel.
They should not be unnecessarily harsh or punitive. Document reasons for use.
Ŷ In an emergency, apply restraints; then confirm necessity with medical control.
Ŷ Ensure an adequate airway, ventilations, and peripheral perfusion distal to restraint after application.
Monitor patient's respiratory and circulatory status.
5. Consider medical etiologies of behavioral disorder and treat according to appropriate SOP:
Ŷ Hypoxia
Ŷ Substance abuse/overdose; alcohol intoxication
Ŷ 1HXURORJLFGLVHDVHVWURNHVHL]XUHLQWUDFHUHEUDOEOHHG$O]KHLPHU¶VHWF
Ŷ Metabolic disorders (hypoglycemia, acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, thyroid/liver disease etc.)
6. Make every effort to transport
Ŷ If patient is non-decisional and/or a threat to self or others and/or is unable to care for themselves,
and is refusing transportation: Consult medical control from the scene.
Ŷ If necessary, ask police for assistance with transport
7. Severe anxiety or agitation:
VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN; 5 mg single dose IM) up to 10 mg
titrated to patient response. May repeat to a total of 20 mg if BP > 90.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 31

 SEIZURES
History:
Ŷ History/frequency/type of seizures
Ŷ Prescribed meds and patient compliance; amount and time of last dose
Ŷ Recent or past head trauma; predisposing illness/disease; recent fever, headache, or stiff neck
Ŷ History of ingestion/drug or alcohol abuse; time last used
Consider possible etiologies:
Ŷ Anoxia/hypoxia „ Anticonvulsant withdrawal/noncompliance
Ŷ Cerebral palsy or other disabilities „ Infection (fever, meningitis)
Ŷ Eclampsia „ Metabolic (glucose, electrolytes, acidosis)
Ŷ Stroke/cerebral hemorrhage „ Toxins/intoxication; OD; DTs
Ŷ Trauma/child abuse „ Tumor
Detailed exam: Observe and record the following
Ŷ Presence of an aura
Ŷ Focus of origin: one limb or whole body
Ŷ Simple or complex (conscious or loss of consciousness)
Ŷ Partial/generalized
Ŷ Progression and duration of seizure activity
Ŷ Eye deviation prior to or during seizure
Ŷ Abnormal behaviors (lip smacking)
Ŷ Incontinence or oral trauma
Ŷ Duration and degree of postictal coma, confusion

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ No bite block. Vomiting/aspiration precautions; suction prn
Ŷ Protect patient from injury; do not restrain during tonic/clonic movements
Ŷ Position on side during postictal phase unless contraindicated
2. Generalized tonic/clonic convulsive activity present:
VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN, 5 mg single dose IM) up to 10 mg
to stop seizures. May repeat to a total of 20 mg if BP > 90.
3. Identify and attempt to correct reversible precipitating causes (see above).
Obtain and record blood glucose level per System procedure (capillary and/or venous sample).
If < 70: DEXTROSE or GLUCAGON per Hypoglycemia SOP.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 32

 STROKE / Brain Attack
Some strokes are time dependent for possible fibrinolytic therapy (3 hrs from onset of symptoms).
Other therapies may be available beyond 3 hrs from onset.
Time sensitive patient: Attempt to keep scene times to 10 minutes; alert receiving hospital as soon as possible.

History: S&S: (Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale) Differential: Consider alternative

ƒ Age „ Facial asymmetry/droop (have pt. show causes of S&S
ƒ Onset: Abrupt or gradual teeth or smile) ƒ See Altered Mental Status
„ Time of onset (last seen normal) „ Unilateral weakness (arm drift ± have pt. ƒ Hypoglycemia
and duration of S&S close eyes and hold both arms out for 10 sec. ƒ Brain tumor
ƒ Heart/vascular disease Assess if one arm drifts down compared to ƒ Cardiac disease
ƒ Intracranial  or  intraspinal  surgery,   the other or does not move) ƒ Drug OD
serious  head  trauma  or  previous   „ Abnormal speech: Listen for slurred ƒ Encephalitis
stroke/TIA   words, using the wrong words, or inability to ƒ Na
ƒ Known  AV  malformation,  tumor  or   speak ƒ Infection/sepsis
aneurysm   ƒ Level of consciousness/GCS; orientation ƒ Seizures, syncope
ƒ Active  internal  bleeding  or  acute  trauma   X 4; syncope ƒ Trauma, or isolated nerve
ƒ A-fib/flutter ƒ Paresthesias dysfunction (radial nerve
ƒ HTN; diabetes, smoking ƒ Loss of balance or coordination(ataxia) palsy)
ƒ High cholesterol, obesity ƒ Cranial nerve deficits (pupil changes/gaze
ƒ Seizure palsy; double vision or visual field deficit;
ƒ Bleeding disorder: Sickle cell deviated uvula; hoarse voice)
disease, hemophilia ƒ C/O headache, nuchal rigidity (stiff neck),
ƒ Headaches vertigo/dizziness, N / V, photophobia (light
ƒ Medications (blood thinners) sensitivity), seizure activity

Treat with the same urgency as AMI or major trauma

1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ GCS 8 or less: Assess need for DAI w/ Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg IVP premed.
Ŷ Oxygen if SpO2 < 92% or O2 sat unknown
Ŷ Seizure/vomiting precautions; suction only as needed.
Ŷ Maintain head/neck in neutral alignment; do not use pillows.
Ŷ Aspiration precautions: If BP > 110: Elevate head of bed 10° - 15°.
Ŷ IV not necessary at scene unless seizure activity or hypoglycemia. Avoid excessive fluid loading.
Ŷ Repeat VS frequently & after each intervention. Anticipate hypertension & bradycardia due to ICP.
Ŷ Do NOT give atropine for bradycardia if systolic BP is above 90.
Ŷ Provide comfort and reassurance; establish means of communicating with aphasic patients.
Ŷ Limit activity; do not allow pt to walk; protect limbs from injury.
2. If AMS, seizure activity, or neurologic deficit: Obtain and record blood glucose level per System procedure
(capillary and/or venous sample).
Ŷ If < 70 or low reading: DEXTROSE / Glucagon per hypoglycemia SOP
3 Convulsive activity present:
VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN, 5 mg single dose IM) up to 10 mg
to stop seizures. May repeat to a total of 20 mg if BP > 90.
4. Observe and record the following if seizure activity is present:
Ŷ Presence of aura
Ŷ Focus of origin: one limb or whole body
Ŷ Simple or complex (conscious or loss of consciousness)
Ŷ Partial/generalized
Ŷ Progression and duration of seizure activity
Ŷ Eye deviation prior to or during seizure
Ŷ Abnormal behaviors (lip smacking)
Ŷ Incontinence or oral trauma
Ŷ Duration and degree of postictal confusion

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 33

 INITIAL TRAUMA CARE (ITC)
SCENE SIZE UP
Ŷ Assess scene safety: control and correct hazards
Ŷ Attempt to preserve integrity of possible crime scene evidence
Ŷ Determine mechanism of injury (MOI)
Ŷ Determine total # of patients; call for help if needed; begin triage; activate multiple patient/MCI plans if needed
Ŷ Take  essential  equipment  to  patient:  spine  board  with  immobilization  devices/straps;;  airway  &  O 2  equipment;;  trauma  supplies;;  PPE/BSI  as                  
                   needed

INITIAL (Primary) ASSESSMENT

1. General impression: Overall look while approaching patient(s); determine age, sex
2. Determine if immediate life threat exists
3. Level of consciousness: AVPU or GCS
4. AIRWAY/SPINE: Open/maintain using appropriate spine precautions
Ŷ Establish/maintain a patent airway using appropriate positioning, suctioning, and airway adjuncts
Ŷ Helmet removal per system policy
Ŷ Once airway controlled: Apply appropriate size c-collar + spine motion restriction if indicated
5. BREATHING/Oxygenation: General respiratory rate, quality, depth; SpO 2
Ŷ Oxygen 4-6 L/NC: Adequate rate/depth; minimal distress
Ŷ Oxygen 12-15 L/NRM: Adequate rate/depth: moderate/severe distress; S&S hypoxia
Ŷ Oxygen 15 L/ BVM: Inadequate  rate/depth:  mod/severe  distress;;  unstable: Ventilate adults at 10-12
BPM
Ŷ If tension/open pneumothorax or flail chest Chest Trauma SOP
6. CIRCULATION/perfusion:
Compare  radial/carotid  pulses  for  presence,  general  rate,  quality,  regularity,  &  equality;;  assess  skin  color,  temperature,  mo isture  
Ŷ No carotid pulse: CPR Traumatic Arrest SOP
Ŷ Monitor ECG if actual or potential cardiorespiratory compromise
Ŷ Assess type, amount, source(s) and rate of bleeding; hemorrhage control
ƒ Direct pressure; pressure dressings;
ƒ Pelvic/ fx: Wrap w/ sheet; PASG if available
Ŷ Vascular access: Indicated for volume replacement and/or IV meds prior to hospital arrival
ƒ IV/IO of 0.9% NS (warm if possible); Base catheter size and infusion rate on pt's size &
hemodynamic status or as specified by SOP/medical control. If in shock: 14-16 g.
ƒ Penetrating trauma to torso: Fluids just to maintain SBP of 80
ƒ Blunt trauma: Fluids just to maintain SBP of 90 unless head trauma.
ƒ Do not delay transport in time-sensitive patients to establish vascular access on scene.
ƒ Peripheral IV may be attempted enroute; IO should be attained while stationary.
ƒ Limit 2 attempts/route unless situation demands or authorized by medical control to continue.
7. Rapid neuro assessment for disability: GCS; pupils; ability to move all four extremities.
If AMS: blood glucose per System procedure. If < 70: Treat per Hypoglycemia SOP.
8. Pain mgt  %3•FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total of 2 mcg/kg (max 200 mcg).
9. Expose/environment: Undress to assess as appropriate. Keep patient warm.

TRANSPORT DECISION
Ŷ Level I or II trauma center patients are time -sensitive. Attempt to keep scene times 10 minutes or less.
Document reasons for scene times longer than 10 minutes.
Ŷ Transport to nearest appropriate hospital per Region tri age criteria or on-line medical control orders.
Ŷ Scene use of helicopter based on System Guidelines.

SECONDARY Assessment (Focused history and physical exam) S ignificant mechanism of injury?
NO: Focused assessment specific to chief complaint/injury (OPQRST); baseline VS; SAMPLE history; transport
YES: Continue stabilization of the spine, rapid trauma assessment:
Ŷ Assess all body systems for DCAP-BLS; TIC; PMS
Ŷ Obtain baseline vital signs; obtain SAMPLE history; have patient rate pain 0-10

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 34

 ITC: Detailed (Secondary) Assessment

1. Responsive?
YES Use components of the secondary assessment to gather information as appropriate
NO: Inspect, palpate each body area for DCAP-BLS, TIC, PMS as appropriate, PLUS:
Ŷ HEAD, FACE, EYES, EARS, NOSE, MOUTH: Note any drainage; reinspect pupils for size, shape, equality, and
reactivity; conjugate movements; gaze palsies; note gross visual acuity.
Ŷ NECK: Carotid pulses, neck veins, sub-q emphysema, and cervical spines
May need to temporarily remove anterior aspect of c-collar to re-assess neck.
Ŷ CHEST: Auscultate breath/heart sounds.
Ŷ ABDOMEN: Signs of injury/peritonitis by quadrant. Note contour, visible pulsations, wounds/bruising patterns, pain
referral sites, localized tenderness, guarding, and rigidity.
Ŷ PELVIS/G.U.: Inspect perineum.
Ŷ EXTREMITIES: Inspect for position, false motion, skin color, and signs of injury.
Ŷ BACK: Note any muscle spasms.
Ŷ SKIN/SOFT TISSUE: Inspect/palpate for color, temperature, moisture; sub-q emphysema.
2. Reassess VS at least q. 15 minutes in stable and more frequently in unstable patients as able.
3. Report significant positive/negative signs as able; include any major changes from initial assessment.
4. Perform on-going assessment enroute.
5. Document Revised Trauma Score parameters on patient care report.

Spontaneous 4
To voice 3
EYE OPENING
ADULT To pain 2
GLASGOW None 1
COMA Oriented & converses 5
SCORE
Confused speech 4
VERBAL RESPONSE Inappropriate words 3
(3-15)
Incomprehensible sounds 2
None 1
Obeys commands 6 Total GCS
Localizes pain 5
Withdraws to pain 4
MOTOR RESPONSE
Abnormal flexion 3
Abnormal extension 2
None 1
GCS 13-15 4
GCS 9-12 3
ADULT REVISED Glasgow Coma Score
GCS 6-8 2
TRAUMA SCORE Conversion Points
GCS 4-5 1
GCS 3 0
(0-12) 10-29 4
30 or above 3
Respiratory Rate 6-9 2
1-5 1
0 0
90 or above 4 Total RTS
76-89 3
Systolic BP 50-75 2
1-49 1
0 0

Trauma Triage and Transport Criteria

Hemodynamic instability: Sustained hypotension - BP < 90 on two consecutive measurements, 5 minutes apart.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 35

When  local  ordinances  mitigate  against  using  triage  &  transport  criteria  specified  by  Region  IX,  EMS  personnel  should  contact  OLMC  for  orders.  
When  a  pt  meeting  Level  I  criteria  is  farther  than  30  minutes  from  a  Level  I  TC,  the  pt  may  be  taken  to  a  closer  Level  II  for  initial  stabilization.    
When  a  pt  meeting  criteria  for  transport  to  a  TC  is  farther  than  30  min  from  a  Level  I  or  II  Center,  the  pt  may  be  taken  to  a  closer  non-­trauma  center  for  rapid  
stabilization  or  assess  need  for  aeromedical  transport.  

Step 1 Nearest hospital

Nearest Trauma Center Trauma or non-
Physiologic criteria Level I Trauma Center Level I or II trauma center
Traumatic arrest
Glasgow Coma Score 13 or less (Assoc w/ head trauma) 14 - 15 14 - 15
Systolic BP < 90 (adults & children) 90 or above
Respiratory rate < 10 or > 29 (<20 infant < one yr) 10 ± 29 (20 or more in infant)
Step 2: Anatomic Criteria
Penetrating head or neck trauma
Head/neck trauma Open or depressed skull fx
Blunt head trauma: GCS 13 or less Blunt w/ GCS 14-15 Blunt w/ GCS 14 - 15
Paralysis Suspected isolated SCI;
Spinal cord injury
Penetrating SCI hemodynamically stable
All penetrating or blunt w/
Chest/back
hemodynamic instability Blunt and hemodynamically stable
Tension pneumothorax or flail chest
All penetrating or blunt w/
Abdomen/Groin/Pelvis Blunt and hemodynamically stable
hemodynamic instability
2  or  more  proximal  long  bone  Fx;;  unstable  
Penetrating  trauma  proximal  to  elbow/knee   2 or more long bones injured;
Crushed, degloved or mangled Single  long  bone  injury  and  
Extremities/Vascular hemodynamically stable
extremity hemodynamically  stable  
Penetrating  trauma  distal  to  elbow/knee  
Amputation proximal to wrist or ankle
may also go to ABMC

Step 3: NO physiologic or anatomic criteria above, but MOI below , transport to closest appropriate trauma center Level I or II
ƒ Falls: adult 20 ft (one story = 10 ft); Children aged < 15 years: > 10 ft or 2-3 times their height.  
Elderly pts injured from same level fall (trip/slip/stumble) w/ TBI have a significantly greater mortality.  
High risk auto crash
ƒ Intrusion > 12 in. occupant site or > 18 in any site ‡(MHFWHGSDUWLDORUFRPSOHWHIURPDXWRPRELOe
ƒ Death in same passenger compartment ‡9HKLFOHWHOHPHWU\GDWDFRQVLVWHQWZLWKKLJKULVNRILQMXU\
ƒ Auto v. pedestrian/bicyclist thrown, run over, or with significant (> 20 mph) impact  
Elderly pedestrians struck by MV have more than double mortality rate (16.6% v. 7.4%).
Motorcycle crash  > 20 mph  

Step 4: Special pt considerations: Contact OLMC and consider transport to a trauma center or specialty center
Age: Caveats in elderly: Children age < 15 yrs who meet criteria of steps 1
ƒ Adults  >  55:    risk  of  injury  &  death  increases  after  age  55     through 3 above should be triaged preferentially to pediatric-
ƒ Mortality  for  older  pts  w/  SBP  <100  -­  =  adults  w/  SBP  <90.   capable trauma centers if one is available.
Anticoagulation and bleeding disorders: Patients taking warfarin, aspirin, etc.
Burns (severe):  Without  trauma  mechanism:  consider  triage  to  burn  center;;  mild  to  moderate  and/or  with  trauma  mechanism:  triage  to  trauma  center
Time-sensitive extremity injury: Open fx or fx with neurovascular compromise
End state renal disease requiring dialysis (may be coagulopathic & at increased risk of hemorrhage)
Pregnancy: Fetal gestational age > 20 weeks (fundus level with navel or above) even if they lack criteria of Steps 1 thru 3
above.
EMS provider judgment

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 36

 HYPOVOLEMIC / HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK
Definition:
Ŷ Class I - IV hemorrhage/acute volume loss
Ŷ S&S: Sustained RR 20; sustained P 100 (unless elderly, paced rhythm, or on Ca/beta blockers/digitalis);
altered mental status (including anxiety/agitation); cool, moist, pale skin; narrowed pulse pressure.
SBP may be above 100 (compensated shock) or below 100 (uncompensated shock).
Ŷ This presentation in a trauma patient is almost always associated with internal or external bleeding/volume loss
that requires definitive treatment at a Level I or II Trauma Center.

1. If MVC and still in vehicle: Rapid extrication

2. ITC: Time-sensitive patient
Ŷ Use central sensor for SpO2 if available if pt has poor peripheral perfusion (cold hands)
Ŷ Vascular access: Indicated for volume replacement and/or IV meds prior to hospital arrival.
IV/IO of NS - catheter size and infusion rate determined by patient's size and hemodynamic status or as
specified by SOP/medical control. If volume resuscitation needed: 14-16 g.
Penetrating trauma to torso: Fluids just to maintain SBP of 80
Blunt trauma: 200 mL fluid challenges just to maintain SBP of 90.
3. Assess and treat specific injuries per appropriate SOP.

Note: For alternative etiologies of shock, see the following:

Ŷ Anaphylactic shock
Ŷ Cardiogenic shock
Ŷ Neurogenic shock
Septic shock: IV NS fluid challenges in 200 mL increments to achieve hemodynamic stability

Classifications of hypovolemic shock

Compensated Uncompensated
S&S
I II III IV
Blood loss 10-15% 20-30% 30-40% 40-50%
Restless, confused, Confused, lethargic,
Mental status WNL-mild anxiety Anxious, restless
agitated comatose
Skin Pale Pale, diaphoretic Pale, diaphoretic, cool Pale, diaphoretic, cold
HR WNL, slight increase 100-120 >120 (>140) Variable
RR WNL 20-30 30-40 > 35
Pulse pressure WNL Narrowed Narrowed Narrowed (10 mmHg)
SBP WNL • <100 < 60

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 37

 TRAUMATIC ARREST

Definition: Trauma patient found with no observable/palpable vital signs who does not meet criteria for Triple Zero or
non-initiation of CPR policies.

1. ITC special considerations:

Ŷ Rapid scene size up and initial assessment to find possible cause(s) of arrest
Ŷ Spine motion restriction if indicated; access airway; O 2 15 L/BVM at 10-12 BPM prior to advanced airway
placement; CPR
Ŷ If possible chest injury: Bilateral needle pleural decompression
Ŷ Monitor ECG: Treat per appropriate SOP
Ŷ Transport to nearest hospital
2. Complete ITC ENROUTE as time and number of personnel permits:
Ŷ Vascular access Large bore (14/16 gauge) IV if veins appear accessible/IO
Do not delay transport attempting to start IV on scene.
If IV established: Consecutive 200 mL fluid challenges to achieve SPB of 90.
3. Patients with penetrating trauma found in cardiac arrest with a transport time to an ED or trauma center of more
than 15 minutes after the arrest is identified may be considered nonsalvageable, and termination of resuscitation
should be considered.
4. Patients who are victims of drowning, lightening strike and hypothermia deserve special consideration as they may
have an altered prognosis.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 38

 HEAD TRAUMA
Level I TC transport: GCS: 13 or less; penetrating head or neck trauma; open or depressed skull fx
Level II TC transport: GCS 14-15; blunt head injury

1. ITC special considerations:

Ŷ Assume spine injury in all head trauma patients w/ AMS; apply spine motion restriction.
Ŷ If GCS 8 or less: Assess need for intubation (DAI) p. 8; Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg premed.
Ŷ O2 12-15 L/NRM or BVM at 10-12 breaths/min.
Ŷ Vomiting precautions. Limit suction to 10 seconds; oxygenate before & after procedure.
Ŷ 12-lead ECG if dysrhythmia present: PACs, SB, SVT, PVCs, VT, Torsades, & VF.
SAH.  Pathological  Q  waves,  ST  elevation  or  depression;;  prolonged  QTc,  wide,  large  &  deeply  inverted  (neurogenic  or  cerebral)  T  
waves;;  prominent  U  waves  >  1  mm  amplitude  common  causing  incorrect  suspicion  of  myocardial  ischemia.  
Ŷ Attempt to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP):
ƒ If GCS 8 or less: Keep head of bed flat.
ƒ IV NS fluid challenges in 200 mL increments to maintain 6%3•
Ŷ AMS: Obtain and record blood glucose level per System procedure (capillary and/or venous sample).
If < 70: treat per Hypoglycemia SOP p. 21.
2. Neuro exam: Establish patient reliability for neuro exam
Ŷ Patient must appear calm, cooperative, alert, and perform cognitive functions appropriately.
NO acute stress reaction, AMS, chemical impairment causing altered decisional capacity, distracting
injuries, or communication problems.
Ŷ Reassess at least q. 15 minutes as able:
- Mental status (arousal, orientation, memory); GCS
- Pupil size, shape, equality, reactivity; gaze palsy
- Respiratory rate/pattern/depth
- Pulse pressure
- Motor/sensory integrity/deficits in all extremities
3. If combative/nonresponsive to verbal efforts to calm them or uncooperative in remaining still:
Ŷ Restrain as necessary per system policy. Document reasons for use.
Ŷ Assess need for sedation: VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg
IN 5 mg single dose IM) up to 10 mg. May  repeat  to  a  max  of  20  mg  for  extremely combative pts if BP > 90.
4. Convulsive activity present:
VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN; 5 mg single dose IM) up to 10 mg
to stop seizures. May repeat to a total of 20 mg if BP > 90.

INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE Ĺ6\VWROLF%3EUDG\FDUGLDVHYHUHKHDGDFKHDEQRUPDOUHVSLUDWRU\SDWWHUQ

vomiting, altered mental status, and/or abnormal motor/sensory/pupil exams
ITC special considerations:
Ŷ Maintain supine position
Ŷ Assess SpO2; O2 12-15 L/NRM or BVM at 10-12 BPM.
Ŷ Assess for signs of brain shift: dilated, nonreactive pupil(s); motor deficit; GCS drops by 2 or more points.
If present: Seek  medical  control  order  for  limited  hyperventilation:  20  BPM.  
Ŷ NO atropine if bradycardic and BP 90 or above.

BASILAR SKULL FRACTURE:

Telecanthus, periorbital bruising ("Raccoon sign"), rhinorrhea, hearing deficit, facial droop, otorrhea, or "Battle sign"
Ŷ Do NOT place anything into the nose or ear; do not let patient blow their nose.
Ŷ CSF rhinorrhea or otorrhea: Apply 4X4 to collect drainage. Do not attempt to stop drainage.

SPINE TRAUMA

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 39

 Definition of complete spine motion restriction:
Manual stabilization of the head and neck in an eyes forward position unless pain/resistance to movement is encountered,
followed by the application of an appropriately sized rigid cervical collar (unless contraindicated); axial alignment of the
head and torso splinted to a full spine board using head blocks or towel rolls to limit lateral head movement, forehead
straps or tape to limit neck flexion; and backboard straps or cravats to secure the patient to the board (shim sides of
patient if necessary).

1. ITC special considerations:

Ŷ Frequently reassess airway/ventilations, ability to talk; muscles used to breathe
Ŷ Prepare to intubate (DAI) if respiratory rate/depth diminishes & ventilatory failure imminent/present
Ŷ Assess for neurogenic shock (bradycardia/hypotension); protect paralyzed limbs
2. Evaluate mechanism of injury as positive, uncertain, or negative. (See notes next page)
3. Establish patient reliability for neuro exam
Ŷ Must appear calm, cooperative, alert and perform cognitive functions appropriately
Ŷ Must be NO altered mental status, acute stress reaction, brain injury, chemical impairment w/ altered
decisional capacity, distracting painful injuries, language or communication barriers.
4. Complete rapid neuro exam for evidence suggesting spine injury. (See notes next page)
5. Spine motion restriction guidelines: See table below.
Document patient reliability, MOI and negative exam findings if no spine motion restriction is applied.
When in doubt, apply complete spine motion restriction.
6. Extrication/spine motion restriction options if indicated:
Ŷ Stable patients/scenes if seated or still in vehicle: KED or short board
Ŷ Unstable MVC or pt: Rapid extrication; if out of vehicle ± use scoop stretcher to move to BB whenever
possible
Ŷ Ambulatory: Standing back board technique
7. If combative/nonresponsive to verbal efforts to calm them or uncooperative in remaining still:
Ŷ Restrain as necessary per system policy. Document reasons for use.
Ŷ Assess need for sedation: VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg
IN 5 mg single dose IM) up to 10 mg. May  repeat  to  a  max  of  20  mg  for  extremely combative pts if BP > 90.

Mechanism of injury
NEGATIVE UNCERTAIN POSITIVE

Spine motion Assess Acute  stress  reaction  

restriction NOT RELIABILITY Altered  mental  status  
required Chemical  impairment  w/  

Immobilize
altered  decisional  capacity  
A&O  X  3   Belligerent;;  uncooperative  
Calm,  sober   Communication  problem  
Cooperative   Distracting injury
Obeys  commands  

c/o Pain? c/o neck or back pain

Denies pain

PALPATE spine Tender to palpation

No tenderness

Assess extremities for

MOTOR & SENSORY Abnormal exam

WNL

Spine motion restriction NOT required

SPINE TRAUMA cont.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 40
Positive (+) mechanisms needing full spine motion restriction:
- MVC: Intrusion > 12 in. occupant site or > 18 in any site
- Ejected (partial or complete) from automobile
- Death in same passenger compartment
- Vehicle telemetry data consistent with high risk of injury
- Falls: adult 20 ft (one story = 10 ft); elderly (all falls); Children aged < 15 years: > 10 ft or 2-3 times their height.
- Auto v. pedestrian/bicyclist thrown, run over, or with significant (> 20 mph) impact (All elderly)
- Motorcycle crash > 20 mph
- Penetrating injury to neck or near the spine
- Diving injury
Uncertain mechanisms needing evaluation of reliability + a thorough physical exam
- Moderate to low velocity MVC (< 35 mph) or patient ambulatory at the scene without evidence of + mechanism
- Falls: adult < 20 ft; children < 15 years: < 10 ft
- Auto v. pedestrian/bicyclist with possible injury (< 20 mph) impact
- Motorcycle crash < 20 mph
- Isolated minor head laceration/injury without positive mechanism for spine injury
- Syncopal event in which a now reliable patient was already seated or supine prior to the syncope
- Syncopal event in which a now reliable patient was assisted to a s upine position by a bystander
- Rollover
Negative mechanisms requiring no spine motion restriction
- Non-traumatic back pain or back spasm
- Isolated extremity trauma not involving the head or spine
Clinical exam findings suggesting positive (+) spine injury:
- Pain in neck or spine (patient complaint)
- Spine pain/tenderness/deformity to palpation
- Paralysis/paresis/abnormal motor exam (finger abduction/adduction; finger/hand extension; foot plantar flexion;
foot/great toe dorsiflexion)
- Paresthesia (upper and/or lower extremities): tingling, numbness, burning, electric shock
- Abnormal perception/response to pain stimulus (sharp/dull or deep pressure) (arms or legs)
- Head trauma with altered mental status
- Priapism
- Proprioception (position sense) deficit
- Absence of sweating below level of injury; neurogenic shock
- Head tilt and/or "Hold-up" position of arms

Helmet removal guidelines

Wearing shoulder pads? Leave in place
Need an urgent airway? No: Remove faceguard; leave helmet and shoulder pads on - immobilize spine
YES
Can airway be obtained by
removing faceguard? No: Remove helmet and should pads. Immobilize spine.
Yes: Remove faceguard; leave helmet and shoulder pads on ± immobilize spine

NEUROGENIC SHOCK: (SBP < 90; P < 60)

„ IV NS fluid challenges in consecutive 200 mL increments up to a total of 2 L to maintain SBP > 90
Repeat BP assessments after each 200 mL and reassess breath sounds
„ ATROPINE 0.5 mg rapid IV push. May repeat q. 3 minutes to a maximum of 3 mg IVP.
„ If unresponsive to fluids and Atropine:
DOPAMINE IVPB 10 mcg/kg/min (pressor dose); titrate up to 20 mcg/kg/min to maintain SBP > 90

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 41

 CHEST TRAUMA
1. ITC
Level I destination if transport time 30 minutes or less:
Ŷ All penetrating or blunt chest trauma with hemodynamic instability
Ŷ Tension pneumothorax or flail chest
Nearest trauma center: Level I or II transport:
Ŷ Blunt chest trauma & hemodynamically stable

TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
Extreme dyspnea, unilateral absence of breath sounds, BP < 90; JVD, resistance to BVM ventilations, airway
resistance, subcutaneous emphysema
2. Needle pleural decompression on affected side while on scene.
Frequently reassess catheter patency. May need to repeat procedure with additional needle.
3. Continue ITC enroute; implement other protocols as required.
4. Monitor for PEA: Treat per SOP.

OPEN PNEUMOTHORAX (Sucking chest wound)

2. Convert open pneumothorax to closed by applying an occlusive dressing.
Ŷ Ask a cooperative patient to maximally exhale or cough.
Ŷ Immediately apply occlusive dressing (Vaseline gauze or defib pad).
Ŷ If Vaseline gauze used, may tape on 3 sides to create flutter valve.
3. Monitor VS, ventilatory/circulatory status, jugular veins after application of occlusive dressing.
4. Continue ITC enroute; implement other protocols as required.
5. If S&S tension pneumothorax: Temporarily lift side of dressing to allow air release. Recover wound.
Assess need for needle pleural decompression if no improvement following removal of dressing.

FLAIL CHEST (May or may not have paradoxical chest movement; anticipate pulmonary contusion ± SpO2 < 90%)
2. If ventilatory distress with adequate ventilatory effort: consider early trial of C-PAP
Start with 5 cm PEEP.
May increase to PEEP of 10 cm.
If SBP falls under 90: Remove C-PAP.
3. If ventilatory failure or persistent hypoxia despite above: intubate (DAI) & ventilate w/ 15L O2/BVM at 10-12 BPM.
4. Monitor for tension pneumothorax; prepare to perform needle pleural decompression.
5. Assess need for pain management per ITC. Titrate carefully to preserve ventilations/BP.

PERICARDIAL TAMPONADE
BP < 90 (narrowed pulse pressure); JVD; muffled heart tones. Breath sounds are usually present bilaterally.
2. NS IV wide open up to 2 L while enroute. Additional fluids per medical control.
3. Monitor for PEA: Treat per SOP.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 42

 EYE Emergencies
General approach:
1. ITC special considerations:
Ŷ Quickly obtain gross visual acuity in each eye: light perception/motion/read name badge
Ŷ Assess pain on scale of 0-10
Ŷ Assess cornea, conjunctiva, sclera for injury, tearing, foreign body, spasm of lids
Ŷ Discourage patient from sneezing, coughing, straining, or bending at waist
Ŷ Vomiting precautions
Ŷ Remove and secure contact lenses for transport with patient
2. Severe pain when unrelieved by Tetracaine or Tetracaine is contraindicated.
FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total of 2 mcg/kg (max 200 mcg).

CHEMICAL SPLASH / BURN: TRUE EMERGENCY

Chemicals  may  be  acid,  alkali,  irritant,  detergent,  or  radioactive  in  nature  and  may  be  in  the  form  of  vapor,  dust,  particles  or  liquid.  Irr itants  and  detergents  
may  not  produce  burns,  but  can  damage  eyes  by  inflammation  or  drawing  water  into  the  tissues.  
3. TETRACAINE 0.5% 1 gtt. each affected eye. Repeat prn.
4. Irrigate affected eye(s) using copious amounts of NS or any other non-toxic liquid immediately available.
Do not contaminate the uninjured eye during irrigation. Continue irrigation while enroute to the hospital.

CORNEAL ABRASIONS: Observe for profuse tearing, severe pain, redness, spasm of eye lid
3. No signs of penetrating injury: TETRACAINE 0.5% 1 gtt. each affected eye. Repeat prn.
4. (OHYDWHKHDGRIVWUHWFKHUÛ

PENETRATING INJURY/RUPTURED GLOBE

S&S: Peaked pupil, excessive edema of conjunctiva (chemosis), subconjunctival hemorrhage, blood in anterior chamber
(hyphema), defect on sclera or cornea (vitreous humor or black defect), foreign body/impaled object
3. DO NOT remove impaled objects, irrigate eye, instill tetracaine, or apply any pressure to eye.
4. Cover with protective shield or paper cup; do not patch eye directly or pad under metal shield.
5. Elevate head of stretcher Û

CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION

TRUE EMERGENCY: Sudden, non-traumatic, painless loss of vision in one eye.
If vision loss occurred within past 3 hours:
3. Time-sensitive patient
4. Have patient rebreathe CO2 using oxygen mask at 4-5 L O2.
5. Monitor ECG: Close affected eye and massage globe with gentle pressure.
Alternate between 10 seconds of pressure and 10 seconds release while enroute.
6. NTG 0.4 mg SL

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 43

 MUSCULO-SKELETAL Trauma
1. ITC special considerations:
Ŷ Assess pain (0-10), paralysis, paresthesias, pulse, pressure & pallor before & after splinting.
Ŷ Analgesia: Hemodynamically stable, isolated MS trauma, no contraindications (drug allergy, AMS):
ƒ NITROUS OXIDE if available. Contraindicated for pregnant females.
ƒ FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC.  May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg  q.  5  min  up  to  a  total  of  2  mcg/kg  (max  200  mcg).  
Ŷ Long bone fx w/ severe pain and muscle spasm : Analgesia as above plus:
VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every  30-­60  sec IVP  (0.2  mg/kg  IN,  5  mg  single  dose  IM) up to 10 mg.
May repeat to a total of 20 mg if BP > 90.
Ŷ Multiple trauma patients: Point of contact care restricted to airway access, spine immobilization, O 2, &
hemorrhage control. Attempt all other interventions enroute.
2. Align injured extremity unless open fracture, resistance, or extreme pain
3. Immobilize/splint per procedure
If pulses lost after applying a traction splint: Do not release traction. Notify OLMC.
4. Acute injury: Apply cold pack over injury site. Elevate extremity after splinting unless contraindicated.

AMPUTATION / DEGLOVING INJURIES:

Life-saving procedures always take priority over management of severed part.
Transport amputations above the wrist or ankle to a replantation center if ground transport times are less than 25 minutes.
5. Amputation incomplete: Hemorrhage control per ITC; splint as necessary.
6. Uncontrolled bleeding: Hemorrhage control per ITC.
Note time tourniquet is applied. DO NOT release once it has been applied.
7. Care of amputated parts:
Ŷ Attempt to locate all severed parts.
Ŷ Gently remove gross debris but do not remove any tissue; do not irrigate.
Ŷ Wrap in saline-moistened gauze, towel, or sheet. Do NOT immerse directly in water or saline.
Ŷ Place in water-proof container and seal.
Ŷ Surround container with cold packs or place in second container filled with ice or cold water.
Ŷ Avoid overcooling or freezing the tissue.

CRUSH SYNDROME: Compression of a muscle mass (w/ distal pulses present) 4 hrs or more (2 hours w/
hypothermia)
5. ITC special considerations:
Ŷ Start IV NS TKO prior to compression release.
Run wide open upon release. Use 200 mL fluid challenges in elderly ± monitor for fluid overload.
Ŷ Add 1 amp SODIUM BICARBONATE to the 2 nd 1000 mL IV NS; run at 500 mL/hr.
Ŷ Obtain baseline ECG before release if possible.
Ŷ Do not apply PASG.
6. ,I3!UHVWOHVVĹ55ZLGH456ORQJ35LQWHUYDORUSHDNHG7ZDYHVDIWHUDERYH
IV NS up to total of 3 L over 1st 90 minutes following release of compression unless contraindicated.
(Ensure clear lung sounds, no shortness of breath)
7. Assess for compartment syndrome: If present do not elevate or cool limb.

IMPALED OBJECTS:
5. Never remove an impaled object unless it is through the cheek and poses an airway impairment, and/or it would
interfere with rescue breathing, chest compressions, or transport.
6. Stabilize object with bulky dressings; insert gauze rolls into the mouth to absorb excess blood.
7. Elevate extremity with impaled object if possible.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 44

 BURNS
1. ITC special considerations:
Ŷ Stop the burning process/further injury: Remove victim from source.
Ŷ Keep burn as clean as possible; wear gloves and mask until burns are covered.
Ŷ Assess need for DAI: Severe respiratory distress; acute airway edema; severe inhalat ion injury; associated
neck trauma; associated significant chest wall injury.
Ŷ IV NS 14-16 g. May start through burned tissue if no other access sites.
Run wide open up to 1 L until medical control calculates fluid needs based on burn formula.
Ŷ Pain mgt if SBP > 90: FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg.  May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg)
IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total of 2 mcg/kg (max 200 mcg).
Ŷ Assess depth: Superficial, partial thickness, or full thickness
Ŷ Assess extent (% BSA): Rule of 9s or Rule of Palms
Ŷ Obtain history: Circumstances of injury; co-morbid factors (preexisting illness, meds, Hx of drug/alcohol use,
history of enclosed space fire)
Ŷ Assess for and treat associated injuries

THERMAL
2. Remove clothing, jewelry, shoes. Do not pull away clothing stuck to skin.
3. WOUND CARE
Ŷ Cool with water or saline for one minute; do not overcool or use ice.
Ŷ Cover with dry sterile dressings.
Ŷ Do not break blisters, debride skin, or apply ointments.
4. Open burn sheet/pads on stretcher before placing patient for transport.
Cover patient with clean dry sheet and blanket to maintain body warmth.

INHALATION
2. Assess for stridor, wheezing, carbonaceous (black) sputum, cough, hoarseness, singed nasal or facial hair,
dyspnea, burns, edema or inflammatory change in oral pharynx/upper airway.
3. Assess need for DAI.
4. Consider presence of CO and/or cyanide poisoning and treat per appropriate SOP.

ELECTRICAL / LIGHTNING
2. Shut off/remove electrical source; assess for entrance/exit wounds.
3. ECG monitor: Treat dysrhythmias per appropriate SOP.
4. Spine motion restriction if fall, loss of consciousness, or seizure.
5. Apply dry, sterile dressings. No cooling necessary unless an associated thermal burn.
6. Assess/note neurovascular function of all extremities.

CHEMICAL
2. Avoid self-injury; haz mat precautions. Remove contaminated clothing.
3. Irrigate burn with copious amounts of water or saline unless contraindicated, i.e., sulfuric acid, sodium metals, dry
chemicals (especially alkalines).
If powdered/dry agent, brush away excess before irrigating.
4. If burn occurred in an industrial setting: bring in MSD sheets if possible.
5. Early notice to receiving hospital if decontamination is needed.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 45

 MULTIPLE PATIENT INCIDENTS

A multiple patient incident exists when:

Ŷ responding EMS personnel can mitigate life-threats using standard operating procedures, and
Ŷ the responding EMS agency is able to acquire adequate numbers of responders and ambulances to provide normal
levels of care and transportation; and
the hospitals that can be reached within the normally accepted patient -transport time can provide adequate patient
stabilization until definitive care can be provided. This may require receiving hospitals to activate their internal
disaster plans, even though it is not necessary to invoke the mass casualty response in the field.
Practical application:
- No triage tags necessary (but may be used) - Radio reports to be called to hospital as usual
- Ambulance transport as usual - Run reports to be completed as usual

1. First EMS unit on scene:

Ŷ One member begins scene size up and calls for additional resources
Ŷ Other member(s) begin(s) primary triage using the SMART or JUMPSTART triage processes
Ŷ Make initial contact with the closest hospital and report the nature of the incident and potential number of
victims
2. Scene command decision: Begin transport of 2 of the most critical (red) pts. to each of the nearest hospitals
(adhering to trauma triage criteria for Level I and II transports) to help clear the scene Transporting EMS personnel
shall contact the receiving hospital for on-line medical control if a System hospital. If transporting to a non-system
hospital, contact the nearest System hospital for OLMC.
3. Remaining patient disposition: Joint decision with medical control: When the # of ill or injured persons
exceeds the transport of 2 (of the most critical) pts to each of the nearest hospitals, contact the System Resource
Hospital to coordinate remaining patient distribution. Inform them about the nature of the incident, the number of
patients and their acuity levels.
Ŷ The Hospital will assess receiving hospital status & relay receiving availability to scene.
Ŷ Make all attempts to evenly distribute remaining patients to local hospitals ± do not overburden one facility.
Ŷ While it is preferable to keep families together, it is not always in the best interest of patient care to do so.
Ŷ The hospitals will consider time of day, hospital resources available, patient acuity and trauma triage criteria in
determining patient destinations.
Ŷ Follow local System policy regarding contact of EMS MD and/or EMSC.
4. Complete a patient care report on each patient transported.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 46

 MASS CASUALTY INCIDENTS/DISASTERS
MCIs in Region IX are governed by MABAS Divisions and County or System Mass Casualty Plans. Roles will vary.
It is recommended that at least the following are designated for EMS purposes: Triage, Treatment, &Transportation groups.

A mass casualty incident exists when the:

Ŷ # of pts and the nature of their injuries make the normal level of stabilization and care unachievable; and/or
Ŷ resources that can be brought to the field within primary and secondary response times is insufficient to manage the
scene under normal operating procedures and/or
Ŷ stabilization capabilities of area hospitals are insufficient to handle all the patients.
Practical application:
- Triage tags are to be used on all patients - No radio reports to hospitals; treat per SOPs
- May transport more than one pt in each ambulance - No individual run reports necessary

1. First EMS unit on scene establishes temporary scene command

Ŷ One responder begins scene size up and calls for additional resources
Ŷ Other responder(s) begin(s) primary triage using START or Jump START triage and SMART tag systems
2. Scene command/ Joint decisions with medical control:
Ŷ Call Resource Hospital from scene. Relay nature of incident; # victims; general acuity; age groups, special
needs & ETA. Maintain communications with hospital once establis hed if possible. If impossible to maintain
communications, get a call back number/give a call back number.
Ŷ Transport 2 of the most critical (red) pts. to each of the nearest hospitals to help clear the scene
Ŷ Resource Hospital shall assess receiving hospital status & relay receiving availability to scene.
Ŷ Transportation officer should determine hospital destinations based on time of day, hospital resources available,
and patient acuity.
ƒ Make  all  attempts  to  evenly  distribute  remaining  patients  to  area  hospitals  ±  do  not  overburden  one  facility.    
ƒ This may mean transports of longer than 25 minutes depending on patient volume.
ƒ Preferable, but not necessary, to keep families together.
Ŷ Trauma triage criteria to Level I & Level II TCs no longer apply.
3. Depending on the nature and magnitude of an incident, the EMS MD or designee or State Medical Director may
suspend all EMS operations as usual and direct that all care be conducted by SOP and/or using personnel and
resources as available.  

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 47

 START TRIAGE
Red - Priority 1
Respirations >30
Resp resume after head tilt
Delayed capillary refill
Pulse: radial absent/carotid present
AMS; cannot follow commands
Uncontrolled bleeding

Yellow - Priority 2
Non-ambulatory; all others:
RR <30; + radial pulse; can follow commands
Green - Priority 3
Can walk
Direct to a specific location for secondary
triage
Dead -Priority 0
No respirations after opening airway

JUMP START
Red - Priority 1
Respirations < 15 or >45
Apneic & breathes after opening airway
Breathes after 5 rescue breaths
No pulse w/ RR 15-45
Unresponsive / Inap. pain response
Uncontrolled bleeding
Yellow - Priority 2
&DQ¶WZDON55-SXOVH³$´³9´RU³3´-
appropriate pain response

Green - Priority 3
Can walk
Infants  m ay  appear  to  have  no  m ajor  injuries  
Direct  to  a  specific  location  for  secondary  triage  

Black - Priority 0
No breathing after airway opened and 5
rescue breaths given
No respiration & no palpable pulse

START is only for initial triage!

ALL patients (especially those initially tagged as
Green or Yellow) MUST be re-evaluated for life
threatening injuries using Secondary triage.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 48

 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENTS
1. Scene safety:
Ŷ If hazard is suspected approach site w/ extreme caution, position personnel, vehicles, and command post
at a safe distance (200-300 ft) upwind of the site.
Ŷ Protect emergency responders: PPE including respiratory protection. Standard firefighter bunker gear with
SCBA can provide from 3-30 min of protection from nerve agents. Chemical protective clothing should be worn
when local and systemic effects of possible agents are unknown.
2. Scene size up:
Ŷ Consider dispatch information (multiple persons seizing or having difficulty breathing)
Ŷ Survey the scene. Does it look routine? Do you see anything unusual? Look for vapor clouds or mists.
Ŷ Look for an obvious area that has been impacted.
Ŷ Establish hot * warm zones & perimeters Isolate/secure the area by establishing the boundary of the
contaminated area and a non-contaminated buffer area. Consider need for immediate evacuation of downwind
populations.
Ŷ Identify the agent; gather information about the incident if possible
3. Send info
Ŷ Relay size up information to appropriate agencies and personnel ASAP.
Ŷ Consider need for assistance: notify Haz Mat teams ASAP. State & Local governmental agencies - may need
water control, natural resources and public utilities for full response.
Ŷ Activate Regional EMS Disaster plan.
4. Use National Incident Management System (NIMS): Set up the medical group
Initiate command-based decisions regarding the need for additional EMS personnel and patient triage.
5. Start triage
Ŷ Prepare personnel and equipment for entry into the contaminated area
Ŷ If possible radiation: Enter contamination zone using a radiation detector (alpha, beta gamma), survey meter,
and pencil or thermo luminescent dosimeters if immediately available to measure radiation levels.
Ŷ Triage as soon as feasible, knowing that decon may need to be in place first.
6. Treatment
Ŷ Rescue victims if possible; provide life-saving care in the hot zone and move pts to the warm zone for further
treatment and monitoring. Treat all patients as contaminated until proven otherwise.
Ŷ ITC: Counter poisons w/antidotes & supportive care; follow appropriate SOP if time and personnel allows.
If possible nerve gas incident: See CHEMICAL EXPOSURE SOP.
Ŷ If dermal chemical exposure: Determine decontamination needs: establish decon area; avoid cross -
contamination; decontaminate pts/rescuers with soap & water or a 10:1 solution of water to bleach.
Ŷ Cover open wounds with dressings and roller bandage. Do not use tape.
7. Contact medical control: If mass casualty incident: Inform the Resource Hospital ASAP of the following:
Ŷ Location of incident and number of victims
Ŷ Medical status of victims if known
Ŷ Source and nature of contamination/exposure
Ŷ Route of contamination: external or internal (ingestion/inhalation)
Ŷ Need for decontamination at hospitals
8. Confine contamination for transport:
Ŷ Confine radiologic contamination. Transport contaminated victims by positioning a clean stretcher on the clean
side of the control line with a clean sheet to receive and cover the victim. Tuck the clean sheet around the
patient to reduce risk of contaminating the ambulance.
Ŷ Rescuers should remove outer protective clothing/gloves and don clean gloves for handling patient
enroute.
Ŷ Cover floor of ambulance with a securely taped sheet or paper to possibility of contaminating
ambulance.
9. Decontamination at hospital: If radioactive exposure: Rescue personnel should be thoroughly surveyed for
contamination. Victims' clothing and rescuers' contaminated protective outer c lothing should be bagged, labeled
"Radioactive - DO NOT DISCARD", and left at the control area. Shower as appropriate under the direction of the
radiation safety officer. Lock the ambulance until it can be monitored for contamination.

If assistance is needed, 24 hour hot line numbers for radiologic exposures:

Ŷ Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REACT/TS) in Oak Ridge, TN (615) 576-3131 or

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 49

Ŷ Illinois Dept. of Nuclear Safety: (217) 785-0600

WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

CHEMICAL agents
Chemical  agents  are  released  into  the  air  as  a  vapor  or  a  liquid  form.  The  onset  of  action  or  onset  of  toxicity  can  occur  within  minutes  up  to  a  few  hours  
depending  on  the  concentration  of  the  gas.  Upon  arrival,  may  see  many  people  "down"  in  need  of  immediate  attention.  This  may  be  the  only  indication/  
sign  that  there  has  been  a  chemical  release.  Scene  safety  is  paramount.    Routes of exposure: Inhalation, absorption, ingestion.
Nerve agents: Highly poisonous chemicals that disrupt the nervous system. Can be dispersed in liquid and aerosolized
forms. G series: sarin, tabun, & soman. Act like a vapor and disperse quickly. V series: VX (more viscous).
Cholinergic S&S: Salivation/sweating, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal distress, emesis, breathing
difficulty with bronchospasm and copious secretions, arrhythmias, miosis (pinpoint pupils) resulting in blurred vision,
headache, unexplained runny nose, chest tightness, jerking, twitching, staggering, seizures, coma, apnea, death
S&S vesicants (blistering agents), e.g., mustard gas: Garlic odor, erythema (reddened skin), blistering w/in 2 hrs of vapor
exposure, tearing, itching, CNS effects (lethargy, sluggishness, apathy), respiratory failure.

All patients require O2 15 L/NRM ASAP. As soon as adequate equipment and personnel allow: waveform capnography (if
available), SpO2 & ECG monitoring, & vascular access as able.
Use of antidotes for NERVE AGENT exposures
Ŷ Mark I kits and/or DuoDote Auto-Injectors are not to be used for prophylaxis. May  be  given  by  any  first  responding  personnel.  
Ŷ Use when first responders are exposed to nerve agents and have S&S of nerve agent or organophosphate exposure, or
when they are treating victims of a severe exposure in the hot zone. Contact Resource Hospital for antidote
supplies:
Ŷ When a nerve agent has been ingested, exposure may continue for some time due to slow absorption from the lower
bowel and fatal relapses have been reported after initial improvement. Continue monitoring and transport.

Hot zone severe exposures

Adult/Children > 14 years:
Mark I kit or DuoDote Auto-injector 1 dose; Children < 14 yrs (<50 kg): Remove to warm zone
tag pt. to note dose; remove ASAP to warm zone.
Antidotes given in warm zone based on age & severity of exposure (IDPH protocol)
Mild: SOB, wheezing, runny nose Severe symptoms
Patient age/size Moderate: Above plus vomiting/diarrhea, Unconsciousness, paralysis, cyanosis, apnea,
pinpoint pupils, drooling seizures***
Infant (0-6 mos) Atropine 0.25 mg IM and Atropine 0.5 mg (0.05 mg/kg) IM and
(< 7 kg) *2-PAM: 15 mg/kg IM *2-PAM: 25 mg/kg IM/IV/IO
Infant 7 mos-2 yrs Atropine 0.5 mg (0.05 mg/kg) IM and Atropine 1 mg (0.1 mg/kg) IM and
(7-13 kg) *2 PAM 15 mg/kg IM *2-PAM 300 mg (25 mg/kg) IM/IV/IO
Mark I kit or DuoDote injector 1 dose OR
Child (3-7 years) Atropine 1 mg (0.05 mg/kg) IM and Atropine 2 mg IM and
(14-25 kg) *2-PAM: 300 mg IM *2-PAM: 600 mg IM/IV/IO
Mark I kit or DuoDote injector 1 dose OR 2 Mark I kits or DuoDote injectors OR
Child 8 -14 yrs
Atropine 2 mg IM and Atropine 4 mg IM and
(26-50 kg)
*2-PAM: 600 mg IM/IV *2-PAM: 1200 mg IM/IV/IO
Mark I kit or DuoDote injector (Second dose)
OR 3 Mark I kits or DuoDote injectors in  rapid  succession OR  
Adult/Adolescent Atropine 2 mg IM (X 2) and **Atropine 6 mg IM and
*2-PAM: 600 mg IM (1 Gm IV) (X 2) *2-PAM: 1800 mg IM (1 Gm IV/IO repeated X 2)

Notes on drug use

Ŷ *2-PAM solution needs to be prepared from the ampule containing 1 Gm of desiccated 2-PAM. Inject 3 mL of NS,
5% distilled or sterile water into ampule and shake well. The resulting solution is 3.3 mL of 300 mg/mL.
Ŷ **Repeat atropine (2 mg IM) at 3-5min intervals until secretions have diminished and breathing is comfortable or
airway resistance has returned to near normal or drug supply is depleted.
Ŷ ***If seizures are not stopped w/ atropine/2-PAM: VERSED (midazolam) 0.1 mg/kg IV/IO/IM (0.2 mg/kg IN) in 2 mg

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 50

 increments every 30-60 sec up to 10 mg to stop seizures. May repeat to a max of 20 mg.

WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION cont.

BIOLOGICAL agents
"Germ" warfare - Difficult to detect due to their latent effects. Must be inhaled or ingested to cause disease. Ex: Anthrax,
Botulism, Bubonic/Pneumonic Plague, Cholera, Diphtheria, Ebola, Smallpox, staphylococcal Enterotoxin B, Tularemia, Viral
Hemorrhagic Fever, bio-engineered agents, and ricin (seed from the castor plant, extreme pulmonary toxicity w/ inhalation).
S&S: Early surveillance critical: Because of the long incubation period, the ability to recognize biological attack is
difficult. Detection will most likely occur by an increase in calls of similar symptoms:
„ Fever, chills „ Jaundice „ Skin lesion that look like small pox
„ Diarrhea „ Respiratory insufficiency or distress „ Malaise
„ Pharyngitis (sore throat) „ Swollen lymph nodes „ Cough
„ Blurred or double vision „ Muscle paralysis

Ŷ For all possible exposures to biological agents apply appropriate PPE.

Ŷ If patient is coughing, place an N-95 mask on all rescuers and a surgical mask on the patient.
Cover all lesions with dressings.
Ŷ Consult recommendations from CDC relative to post-exposure treatment and/or vaccination for rescuers.

PANDEMIC INFLUENZA
For information see: CDC Resources for Pandemic Flu at www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic

IEMA phone contacts

Director ..............................................................................................................................................(217) 782-2700
Coordinator, Region 9 ..........................................................................................................................(618) 662-4474
24 hour dispatch number .....................................................................................................................(217) 782-7860

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 51

 ABUSE/NEGLECT: DOMESTIC, SEXUAL, ELDER
Persons protected by the Illinois Domestic Violence Act of 1986 include:
Ŷ Person abused by a family or household member
Ŷ High-risk adult w/ disabilities who is abused, neglected, or exploited by a family or household member
Ŷ Minor child or dependent adult in the care of such person
Ŷ Person  residing  or  employed  at  a  private  home  or  public  shelter  which  is  sheltering  an  abused  family  or  household  member

EMS personnel shall provide immediate, effective assistance and support for victims and witnesses of domestic or personal
violence. Dispatchers should use utmost discretion prior to canceling a call for service, if based solely on a request for
cancellation by a person other than the original complainant.
If any form of abuse, maltreatment, harassment, intimidation, or willful deprivation are suspected:
1. Assure scene safety. If offender is present; weapons are involved; the offender is under the influence of drugs
and/or alcohol; and/or there are children present: call for police backup.
2. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Provide psychological support
Ŷ Discourage patients from changing clothes, urinating, or washing away signs of the abuse
Ŷ Treat obvious injuries per appropriate SOP
Ŷ Cooperate with police to use all reasonable means to prevent further abuse or neglect
3. Illinois law requires EMTs to give suspected abuse victims information on services available to them
Ŷ Inform them that they do not have to tolerate any abusive behavior.
Ŷ Inform them that they and members of their family have the right to be protected from abuse and to press
criminal charges against offenders.
Ŷ Assure pt that the violence was not their fault and encourage them to seek medical attention.
Ŷ See System-specific Domestic/Interpersonal Violence policies.
4. Report your suspicions to the receiving hospital. Clearly document all scene factors and physical signs and
symptoms that support your suspicions of abuse/violence.
5. If victim is < 18 years old; see Suspected Child Abuse or Neglect SOP.

Elder Abuse/Neglect Hot Line Numbers:

EMS personnel are mandatory reporters of suspected elder abuse. Call the following:
Ŷ Resident of a nursing home/extended care facility: (800) 252-4343
Ŷ Not in a nursing home: (800) 252-8966
The above numbers may not be staffed 24 hours a day; leave a message.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 52

 TRAUMA IN PREGNANCY
1. ITC special considerations:
Ŷ Same immediate priorities. Pregnancy does not limit or restrict any resuscitative Rx
Ŷ Stabilize mom first as fetus's life depends on the mother's
Ŷ Mom may compensate at the expense of the fetus. Baby may be in jeopardy while mom remains stable.
Ŷ Upper airways congested due to increased blood and swollen capillaries.
Intubate gently if necessary; may need one size smaller ETT; avoid nasal route
Ŷ O2 12-15 L by tight fitting mask even w/o respiratory distress until SpO 2 96%;
SpO2 must be > 94% for adequate fetal oxygenation.
Ŷ Presence or potential for shock: warm NS IV fluid challenges in consecutive 200 mL increments.
Repeat as necessary ± permissive hypotension contraindicated.
Ŷ If spine motion restriction indicated and gestational age > 20 wks:
Tilt patient to either side by raising the side of the board and supporting board with blanket rolls.
Manually displace uterus to side. Avoid Trendelenburg position.
Ŷ Take BP while mother is seated or tilted towards side if gestational age > 20 wks.
Ŷ Pain management - Fentanyl: Category C ± Consult with OLMC. The potential benefits to the mother must
be balanced against possible hazard to the fetus.
2. Serial abdominal exams: Note abdominal shape & contour
Ŷ Inspect for deformity, contusions, abrasions, punctures, and wounds
Ŷ Attempt to auscultate fetal heart tones (FHTs) per policy if gestational age > 20 wk s- Ave. 120-160/min
Ŷ Palpate abdomen to determine fundal height. Fundus level w/ navel at 20 wks. Assess and note rigidity of
uterus vs. abdominal wall, leakage of amniotic fluid (presence of meconium/blood), presence (absence) of fetal
movements.
Ŷ If contractions present: Assess duration, frequency, strength; pain scale
Ŷ Vaginal bleeding: May be earliest sign of placental separation, abortion or preterm labor; May indicate injury
to GU tract. Note presence, amount, color, consistency of blood. Do not pack vagina.
Ŷ If bag of waters ruptures in your presence: evaluate color, consistency, odor, quantity of fluid
Port wine: abruptio placenta; Green: meconium; Foul smelling: infection
3. Prepare to deliver if signs of imminent birth are present.

Notes:
Ŷ Pregnancy influences patterns of injury and clinical presentations following trauma.
Ŷ Prime  cause  of  fetal  death  d/t  trauma  is  placental  abruption  (50-­80% );;  maternal  death  (~10% );;  maternal  hypovolemic  shock  (<5% )  
Ŷ 60% - 70% of fetal deaths occur follow minor maternal injuries.
Ŷ Highest risk in moms with injuries to thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
Ŷ Risk  for  fetal  injury  highest  in  3rd  trimester  when  head  is  engaged,  torso  exposed,  &  ratio  between  fetus  &  amniotic  fluid  is  lowest  
Ŷ Normal EtCO2 25 - PP+JĻLQSUHJQDQWZRPHQ!ZNVDONDORVLVFUHDWHVH[FKDQJHJUDGLHQWWKDWIDYRUVIHWXV
Ŷ Supine hypotensive syndrome9HQDFDYDO DRUWLFFRPSUHVVLRQZKHQVXSLQHĻ59SUHORDG &2E\-­40%  after  20  wks  
Ŷ Maternal shock causes uterine vasoconstricWLRQWKDWĻEORRGIORZWRIHWXVE\- 30% before BP changes in mom.
Will see changes in fetal HR pattern if FHTs can be assessed.
Ŷ 3HULSKHUDOYDVRGLODWLRQFDXVHVĹSHULSKHUDOFLUFXODWLRQLQ st & 2nd trimesters. Pt in shock may be warm and dry.
Ŷ Mom has extra blood by 3rd trimester; PD\127VKRZ6 6RIVKRFNRUKDYH96FKDQJHVXQWLO•EORRGORVV.
Ŷ Stretched abd wall masks guarding, rigidity, & rebound tenderness. Palpation exam unreliable in trauma. Less able to
detect abdominal bleeding clinically. Bladder vulnerable to rupture w/ direct trauma to suprapubic area.
Ŷ Prone  to  vomiting  &  aspiration.  Last  meal  unreliable  indicator  of  gastric  contents.  Decreased  motility  mimics  silent  abdomen.  

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 53

 CHILDBIRTH
PHASE I: LABOR
1. Obtain history and determine if there is adequate time to transport:
Ŷ Gravida (# of pregnancies); para (# of live births)
Ŷ Number of miscarriages, stillbirths, abortions or multiple births
Ŷ Gestational age in weeks: Due date (EDC) or last menstrual period (LMP)
Ŷ Onset, strength, duration & frequency of contractions (time from beginning of one to the beginning of the next)
Ŷ Length of previous labors in hours
Ŷ Status of membranes ("bag of waters") - intact or ruptured
If ruptured, inspect for prolapsed cord & evidence of meconium. Note time since rupture.
Ŷ Presence of vaginal bleeding/discharge ("bloody show")
Ŷ High-risk concerns: Lack of prenatal care, drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, history of diabetes, HTN, CV
and other pre-existing diseases that may compromise mother and/or fetus, pre-term labor (< 37 wks),
previous breech or C-section, or multiple fetuses.
2. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Maintain eye contact; coach her to pant or blow during contractions.
Ŷ If mother becomes hypotensive or lightheaded: turn on her side; O 2 12-15 L/NRM; IV NS fluid challenge in
200 mL increments, if indicated.
3. Inspect  for  S&S  imminent  delivery:  bulging/crowning  during  contraction,  involuntary  pushing,  urgency  to  move  her  bowels  
Ŷ IF DELIVERY NOT IMMINENT: Allow pt. to assume most comfortable position and transport.
Ŷ IF DELIVERY IS IMMINENT: (contractions 2 min apart or less, or any of the above are present)
ƒ Do not attempt to restrain or delay delivery unless prolapsed cord is present.
ƒ Provide emotional support; mom is in pain and may not cooperate
ƒ Position semi-sitting (head up 30 ) w/ knees bent or on side on a firm surface, if possible.
ƒ Wash hands w/ waterless cleaner Put on FULL BSI. Remove clothing below her waist if able.
ƒ Open  OB  pack;;  maintain  cleanliness  of  contents;;  place  absorbent  materials  beneath  perineum  and  drapes  over  abdomen,  each  leg,  
&  beneath  perineum.  Prepare  bulb  syringe,  cord  clamps,  scalpel,  and  chux  to  dry  and  warm  infant.  Ready  neonatal  BVM,  NRM,  
resuscitation  equipment,  and  oxygen  supply.  Prepare  neonatal  warmer  if  available.

PHASE II: DELIVERY

1. HEAD: Allow head to deliver passively.
Ŷ Control rate of descent by placing palm of one hand gently over occiput.
Ŷ Protect perineum with pressure from other hand.
Ŷ If amniotic sac still intact, gently twist or tear the membrane.
2. After head is delivered:
Ŷ Meconium present: Gently suction mouth then nose w/ bulb syringe.  
Anticipate  need  for  neonatal  resuscitation  of  a  nonvigorous  infant  using  intubation/meconium  aspirator  after  delivery.  
No meconium: Do not suction during delivery to avoid vagal stimulation and fetal bradycardia.
Ŷ Feel  around  neck  for  the  umbilical  cord  (nuchal cord).  If  present,  attempt  to  gently  lift  it  over  the  baby's  head.  
If unsuccessful, double clamp and cut cord between the clamps.
Ŷ Support head while it passively turns to one side in preparation for shoulders to deliver.
3. SHOULDERS:
Ŷ Deliver upper shoulder first: gently guide head downwards.
Ŷ Support and lift the head and neck slightly to deliver lower shoulder.
Ŷ If shoulder dystocia: Gently flex mother's knees along side her abdomen.
Attempt to rotate anterior shoulder under symphysis pubis.
4. The rest of the infant should deliver quickly with next contraction.
Firmly grasp infant as it emerges. Baby will be wet and slippery.
5. Note date and time of delivery. Proceed to POST-PARTUM CARE

NEWBORN AND POST-PARTUM CARE

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 54
 NEWBORN:
1. Assess newborn's ABCs. If distressed: Newborn Resuscitation SOP p. 55.
2. Care immediately after delivery:
Ŷ .HHSLQIDQWOHYHOZLWKXWHUXVRUSODFHRQPRP
VDEGRPHQLQDÛKHDG-down position until cord stops
pulsating.
Ŷ Suction mouth, then nose using bulb syringe; repeat as necessary.
Ŷ Ventilations should begin in 30 sec. Gently rub back or flick soles of feet. If no ventilations Newborn
resuscitation
Ŷ Dry and warm infant, wrap in blanket or chux. Cover head with stockinette cap.
3. Clamp the cord at 6" and 8" from the infant's body when cord stops pulsating
Ŷ Cut between clamps with sterile scalpel from OB kit.
Ŷ If no sterile implement available, clamp cord but do not cut; place infant on mother's abdomen for transport.
Ŷ Check cord ends for bleeding.
4. Obtain 1 minute APGAR score. If 6 or less: Newborn Resuscitation SOP
Ŷ If RR < 40: assist with neonatal BVM; Newborn Resuscitation SOP
Ŷ If dusky but breathing spontaneously at a rate of 40/min:
Place neonatal NRM 1" from the baby's face with blow-by oxygen at 10 L/min.
5. Place ID tags on the mother and infant with mother's name, delivery date and time, infant gender
6. Obtain 5 minute APGAR score.
7. Transport considerations: Transport baby in an infant car seat secured so the infant rides facing backwards.
3DGDURXQGLQIDQWSUQ'R127FDUU\LQIDQWWR('RU2%XQLWLQUHVFXHU¶VDUPVGXHWRULVNRILQIHFWLRQ WUDXPD
Transport mom & baby together. Do not separate in two different ambulances unless absolutely necessary.

APGAR Assessment 0 1 2
Appearance (color) Blue or pale Blue hands or feet Entirely pink
Pulse (heart rate) Absent < 100 100
Grimace (reflex irritability) Absent Grimace Cough or sneeze
Activity (muscle tone) Limp Some extremity flexion Active motion
Respirations (effort) Absent Weak cry, < 40 Strong cry

,QIDQW¶VSDWLHQWFDUHUHSRUW - Document the following:

1. Date and time of delivery
2. Presence/absence of nuchal cord. If present, how many times.
3. Appearance of amniotic fluid, if known; especially if green, brown, or tinged with blood
4. APGAR scores at 1 minute and 5 minutes
5. Time placenta delivered and whether or not it appeared intact
6. Any infant resuscitation initiated and response

MOTHER:
1. Placenta should deliver in 20-30 minutes. If delivered, collect in bag from OB kit and transport for inspection.
Do NOT pull on cord to facilitate delivery of the placenta.
DO NOT DELAY TRANSPORT AWAITING PLACENTAL DELIVERY
2. Mother may be shivering. Cover with a blanket.
3. If perineum is torn and/or bleeding, apply direct pressure with sanitary pads and have patient bring her legs
together.
Apply cold pack (ice bag) to perineum (over pad) for comfort and to reduce swelling.
4. If blood loss > 500 mL: or S&S of shock/hypoperfusion:
Ŷ IV NS fluid challenges in 200 mL increments titrated to patient response.
Ŷ Massage top of uterus (fundus) until firm.
Ŷ Breast feeding may increase uterine tone.
5. If blood loss continues despite above with BP < 90: apply and inflate PASG if available; t ransport ASAP; alert
OLMC.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 55

 DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS
BREECH BIRTH
„ A footling/frank breech generally delivers in 3 stages: legs abdomen; abdomen shoulders, and head.
„ Two of the most dangerous times for the infant (risk of hypoxia) are after delivery to the abdomen (cord can
become compressed against the pelvic inlet as the head descends) and after delivery of the torso and
shoulders, awaiting delivery of the head.
1. IMC special considerations: Time sensitive patient
Ŷ IV NS; anticipate need for pressure infusers
Ŷ Obtain a quick pregnancy history per the Emergency Childbirth SOP
Ŷ Prepare for delivery per Emergency Childbirth SOP if birth is imminent
2. Prepare to transport with care enroute if only the buttocks or lower extremities are delivered.
Stay  on  the  scene  for  ONE  contraction  if  the  baby  is  delivered  to  the  shoulders,  while  attempting  delivery  of  the  head.    
If enroute, stop the vehicle to attempt delivery of the head.
Delivery Procedure
3. Legs delivered: Support baby's body wrapped in a towel/chux.
If cord is accessible, gently palpate for pulsations. Do not manipulate cord more than necessary.
Attempt to loosen the cord to create slack for delivery of the head.
4. After torso and shoulders are delivered: Gently sweep down the arms.
Ŷ If face down may need to lower body to help deliver head. Do not hyperextend the neck.
Ŷ Apply firm pressure over mother's fundus to facilitate delivery of the head.
Ŷ NEVER ATTEMPT TO PULL THE INFANT BY THE LEGS OR TRUNK FROM THE VAGINA.
May precipitate an entrapped head in an incompletely dilated cervix or it may precipitate nuchal arms
5. The head should deliver in 30 seconds (with the next contraction).
Ŷ If NOT, reach 2 gloved fingers into vagina to locate baby's mouth and pull chin down.
Push vaginal wall away from baby's mouth to form an airway.
Ŷ Keep your fingers in place and transport immediately, alerting the receiving hospital of the baby's position.
Keep delivered portion of baby's body warm and dry.
6. If head delivers: anticipate neonatal distress. Refer to Newborn Resuscitation SOP as necessary.
7. Anticipate maternal hemorrhage after the birth of the infant. Refer to Post -Partum Care of Mother.
Note: Single limb presentation (arm, leg) or other abnormal presentations may require C-section.
Do NOT attempt field delivery.

PROLAPSED CORD
Check for prolapsed cord whenever a patient claims her bag of water has ruptured.
1. IMC special considerations: Time sensitive patient; O2 12-15 L/NRM
2. Elevate the mother's hips. Instruct the patient to pant during contrac tions.
3. Place gloved hand into vagina and place fingers between pubic bone and presenting part, with cord between
fingers. Apply continuous steady upward pressure on the presenting part.
4. Avoid cord manipulation as much as possible. Cover with a moist dressing and keep warm.
5. Transport with hand pressure in place.

UTERINE INVERSION
1. IMC special considerations: Time sensitive patient; O2 12-15 L/NRM; IV NS titrated to patient response
2. If  only  partially  extruded:  ONE  attempt  to  replace  uterus  per  protocol.  Push  fundus  toward  vagina  with  palm  of  hand.  
3. Apply saline moistened sterile towels or dressings around uterus.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 56

 NEWBORN RESUSCITATION
(APGAR = 6 OR LESS)

Ŷ The  majority  of  newborns  require  no  resuscitation  beyond  maintenance  of  temperature,  mild  stimulation,  and  suctioning  of  the  airway.    
Ŷ Of  the  small  number  who  require  intervention,  most  will  respond  to  15  L  O 2  per  mask  and/or  neonatal  BVM  ventilations.  An  even  smaller  number  of  
severely  asphyxiated  infants  require  chest  compressions;;  and  an  even  smaller  number  need  resuscitative  medications.  
Ŷ Transport is always indicated as soon as possible.

1. Note APGAR scores at 1 and 5 minutes. Do not wait for APGAR score to begin resuscitating an infant in obvious
distress. If 5 min APGAR 6 or less: obtain additional scores q. 5 min until arrival at hospital.
2. Warm and dry the baby. Wrap in linens and cover the head.
Stimulate by flicking the soles of the feet and/or rubbing the back.
3. Position  supine  with  1"  pad  under  back  and  shoulders  to  align  head  &  neck  in  a  neutral  position  for  optimal  airway  opening.  
4. Suction mouth then nose with a bulb syringe. Monitor HR.
Ventilate between suction attempts using 15 L O2/neonatal BVM at a rate of 40-60/BPM
Nonvigorous infant delivered through meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF who meets one or more of these:
depressed respirations; depressed muscle tone; HR < 100 BPM: Suction trachea (selective intubation and use of
meconium aspirator if available). Limit deep suctioning using an 8-10 Fr. catheter or 3.5-4.0 ETT to 5 sec at a time.
5. If adequate spontaneous ventilations do not begin in 30 seconds:
Ŷ Ventilate with 15 L O2/neonatal BVM at 40-60 BPM; Use only enough volume to see chest rise.
The first breath will require a little more pressure (30-40 cm H2O) to begin lung inflation
Ŷ Suction the nose/oropharynx periodically to remove secretions
Ŷ Apply peds SpO2 to great toe
6. Assess for BRADYCARDIA (HR < 100 beats per minute)
7. If apneic/gasping respirations, RR < 40, HR < 100, or central cyanosis present despite O2:
Continue to ventilate at 40-60/BPM w/ 15 L O2/neonatal BVM
8. If HR remains < 60 beats/minute despite adequate assisted ventilations for 30 seconds:
Ŷ Continue assisted ventilations with 15 L O 2/neonatal BVM, and
Ŷ Begin chest compressions over lower ½ of sternum; approx. 1/3 - ½ the depth of the chest; using two
thumbs-encircling hands for 2 rescuers or 2 fingers at a rate of 120/min. Interpose with ventilations in a 3:1
ratio.
Ŷ Assess heel-stick glucose level
9. If adequate ventilations cannot be achieved by BVM:
Ŷ Go to Peds Airway Adjuncts SOP
Ŷ Continue to attempt ventilations with neonatal BVM and transport.
10. If HR remains < 60/min despite warming, stimulation, 15 L O 2/BVM and chest compressions:
Assess ECG using peds pads/paddles.
Ŷ EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg) IVP/IO. If arrest: immediate IO if no other IV access in
place.

Epinephrine dosing repeat q. 3-5 min if indicated

Wt. Total drug volume Wt. Total drug volume
1 kg (2.2 lbs) 0.1 mL 3 kg (6.6 lbs) 0.3 mL
2 kg (4.4 lbs) 0.2 mL 4 kg (8.8 lbs) 0.4 mL
Consider need for naloxone 0.1 mg/kg (1 mg/mL) IVP/IO ± repeat q. 2-3 min as needed
Wt. Total drug volume Wt Total drug volume
1 kg (2.2 lbs) 0.1 mL 3 kg (6.6 lbs) 0.3 mL
2 kg (4.4 lbs) 0.2 mL 4 kg (8.8 lbs) 0.4 mL

11. Once ventilations and HR are adequate:

Ŷ Provide warm environment
Ŷ Continue to assess and support ABCs; O 2 neonatal NRM

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 57

 OBSTETRICAL COMPLICATIONS

BLEEDING IN PREGNANCY: Time sensitive patients

Threatened miscarriage / Ectopic pregnancy / Placenta previa / Abruptio placenta
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Position patient on side if > 20 wks gestation
Raise either side of backboard if spine motion restriction is necessary.
Manually displace uterus to the side.
Obtain BP while patient is positioned on side.
Ŷ O2 12-15 L by tight fitting mask even w/o respiratory distress until SpO 2 96%;
SpO2 must be > 94% for adequate fetal oxygenation.
Ŷ Anticipate significant bleeding/shock. If AMS or signs of hypoperfusion:
Warm NS IV fluid challenges in 200 mL increments titrated to patient response. Repeat as necessary.
Permissive hypotension is contraindicated in pregnant women.
Ŷ Obtain pregnancy history per Emergency Childbirth SOP.
Ŷ Ask about the onset, provocation, quality, region, radiation, severity, and duration of abdominal pain.
2. Complete serial abdominal exams per OB Trauma SOP.
3. Note type, color, amount, and nature of vaginal bleeding or discharge.
If tissue is passed, collect and transport to hospital with the patient.
4. See notes on bleeding/shock in OB Trauma SOP

PRE-ECLAMPSIA OR HYPERTENSION OF PREGNANCY

Diastolic BP > 90 with additional signs that include, but are not limited to: moderate to severe fluid retention/edema,
headache, diplopia, photophobia, and/or altered mental status.
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Time sensitive patient
Ŷ GENTLE HANDLING
Ŷ Position patient on side if in 2nd or 3rd trimesters. Manually displace uterus to the side.
Do not obtain BP until patient positioned on side.
Ŷ Obtain pregnancy history per Emergency Childbirth SOP
Ŷ Anticipate seizures; prepare suction, magnesium, Versed (midazolam)
Ŷ Minimal CNS stimulation. Do NOT check pupil light reflex.
Ŷ Lights and sirens may be contraindicated. Contact medical control for orders.
2. MAGNESIUM 2 Gm (4 mL) mixed with 16 mL NS slow IVP over 5 minutes.

If seizure activity (ECLAMPSIA):

3. Repeat MAGNESIUM 2 Gm (4 mL) mixed with 16 mL NS slow IVP over 5 minutes.
4. If seizure persists after total of 4 Gm of magnesium:
VERSED (midazolam) in 2 mg increments every 30-60 sec IVP (0.2 mg/kg IN) up to 10 mg to stop seizures.
May repeat to a total of 20 mg.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 58

 PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
Use PEDS SOPs for children 12 years or younger

Age definitions
Newborn: Neonate in first minutes to hours following birth Infant: Neonates to 12 months
Neonate: Infants in the first 28 days of life Child: 1 to 12 years

Special considerations
Ŷ Peds  assessments  &  interventions  must  be  based  on  the  individuality  of  each  child  in  terms  of  age,  size,  developmental  and  metabolic  status.  
Ŷ Communications guidelines: Look at their faces for clues to well-being. Keep small children w/ caregivers if at all
possible. Do assessments while they are being held. Speak slowly & calmly in words they understand.
Younger children do not appreciate time. Explain things in "need to know" time.
Ŷ Fear: Use non-medical techniques, i.e., pacifiers, toys, to calm child: Let them play with penlights, etc.
Ŷ Pain: Children do not localize pain well. Defer painful part of exam to last if possible.
Ŷ Shock: Children can maintain their SBP until a 30% volume loss, and then crash rapidly.
Ŷ Prone to heat loss & cold stress which results in acidosis, hypoxia, and bradycardia.
Ŷ Gastric dilation develops from crying ventilatory impairment.

Conditions requiring rapid cardiopulmonary assessment and/or potential cardiopulmonary support

Ŷ Respiratory rate > 60 breaths/min
Ŷ Heart rates: (Weak, thready, or absent peripheral pulses) Child 8 years: < 80 BPM or > 180 BPM
Child > 8 years: < 60 BPM or > 160 BPM
Ŷ Poor perfusion, with weak or absent distal pulses; dysrhythmias; chest pain
Ŷ Increased work of breathing (retractions, nasal flaring, grunting)
Ŷ Cyanosis or a decreased SpO2 despite administration of O2;
Ŷ Altered LOC (acute syncope, unusual irritability or lethargy or failure to respond to parents or painful procedures)
Ŷ Seizures „ Trauma „ Post-ingestion of toxic substance
Ŷ Fever with petechiae „ Burns involving > 10% BSA

PEDS INITIAL MEDICAL CARE

Assess for causative factors of distress: Hypoxemia, acidosis, hypovolemia, hypothermia, tension pneumothorax,
cardiac tamponade, shock, poisoning/ingestion, or severe infection and initiate resuscitative measures.
1. Scene size up: Hazards or potential hazards; MOI/Nature of illness; clues to ingestions
2. General impression: Overall look while approaching patient(s)
Ŷ Pediatric assessment triangle: General appearance; work of breathing; circulation to the skin
Ŷ Determine age, gender.
Ŷ Observe preferred position, response to environment (recognize parents/pets/toys), obvious respiratory distress
or extreme pain, significant odors, muscle tone (good or limp), movements (spontaneous/ purposeful), irritable,
consolable/non-consolable
3. Estimate size  using  a  length-­based  tape  (Broselow  or  equivalent)  to  determine  tube  sizes,  drug  doses,  and  defibrillation  joules.  
4. Initial (primary) assessment/resuscitation
Ŷ Assess level of consciousness: AVPU or Peds GCS
Ŷ Access/maintain airway ASAP. Assess patency. Be alert to possible spine injury.
Initiate spine motion restriction as indicated; vomiting/seizure precautions
ƒ Reposition mandible if needed
ƒ Suction prn using size-appropriate suction catheter. Limit suction application to 5 sec.
ƒ If intubated: Max suction ET 80-120 mmHg; higher for mouth/pharynx.
ƒ Monitor ECG for bradycardia during procedure.
ƒ Use size-appropriate adjuncts: See Peds Airway Adjuncts SOP

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 59

 PEDS INITIAL MEDICAL CARE cont.
Age averages 0-12 mos 1-2 yrs 3-4 yrs 5 yrs 6-7 yrs 8 yrs 12 yrs
Wt. in kg 3-9 kg 10-13 kg 14-16 kg 16-20 kg 18-25 24-32 kg 32-54 kg
Suction cath 8 Fr. 8 Fr. 8 or 10 Fr. 10 Fr. 10 Fr. 10 or 12 Fr. 12 Fr.

Breathing: Assess air movement, symmetry of chest expansion; rate, pattern, depth and effort of ventilations; use of
accessory muscles; retractions; head bobbing, adequacy of gas exchange (SpO 2); breath sounds if in distress.
Reduce  anxiety  if  possible  to  decrease  O2  demand  &  work  of  breathing.  If SpO2 abnormal;; move to central site.
Anticipate deterioration or imminent respiratory arrest if: RR esp. if accompanied by S&S of distress & effort;
inadequate RR, effort, or chest excursion; diminished peripheral breath sounds; gasping or grunting respirations; LOC or
response to pain; poor skeletal muscle tone; or cyanosis.
Ŷ Peds NRM at 12-15 L
Ŷ Rescue breathing without chest compressions: Peds BVM at 15 L; ventilate 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds;
volume should just cause chest to rise.

Circulation/ECG: Compare  general  rate  (consider  activity  &  stress  levels),  quality,  regularity  of  central  vs.  peripheral  pulses;;  skin  color,  
temperature,  moisture;;  capillary  refill  on  a  warm  area  of  the  body;;  neck  veins;;  heart  sounds  if  indicated;;  muscle  tone;;  LOC.  
Check hydration status: Anterior fontanelle in infants, mucous membranes, skin turgor, presence/absence of tears when
crying; urine output (# diapers)
Ŷ If NO central pulse & unresponsive OR pulse present but < 60 in infant or child with poor perfusion:
Begin CPR at 100 compressions/min ± go to appropriate SOP for rhythm/condition.
Ŷ If child presents with a condition requiring rapid cardiopulmonary assessment and potential
cardiopulmonary support as listed on previous page :
ƒ ALS: Monitor ECG if unstable. Apply ECG/defibrillation/pacing pads if available.
Standard size electrodes may be used in children > 10 kg.
(Use largest size that fits chest wall w/o touching with 3 cm between them) Prepare peds defib paddles if no pads.
Peds ECG: 35 456LQWHUYDOVDUHVKRUWHU%HDOHUWIRUFRQGXFWLRQDEQRUPDOLWLHVLQZKDWORRNVOLNH³QRUPDO´
intervals or complex durations in young children. T waves normally inverted V1-V3 up to 8 yrs.
ƒ Vascular access: IV or IO NS TKO if needed (per procedure).
If cardiac arrest, immediate IO if no other IV access in place. All IV drugs may be given IO.
If hypovolemic: Rapid infusion of NS 20 mL/kg IVP/IO in < 20 minutes. May repeat X 2 if necessary.
ƒ Treat dysrhythmias per appropriate SOP
Most peds arrhythmias are caused by hypoxemia, acidosis, or hypotension.

CPR modifications Child 1 to adolescent Infant < 1 year

Airway Head tilt/chin lift Slight head tilt/chin lift
Breathing 2 effective breaths at 1 sec per breath
Rescue breathing
1 breath every 3 to 5 sec
w/o chest compressions
Rescue breaths for CPR
1 breath every 6 to 8 sec (8-10/min)
w/ advanced airway
Compression point lower ½ of sternum, between nipples Just below nipple line
Compression method Heel of one hand 2  rescuers:  Two  thumbs-­encircling  hands;;  2  fingers
Compression depth Approx. 1/3 to ½ depth of chest
Compression rate Approximately 100 / minute
30:2 (single rescuer)
Compression : ventilation ratio 30:2 15:2 (2 rescuers)

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 60

 PEDS INITIAL MEDICAL CARE cont.

Ŷ Disability: Mini-neuro exam:

Brief pupil check; assess mental status using GCS modified for peds; ability to move all four extremities
If altered mental status or cardiac arrest - glucose level: If < 70: Treat per Hypoglycemia SOP
Ŷ Expose and examine as indicated/Environmental control:
Keep warm with protected hot packs/blankets/warmers as able

PEDIATRIC GLASGOW COMA SCORE

Eye Opening Best Verbal Response Best Motor Response
>  5  years   2-­5  years   <  2  years    
 
Oriented/   5   Appropriate   5   Smiles,  coos,     5   Moves  spontaneously   6  
Spontaneously   4  
converses     words/phrases   cries  appropriately   and  purposefully  
Disoriented/   4   Inappropriate   4   Localizes  pain/   5  
To  speech   3   Cries  &  is  consolable   4  
Converses   Words   withdraws  to  touch  
Inapprop.   3   Cries/   3   Persistent  inapprop.   3  
To  pain   2   Withdraws  to  pain   4  
Words   Screams   crying/screaming  
None   1   Incomp.  Sounds   2   Moans/grunts  to  pain   2   Moans/grunts  to  pain   2   Abnormal  flexion   3  
  None   1   None   1   None   1   Abnormal  extension   2  
  None   1  

GENERAL VITAL SIGN NORMS FOR AGE

Typical Systolic BP
Lower limits of SBP Awake Sleeping
Age Ages 1-­10 Hypotension Resp rate
70 + (2 X age in yrs) Pulse pulse
90 + (2 X age in yrs)
Newborn  ±  3  mos   90 70 SBP < 70 85-205 (140) 80-160 30-60
3 mos- 2 yrs 90-92 70-72 < 70 + 2 X age 100-190 (130) 75-160 24-40
2-10 years 94-110 74-90 < 70 + 2 X age 60-140 (80) 60-90 18-30
> 10 y >110 90 < 90 60-100 (75) 50-90 12-16

5. FOCUSED HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAM (Secondary assessment)

Ŷ Full set of vital signs (VS): Use size-appropriate BP cuff (min. 2/3 upper arm), count HR 30-60 sec
Ŷ Chief complaint and SAMPLE history
S & S: Assess OPQRST. Quantify pain on a scale of 0-10 or use peds picture charts.
Allergies
Medications; timing and amount of last dose; bring meds to hospital.
Past medical history (pertinent)
Last oral intake
Events leading to present illness
Ŷ Systematic head-to-toe assessment (review of systems).
6. ONGOING PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT: Continued exam throughout care and during transport.
Assess need for pain relief if stable :
Nitrous oxide  if  available,  indicated  and  not  contraindicated  
FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg.    May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.  Additional doses require OLMC.
May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg q. 5 min up to a total of 2 mcg/kg (max 200 mcg).
The safety of FENTANYL in children younger than two years of age has not been established. Call OLMC.
Nausea management: ONDANSETRON (Zofran) 0.15 mg/kg (max 4 mg) oral dissolve tablet (ODT) or slow IVP
(over no less than 30 sec.) May repeat X 1 in 10 minutes to a total of 8 mg.
7. Pediatric transport guidelines:  Transport  all  children  in  an  appropriate  child  restraint  system,  per  the  Illinois  Child  Passenger  Protection  Act  
(P.A.  83-­8)  eff.  Jan.  1,  2004.  Do  not  allow  children  to  be  held  in  anyone's  arms  or  lap  during  transport.    
8. Selection of receiving hospital: Transport children to an ED approved for Pediatrics (EDAP)

Children with SPECIAL HEALTHCARE NEEDS (CSHN)

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 61
Ŷ Track  CSHN  in  your  service  area  and  become  familiar  with  the  child  and  their  anticipated  emergency  care  needs.  
Ŷ Refer  to  the  child's  emergency  care  plan,  if  available.  Is  the  current  presentation  significantly  worse  than  their  baseline?    
Understanding  the  child's baseline  will  assist  in  determining  the  significance  of  current  physical  findings.    
Parents/caregivers  are  the  best  sources  of  information  on  meds,  normal  baseline  VS  for  child,  functional  levels/normal  mentation,  usual  color  
and  RA  SpO2  readings,  likely  medical  complications,  equipment  operation  and  troubleshooting,  and  emergency  procedures.  
Ŷ Regardless  of  underlying  conditions,  assess in a systematic and thorough manner.  Observe  for  ĹRUĻ55XVHRIDFFHVVRU\PXVFOHV
UHWUDFWLRQVF\DQRVLVH[WUHPLW\HGHPDK\GUDWLRQVWDWXVSDOSDWHIRUĹRUĻ+5GHFUHDVHGSHULSKHUDOSXOVHVFRROH[WUHPLWLH s,  poor  capillary  
refill;;  listen  carefully  for  crackles  or  wheezes.  If  child  has  known  paralysis  carefully  examine  extremities  for  injury.  
Ŷ Be  prepared  for  differences  in  airway  anatomy,  physical  &  cognitive  development,  and  possible  surgical  alterations  or  mechanical  adjuncts.  
Common home therapies:  respiratory  support  (O2 ,  apnea  monitors,  pulse  oximeters,  BiPAP  or  CPAP,  mechanical  ventilators,  chest  physical  
therapy  vest),  IV  therapy  (central  venous  catheters),  multiple  meds,  nebulizer  machines,  feeding  tubes  and  pumps,  urinary  catheters  or  dialysis  
(continuous  ambulatory  peritoneal  dialysis),  biotelemetry,  ostomy  care,  orthotic  devices,  communication  or  mobility  devices,  or  hospice  care.  
Ŷ Communicate  with  child  in  an  age-­appropriate  manner.  Maintain  communication  and  remain  sensitive  to  parents/caregivers  &  the  child.  
Ŷ $VNSDUHQWVIRUFKLOG¶VGDLO\Pedical  record  notebook  or  medical  information  form  to  take  to  hospital.  Ask  caregiver  to  accompany  EMS  to  hospital  
WRFRQWLQXHDVVLVWLQJZFKLOG¶VFDUHLISRVVLEOH  
BLS Interventions:
1. Assess and support ABCs:    Closely  monitor  RR  &  HR  of  any  child  experiencing  apnea.  Support  airway  of  children  who  normally  have  
difficulty  handling  oral  secretions  (severe  cerebral  palsy,  mental  retardation).  Provide  O 2  (or  manual  resuscitation)  when  indicated.  If  child  
normally  has  a  bluish  color  or  SpO2  <90% ,  use  extreme  caution  in  giving  O2.  Give  just  enough  to  return  to  normal  baseline.  
2.   Suction  the  nose,  mouth,  or  tracheostomy  tube  as  needed.  
3.   PositioningSODFHLQSRVLWLRQRIFRPIRUW,I´tet  spell´IURPWHWUDORJ\RI)DOORWPD\SXWLQNQHHFKHVWSRVLWLRQWRLQFUHDse  systemic  resistance.  
,IVKXQWIDLOXUHVLWXSLISRVVLEOHWRĻ,&33URWHFWZHDNRUSDUDO\]HGOLPEV'RQRWDWWHPSWWRVWUDLJKWHQFRQWUDFWHGH[WUHPities.    
Support  with  pillows/  towels  in  a  position  of  comfort.  Most  special    needs  children  respond  best  to  slower  movements  &  secure  contact.  
4.   Flashing  ambulance  strobe  lights  can  trigger  a  seizure  in  a  child  w/  known  seizure  disorder.  Cover  their  eyes  or  turn  off  lights,  if  safety  allows,  
when  moving  child  in  and  out  of  the  ambulance.  
5.   Technology-­assisted  children  may  experience  an  emergency  if  their  equipment  fails  to  function.  Use  EMS  equipment  to  support  child.  
ALS Interventions
6.   Consider  need  for  intubation if  in  respiratory  failure  
7. IV access  and  ALS  treatments  for  breathing  difficulty  or  bradycardia  per  SOP.  If  chronic  cardiac  condition  IVF  only  if  directed  by  OLMC.  NS  20  
mL/kg  IVF  bolus  if  hypoperfused.  If  child  is  on  an  anticoagulant  med  like  Coumadin  (warfarin),  use  caution  when  starting  an  I V  or  when  
handling  the  child.  They  bruise  easily  and  may  have  difficulty  clotting.    
8.   Avoid  placing  defib pads  over  internal  pacemaker  generator  (usually  found  in  upper  chest).  
9.   Consider  use  of  inotropes  (dopamine 5 mcg/kg/min)  w/  severe  hypotension  unresolved  with  fluid  boluses.  
10.   Rx  seizures  per  SOP;;  monitor  ECG  as  arrhythmias  may  be  present  in  CSF  shunt  failure.  
11.   Decompress stomach  by  venting  (opening)  feeding  tube  if  abdomen  is  distended.  
Chronic respiratory or cardiac problem notes:
Ŷ If  older  than  6  yrs  and  has  a  peak  flow  monitor  at  home,  ask  child  to  blow  into  monitor  to  determine  current  reading.    
,I ³SHUVRQDOEHVW´RUXQDEOHWREORZLQWRWKHPHWHUFKLOGLVLQVHYHUHGLVWUHVV  
Ŷ Ask  caregiver  if  any  meds  have  been  given  in  last  2  hrs  to  reverse  respiratory  distress.  If  yes,  monitor  for  effects  of  those  meds.  Base  further  
management  on  therapies  already  given  at  home.  
Ŷ If  infant  receives  home  O2  therapy  of  2  L  or  less  by  NC  and  presents  in  respiratory  distress,  do  not  give  more  than  2  L/NC.  Instead,  increase  O2  
concentration  delivery  by  providing  blow-­E\R[\JHQRUE\SODFLQJDIDFHPDVNDWQROHVVWKDQ/PLQRYHUFKLOG¶VQRVH PRXWK  
Ŷ Take  appropriate  steps  so  child  does  not  inhale  noxious  fumes  from  running  ambulance.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Use  extreme  caution  when  moving  child  or  taking  a  BP.  Use  a  draw  sheet.  Hare  traction  contraindicated.  Pad  between  
stretcher  straps  and  child.  Drive  cautiously.  Avoid  sudden  jolts  that  could  cause  a  fracture.
Sickle cell disease:
Ŷ Vaso-occlusive crisis is very painful. Place warm compresses over swollen joint s. Request OLMC orders for pain
med.
Ŷ Very susceptible to infection d/t malfunctioning spleen. Fever, abd pain, S&S of stroke suggest a medical
emergency.
Ŷ IV access challenging d/t frequent sticks. Give 20 mL/kg IVF bolus if signs of shock.
Hemophilia: Bleeding will not stop w/ conventional methods. Needs missing clotting factors at home hospital.
Leukemia: Fever is an emergency; immune system is suppressed. Wear masks and gloves when caring for pt.

PEDS AIRWAY ADJUNCTS - NR

Possible indications for intubation:
Ŷ Actual or potential airway impairment, aspiration risk, ventilatory failure (apnea, RR <10 or >40; shallow/labored effort;
SpO2 92; increased WOB (retractions, nasal flaring, grunting) fatigue
Ŷ DAI: GCS 8 or less due to an acute condition w/ retained airway reflexes unlikely to be self-limited (Ex. self-limited
Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 62
 conditions: seizures, hypoglycemia, postictal state, certain ODs)
Ŷ Inability to ventilate/oxygenate adequately after insertion of OP/NP airway and/or via BVM
Ŷ Need for inspiratory or positive end expiratory pressures to maintain gas exchange or sedation to control ventilations.
Contraindications/restrictions for DAI: Coma with absent airway reflexes or known hypersensitivity/allergy to
drugs

1. If airway opened by positioning/manual maneuvers: Gag reflex present: > 4 yrs: NPA (26-34 Fr.) No gag reflex: OPA
Airway remains impaired: Intubate : SpO2, evaluate before & after airway intervention; confirm patent IV; ECG monitor
2. Position: Infants/children < 4: Head on flat surface; place pad under shoulders
Children > 4: Sniffing position with pad under occiput
3. Preoxygenate: O2 12-15 L/NRM or BVM every 3 to 5 sec. for 3 min. just to see the chest rise
If BVM used, apply Sellick's maneuver until ET in place and cuff is inflated
4. Assess patient for difficult intubation, i.e., mobility of the mandible, loose teeth or F/B
5. Prepare equipment
Ŷ Check suction source; attach rigid tip (Yankauer/tonsilar); prepare intubation and cricothyrotomy equipment
Ŷ Select ET based on the child's size, not chronological age
Ŷ Measure w/ Broselow tape up to 35 kg; or use formulas: Uncuffed: (Age in yrs 4) + 4; Cuffed: (Age in yrs 4) + 3
Ŷ Prepare tubes one size larger and one size smaller than the one estimated
6. DAI premedications prior to intubating a responsive child
Ŷ Prevent bradycardia: ATROPINE 0.02 mg/kg rapid IVP (max 1 mg)
Ŷ Head trauma, ICP: LIDOCAINE 1 mg/kg (max 100 mg) IVP per System procedure
Ŷ Gag reflex present: BENZOCAINE 1-2 second spray, 30 seconds apart X 2 to posterior pharynx
Ŷ Pain: FENTANYL  0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min  (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.  
Additional doses require OLMC.  May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg  q.  5  min  up  to  a  total  of  2  mcg/kg  (max  200  mcg).  
7. DAI Sedation
Ŷ VERSED (midazolam) 0.1 mg/kg IVP/0.2 mg/kg IN (max single dose 5 mg) if BP > 80.
Ŷ Monitor VS, level of consciousness, skin color and SpO 2 q. 5 min. during procedure. Interrupt DAI if HR drops
< 60 or SpO2 < 94%: ventilate w/ O2 15 L//Peds BVM at 12 breaths/min until condition improves.
Ŷ Allow for clinical response before DAI (if possible)
8. Intubate: Apply/continue Sellick's maneuver; external laryngeal pressure; in-line stabilization if indicated
9. Confirm tube placement
Ŷ Visualize ET going through cords.
Ŷ Attach peds EtCO2 device (1-15 kg) (note color change after 6 breaths) or capnography monitor if available.
Ŷ Ventilate and observe chest rise; auscultate over epigastrium, midaxillary lines, & bilateral anterior chest.
10. Depth of insertion: Internal tube diameter (in mm) X 3; or if > 2 yrs may also use (Age in yrs 2) + 12.
Ŷ Note diamond markings on tube at upper lip or teeth.
Ŷ Continue to monitor EtCO2 and SpO2 to determine ongoing correct placement.
11. If successful
Ŷ O2 15 L/BVM; ventilate every 6 to 8 sec just to see chest rise
Ŷ Secure ET. Reassess breath sounds. Apply lateral head immobilization.
Ŷ VERSED (midazolam) 0.1 mg/kg IVP/0.2 mg/kg IN (max single dose 5 mg) if BP > 80 for post-intubation sedation
12. If unsuccessful: Ventilate with O2 15 L/BVM. May repeat attempt X 1.
13. If intubation unsuccessful and good a ir exchange w/ peds BVM: Continue ventilations/BVM.
If unable to intubate or adequately ventilate with BVM: Needle cricothyrotomy.
If  intubated  pt  deteriorates,  consider:  Displacement  of  the  tube,  Obstruction  of  the  tube,  Pneumothorax,  and  Equipment  failure  (mnemonic  -­  DOPE).  

Age averages 0-12 mos 1-2 yrs 3-4 yrs 5 yrs 6-7 yrs 8-11 yrs •\UV
Wt. in kg 3-9 kg 10-13 kg 14-16 kg 16-20 kg 18-25 24-32 kg 32-54 kg
Blade size 0-1 straight 1 str 2 str 2 str 2 str 2 str or curved 3 str or c
Tracheal tube 3-4.0 No Cuff 4.0 NC 4.5 NC 5.0 NC 5.5 NC 6.0 Cuffed 6.5 Cuffed
Distance to upper lip 7-10.5 11-12 12.5-13.5 14-15 15.5-16.5 17-18 18.5-22

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 63

 PEDIATRIC FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
S&S partial airway obstruction:
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‡&KRNLQJ ‡*UXQWLQJ ‡$OWHUHGPHQWDOVWDWXV ‡'URROLQJ
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1. Begin BLS IMC:

Ŷ Confirm severe airway obstruction: Determine responsiveness and sudden breathing difficulty,
ineffective or silent cough, weak or silent cry
Ŷ Position patient to open airway
Ŷ Assess degree of airway impairment
Ŷ Suction as necessary
Ŷ Monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias and/or arrest

CONSCIOUS

ABLE TO SPEAK, COUGH, or CRY:

2. Complete IMC: Do not interfere with patient's own attempts to clear airway by coughing or sneezing

CANNOT SPEAK, COUGH, or CRY:

3. Child 1-12 yrs.: 5 Abdominal thrusts with patient standing or sitting
Infant < 1 yr: Up to 5 back slaps and up to 5 chest thrusts
4. If successful: Complete Initial Medical Care and transport
5. If still obstructed:
Ŷ Repeat step 3 while enroute until effective or patient becomes unresponsive (see below).
Ŷ Monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias and/or arrest.

UNCONSCIOUS
Any time efforts to clear the airway are successful complete Initial Medical Care

2. Open airway using chin lift & look for foreign body in the mouth/pharynx.
If visible, remove it w/ a finger sweep or suction. Do not perform a blind finger sweep.
Attempt to ventilate.
3. If still obstructed: Begin CPR

ALS interventions:
4. Perform direct laryngoscopy as soon as possible to inspect for F/B. Remove w/ forceps.
5. Still obstructed and unable to ventilate
Ŷ If able to intubate: Intubate and attempt to push the F/B into right mainstem bronchus,
pull ET back and ventilate left lung.
Ŷ Treat per Peds IMC and Peds Airway Adjuncts SOPs.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 64

 PEDS RESPIRATORY ARREST
Respiratory arrest: Absence of respirations (apnea) with detectable cardiac activity.
This is different from respiratory compromise leading to assisted ventilation.

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Position patient to open airway.
Ŷ If unconscious: use jaw thrust or head tilt-chin lift.
Ŷ Assess possible causes and Rx per appropriate SOP: F/B obstruction, respiratory illnes s, trauma, infection, near
drowning, poisoning/OD, burn/smoke inhalation.
Ŷ If possible spine injury; provide manual spine motion restriction while opening airway.

Breathing resumes Breathing not resumed definite pulse present

2. Secure airway per Peds IMC; O2 15 L/peds NRM. 2. Ventilate with OPA & peds BVM
1 breath every 3 -5 sec
Unable to ventilate: Peds Airway Adjuncts SOP.
Recheck pulse every 2 minutes.

3. If normal perfusion: 3. If hypoperfusion:

Ŷ Support ABCs; observe Ŷ Establish vascular access NS IV/IO per Peds IMC.
Ŷ Complete initial (primary) assessment Ŷ Monitor ECG & Rx dysrhythmias per Peds SOPs
Ŷ Keep warm Ŷ Refer to shock protocols and support perfusion.

4. If possible narcotic OD:

Ŷ < 5 yrs/< 20 kg: NARCAN (naloxone) 0.1 mg/kg to a max of 2 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM
Ŷ •\UV•NJ NARCAN (naloxone) 2 mg IV/IN/IO/IM
5. Assess glucose. If glucose < 70: treat per Peds Hypoglycemia SOP

SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)

SIDS is the sudden death of any infant or young child that is unexplained by history and an autopsy.
1. Confirm the absence of VS.
2. In most cases the baby is not discovered until there are long-term indications of death.
Ŷ If child meets criteria for triple zero, do not move the body, notify police.
Ŷ If the child does not meet criteria for triple zero, begin resuscitation per appropriate SOP.
3. Document the time, location, and circumstances in which the child was found.
4. Treat the body with gentleness and dignity. Assist the parent(s) in coping with their initial grief reactions.
Be prepared for disbelief, denial, anger, guilt, confusion, anxiety, terror, sadness, crying, and/or hysteria.
5. Be extremely cautious about what you tell the parents. In their grief, they will not remember instructions and may
be very sensitive to any statements that may imply that they should or should not have acted differently before your
arrival. Give them one clear instruction at a time; keep your words simple.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 65

 PEDS ALLERGIC Reaction
ANAPHYLACTIC Shock
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Aggressive, early airway intervention
Ŷ Apply venous constricting band proximal to bite or injection site if swelling is rapidly
Ŷ Attempt to identify and/or remove inciting cause: scrape away stinger, etc.
Ŷ Apply ice/cold pack to bite or injection site unless contraindicated
Ŷ Do NOT start IV or take BP in same extremity as a bite or injection site

LOCAL Reaction: A&OX3, hives and edema at site of exposure or GI distress after food ingestion. BP WNL for child
2. Observe for progression and transport

MILD SYSTEMIC Reaction: BP normal for child. S&S: Peripheral tingling, warm sensation, fullness in the
mouth and throat, nasal congestion, periorbital swelling, rash, itching, tearing of the eyes, and sneezing.

2. BENADRYL (diphenhydramine) 1 mg/kg IM or slow IVP over 2-3 minutes not to exceed 50 mg.
If less than 6 yrs: Use anterior mid-thigh for IM injections.

MODERATE SYSTEMIC Reaction: BP > 70

S&S may include any of the above plus bronchospasm, wheezing, edema of the airways or larynx w/ dyspnea, cough, soft
tissue edema, flushing, nausea, vomiting, warmth and anxiety.

2. EPINEPHRINE (1:1000) 0.01 mg/kg (mL) (0.3 mg max) IM. (EMT-B may use epi pen)
Ŷ May repeat X 1 in 5-10 minutes
Ŷ DO NOT DELAY TRANSPORT while waiting for response
3. BENADRYL (diphenhydramine) 1 mg/kg (50 max) slow IVP over 2-3 minutes; if no IV give IM
4. If wheezing: ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg (3 mL) via hand held nebulizer (HHN) or mask
Supplement w/O2 6 L/NC if patient is hypoxic and using a HHN.

SEVERE SYSTEMIC Reaction/ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK BP < 70

Can be life-threatening. S&S Those described above plus intense bronchospasm, absent/diminished breath sounds,
laryngeal edema, with hoarseness, stridor, severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and rarely respiratory arrest. GI edema results in
dysphagia, intense abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and vomiting. Sequence leads to respiratory failure and
cardiovascular collapse.
Cardiovascular collapse leads to BP (based on age), cardiac dysrhythmias, shock and coma.

2. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Time sensitive patient
Ŷ If airway/ventilations severely compromised: Rx per Peds Airway Adjuncts SOPs
Ŷ IV NS fluid challenge 20 mL/kg IVP/IO X 3 if indicated
Ŷ CPR if indicated
3. EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg) Titrate in max 0.1 mg increments q. 1 min up to 1 mg IVP/IO
Ŷ No vascular access: EPI (1:1000) 0.1 mg/kg up to 1 mg IM (EMT-B may use epi pen)
Ŷ DO NOT DELAY TRANSPORT waiting for response (EMT-B may repeat Epi Pen X 1 in 5 to 10 minutes)
4. BENADRYL (diphenhydramine) 1 mg/kg (max 50 mg) slow IVP/IO over 2-3 minutes; if no IV/IO give IM.
5. If wheezing: ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg (3 mL) via HHN, mask or BVM
6. If BP remains < 70: DOPAMINE IVPB 10 mcg/kg/min up to 20 mcg/kg/min. Titrate to maintain BP > 70.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 66

 PEDS ASTHMA

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Evaluate ventilation/oxygenation (SpO2), WOB, accessory muscle use, degree of airway obstruction/
resistance, speech/cry, cough, mental status, fatigue, hypoxia, CO 2 narcosis and cardiac status.
Ŷ Obtain SAMPLE Hx: triggers for attacks; usual severity of attacks; current asthma meds; time and amount of
last dose; duration of this attack.
Ŷ If wheezing w/o Hx of asthma: Consider FB aspiration, respiratory infection, cardiac cause
Ŷ Assess for pneumonia, atelectasis, pneumothorax or tension pneumothorax
If tension pneumothorax ( BP, absent breath sounds): Needle pleural decompression
Ŷ Airway/Oxygen per Peds Airway Adjuncts SOPs if near apnea, AMS, fatigue, hypoxia, or failure to improve
with maximal initial therapy.
Ŷ IV access:
- Mild distress: No IV usually necessary
- Moderate to severe distress: IV NS titrated to maintain hemodynamic stability
Ŷ Monitor ECG. Bradycardia signals deterioration of patient status

MILD to MODERATE distress with wheezing and/or cough variant asthma; SpO 2 > 95%:

2. ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg (3 mL) via HHN or mask

Ŷ Supplement w/O2 6 L/NC if patient is hypoxic and using a HHN.
Ŷ Begin transport as soon as Albuterol is started. Do not wait for a response.
Ŷ Continue/repeat ALBUTEROL while enroute to hospital.

SEVERE distress:
Severe SOB, breath sounds or absent; SpO2 94% or less, hypoxic/exhausted, bradycardia

Time sensitive patient

2. EPINEPHRINE (1:1000) 0.01 mg/kg (0.01 mL/kg) to a max of 0.3 mg (0.3 mL) IM
Ŷ Caution: Experiencing significant side effects (tachycardia) to Albuterol.
Ŷ Begin transport as soon as Epi is given. Do not wait for a response.
Ŷ May repeat X 1 in 10 minutes if minimal response.
3. If wheezing present: ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg (3 mL) via HHN, mask or BVM
Continue/repeat Albuterol while enroute to hospital.
4. Severe distress persists: MAGNESIUM 25 mg/kg (max 2 Gm) mixed with NS (to total volume of 20 mL) slow IV/IO
over 10-20 min.
5. Go to appropriate SOP if HR < 60 or patient becomes pulseless or apneic.

Pediatric asthma may present differently from the adult form. Children may not wheeze, but may continuously cough
for 20-30 min after excitement or exercise, or they may abruptly vomit. Even incremental edema/bronchoconstriction
may cause severe air exchange problems due to the small diameter of their airways. The inability of peds patients to
increase their tidal volumes often results in markedly RR which rapidly dehydrates the airways and accelerates the
development of mucous plugs. Hypoxemia & hypercarbia lead to acidosis and bradycardia. Treat aggressively.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 67

 CROUP / EPIGLOTTITIS
1. IMC special considerations: Time sensitive patient
Ŷ O2 15 L/peds NRM; assess tolerance of O2 administration
Ŷ Assess for the following:
Reactive airway disease Partial Airway Obstruction
Wheezing Suspected foreign body
Grunting Obstruction or epiglottitis
Retractions Stridor
Tachypnea Choking
Diminished respirations Drooling
Decreased breath sounds Hoarseness
Tachycardia/bradycardia Retractions
Decreasing consciousness Tripod position
Ŷ Avoid  agitation.  Allow  adult  to  hold  upright  in  position  of  comfort  until  transport.  Transport  in  sitting  position  if  possible.  
Ŷ Do not attempt NPA/OPA, intubation, glottic visualization, or vascular access unless CR collapse.
Ŷ Monitor ECG for changes in heart rate. Bradycardia signals deterioration.
2. If airway/ventilatory distress: Prepare airway/suction equipment; Peds BVM

CROUP
NONE TO MILD cardiorespiratory compromise: No cyanosis, mild respiratory distress
3. NS 6 mL/HHN by mask or aim mist at child's face.
4. If wheezing: ALBUTEROL 2.5 mg/HHN by mask or aim mist at child's face.
Do not delay transport waiting for a response .

MODERATE TO SEVERE cardiorespiratory compromise:

Cyanosis, marked stridor or respiratory distress
3. EPINEPHRINE (1:1000) 3 mL (3 mg) via HHN by mask or aim mist at child's face.
Do not delay transport setting up medication.
Consider possibility of epiglottitis and treat as below if airway obstruction progresses.

EPIGLOTTITIS
NONE TO MILD cardiorespiratory compromise: No cyanosis, effective air exchange:
3. Peds IMC only. Anticipate rapid deterioration of condition and be prepared for below.

MODERATE TO SEVERE cardiorespiratory compromise:

Bradycardia, AMS, marked ventilatory distress, retractions, ineffective air exchange, and/or actual or impending respiratory
arrest.
3. EPINEPHRINE (1:1000) 3 mL (3 mg) via HHN by mask or aim mist at child's face.
Do not delay transport setting up medication.
4. If continued inadequate ventilation: position supine in sniffing position.
Ventilate with 15L O2/Peds BVM using slow compressions of bag.
If unable to ventilate: temporarily stop ambulance and provide airway per Peds Airway Adjuncts SOP
Be prepared for airway status to worsen after intubation attempt if unsuccessful.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 68

 PEDS BRADYCARDIA with a PULSE
Search for and treat possible contributing factors:
‡Hypovolemia ‡7R[LQV‡7DPSRQDGHFDUGLDF ‡([FHVVLYHYDJDOVWLPXODWLRQ
‡+\SR[LDRUYHQWLODWLRQSUREOHP ‡7DPSRQDGHFDUGLDF
‡+\GURJHQLRQDFLGRVLV ‡7HQVLRQSQHXPRWKRUD[
‡+\SHUK\SRNDOHPLD PHWDEROLFGLVRUGHUV ‡7KURPERVLV (coronary or pulmonary)
‡+\SRJO\FHPLD ‡7UDXPDK\SRYROHPLD ICP, brain stem compression)
‡+\SRWKHUPLD ‡+[KHDUWVXUJHU\ULVNVLFNVLQXVV\QGURPHRUKHDUWEORFN

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Assess glucose: if < 70: Dextrose per Hypoglycemia SOP

NONE TO MILD cardiorespiratory compromise

Alert, oriented, well perfused, and systolic BP normal for age
2. Assess and support ABCs as needed.

MODERATE to SEVERE cardiorespiratory compromise:

Clinically significant bradycardia : HR < 60 or a rapidly dropping HR despite adequate oxygenation and ventilation
associated with poor systemic perfusion, hypotension, respiratory difficulty, altered consciousness

2. IMC special considerations cont.

Ŷ Time sensitive patients
Ŷ If patient unconscious and unresponsive to pain:
Control airway/ventilations using Peds IMC and Peds Airway Adjuncts SOP
Ŷ Initiate CPR if HR < 60 in infant/child and poor systemic perfusion despite O 2 and ventilation:
Ŷ Establish vascular access IV/IO NS TKO
If signs of hypovolemia: NS 20 mL/kg IVP/IO; may repeat X 2 if necessary
Check for pulse and rhythm changes after each intervention: Proceed  to  next  step  only  if  bradycardia  &  hypoperfusion  persists:  
3. EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg) up to 1 mg IVP/IO*.
Repeat every 3-5 minutes as long as dysrhythmia with hypoperfusion persists.
If bradycardia is due to vagal tone (intubation attempts) or primary (1° or 2° MI) AV block:
3. ATROPINE 0.02 mg/kg rapid IVP/IO.
Minimum dose: 0.1 mg. Maximum single doses - Child: 0.5 mg; Adolescent: 1 mg
May repeat X 1 in 5 min up to a max total dose of 1 mg in a child; 2 mg in an adolescent.
Profound symptomatic bradycardia refractory to ALS or caused by 3 AVB or abn. function of SA node:
Pacing not helpful for peds w/ HR due to post-arrest hypoxia/ischemic myocardial insult, resp. failure, or asystole
4. Initiate external pacing if available at age-appropriate rate and lowest mA that achieves electrical and mechanical
capture. Standard sized electrodes may be used in children > 15 kg.
Ŷ Sedation: VERSED (midazolam) 0.1 mg/kg slow IVP/IO (0.2 mg/kg IN) (max single dose 5 mg)
Ŷ If in pain & BP normotensive: FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg.  May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min  (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.  
Additional doses require OLMC.  May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg  q.  5  min  up  to  a  total  of  2  mcg/kg  (max  200  mcg).  
5. If bradycardia persists despite adequate O 2, ventilation, & responds transiently or not at all to epi, atropine or
pacing: DOPAMINE 5 mcg/kg/min IVPB. Contact medical control.

Notes:
Ŷ Flush all IV/IO drugs with 5-10 mL NS
Ŷ *If no IV/IO & ET placed: Epi (1:1000) 0.1 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg) ET; Atropine 0.03 mg/kg ET
Dilute all ET drugs with 5 mL NS follow w/ 5 breaths/BVM

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 69

 PEDS NARROW QRS COMPLEX TACHYCARDIA
QRS 0.09 seconds or less in children > 3 years

Search for and treat possible contributing factors:

‡Hypoxemia ‡Hyperthermia ‡7DPSRQDGHFDUGLDF ‡3DLQ
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‡+\GURJHQ ion (acidosis) ‡Toxins/poisons/drugs
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Probable Sinus Tachycardia Probable supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

‡History compatible w/ shock (dehydration/hemorrhage) ‡History often vague & nondescriptive
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‡,QIDQWV5DWHXVXDOO\%30 ‡,QIDQWV5DWHXVXDOO\!%30
‡ Children: Rate usually < 180 BPM ‡&KLOGUHQRate usually > 180 BPM

Clinical presentations:
Ŷ Cardiorespiratory stability is affected by child's age, duration of SVT, prior ventricular function, and HR
Ŷ Older children C/O lightheadedness, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or note fast HR
Ŷ Infants: Fussiness, poor feeding, lethargy; may be undetected for long periods until low CO and shock develop

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ NO cardiorespiratory compromise: Assess and support ABCs.
Ŷ Obtain, review, and transmit 12-lead ECG if practical & available.
Ŷ Establish NS TKO in proximal vein (AC); protect with arm board.
Ŷ Defer vascular access until after cardioversion if unconscious.
Ŷ If hypovolemic: NS fluid bolus 20 mL/kg IVP followed by re-evaluation.

MILD/MODERATE cardiorespiratory compromise

2. If probable SVT: Assess need for vagal maneuvers (While monitoring ECG, have child blow through a straw)
3. ADENOSINE 0.1 mg/kg (max first dose 6 mg) rapid IVP follow w/ 5-10 mL NS flush.
May double (0.2 mg/kg) and repeat once. Max second dose 12 mg.
4. If rhythm improves but continued hypoperfusion: Refer to shock SOP.
If no rhythm improvement: proceed to severe cardiorespiratory compromise.

SEVERE cardiorespiratory compromise:

Instability related to HR often > 200-230 beats per minute;
may present with HF w/ peripheral perfusion, work of breathing, altered LOC, or hypotension

2. IMC special considerations in conscious patient:

Ŷ If IV/IO in place: May give brief trial of meds while preparing for cardioversion. See above.
Ŷ Sedate prior to cardioversion: VERSED (midazolam) 0.1 mg/kg IVP/IO (0.2  mg/kg  IN) (max  single  dose  5  mg)  
If condition is deteriorating, omit sedation.
3. Synchronized cardioversion at 0.5 - 1 J/kg
If delays in synchronization and condition critical, go immediately to unsynchronized shocks.
4. Cardioversion successful: Support ABCs; observe
5. Cardioversion unsuccessful: Synchronized cardioversion at 2 J/kg
Re-evaluate rhythm & possible causes (metabolic or toxic).

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 70

 PEDS VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA with Pulse
Rate > 120 - Treat pulseless VT as VF

Search for and treat possible contributing factors:

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1. Uncommon. Assess for hypoperfusion and cardiorespiratory compromise. May be difficult to diagnose in small
children due to narrower QRS complex. May go unrecognized until child acutely decompensates.
2. IMC: Support ABCs; determine need for advanced airway management
Ŷ If unconscious, defer IV until after cardioversion.
Ŷ Apply peds defib pads if available or prepare peds defib paddles.
Ŷ Assess cardiac rhythm in more than one lead. Assess for S&S of HF.
Ŷ HR varies from near normal to > 300. Confirm wide QRS (>0.08 s in infants; > 0.09 s children > 3 years).
Ŷ Obtain, review and transmit 12 lead ECG if available; determine if monomorphic or polymorphic VT.

NONE to MODERATE cardiorespiratory compromise

Alert, HR > 140, BP 90; normal perfusion and level of consciousness
Polymorphic VT
Monomorphic VT Prolonged QT / Torsades de Pointes

Contact OLMC first 3. MAGNESIUM 25 mg/kg (max 2 Gm) mixed w/ NS (to

3. AMIODARONE 5 mg/kg (max 150 mg) mixed with NS total volume of 20 mL) slow IV over 10-20 minutes.
(to total volume of 20 mL) slow IV over 20 minutes.

SEVERE cardiorespiratory compromise:

S&S compromised tissue perfusion, shock, and impaired level of consciousness

3. IMC special considerations

Ŷ If IV placed: may give brief trial of meds while preparing for cardioversion. See above.
Ŷ Assess need for sedation: VERSED (midazolam) 0.1 mg/kg IVP/IO (0.2 mg/kg IN) (max dose 5 mg).
If condition is deteriorating, omit sedation.
4. Synchronized cardioversion at 0.5 ± 1 J/kg.
HR generally > 220 before cardioversion necessary in children.
If delays in synchronization and clinical conditions critical, go immediately to unsynchronized shocks
Ŷ Assess ECG and pulse after each cardioversion.
Ŷ Treat post-cardioversion dysrhythmias per appropriate SOP.
5. If cardioversion successful:
Ŷ Complete ALS IMC: Support ABCs; observe; keep warm; transport.
Ŷ If VT returns after successful cardioversion, start protocol at last intervention.
6. If cardioversion unsuccessful:
Ŷ Complete ALS IMC; re-evaluate rhythm & possible causes (metabolic or toxic).
AMIODARONE 5 mg/kg (max 150 mg) mixed with NS (to total volume of 20 mL) slow IVP/IO over 20 min.
Ŷ Cardiovert at 2 J/kg every 2 minutes during and/or after drug therapy.
Ŷ Complete the medication even if pt converts from cardioversion provided BP is normal for age.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 71

 PEDS VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
PULSELESS VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

1. Begin BLS IMC ± All care is organized around 2 minute cycles of CPR
Ŷ Determine unresponsiveness
Ŷ Open airway using chin lift; determine breathlessness (no more than 10 sec); suction as necessary
Ŷ No breathing: 2 breaths (1 sec. each) w/ just enough volume to produce visible chest rise if pocket mask/BVM
immediately available (do not delay compressions); give O2 when available
Ŷ Verify central pulselessness (5 to 10 sec)
Begin CPR*: Chest compressions at 100/min (30:2 single rescuer) (15:2 ± 2 rescuers).
Ŷ Apply pads with chest compressions in progress:
ƒ BLS: AED Children 1 to 8 yrs of age (up to 25 kg): use peds pads or pediatric system if available
Children 8 yrs and older: Use adult AED
ƒ ALS: Cardiac monitor
Ŷ If arrest not witnessed by EMS or response time > 4-5 min, perform 2 min of CPR (5 cycles of 30:2) before
rhythm check or defibrillation.
2. Check rhythm: Shockable? Defibrillate: 1 shock: Manual 2 J/kg (AED device specific)
Ŷ Use adult energy doses in children who weigh at least 50 kg
Ŷ Resume chest compressions immediately for 2 min (5 cycles).
Ŷ NO rhythm check until after 2 min of CPR unless patient wakes or begins to move extremities.

The following need to be accomplished simultaneously in separate time cycles

Continue 2 min cycles of CPR: ALS interventions with minimal interruption to CPR*
Check rhythm ± Shockable? See below. ƒ Airway per Peds Airway Adjunct SOP (Intubation is NOT a priority
Not shockable? Go to Asystole/PEA or if ventilations are adequate w/ a BVM)
appropriate SOP After advanced airway: give 1 breath every 6 to 8 sec (8-10 BPM) -
Avoid hyperventilation; Do  not  pause  CPR  compressions  to  give  breaths.  
Ŷ Defibrillate: 1 shock: Manual 4 J/kg ƒ Establish vascular access NS TKO as able.
(AED device specific) If dehydrated, hypovolemic, tension pneumothorax or tamponade: NS
Ŷ Resume chest compressions immediately 20 mL/kg IVP. May repeat X 2 if indicated.
for 2 min (5 cycles). ƒ As time allows: Assess temp and glucose.
No rhythm check until after 2 min of CPR When IV/IO available, give meds during CPR
unless patient wakes or begins to move
EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg) up to 1 mg IV/IO**
extremities.
Repeat every 3-5 min as long as CPR continues.
AMIODARONE 5 mg/kg IVP/IO *** Max single dose 300 mg.
SODIUM BICARBONATE 1 mEq/kg IVP/IO (1 mL/kg 8.4%):
Give  only  if  arrest  is  caused  by  a  bicarbonate-­responsive  acidosis  (DKA/tricyclic  
antidepressant  or  ASA  OD,  cocaine  or  diphenhydramine)  or  known  hyperkalemia.  

Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC): Assess  for  post-­arrest  shock.  Support  ABCs;;  follow  appropriate  SOP  to  support  BP  w/  
UNWARMED  NS  10-­20  mL/kg  IVP  and  DOPAMINE  at  2  to  20  mcg/kg/min  as  needed.  Avoid  hyperthermia  &  hyperglycemia.

Ŷ *CPR notes: Push hard and fast; ensure full chest recoil; minimize interruptions in chest compressions (10 sec or less)
ƒ Continue CPR while defibrillator is charging and drugs are prepared & given.
ƒ Ideally,  interrupt  chest  compressions  only  for  ventilations  (until  advanced  airway  placed),  rhythm  check  &  shock  delivery.  
ƒ Rotate person providing compressions every 2 minutes during ECG rhythm checks  
ƒ Pts  should  not  be  moved  while  CPR  is  progress  unless  in  a  dangerous  environment  or  pt  is  in  need  of  intervention  not  immediately  available.  
CPR  is  better  and  has  fewer  interruptions  when  resuscitation  is  conducted  where  the  pt.  is  found.  
Ŷ If no IV/IO & ET placed:  
ƒ **EPI (1:1,000) 0.1 mg/kg up to 1 mg ET. Dilute  w/  NS  to  volume  of  3-­5  mL.  Follow  w/  3-­5  mL  NS  flush  after  instillation.  Repeat  q.  3-­5  
min.  
ƒ ***LIDOCAINE 2 mg/kg ET then 1 mg/kg ET q. 3-5 min, max 3 doses or 6 mg/kg  
Ŷ Refer to specific SOPs: Hypothermia; Poisoning/OD; Renal failure

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 72

 PEDS ASYSTOLE / PEA
Search for and treat possible contributing factors:
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1. Rapid scene size up: Any evidence personnel should not attempt resuscitation (Triple zero, valid DNR order)?
2. Begin BLS IMC ± All care is organized around 2 minute cycles of CPR
Ŷ Determine unresponsiveness
Ŷ Open airway using chin lift; determine breathlessness (no more than 10 sec); suction as necessary
Ŷ No breathing: 2 breaths (1 sec. each) w/ just enough volume to produce visible chest rise if pocket mask/BVM
immediately available (do not delay compressions); give O 2 when available
Ŷ Verify pulselessness (5 to 10 sec)
Begin CPR*: Chest compressions at 100/min (30:2 single rescuer) (15:2 ± 2 rescuers).
Ŷ Apply pads with chest compressions in progress:
BLS: AED Children 1 to 8 (up to 25 kg): use peds pads or peds system if available
Children 8 yrs and older: Use adult AED
ALS: Cardiac monitor: Confirm rhythm (asystole in 2 leads)
Ŷ If  arrest  unwitnessed  by  EMS  or  response  time  >  4-­5  min, perform 2 min of CPR (5 cycles of 30:2) before rhythm check.
ALS: Confirm asystole in 2 leads.
3. Check rhythm: Rhythm not shockable:
Ŷ Resume chest compressions immediately for 2 min (5 cycles of 30:2).
Ŷ NO rhythm check until after 2 min of CPR unless patient wakes or begins to move extremities.

The following need to be accomplished simultaneously in separate time cycles

Ŷ Continue 2 minute cycles of CPR ALS interventions with minimal interruption to CPR*
Ŷ Check rhythm every 2 minutes ƒ Airway per Peds Airway Adjunct SOP (Intubation is NOT a priority
ƒ Asystole  persists/no  shock  advised:  cont.  CPR   if ventilations are adequate w/ a BVM)
ƒ If electrical activity: check pulse After advanced airway: give 1 breath every 6 to 8 sec (8-10 BPM) -
ƒ If  pulse  present,  begin  post-­resuscitation  care   Avoid hyperventilation; Do  not  pause  CPR  compressions  to  give  breaths.  
ƒ Establish vascular access NS TKO as able.
If dehydrated, hypovolemic, tension pneumothorax or tamponade: NS
20 mL/kg IVP. May repeat X 2 if indicated.
ƒ As time allows: Assess temp and glucose.
When IV/IO available, give meds during CPR
EPINEPHRINE (1:10,000) 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg) up to 1 mg IV/IO**
Repeat every 3-5 min as long as CPR continues.
SODIUM BICARBONATE 1 mEq/kg IV/IO (1 mL/kg 8.4%):
Give only if arrest is caused by a bicarbonate-responsive acidosis
(DKA/tricyclic antidepressant or ASA OD, cocaine or diphenhydramine)
or known hyperkalemia.

Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC): Assess  for  post-­arrest  shock.  Support  ABCs;;  follow  appropriate  SOP  to  support  BP  w/  
UNWARMED  NS  10-­20  mL/kg  IVP  and  DOPAMINE  at  2  to  20  mcg/kg/min  as  needed.  Avoid  hyperthermia  &  hyperglycemia.  

Ŷ *CPR notes: Push hard and fast; ensure full chest recoil; minimize interruptions in chest compressions (10 sec or less)
ƒ Continue CPR while drugs are prepared & given.
ƒ Ideally, interrupt chest compressions only for ventilations (until advanced airway placed) & rhythm check.
ƒ Rotate person providing compressions every 2 minutes during ECG rhythm checks  
ƒ Pts should not be moved while CPR is progress unless in a dangerous environment or pt is in need of intervention
not immediately available. CPR is better and has fewer interruptions when resuscitation is conducted where the pt.
is found.
Ŷ **If no vascular access: EPI (1:1,000) 0.1 mg/kg ET. Dilute medication w/ NS to a volume of 3 to 5 mL.
Follow w/ 3-5 mL NS flush after instillation. Repeat q. 3-5 minutes.
Ŷ Refer to specific SOPs: Hypothermia ; Poisoning/OD; Renal failure

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 73

 PEDS ALTERED MENTAL STATUS
Consider possible etiologies and refer to appropriate SOPs. If no specified SOP, see below:
Ŷ A: Alcohol and ingested drugs/toxins; arrhythmias
Ŷ E: Endocrine/exocrine, particularly liver/thyroid; electrolyte imbalances
Ŷ I: Insulin: Hypoglycemia / DKA
Ŷ O: Oxygen deficit (hypoxia), opiates, overdose
Ŷ U: Uremia; other renal causes including hypertensive problems
Ŷ T: Trauma, temperature changes
Ŷ I: Infections, both neurologic and systemic
Ŷ P: Psychiatric
Ŷ S: Space occupying lesions, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, shock, seizures

Scene size up:

Ŷ Inspect environment for bottles, drugs, letters or notes, or source of toxins suggesting cause of AMS.
Ŷ Ask bystanders/patient about symptoms immediately prior to change in consciousness.
Detailed (Secondary) assessment:
Ŷ Level of consciousness using GCS adjusted for Peds
Ŷ Affect
Ŷ Behavior: consolable or non-consolable agitation
Ŷ Cognitive function/awareness (recognition of familiar objects); hallucinations/delusions
Ŷ Memory deficits; speech patterns
Ŷ Inspect patient for Medic alert tags; evidence of alcohol/drug abuse; trauma
Ŷ General appearance; odors on breath
Ŷ VS: observe for changes in BP/P; abnormal respiratory patterns ; or T.
Ŷ Skin color/temp/moisture/lesions that may be diagnostic of the etiology
Ŷ Neuro exam: Pupils/EOMs; motor/sensory exam; 9 for nuchal rigidity

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Suction cautiously prn; seizure/vomiting/aspiration precautions
Ŷ GCS 8: Assess need for DAI
Ŷ O2 12-15 L/Peds NRM or BVM. Assist ventilations at 1 breath every 3 -5 sec.
Ŷ If hypotensive: IV NS 20 mL/kg IVP. May repeat X 2 if indicated.
Ŷ Position patient on side unless contraindicated
Ŷ If supine: maintain head and neck in neutral alignment; do not flex the neck
Ŷ Monitor ECG continually enroute
Ŷ Monitor for S&S of ICP: reduce environmental stimuli
Ŷ Document changes in the GCS
2. Obtain and record blood glucose level per System procedure (capillary and/or venous).
If < 70: Treat per Peds Hypoglycemia SOP
3. If narcotic/synthetic narcotic OD suspected ( LOC, pinpoint pupils, slow respirations):
Ŷ < 5 yrs/< 20 kg: NARCAN (naloxone) 0.1 mg/kg to a max of 2 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM
Ŷ •\UV•NJ NARCAN (naloxone) 2 mg IV/IN/IO/IM

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 74

 PEDS DIABETIC / GLUCOSE EMERGENCIES
Note: Peds patients have high glucose requirements and low glycogen stores.
During periods of energy requirements, such as shock, they may become hypoglycemic.

1. BLS IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Obtain PMH; ask about history of diabetes (type 1 or 2); (Type 2 incidence is rising in children)
Ŷ Determine time and amount of last dose of medication/insulin and last oral intake
Ŷ Vomiting and seizure precautions: prepare suction
Ŷ Obtain and record blood glucose level (capillary and/or venous sample) for all peds pts w/ AMS, shock,
or respiratory failure.

Blood sugar < 70 or S & S of hypoglycemia

2. BLS: If GCS is 14-15 and patient is able to swallow: oral glucose in the form of paste, gel, or liquid if available
3. ALS: If borderline glucose level (60-70) & symptomatic: give ½ Dextrose dose (see below)
4. If less than 60 or low:
1-8 yrs: DEXTROSE 25% 2 mL/kg IVP/IO (waste 25 mL D50; draw in 25 mL NS)
< 1 yr: DEXTROSE 12.5% (0.125 Gm/mL) 5 mL/kg IVP/IO (waste 37.5 mL D50; draw in 37.5 mL NS)
Note: Confirm patency of vascular access before infusing dextrose
5. If no IV/IO: GLUCAGON 0.03 mg/kg IM/IN. Maximum dose 1 mg.
If age < than 6 years, use the mid anterior thigh for IM injections.
6. Observe and record response to treatment; recheck glucose level
Ŷ If 70 or greater: Ongoing assessment
Ŷ If < 70 repeat Dextrose if necessary
7. If parent or guardian refuses transportation, they must be advised to feed the child before EMS leaves the scene.

Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Occurs primarily in type 1 diabetics

Patients must present with a combination of dehydration, acidosis, and hyperglycemia.

Ŷ Dehydration: Tachycardia, hypotension, skin turgor, warm, dry, flushed skin, N/V, abdominal pain
Ŷ Acidosis: AMS, Kussmaul ventilations, seizures, peaked T waves, and ketosis (fruity odor to breath)
Ŷ Hyperglycemia: Elevated blood sugar; most commonly 240 or above.
Note: EMS personnel shall not assist any patient in administering insulin.
2. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Monitor ECG for dysrhythmias and changes to T waves.
Ŷ IV NS 20 mL/kg IVP X 1 unless instructed by OLMC to repeat. Patient may have large fluid deficits.
Auscultate breath sounds after each 50 mL.
Ŷ Maintain Systolic BP at size-appropriate minimum or above: Children 10 or less: > 70 + (2 X age in yrs).
Ŷ Monitor for development of cerebral edema.
3. Observe and record response to treatment.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 75

 PEDS DRUG OVERDOSE/POISONING
Ŷ VERSED (midazolam) 0.1 mg/kg IV/IO (0.2 mg/kg IN) (Max single dose 5 mg). If no IV/IN/IO: IM.
May repeat to a total of 10 mg.
Ŷ NARCAN (naloxone) < 5 yrs/< 20 kg: 0.1 mg/kg (max 2 mg) IVP/IN/IO/IM
•\UV•NJ 2 mg IV/IN/IO/IM
May repeat naloxone prn in small doses (0.01-0.03 mg/kg) titrated to maintain ventilations.

GENERAL APPROACH
1. History: Determine method of injury: ingestion, injected, absorbed, or inhaled.
2. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Uncooperative behavior may be related to the associated intoxication/poisoning.
Do not let the altered behavior distract from assessment of the underlying pathology.
Ŷ Anticipate respiratory arrest, seizure activity, dysrhythmias, or vomiting
Ŷ Airway access / control per Peds Airway Adjuncts SOP
Ŷ Support ventilations w/ 15 L O2/Peds BVM if respiratory depression
Ŷ IV NS TKO unless otherwise noted
Ŷ Monitor ECG in all cases
3. If AMS, seizure activity, or focal neurologic deficit: Obtain blood glucose; If < 70: Treat per Peds Hypoglycemia
SOP.
4. If AMS, respiratory depression, and substance unknown: NARCAN (naloxone)
BETA BLOCKER Atenolol, Betapace, Blocadren, Cartol, Coreg, Corgard, Inderal (propranolol), Kerlone, Labetalol, Levatol,
Lopressor, metoprolol, Normodyne, Sectral, sotalol, Tenormin, Tiazac, Toprol, Trandate, Visken, Zebeta.
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER: Adalat, Amlodipine, Calan, Cardene, Cardizem (diltiazem), Dilacor, Dynacirc, Felodipi ne, Isoptin,
Nifedipine, Nimotop, Norvasc, Plendil, Posicor, Procardia, Vascor, verapamil, Verelan
5. If BP: Limit fluid boluses to 5-10 mL/kg; reassess after each bolus due to high freq. of heart dysfunction
6. If P < 60 + BP < 70 & unresponsive to epinephrine, atropine & pacing per Peds Bradycardia w/ Pulse SOP:
GLUCAGON 0.03 mg/kg IV/IN/IO/IM; repeat prn; may need very large doses . No  response:  Rx  per  Cardiogenic  Shock  SOP.  

STIMULANTS: Amphetamines, methamphetamines, COCAINE ("Coke", "Crack", "Blow", "Rock"), ephedrine, PCP
5. Treat tachycardia, dysrhythmias, cardiac ischemia, and hyperthermia per appropriate SOP.
6. If seizures/tachycardia, HTN crisis; ACS: VERSED to stop seizures, slow HR, and/or BP
CYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT: Adaptin, amitriptyline (Elavil), Amoxapine, Anafranil, Ascendin, desipramine, Desyrel, Doxepin,
Endep, imipramine, Limbitrol, Ludiomil, Norpramine, nortriptyline, Pamelor, Sinequan, Triavil, Tofranil, Vivactil
5. IF BP: IV NS fluid challenge 10 mL/kg IVP/IO. May repeat until BP stable.
6. SODIUM BICARBONATE 1 mEq/kg IVP. Repeat  dose  if    BP,  deterioration  of  mental  status,  wide  QRS,  or  dysrhythmias  
Ventricular  dysrhythmias  may  require  very  large  doses.  
7. If convulsive activity present: VERSED (midazolam) to stop seizures.

ECSTASY: Methamphetamine designer drug used at "rave" parties. Suspect if patient has a pacifier around the neck or is
holding a Vicks vapor rub inhaler. Anticipate malignant hyperthermia, seizures, teeth grinding.
5. Manage airway with OPA/NPA + BVM. Do not sedate further or attempt to intubate.
6. For further care see Stimulants above.

GHB: (Cherry  meth,  Easy  lay,  G-­riffic,  Grievous  body  harm,  liquid  exstasy,  liquid  X,  liquid  E,  organic  quaalude,  salty  water,  scoop,  soap,  and  
somatomax)  
5. Observe for CNS depression, euphoria, respiratory depression, apnea, nystagmus, P, BP, seizures
6. Manage airway with OPA/NPA + BVM. Do not sedate further or attempt to intubate.

NARCOTIC OR Codeine, Darvon, Darvocet, Demerol, Dilaudid, Dolophine, Fentanyl, Heroin, Lortab, Speedballs
SYNTHETIC NARCOTIC Methadone, Morphine, Percocet, Percodan, Roxanol, Talwin, Tylox, Vicodin, Wygesic
5. NARCAN (naloxone): Assess need for restraints; monitor for HTN after reversal if speedballs were used.

ORGANOPHOSPHATES: Cholinergic poisoning w/ "SLUDGE" reaction (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI

distress, emesis. May also exhibit bronchial secretions, P, pinpoint pupils
5. Remove from contaminated area. Decontaminate as much as possible before moving to ambulance.
6. ATROPINE 0.02 mg/kg (minimum 0.1 mg) rapid IVP/IM: Repeat q. 3 min until improvement (reduction in
secretions).

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 76

 Usual atropine dose limit does not apply ± See Weapons of Mass Destruction Chemical Exposures.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 77

 PEDS CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
1. IMC special considerations:
Ŷ Use appropriate Haz-mat precautions.
Ŷ Remove patient from CO environment as soon as possible.
Ŷ Treat airway impairment and respiratory/cardiac arrest per appropriate SOP.
Ŷ O2 12-15 L/NRM or peds BVM; ensure tight seal of mask to face
SpO2 UNRELIABLE to indicate degree of hypoxemia or CO poisoning.
Ŷ Vomiting precautions; ready suction.
Ŷ Monitor ECG.
Ŷ Keep patient as quiet as possible to minimize tissue oxygen demands.
2. Consider cyanide poisoning in presence of smoke/fire.
3. Transport stable patients to nearest hospital unless ordered otherwise by medical control to a facility w/ a
hyperbaric chamber. If in arrest or airway unsecured, transport to nearest hospital.

Hyperbaric oxygen chambers

Advocate Lutheran General Hospital 847/723-5155 24/7

Loyola University Foster G. McGraw Hospital 708/216-4904 M-F 7-3:30 (no emergency or decompression)
6W/XNH¶V0HGLFDO&HQWHU0LOZDXNHH 414/649-6577 24/7

PEDS CYANIDE POISONING

Consider cyanide exposure in the presence of fire (house, car, synthetic materials), silver recovery, electroplating,
metal cleaning
1. PPE including SCBA; evacuate danger area
2. IMC per PEDS Drug OD/Poisoning SOP; decontaminate pt as necessary. Do NOT direct water jet on liquid.
Absorb liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to a safe place. Remove vapor cloud w/ fine water spray.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin with soap and water for 2-3 min.
3. Establish OLMC ASAP so receiving hospital is prepared for your arrival.
4. If hypotensive or pulseless: NS 20 mL/kg IVP/IO. May repeat X 2 as needed; CPR as indicated.

POISON CONTROL CENTER #: 1-800-222-1222

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 78

 PEDS SEIZURES
History
Ŷ History/frequency/type of seizures
Ŷ Prescribed meds and patient compliance; amount and time of last dose
Ŷ Recent or past head trauma; predisposing illness/disease; recent fever, headache, or stiff neck
Ŷ History of ingestion/drug or alcohol abuse; time last used
Consider possible etiologies
Ŷ Anoxia/hypoxia „ Anticonvulsant withdrawal/noncompliance
Ŷ Cerebral palsy or other disabilities „ Infection (meningitis, fever)
Ŷ Metabolic (glucose, electrolytes, acidosis) „ Toxin/intoxication (cocaine, cyclic)
Ŷ Trauma/child abuse „ Epilepsy
Exam: Observe and record the following
Ŷ Seizure description: focus of origin (one limb or whole body), progression and duration; presence of an aura,
simple/complex; partial/generalized (focality/muscle activity); eye deviation prior to or during seizure; incontinence;
trauma to the oral cavity; or abnormal behaviors (lip smacking); duration of loss of consciousness.
Ŷ Duration and degree of mental status changes in postictal period.

1. IMC special considerations:

Ŷ Clear and protect airway. No bite block. Vomiting/aspiration precautions, suction prn
Ŷ Protect patient from injury; do not restrain during tonic/clonic movements
Ŷ Position on side during postictal phase unless contraindicated
Ŷ If history of generalized tonic/clonic seizure activity: consider need for IV NS TKO
2. If generalized tonic/clonic convulsive activity present:
VERSED (midazolam) 0.1 mg/kg IV/IM/IO (0.2 mg/kg IN) (max single dose 5 mg). If no IV/IN/IO: IM.
May repeat to a total of 10 mg to stop seizure activity . If seizures persist: Contact OLMC for additional orders.
3. Identify and attempt to correct reversible precipitating causes (see above).
Obtain blood glucose level per System procedure (capillary and/or venous sample).
If < 70: DEXTROSE or GLUCAGON per Peds Hypoglycemia SOP.

Febrile seizures: Febrile  seizures  are  the  most  common  seizure   Generalized seizure
disorder  in  childhood,  affecting  2%  to  5%  of  children  between  6  to  60   Tonic clonic Aura,  muscle  rigidity,  rhythmic  jerking,  postictal  
months.  Simple  febrile  seizures  are  defined  as  brief  (<  15-­min)  generalized   (grand mal) state.  Lasts  seconds  to  5  min  or  more.
seizures  that  occur  once  during  a  24-­hr  period  in  a  febrile  child  who  does  
not  have  an  intracranial  infection,  metabolic  disturbance,  or  history  of   Absence (petit Vacant  look  &  is  unaware  of  anything  for  brief  
afebrile  seizures.   mal) time  then  returns  to  normal.  No  focal  tonic-­clonic  
ƒ Assess hydration status. If dehydrated, may attempt IV movements.  
X 1. If successful: NS 20 mL/kg IVP.
Sudden  startle-­like  episodes  (body  briefly  flexes  
ƒ Reassure/calm child and parents/guardians. Myoclonic or  extends).  Occurs  in  clusters  of  8-­10,  often  
ƒ Passively cool by removing all clothing but diaper/ multiple  times  a  day.  
underwear. Cover lightly. Do not induce shivering.
Temp may rebound and may cause another seizure. Partial seizures
ƒ NPO (Do not give over-the-counter anti-fever medications Limited to one part of brain, affected
unless ordered by medical control.) Simple partial area directly related to muscle group
ƒ ASA is contraindicated in unknown viral situations. involved. Child is aware.

Intra-rectal (IR) Diastat (diazepam) on scene: Complex partial Similar  to  simple,  except  child  is  unconscious  
May  use  for  persistent  seizures  or  status  epilepticus  when  no  IV/IO  is  
placed.  
ƒ Dose: 0.5 mg/kg (max. 20 mg) Hallucinations involving an unusual
ƒ Lubricate tip with water-soluble jelly. taste, smell, or sound. Feelings of fear
ƒ Insert  syringe  2  in  into  rectum.  Instill  medication.   Psychomotor or anger. Repetitive fine-motor actions
ƒ Hold  buttocks  together  to  avoid  leakage  after  instillation  of  medication. such as lip smacking or eye blinking.
ƒ If  already  given  by  parent:  Monitor  for  resp  depression.  Call  OLMC   May progress to tonic-clinic seizure.
before  giving  additional  anticonvulsant  meds.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 79

 PEDS INITIAL TRAUMA CARE
SCENE SIZE UP: Same as adult ITC with the following considerations
„ Where/in what position was child found? Was the child secured in an infant /child or booster seat?
„ Explore MOI carefully including possible indicators of abuse or neglect.

INITIAL (Primary) ASSESSMENT

1. General impression: overall look while approaching patient(s); age, size, gender
Pediatric assessment triangle: General appearance; work of breathing; circulation to the skin.
2. Determine if immediate life threat exists
3. Level of consciousness: AVPU or peds GCS
4. AIRWAY/SPINE: Open/maintain using appropriate spine precautions if indicated
Ŷ Position infants and children < 2 yrs supine on a backboard w/ a recess for the head or use a pad under the
back from the shoulders to the buttocks
Ŷ Access/control airway per Peds Airway Adjunct SOP; vomiting/seizure precautions
Ŷ AMS + gag: NPA if > 4 yrs & not contraindicated; AMS + NO gag: OPA
Ŷ Helmet removal per procedure
Ŷ Once airway controlled: Apply appropriate spine motion restriction devices if indicated
5. BREATHING/Oxygenation: Respiratory rate, quality, depth; SpO2
Ŷ Oxygen 4-6 L/NC: Adequate rate/depth; minimal distress and SpO 2 95
Ŷ Oxygen 12-15 L/NRM: Adequate rate/depth: mod/severe distress; S&S hypoxia or as specified in
protocol
Ŷ Oxygen 15 L/ BVM: Inadequate rate/depth: mod/severe distress; unstable
Ventilate at 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds. Avoid hyperventilation.
Ŷ If tension/open pneumothorax or flail chest Rx per adult Chest Trauma SOP
6. CIRCULATION/perfusion: Compare carotid/brachial pulses for presence, general rate, quality, regularity , &
equality; assess skin color, temperature, moisture; capillary refill
Ŷ No carotid or brachial pulse: CPR
Ŷ Monitor ECG If dysrhythmia present - integrate appropriate SOP
Ŷ Assess type, amount, source(s) and rate of bleeding: hemorrhage control
Direct pressure; pressure dressings; pelvic fx: wrap w/sheet.
Ŷ Vascular access: Indicated for volume replacement and/or IV meds prior to hospital arrival.
Peripheral access may be attempted enroute; IO should be attained while stationary
Catheter size & infusion rate determined by pt's size and hemodynamic status or as specified by SOP/OLMC
IV (warm if possible) NS 20 mL/kg IVP even if BP is normal if other S&S of hypoperfusion present.
Repeat rapidly X 2 if HR, LOC, capillary refill & other S&S of perfusion fail to improve.
7. Rapid neuro assessment for disability: Peds GCS; pupils; ability to move all four extremities.
If AMS: blood glucose per System procedure. If < 70: Treat per Peds Hypoglycemia SOP.
8. Expose/environment: Undress to assess as appropriate.
Keep warm with protected hot packs/blankets/warmers as able.

TRANSPORT DECISION :
9. Level I or II trauma center patients are time sensitive .
Ŷ Attempt to keep scene times 10 minutes or less. Document reasons for scene times longer than 10 minutes.
Ŷ Transport to nearest appropriate hospital per Region triage criteria or OLMC orders.

FOCUSED HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAM (Secondary assessment): Significant MOI?

NO: Focused assessment specific to chief complaint/injury; baseline VS; SAMPLE history; transport
YES: Continue stabilization of the spine, rapid trauma assessment:
Ŷ Assess head, neck, chest, breath sounds, abdomen, pelvis, extremities, back & skin for DCAP -BLS; TIC;
PMS (see next page for descriptors)
Ŷ Obtain baseline VS; SAMPLE history; have patient rate pain 0-10 or use picture charts
Ŷ Assess need for pain relief if stable : (FLACC scale in appendix)  
FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.
Additional doses require OLMC.  May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg  q.  5  min  up  to  a  total  of  2  mcg/kg  (max  200  mcg).  
Ŷ Detailed and on-going physical exam enroute.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 80

 Peds ITC: Detailed (Secondary) Assessment
1. Responsive?
Yes: Use components of detailed PE to gather additional information as appropriate.
NO: Inspect/palpate each body area for DCAP-BLS, TIC, PMS (Deformity, contusions, abrasions, punctures,
burns, lacerations, swelling, tenderness, instability, crepitus; + pulses, motor, and sensory ability) as appropriate
plus:
Ŷ HEAD, FACE, EYES, EARS, NOSE, MOUTH: Note any drainage; reinspect pupils for size, shape, equality,
fixed deviation and reactivity; conjugate movements; note gross visual acuity
Ŷ NECK: Carotid pulses, neck veins, sub-q emphysema, location of trachea, and cervical spines
May need to temporarily remove anterior aspect of c-collar to re-assess neck
Ŷ CHEST: Auscultate breath/heart sounds.
Ŷ ABDOMEN: Signs of injury/peritonitis by quadrant. Note contour, visible pulsations, wounds/ bruising patterns,
pain referral sites, localized tenderness, guarding, rigidity
Ŷ PELVIS/GU: Inspect perineum; wrap w/ sheet or pelvic binder if suspected pelvic fracture.
Ŷ EXTREMITIES: Inspect for position, false motion, skin color, and signs of injury
Ŷ BACK: Note any muscle spasms
Ŷ SKIN/SOFT TISSUE: Inspect/palpate for color, temperature, moisture; SQ emphysema
2. Reassess VS at least q. 15 minutes in stable and more frequently in unstable patients as able.
3. Report significant positive/negative signs as able; include any major changes from initial assessment.
4. Perform on-going assessment enroute.
5. Document Pediatric Trauma Score parameters on patient care report.

PEDIATRIC TRAUMA SCORE : Age 12 and under

Component +2 +1 -1
> 20 kg (40 lbs) 10 - 20 kg (22-40 lbs) < 10 kg (22 lbs)
Size ( > 5 yrs) (1-5 yrs) ( 1 year)
Maintainable using sniff
Airway Normal Unmaintainable/intubated
position/chin lift
Systolic BP or < 50
> 90 at wrist 50-90 at groin
pulse palpable no pulse palpable
CNS Awake AMS / Obtunded Comatose
Skeletal injury None Closed fracture Open/multiple fractures
Open wounds None Minor Major or penetrating
Scores range from -6 to +12
A PTS of < 8 usually indicates the need for evaluation at a Trauma Center.

TRAUMATIC ARREST Peds ITC; bilateral pleural decompression; approp. peds rhythm SOP
HEAD Trauma Peds ITC; Rx. seizures per Peds Seizure SOP
SPINE Trauma Peds  ITC;;  assess  reliability/+  injury  findings  per  adult  SOP;;  spine  protection  &  helmet  removal  per  procedure  
Asses need for chemical restraint: If patient is combative & will not remain motionless despite
verbal warning, consider need for VERSED (midazolam) 0.1 mg/kg IV/IM (0.2 mg/kg IN) (max
single dose 5 mg). If additional doses needed, contact OLMC: May repeat to a total of 10 mg.  
CHEST Trauma Peds ITC; follow adult SOP for specific injury interventions
EYE Trauma Peds ITC; follow adult SOP for specific injury interventions
MUSCULOSKELETAL Peds  ITC;;  follow  adult  SOP  for  specific  interventions;;  size-­approp.  doses  of  Fentanyl,  midazolam,  sodium  bicarbonate  
BURNS Peds ITC; est. % BSA using modified rule of 9s/Rule of Palms; follow adult SOP for specific
interventions with size-appropriate fluid boluses based on burn formulas calculated by ECRN.
Pain mgt if stable: FENTANYL 0.5 mcg/kg.  May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg  in  5  min  (max 100 mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO.  
Additional doses require OLMC.  May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg  q.  5  min  up  to  a  total  of  2  mcg/kg  (max  200  mcg).  

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 81

 SUSPECTED CHILD ABUSE OR NEGLECT
1. ITC special considerations: Assess
Ŷ environmental factors that could adversely affect a child's welfare;
Ŷ the child's interactions with parents/guardians;
Ŷ discrepancies in the history obtained from the child and care-givers;
Ŷ injury patterns that do not correlate with the Hx or anticipated motor skills based on child's growth and
developmental stage; and/or
Ŷ any signs of intentional injury or neglect.
2. Treat obvious injuries per appropriate SOP
3. Prepare to transport. If parent/guardian refuses to allow removal of the child, remain at the scene.
Contact police and request that the child be placed in protective custody pending medical evaluati on at the hospital.
4. If the police refuse to assume protective custody, request that they remain at the scene.
Contact medical control to have an on-line physician place the child under protective custody.
If protective custody is secured, transport the child against the parent/guardian wishes.
5. If the parent/guardian physically restrains your efforts to transport the child, inform the police of the protective
custody status. Request their support in transporting the child.

CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM SUSPECTED ABUSE OR NEGLECT

SHALL NOT REMAIN IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF SUSPECTED ABUSE
UNLESS POINTS 3, 4 AND 5 OF THIS SOP
HAVE BEEN PURSUED IN VAIN TO REMOVE THE CHILD.

6. Notify the receiving physician or nurse of the suspected abuse upon arrival.
7. EMTs and PHRNs are mandated reporters under the Illinois Child Abuse and Neglect Act.
Ŷ Suspicions of child abuse or neglect must be reported to the Department of Children and Family Services
(DCFS) per System Policy.
Ŷ Reports must be filed, even if the hospital will also be reporting the incident.
Ŷ This includes both living and deceased children encountered by prehospital personnel.

DCFS 24 hour hotline number: 1 - 800 - 25 - ABUSE

Ŷ File a written report with DCFS within 24 hours of filing a verbal report.

8. Thoroughly document the child's history and physical exam findings on the run sheet. Note relevant
environmental/circumstantial data in the comments section of the run sheet or supplemental reports.

Note: For further information on reporting suspected child abuse, penalties for failing to report and immunity
for reporters, refer to system-specific policies.

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 82

 Region IX Drug Appendix

Contraindications/
Name Dose/Route Action Indications for EMS Precautions Side Effects

ADENOSINE Adults: 6 mg rapid IVP - Causes temporary block - Symptomatic narrow - Wide complex - Transient dysrhythmias
(Adenocard) followed by 20 mL NS of conduction thru AV node complex tachycardia tachycardia at time of conversion:
Repeat: 12 mg rapid IVP - Interrupts reentry (PSVT) (including WPW) - 2° or 3° AVB & SA node asystole, PVCs, PACs,
Peds: 0.1 mg/kg rapid IVP pathways through AV node unresponsive to vagal disease (except in pts w/ SB, ST, varying AV
(max 1st dose 6 mg) - Neg chronotropic maneuvers a functioning pacemaker) blocks
followed by 5-10 mL NS /dromotropic - Hypersensitivity - Bronchospasm, dyspnea
rapid IVP. -Will not terminate known - Facial flushing
Repeat dose: 0.2 mg/kg AF/A-flutter, but will slow - BP
Max single dose: 12 mg AV conduction to identify - Chest pressure/pain
Use proximal IV; use IV port waves - Headache, dizziness,
closest to the patient. Precaution: WPW N/V
Larger  doses  may  be  needed  in   Use w/ caution in pts w/
pts  w/  significant  levels  of   reactive airway disease
theophylline,  caffeine,  or   (may cause
theobromide.   bronchospasm) & heart
transplant (prolonged
Reduce dose to 3 mg in pts
asystole reported)
taking dipyrimadole or
carbamazepine or w/
transplanted hearts.

ALBUTEROL For bronchospasm: 2.5  mg   - Selective beta-2 agonist - Reversible - Hypersensitivity - Anxiety
(Proventil, Ventolin) in  3  mL  (0.083% )  via  HHN  with  O2   causes smooth muscle bronchospasm Caution in patients w/ - Tremors, nervousness
at  6-­8  L    depending  on  unit  until   relaxation in lungs. associated w/asthma, ACS, dysrhythmias, - Tachycardia
mist  stops  (5-­15  min).   - Bronchodilator COPD, allergic reactions. symptomatic tachycardia, - BP
May use HHN, mask or - Helps return potassium - Croup diabetes, HTN, or - Palpitations
BVM. into cells by activating the - Cystic fibrosis seizures; or in active labor. - Dizziness
Continue/repeat enroute. sodium potassium pump at - Hyperkalemia Note: DO NOT wait at - Angina
SE from MDIs are blunted the cell membrane scene to determine patient - Headache, vomiting
by using a spacer device. response. Begin the neb
For hyperkalemia: 5 mg treatment and transport as
doses repeated up to 20 soon as possible.
mg/neb throughout
transport.

AMIODARONE Adult: VT: 150 mg mixed - Class III antidysrhythmic: - VT -­  Known allergy - Hypotension (16%)
w/ 7 mL NS IVP over 10 has  properties  of  all  4  VW   - VF - Severe  bradycardias;;  Û-­Û - Bradycardias (5%)
min. classes.  Lengthens  cardiac  action   AVB   - Nausea (4%)
VF: 1st dose: 300 mg IVP/IO potential;;  slows  AV  conduction;;   Precaution:
2nd dose: 150 mg IVP/IO prolongs  QT  interval,  blocks  Na,   Incompatible with bicarb
Onset: 1-30 min .&DFKDQQHOV Įȕ Liver failure
Duration: 1-3 hrs receptors.   VT: If    BP  occurs:  slow  rate    
Peds VT: 5  mg/kg  (max  150   -­  Neg.  chronotropic  &   VF: Post-resusc. BP -

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 83

 Contraindications/
Name Dose/Route Action Indications for EMS Precautions Side Effects
mg)  mixed  with  NS  (to  total  volume   dromotropic  effects   Rx. w/ fluids/dopamine
of  20  mL)  slow  IV/IO  over  20  min.     -­  Vasodilates  =    cardiac   May prolong QT interval ±
VF: 5 mg/kg IVP: Max workload  and  myocardial  O2   GRQ¶WXVHIRU7RUVDGHV  
single dose 300 mg. consumption
ASPIRIN 324 mg chewable tabs - Blocks platelet Acute coronary Currently vomiting; ASA - Nausea/vomiting
(Acetylsalicylic acid, (four 81 mg tabs) aggregation (clumping) to syndromes: angina, allergy; clotting/bleeding - GI irritation/bleeding
"ASA") keep clot from getting unstable angina, AMI disorders (hemophilia, low - Ringing in ears
bigger in ACS. (Pt. does not need to be platelet counts); 6 mos - Prolonged bleeding time
- Blocks prostaglandin experiencing pain.) pregnant; active peptic - Wheezing
release (antipyretic, ulcer disease; severe liver
analgesic) disease
- Anti-inflammatory agent AMS: PO route

ATROPINE Symptomatic -Anticholinergic - Symptomatic Caution with: CNS: Sensorium

bradycardia: 0.5 mg rapid (parasympathetic blocker) bradycardia if pacing - Cardiac  ischemia  or  MI  &   changes, drowsiness,
IVP. Repeat  q.  3-­5  min  to  max.  of   - Indirectly increases HR, ineffective. hypoxia±  ͘  O2  demand   confusion, HA
0.04  mg/kg  (  3  mg).   increases AV node - Asystole Avoid in hypothermic CV: HR; myocardial
Asystole: 1 mg rapid conduction - Cholinergic poisonings bradycardia. O2 demand.
IVP/IO. Repeat q. 3-5 min. - GI motility (organophosphates/WMD Contraindications: Eyes: Dilated (not fixed)
to a max of 3 mg IVP. - Dries secretions ) - 2° AVB M II & 3°AVB w/ pupils, blurred vision, dry
Usual dose limits N/A in - Dilates bronchioles - Neurogenic shock wide QRS complexes eyes
cholinergic poisoning. - Peds: Premed for DAI - Known hypersensitivity GI: Dry mouth
Precaution: Dose of < 0.5 Skin: Warm, dry, flushed
Peds: 0.02 mg/kg IV/IO
Min. 0.1 mg; Max doses mg may paradoxically
Child single dose: 0.5 mg slow the HR.
Child total dose: 1 mg
Adolescent single dose 1
mg
Adolescent total dose 2 mg
Peds ET: 0.03 mg/kg

BENZOCAINE 20% 1-2 second spray, 30 - Topical anesthetic for To facilitate DAI - Hypersensitivity/allergy - Suppressed gag reflex
(Hurricaine, seconds apart X 2 to mucus membranes to "caines" - Unpleasant taste
Americaine, posterior pharynx - Helps suppress gag reflex - Methemoglobinemia
Cetacaine)

DEXTROSE Adults and Peds > 12 yrs: - Carbohydrate - Hypoglycemia < 70 - Hyperglycemia - Tissue necrosis if
(Glucose) 50% 25 Gm (50 mL) slow IVP - Rapidly blood glucose - Stroke or head injury pts infiltrates.
Peds 1-12: - Short-acting osmotic with normal or high - May cause severe neuro
D25% 12.5 Gm (50 mL) diuretic glucose levels S&S in alcoholics
2 mL/kg slow IVP/IO - Helps return K into cells Precaution: - Intracranial hemorrhage
Infant < 1: when used with insulin 9 IV patency before and vein sclerosis in
D12.5% 5 mL/kg slow infusing. neonates if not diluted.
IVP/IO

25-50 mg deep IM or slow - H1 (histamine) blocker - Allergic reactions/ Caution with: - Drowsiness, blurred
DIPHENHYDRAMIN
Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 84
 Contraindications/
Name Dose/Route Action Indications for EMS Precautions Side Effects
E IVP anaphylaxis - Alcohol intoxication vision, ataxia
(Benadryl) Peds: 1 mg/kg (max 50 mg) - Per medical control: - Drug intoxication - Dry mouth, thickened
slow IVP/IO over 2-3 Dystonic reactions due to - Asthma bronchial secretions
phenothiazines - Nursing mothers - HR; BP
minutes; if no IV/IO give IM
DOPAMINE 400 mg in 250 mL or 800 - Sympathomimetic: ß dose: Cardiogenic  shock;;   Use w/ caution in: CNS: H/A, dizziness
(Intropin) mg/500 mL D5W or NS precursor to nor-epi., ROSC  &  hypotension   - Occlusive vasc. disease CV: HR ; myocardial
Beta (ß) dose: 5 stimulates dopaminergic, ß ĮGRVH: Neurogenic, - Hypovolemic shock O2 demand; risk of ACS,
mcg/kg/min and alpha receptors. septic, anaphylactic - Cardiogenic shock w/ HF dysrhythmias, excess
Alpha (Į) dose: 10-20 - ß dose: P; force of shocks Contraindications: vasoconstriction
mcg/kg/min. Titrate to contractions; BP and Calculation tip: - Tachydysrhythmias ( Eyes: dilated pupils
hemodynamic effect; from CO; renal blood flow ß dose: Take 1st 2 # of BP due to rate problem) Skin: may cause tissue
5 mcg/kg/min until BP & - ĮGRVH vasoconstriction; wt. in lbs; subtract 2 = - Adrenal tumor necrosis if infiltrates; 9 IV
perfusion improve. preload, afterload, & BP mcgtts/min. Ex: 150 lbs Interactions: Deactivated patency before infusing.
= 13 mcgtts/min. by alkaline solutions
ĮGRVH double mcgtts

EPINEPHRINE 1:1000 Catecholamine w/ potent 1:1000: Use IM w/ caution if: None in cardiac arrest.
(Adrenalin) Mod. allergic rctn/severe alpha & beta stimulating - Moderate allergic - P > 100 CNS: H/A, dizziness,
asthma: 0.3 mg IM. May properties; sympathomim. reaction w/o anaphylaxis - Hx. CVD/HTN, current tremors, restless, anxiety,
repeat X 1 in 5-10 min. Low dose (< 0.3 (IM) HTN, HF palpitations
Anaphylaxis no IV/IO:  1 mg IM mcg/kg/min) ß dominates - Anaphylaxis: w/  no  IV/IO   - Beta blocker use (Epi will CV: HR, tachyarrhythmias,  
Adult pulseless arrest ET: - Bronchodilator (IM)   produce only alpha effects) high  dose  may  produce  
2  mg  +  8  mL  NS  ET  q.  3-­5  minutes   - HR (+ chronotropic) - Mod to severe asthma - Digitalis use (causes vasoconstriction,  may  
Peds allergic rctn/severe - CO (+ inotropic) - Epiglottitis (neb) heart to be sensitive to Epi compromise  perfusion;;  HTN,
asthma:  0.01 mg/kg (0.01 - AV conduction  (+   - Pulseless arrests (ET) effects) angina, myocardial O2
mL/kg) (max 0.3 mg) IM dromotropic)   1:10,000: - MOA inhibitors use consumption; can cause
Peds anaphylaxis:  0.1 mg/kg - All pulseless arrests: (results in severe HTN) worsened ischemia,
High dose (> 0.3
up to 1 mg IM VF/pulseless VT, - Pregnancy dysrhythmias.
mcg/kg/min) (IVP/IO): beta
Peds arrest ET:  0.1  mg/kg  (0.1   DOSKDĮGRPLQDWHV asystole, PEA (IV/IO) - Contraindicated in GI: N/V
mL/kg)  Dilute  w/  NS  to  volume  of   - Peripheral vasoconstrictor - Symptomatic treatment of VT secondary
bradycardia in peds to cocaine (may be Skin: Pallor
3-­5  mL.  Follow  w/  3-­5  mL  NS.   Makes CPR more effective.
Epiglottitis:  3 mg/neb - coronary perf. pressure - Severe allergic considered if VF
1:10,000 - heart's contractile state reaction/anaphylaxis develops).
Adults: Pulseless arrest: 1 mg - vigor & intensity of VF IV/IO
IVP/IO q. 3-5 min. to success of defib. No contraindications for
Anaphylaxis: 0.1 mg slow - conduction velocity and cardiac arrest
IVP/IO. May  repeat  q.  1  min  up   shortens repolarization
to  1  mg  IVP.  Reassess  after  each   - May generate perfusing Inactivated in an alkaline
0.1  mg  increment.  If  cardiac  arrest:   rhythm in asystole or solution - don't mix w/
1  mg  IVP  every  2  min  (high  dose)   bradydysrhythmias bicarb
Peds bradycardia/cardiac
arrest IVP/IO: 0.01 mg/kg up
to 1 mg IV/IO q. 3-5 min
Peds anaphylaxis: 0.01
mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg) up to 1

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 Contraindications/
Name Dose/Route Action Indications for EMS Precautions Side Effects
mg IVP/IO

ETOMIDATE 0.5 mg/kg IVP/IO Sedative-hypnotic without Drug assisted intubation - Allergy - Transient  skeletal muscle
(Amidate) Bring unused portion to ED analgesic activity to supplement Versed - Children less than 10 yrs movement (myoclonus)    
Dose guide Onset: Within 1 min (midazolam) - Caution in pregnancy -­  Pain  at  inj  site  (less  freq.  in  lg  
90 lbs: 20-22 mg Duration: Depends on (consider benefit/risk) proximal  veins)  
100 lbs: 23-25 mg dose; usually brief (3-5 Resp:  Hyper/hypo  ventilation;;  
125 lbs: 28-31 mg min) apnea  (short  duration);;  
150 lbs: 34-37 mg laryngospasm  
175 lbs+: 40 mg CV: HTN  or    BP;;    or    HR  
GI: N/V

FENTANYL Citrate 0.5 mcg/kg. May repeat 0.5 Synthetic opioid Treatment of pain Precautions: Over Common
mcg/kg in 5 min (max 100 ƒ Short acting narcotic Increasing in use for all sedation Dose-­related  decrease  in  RR;;  
mcg) IVP/IN/IM/IO per ƒ Onset: minutes (sl. types of pain control even - COPD  d/t  resp  depression   bradycardia  (reverse  w/  
Supplied: 100 mcg /
SOP. delayed w/ IN vs. IV) non-specific abdominal -­  Alcohol,  benzodiazepines,  &   atropine).    
2mL
Additional doses require pain due to its short drugs  of  abuse     Uncommon
OLMC. May  repeat  0.5  mcg/kg   ƒ Peak: Mins (sl. lower -­  Cardiac  Hx  ±  may  produce  
peak with IN vs. IV) duration (pt will unmask -­  N/V  (give  ondansetron)  
q.  5  min  up  to  a  total  dose  of  200   shortly after bradycardia;;  use  w/  caution  in   -­  Muscular  rigidity,  myoclonic  
mcg.   ƒ Duration 30-60 min administration). pts  with  bradydysrhythmias  or   movements  
IN  route  may  need  larger  doses;;   Fast acting, short duration, those  given  Amiodarone  or   -­Confusion,  dizziness,  euphoria,  
divide  dose  equally  between   More potent than Verapamil   seizures  
morphine. Nitrous oxide has been -­  Liver  or  kidney  Dx  ±  d/t  hepatic  
nostrils  to  prevent  medication  run-­ reported to produce -­  Hives,  itching,  abd  pain,  
off.   Less histamine release metabolism  &  renal  excretion.   flushing;;  hypotension,  HTN  
cardiovascular - Pregnant women (Cat C)
Reduce  total  dose  in  elderly and   than morphine. Histamine depression when given -­  Blurred  vision,  constricted  
debilitated pts.  May  be  more   resulted in vasodilation and - Uncontrolled  hypothyroidism   pupils  
with high doses of CONTRAINDICATIONS
susceptible  to  adverse  effects,  e.g.   tachycardia. Better for fentanyl. Monitor closely. -­  Laryngospasm,  diaphoresis,  
respiratory  depression  &  CV   STEMI pts. - Opioid intolerant spasm  of  the  sphincter  of  Oddi  
effects.  May  also  have  age-­related   - Intermittent pain Anaphylaxis  
kidney  or  liver  function  impairment,   - Significant resp Can reverse with naloxone
resulting  in  lower  clearance  rates.   depression
- Hypotension
Pts  on  chronic  opioid  therapy  or  w/   - Acute or severe asthma
a  Hx  of  opioid  abuse  may  require   - Hypersensitivity to
higher  doses  to  achieve  adequate   opiates
therapeutic  effect.   - Myasthenia Gravis
- Altered mental status
-­  Patients  on  depressant  drugs  
GLUCAGON Adults : 1 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM. -  blood  glucose  by  converting   - Anaphylaxis if a Hx of - Chronic hypoglycemia - HR
Anaphylaxis/bradycardia:  May   liver  glycogen  stores  to  glucose.   CVD, HTN, pregnant or - Adrenal insufficiency - Allergic reaction (protein)
repeat  q.  1  min  to  total  dose  of  3   -­  Stimulates  release  of   on ȕ&D blockers or ȕ&D - Adrenal tumor - N/V
mg  if  on  ȕ/Ca blockers. catecholamines  causing    HR   blocker OD if HR < 60 & - Will not be effective in - Dyspnea
ȕ/Ca blocker OD may  need   and  contractility.   not responding to Epi. & treating hypoglycemia if no
initial  dose  of  3  mg.   -­  Stimulates  c-­AMP  in  cells  to   dopamine glycogen stores: peds,
Peds: improve  cardiac  output   - Symptomatic liver disease, starvation.

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 Contraindications/
Name Dose/Route Action Indications for EMS Precautions Side Effects
Hypoglycemia: 0.03 mg/kg -­  Peaks  in  <  20  min   bradycardia w/ pulse if on - Hypersensitivity
IM/IN/IO up to 1 mg Note: Mix diluent w/ ȕ&D blockers &
ß/Ca blocker OD: 0.03 powder Roll (don't shake) unresponsive to atropine
mg/kg IV/IM/IN/IO. Max vial. & pacing:
single dose 1 mg. - Hypoglycemia w/o IV/IO  
Do not mix with saline.
May need larger doses.

GLUCOSE GEL 25 Gm orally - Carbohydrate - Hypoglycemia in awake - Patients with altered - Aspiration in patients
- Increases serum glucose patients with GCS 14-15 mental status (GCS 13) with impaired airway
level with intact gag reflex. - Absent gag reflexes or reflexes
impaired airway reflexes
- Hx recent seizure activity

IPRATROPIUM 0.5 mg (500 mcg) in 2.5 mL - Anticholinergic Bronchospasm assoc. w/ Contraindications: - GI: Dry mouth, abnormal
BROMIDE NS added to 1st albuterol - Bronchodilator - Mod/severe allergic rctn - Peds patients < 12 yr taste in mouth (bitter),
dose/HHN - COPD/Asthma - Hypersensitivity to nausea
(Atrovent)
atropine or ipratropium Eyes: Blurred vision,
Considered relatively safe products dilated pupil (mist leak
to use in pregnant Precautions: exposing eyes)
women. - Neb  mouthpiece  preferred  
over  mask  to  avoid  contact  w/  
eyes  
-­  Bladder  neck  obstruction  
- Glaucoma, narrow angle
- Prostate hypertrophy

LIDOCAINE DAI premed : 1.5 mg/kg -­  Cerebroprotective  effect  to   - DAI premedication for Contraindications: CNS:  Drowsiness,  pares-­
(xylocaine) IVP intubation  by  blunting   head trauma, stroke, - Hypersensitivity to thesias,  dizziness,  slurred  
Peds: 1 mg/kg (max catecholamine  response.     HTN crisis. amides, "caines", or local speech,  mild  agitation,  hearing  
100mg) -­  Local  anesthetic;;  helps  to     Flush IO line in anesthetics. impairment,  ringing  in  ears,  
Flush IO line: 1  mg/kg;;  max  50   residual  gag  reflex;;  relieve   responsive pts before NS - Wide  complex  ventricular   blurred  or  double  vision,  ataxia.    
mg   laryngospasm.   infusion escape  beats  assoc.  w/   High  levels:  Muscle  tremors,  
-­  Na  channel  blocker:  suppresses   bradycardia   seizures,  resp.  depression  or  
Unstable VT w/ pulse: If Medical control order if
no IV/IO & ET is placed: 1 ventricular  dysrhythmias  by     no IV/IO: Use with caution: arrest,  coma.  
mg/kg q. 3-5 min up to 3 auto-­maticity  in  HIS-­Purkinje   - Unstable VT w/ pulse - Simultaneous use of CV:    BP,    HR,  dysrhythmias,  
mg/kg ET system;;  suppresses  spont.   - VF/pulseless VT lidocaine and ß blockers wide  QRS,  prolonged  QT,  
depolarization  in  ventricles,   may cause lidocaine cardiac  arrest.  May  worsen  
PVT/VF: If no IV/IO & ET is  velocity  of  impulses  through   conduction  disturbances  and  
toxicity.
placed: 2 mg/kg ET then 1 conduction  system slow  ventricular  rate.
- Suspected recent use
mg/kg q. 3-5 min up to 6
and toxic dose of cocaine
mg/kg ET.
ADULT: Severe asthma/ - Intracellular  cation  responsible   -­  Severe  asthma  that  responds   - Hypocalcemia CNS: Drowsiness
MAGNESIUM
Torsades:  2  Gm  mixed  w/  16  mL   for  metabolic  processes  &   poorly  to  ß  agonists   - Heart block CV: HR, dysrhythmia,
SULFATE
NS  (20  mL  syringe)  slow  IVP  over   enzymatic  reactions.   -­  Torsades  de  Pointes   - Renal dysfunction BP w/ rapid bolus.
5  min  (no  more  than  1  Gm/min)   -­  Critical  in  glycolysis  (need  for   (polymorphic  VT  w/  prolonged   Respiratory: Rapid IV
PEDS: Severe asthma/ ATP  production)   QT  interval)   Use with caution: administration may cause

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 Contraindications/
Name Dose/Route Action Indications for EMS Precautions Side Effects
Torsades:  25  mg/kg  (max  2  Gm)   -­  Membrane  stabilizing  agent   -­  Preeclampsia/eclampsia  to   - Patient on digitalis respiratory or cardiac
mixed  w/  NS  (to  total  volume  of  20   -­  Responsible  for  neuro   prevent  and/or  Rx  seizures   arrest.
mL)  slow  IV  over  10-­20  min   transmission  and  muscular   Medical control order: Skin: Facial flushing
(asthma);;  faster  for  Torsades.     excitability   Life-threatening Metabolic: Hypothermia
Preeclampsia/Eclampsia:   -­  Acts  like  a  Ca  channel  blocker  -­   ventricular dysrhythmias
2  Gm  mixed  w/  16  mL  NS  slow  IVP   causes  smooth  muscle  relaxation   due to digitalis toxicity.
over  5  min.  May  repeat  X  1  up  to  4   (vaso  and  bronchodilator)
Gm  IVP/IO  if  seizures.    

MIDAZOLAM Procedural sedation: 5  mg   Short acting - Sedation prior to DAI - Known hypersensitivity - Drowsiness
(Versed) IVP  followed  by  2  mg  increments  q.   benzodiazepine and/or cardioversion - Glaucoma; shock - Sedation
30-­60  sec  (0.2  mg/kg  IN)  up  to  10   - CNS depressant - Suppress seizure - Pregnancy unless - Confusion
mg.  May  repeat  to  a  max  of  20  mg   - Sedative/hypnotic activity seizing - Amnesia
if  BP  >  90     - Sleep induction - Severe anxiety/agitation - Dose for sedation - Ataxia
Anxiety or seizures:  2  mg   - Anxiolysis ( anxiety) generally with: age > - Respiratory depression
increments  every  30-­60  sec - Amnestic 60; debilitated patients - Respiratory arrest
IVP/IO  (0.2  mg/kg  IN  using  10   - Fast onset/offset with chronic diseases - Hypotension
mg/2  mL  concentration  or  5  mg   (HF/COPD); and those on
single  dose  IM)  up  to  10  mg.  May   narcotics or CNS
repeat  to  20  mg  if  BP  >  90.   depressants
Peds:  0.1  mg/kg  IVP/IO/IM  (0.2  
mg/kg  IN)  Max  single  dose  5  mg.  
May  repeat  to  10  mg.  
NALOXONE Adults: 2 mg IVP/IN/IO/IM. - Narcotic antagonist - Narcotic/synthetic - Hypersensitivity - Combativeness  
(Narcan) Short acting, may repeat in - Reverses effects of opiate narcotic OD - Use w/ caution in  pts   -­    HR,    BP  
5 minutes if transient drugs, narcotics/synthetic - Coma of unknown dependent  on  narcotics  or  infants   -­  Vent.  arrhythmias,  asystole,  or  
response. narcotics: morphine, etiology with respiratory of  addicted  moms;;  may  cause   seizures  (opioid  antagonists  
Peds: Dilaudid, Fentanyl, depression and/or withdrawal.  Titrate  slowly.   stimulate  the  sympathetic  NS)  
0.1 mg/kg IVP/IN/IO/IM up Demerol, Paregoric, constricted pupils -­Rapid  reversal  of  opiate  in  pts   Rare  anaphylactic  reactions  &  
to 2 mg single dose. Methadone, Heroin, who  took  combination  drugs   pulmonary  edema  have  been  
Percodan, Tylox, Nubain, including  stimulants  may  result  in   reported  after  naloxone  use.
Half  life  of  naloxone  often  shorter  
Stadol, Talwin, Darvon rapid  HR.  
than  half-­life  of  narcotic;;  repeat  
dosing  often  required.  
NITROGLYCERIN 0.4 mg tabs SL or spray - Dilates coronary vessels, - Acute coronary -­   Use   w/   caution   or   not   at   all   in   pts   - Headache
(NTG) May repeat q. 3-5 min up to 3 relieves vasospasm, and syndromes w/ suspected w/   inadequate   RV   preload   or   are   - Hypotension (postural
doses for ACS and unlimited coronary collateral blood ischemic pain. preload   dependent   (RVMI/ST   elev   often transient; responds
EMT-B may assist pt
doses for pulmonary edema flow to ischemic - Pulmonary edema V4R)   (contact   OLMC   for   orders).   to NS)
as long as BP > 90. myocardium - Hypertensive crisis w/ Start   IV   first,   monitor   closely   for   - Flushed skin
If BP 90-100 start IV prior to 1 st chest pain/pulmonary hypoperfusion.   - Dizziness; syncope
- Vascular smooth muscle
NTG edema Contraindications ACS: - Ringing in ears
relaxant; dilates veins to BP < 90/60  or  more  than  30  
Let tab dissolve naturally; may preload. Higher doses - Burning under tongue
mmHg  below  baseline  
need to drop NS over tab if dilate arterioles = - N/V
- HR < 50 or HR > 100
mouth is very dry afterload - Methemoglobinemia
- Hypovolemia
With  evidence  of  AMI:  Limit  BP  drop  to  
Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 88
 Contraindications/
Name Dose/Route Action Indications for EMS Precautions Side Effects
10%  if  normotensive,  30%  if   - ICP; Glaucoma
hypertensive,  and  avoid  drop  below   - Peds < 18
90.   -­  If  pt  has  taken  Viagra  or  Levitra  
Pt. should sit or lie down w/in  24  hrs  or  Cialis  w/in  48  hrs:  
when receiving the drug. Contraindications HF
-­  BP  less  than  90/60  
-­  Recent  use  erectile  drugs  
NITROUS OXIDE 50% nitrous oxide and 50% - CNS depressant - Used  in  conjunction  with   - AMS  and  those  who  cannot   - Dizziness
(Nitronox) oxygen; self administered - Alters perception of pain appropriate  selection   comprehend  instructions   - Light headedness
(Optional in NWC by mask - Rapid onset and offset guidelines.  Can  be  used  for   -­  ETOH/drug  ingestion   - Drowsiness/sedation
EMSS) reduction  of  anxiety  during   -­  Head  (intracranial  injury)/facial   - Bizarre behavior
procedures  (IV  access).   /  /chest  trauma  (pneumothorax)   - Slurred speech
Pain relief from -­  Cardiovascular  compromise/   - Numbness/tingling in
musculoskeletal trauma, pulmonary  edema/COPD   face
burns, kidney stones -­  Abdominal  pain/distension   - H/A; N/V
(bowel  obstruction)  
Severe anxiety -­  Pregnant  females
NORMAL SALINE TKO: 15-30 gtts/min Isotonic crystalloid IV All cases of IV access None - Fluid overload if infused
(0.9% NaCl) Fluid  challenges:  200  mL   solution used for too rapidly
increments  repeated  to   medication line or volume - Pulmonary edema
achieve/maintain  hemodynamic   replacement - Acidosis with high
stability   chloride load if given large
Peds: 20 mL/kg IVP; may volumes
be repeated X 2 prn
ONDANSETRON Adults: 4  mg  oral  dissolve  tablet   Selective 5-HT3 receptor Nausea/vomiting Hypersensitivity Rare: Transient blurred
(Zofran) (ODT)    or  4  mg  IVP  over  no  less   antagonist. Precaution: Phenylketonuria vision after infusion
than  30  sec.    May  repeat  in  10  min   Category B in pregnancy (PKU) pts: ODT contains Headache,  lightheadedness  
to  a  total  of  8  mg  PO  or  IVP.   aspartame that forms Diarrhea in children
Children:  0.15mg/kg  up  to  a  total   phenylalanine.
dose  of  4  mg  IVP  or  4  mg  ODT
SODIUM 1 mEq/kg (1 mL/kg) IVP/IO - Bicarbonate ion buffers - Known    hyperkalemia   - None  when  used  for  a   Electrolyte:  Metabolic  alkalosis,  
BICARBONATE May repeat full dose and acidosis -­  Known  preexisting  bicarbonate-­ documented  metabolic  acidosis    Na,    K,  hyperosmolality,    
8.4% more in cyclic - Raises serum pH responsive  acidosis  (DKA,  OD  of   with  effective  ventilations.   Ca,  shifts  oxyhb  dissoc.  curve  to  
(NaHCO3) antidepressant OD - uptake of cyclic tricyclic  &  other  Na  channel   -­  Alkalosis   left,  inhibits  O2  release  to  tissues.  
antidepressants blocking  agents;;  ASA  OD,   -­  Inability  to  ventilate  acidotic  pt   CV:    VF  threshold;;  impaired  
Notes:
- shifts K into cells cocaine,  or  diphenhydramine   -­  Not  useful  or  effective  in   cardiac  function  
9 IV patency before
-­  Prolonged  resuscitation  with   hypercarbic  acidosis  (cardiac   Skin:  Tissue  necrosis  w/  
infusing. effective  ventilation;;  upon  return  of  
Ensure adequate arrest  and  CPR  without   infiltration  at  IV  site
spontaneous  circulation  after  long  
ventilations before intubation)  
arrest  interval    
administration -­  Crush  syndrome
-­  Don't  mix  with  catecholamines  
or  calcium  agents.
TETRACAINE 1-2 gtts in affected eye Topical anesthetic for eyes - Facilitate eye irrigation - Hypersensitivity to ester- -­  Local  irritation  &  transient  burning  
(0.5% solution - Pain/spasm of corneal type anesthetics sensation  
Pontocaine) abrasions - Inflamed or infected -­  Corneal  damage  w/  excessive  

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 Contraindications/
Name Dose/Route Action Indications for EMS Precautions Side Effects
tissue use;;  N/V  
- Severe hypersensitivity to -­  Hypo  or  hypertension  
sulfite -­  Systemic  toxicity  from  CNS  
- Penetrating globe injury stimulation:  hearing  problems,  visual  
disturbances;;  bradycardia,  muscle  
twitching,  seizures  
VASOPRESSIN 40 units (2 mL = 2 vials) - Hormone (ADH). - Adults: VF/pulseless - Allergy - HTN
(Pitressin) IVP/IO One time dose Activates V1  receptors  to  cause   VT and asystole/PEA: - Responsive pt. w/ BP - Tremor, pallor
Half life: 10-20 min. selective  vasoconstriction  to  skin,   may replace 1st or 2nd - Sweating
skeletal  muscle,  intestine,  and  fat   dose of epinephrine - Abd. cramps, nausea
w/  relatively  less  constriction  of  
coronary,  cerebral  and  renal   Not yet recommended for
vascular  beds.  Also  activates  V2   peds cardiac arrest
receptors  to  reabsorb  H 2O  from  
renal  tubules.  
- No ß activity so no in
myocardial O2
consumption
- During CPR: blood flow
(oxygenation) to heart &
brain in cardiac arrest.

VERAPAMIL 5 mg slow IVP over 2 min - Calcium channel blocker - After adenosine to - BP; shock CNS: Dizziness
(over 3 min in older patients) - Slows depolarization of terminate PSVT w/ - Wide  complex  tachycardias  of   CV: BP from
May repeat 5 mg in 15 min. slow-channel electrical narrow QRS & adequate uncertain  origin  &   vasodilation, decreased
cells BP w/ preserved LV poisoning/drug-­induced   myocardial contractility,
- Slows conduction through function tachycardia.   sinus arrest, heart blocks,
AV node to control - To control HR in AF, A- - 2°-3° AVB w/o a nodal escape rhythms,
ventricular rate associated flutter, or multifocal atrial functioning pacemaker; VT rarely bradycardia/
with rapid atrial rhythms tachycardia w/ rapid - WPW, short PR & sick asystole
- Relaxes vascular smooth ventricular response sinus syndromes GI: N/V
muscle -Angina based on - Hypersensitivity Skin: Injection site
- Dilates coronary arteries medical control order Precautions: reaction, flushing
- May    BP  if  used  w/  IV  or  oral  
ß  blockers,  nitrates,  quinidine.  
- Peds

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 90

 Atropine
Amiodarone 0.02 mg/kg Epi 1:1000 Epinephrine MAGNESIUM IN midazolam Ondansetron IN naloxone
5 mg/kg (1 mg/10 mL) 0.01 mg/kg IM 1:10,000 25 mg/kg 0.2 mg/kg 0.15 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg
Peds dosing
(150 mg/3 mL) Min  0.1  mg;;  Max   (1 mg/ 1 mL) 0.01 mg/kg IV/IO (up to 2 Gm) (10 mg/2 mL) (4 mg/2 mL) (2 mg/2 mL)
VT:  Max  150;;  VF  300 child     max 0.3 mg   (1 mg/10 mL) 5 Gm/10 mL max single  dose  5  mg max single  dose  4  mg Max  single  dose  2  mg  
0.5  mg;;  Adoles  1  mg
Weight Dose mg / mL Dose mg / mL Dose mg / mL Dose mg / mL Dose mg / mL Dose mg / mL Dose mg / mL Dose mg / mL
6.6  lbs  =  3  kg   15  mg  =  0.3  mL     0.03  mg  =  0.03  mL   0.03  mg  =  0.3  mL   75  mg  =  0.15  mL   0.6  mg  =  0.12  mL   0.45  mg  =  0.2  mL   0.3  mg  =  0.3  mL  
13  lbs  =  6  kg   30  mg  =  0.6  mL   0.12  mg  =  1.2  mL   0.06  mg  =  0.06  mL   0.06  mg  =  0.6  mL   150  mg  =  0.3  mL   1.2  mg  =  0.24  mL   0.9  mg  =  0.4  mL   0.6  mg  =  0.6  mL  
22  lbs  =  10  kg   50  mg  =  1  mL   0.2  mg  =  2  mL   0.1  mg  =  0.1  mL   0.1  mg  =  1  mL   250  mg  =  0.5  mL   2  mg  =  0.4  mL   1.5  mg  =  0.7  mL   1  mg  =  1  mL  
26  lbs  =  12  kg   60  mg  =  1.2  mL   0.24  mg  =  2.4  mL   0.12  mg  =  0.12  mL   0.12  mg  =  1.2  mL   300  mg  =  0.6  mL   2.4  mg  =  0.48  mL   1.8  mg  =  0.9  mL   1.2  mg  =  1.2  mL  
30  lbs  =  14  kg   70  mg  =  1.4  mL   0.28  mg  =  2.8  mL   0.14  mg  =  0.14  mL   0.14  mg  =  1.4  mL   350  mg  =  0.7  mL   2.8  mg  =  0.56  mL   2  mg  =  1  mL   1.4  mg  =  1.4  mL  
35  lbs  =  16  kg   80  mg  =  1.6  mL   0.32  mg  =  3.2  mL   0.16  mg  =  0.16  mL   0.16  mg  =  1.6  mL   400  mg  =  0.8  mL   3.2  mg  =  0.64  mL   2.4  mg  =  1.2  mL   1.6  mg  =  1.6  mL  
40  lbs  =  18  kg   90  mg  =  1.8  mL   0.36  mg  =  3.6  mL   0.18  mg  =  0.18  mL   0.18  mg  =  1.8  mL   450  mg  =  0.9  mL   3.6  mg  =  0.72  mL   2.7  mg  =  1.3  mL   1.8  mg  =  1.8  mL  
44  lbs  =  20  kg   100  mg  =  2  mL   0.4  mg  =  4  mL   0.2  mg  =  0.2  mL   0.2  mg  =  2  mL   500  mg  =  1  mL   4  mg  =  0.8  mL   3  mg  =  1.5  mL   2  mg  =  2  mL  
48  lbs  =  22  kg   110  mg  =  2.3  mL   0.44  mg  =  4.4  mL   0.22  mg  =  0.22  mL   0.22  mg  =  2.2  mL   550  mg  =  1.1  mL   4.4  mg  =  0.88  mL   3.3  mg  =  1.6  mL    
53  lbs  =  24  kg   120  mg  =  2.4  mL   0.48  mg  =  4.8  mL   0.24  mg  =  0.24  mL   0.24  mg  =  2.4  mL   600  mg  =  1.2  mL   4.8  mg  =  0.96  mL   3.6  mg  =1.8  mL    
57  lbs  =  26  kg   130  mg  =  2.6  mL   0.52  mg  =  5.2  mL   0.26  mg  =  0.26  mL   0.26  mg  =  2.6  mL   650  mg  =  1.3  mL   5.2  mg  =  1  mL   3.9  mg  =  1.9  mL    
62  lbs  =  28  kg   140  mg  =  2.8  mL   0.56  mg  =  5.6  mL   0.28  mg  =  0.28  mL   0.28  mg  =  2.8  mL   700  mg  =  1.4  mL   5.6  mg  =  1.1  mL   4  mg  =  2  mL    
66  lbs  =  30  kg   150  mg  =  3  mL   0.6  mg  =  6  mL   0.3  mg  =  0.3  mL   0.3  mg  =  3  mL   750  mg  =1.5  mL   6  mg  =  1.2  mL      
70  lbs  =  32  kg   160  mg  =  3.2  mL   0.64  mg  =  6.4  mL     0.32  mg  =  3.2  mL   800  mg  =  1.6  mL   6.4  mg  =  1.28  mL      
75  lbs  =  34  kg   170  mg  =  3.4  mL   0.68  mg  =  6.8  mL     0.34  mg  =  3.4  mL   850  mg  =  1.7  mL   6.8  mg  =  1.36  mL      
79  lbs  =  36  kg   180  mg  =  3.6  mL   0.72  mg  =  7.2  mL     0.36  mg  =  3.6  mL   900  mg  =  1.8  mL   7.2  mg  =  1.44  mL      
84  lbs  =  38  kg   190  mg  =  3.8  mL   0.76  mg  =  7.6  mL     0.38  mg  =  3.8  mL   950  mg  =  1.9  mL   7.6  mg  =  1.52  mL      
88  lbs  =  40  kg   200  mg  =  4  mL   0.8  mg  =  8  mL     0.4  mg  =  4  mL   1  Gm  =  2  mL   8  mg  =  1.6  mL      
99  lbs  =  45  kg   225  mg  =  4.5  mL   0.9  mg  =  9  mL     0.45  mg  =  4.5  mL   1.12  Gm  =  2.24  mL   9  mg  =  1.8  mL    
110  lbs  =  50  kg   250  mg  =  5  mL   1  mg  =  10  mL     0.5  mg  =  5  mL   1.25  Gm  =  2.5  mL   10  mg  =  2  mL    

Approved drug routes: In the Sops, routes are usually listed next to the drug in the order ET: Last  resort;;  use  ONLY  if  all  other  routes  are  unsuccessful:  Insert  suction  catheter  beyond  tip  of  
they should be attempted unless doses vary by route. IN preferred prior to IO or IM. ETT.  Stop  chest  compressions.  Spray  drug  down  the  catheter.  Remove  catheter;;  ventilate  with  BVM.    
ET: lidocaine, atropine, naloxone, epinephrine (not  recommended)   IN: Max.  1  mL  of  medication  per  nostril;;  give  ½  of  total  volume  in  each  nostril.  
IM: diphenhydramine,  epinephrine  1:1000,  Fentanyl,  glucagon,  Mark  I  kit,  midazolam,  naloxone IO:    In  unresponsive  pts:  attempt  IV  X  2.  If  unsuccessful  insert  IO. Flush  IO  w/  Lidocaine  1  mg/kg;;  max  
IN: Fentanyl, midazolam, naloxone, glucagon 50  mg  if  IO  required  in  responsive  patient  
IO: Anything that can be given IVP Intra-rectal (IR) VALIUM if Diastat on scene  
IR: Diazepam in the form of Diastat Ŷ Dose:  0.5  mg/kg  (max.  20  mg)  
IVP: adenosine,  amiodarone,  atropine,  dextrose,  diphenhydramine,  epinephrine  (1:10,000),   Ŷ Lubricate  tip  with  water-­soluble  lubricant;;  insert  syringe  2  in.  into  rectum  (through  internal  os).  
etomidate,  Fentanyl,  glucagon,  lidocaine,  magnesium,  midazolam,  naloxone,  ondansetron,   Instill  medication.  Hold  buttocks  together  to  avoid  leak  after  instillation  of  medication.    
sodium  bicarbonate,  vasopressin,  verapamil   IV medication administration in a cardiac arrest: Follow  all  IV  drugs  w/  20  mL  IV  fluid  bolus  
IVPB: dopamine while  raising  the  arm  for  10-­20  seconds.
HHN: albuterol, epinephrine, ipratropium
PO: ASA, ondansetron (Zofran) SL: NTG
Topical: benzocaine spray, Tetracaine drops Inhaled: Nitrous oxide

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 91

 BURN CENTER REFERRAL CRITERIA
A burn center may treat adults, children or both.
Burn injuries that should be ultimately referred to a burn center include the following:
Ŷ Partial-thickness burns greater than 10% of the TBSA
Ŷ Full thickness burns in any age group
Ŷ Burns involving the face, hands, feet, genitalia, perineum, or major joints
Ŷ Electrical burns, including lightning injury; Chemical burns; Inhalation injury
Ŷ Burn injury in patients with preexisting medical disorders that could complicate management, prolong recovery,
or affect mortality
Ŷ Any patients with burns and concomitant trauma (such as fractures) in which the burn injury poses the
greatest risk of morbidity or mortality. In such cases, if the trauma poses the greater immediate risk, the
SDWLHQW¶VFRQGLWLRQPD\EHVWDELOL]HGLQLWLDOO\LQDWUDXPDFHQWHUEHIRUHWUDQVIHUWRD burn center. Physician
judgment will be necessary in such situations and should be in concert with the regional medical control plan
and triage protocols.
Ŷ Burned children in hospitals without qualified personnel or equipment for the care of children.
Ŷ Burn injury in patients who will require special social, emotional, or rehabilitative intervention.
Excerpted  from  Guidelines  for  the  Operation  of  Burn  Centers  (pp.  79-­86),  Resources  for  Optimal  Care  of  the  Injured  Patient  2006,  
Committee  on  Trauma,  American  College  of  Surgeons.  

FENTANYL dosing
0.5 mcg/kg rounded in increments of 8 kg ± typical max 1 st dose 50 mcg
May repeat 0.5 mcg/kg in 5 minutes up to a total dose per SOP of 100 mcg
If pain persists ± contact OLMC for doses above 100 mcg
Weight 0.5 mcg/kg = mL Weight 0.5 mcg/kg = mL Weight 0.5 mcg/kg = mL Weight 0.5 mcg/kg = mL
22 -­ 40 lbs = 10-­18 kg 5 mcg = 0.1mL 88-­106 lbs = 40-­48 kg 20 mcg = 0.4 mL 154-­172 lbs = 70-­78 kg 35 mcg = 0.7 mL 220-­238 lbs = 100-­108 kg 50 mcg = 1 mL
26  lbs  =  12  kg   6  mcg  =  0.1  mL   92  lbs  =  42  kg   21  mcg  =  0.4  mL   158  lbs  =  72  kg   36  mcg  =  0.7  mL   224  lbs  =  102  kg   51  mcg  =  1  mL  
30  lbs  =  14  kg   7  mcg  =  0.1  mL   97  lbs  =  44  kg   22  mcg  =  0.4  mL   163  lbs  =  74  kg   37  mcg  =  0.7  mL   229  lbs  =  104  kg   52  mcg  =  1  mL  
35  lbs  =  16  kg   8  mcg  =  0.1  mL   101  lbs  =46  kg   23  mcg  =  0.4  mL   167  lbs  =  76  kg   38  mcg  =  0.7  mL   233  lbs  =  106  kg   53  mcg  =  1  mL  
40  lbs  =  18  kg   9  mcg  =  0.1  mL   106  lbs  =  48  kg   24  mcg  =  0.4  mL   172  lbs  =  78  kg   39  mcg  =  0.7  mL   238  lbs  =  108  kg   54  mcg  =  1  mL  
44-­62 lbs = 20-­28 kg 10 mcg = 0.2 mL 110-­128 lbs = 50-­58 kg 25 mcg = 0.5 mL 176-­194 lbs = 80-­88 kg 40 mcg = 0.8 mL 242-­260 lbs = 110-­118 kg 55 mcg = 1.1 mL
48    lbs  =  22  kg   11  mcg  =  0.2  mL   114  lbs  =  52  kg   26  mcg  =  0.5  mL   180  lbs  =  82  kg   41  mcg  =  0.8  mL   246  lbs  =  112  kg   56  mcg  =  1.1  mL  
53  lbs  =  24  kg   12  mcg  =  0.2  mL   119  lbs  =  54  kg   27  mcg  =  0.5  mL   185  lbs  =  84  kg   42  mcg  =  0.8  mL   251  lbs  =  114  kg   57    mcg  =  1.1mL  
57  lbs  =  26  kg   13  mcg  =  0.2  mL   123  lbs  =  56  kg   28  mcg  =  0.5  mL   189  lbs  =  86  kg   43  mcg  =  0.8  mL   255  lbs  =  116  kg   58  mcg  =  1.1  mL  
Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 92
 62  lbs  =  28  kg   14  mcg  =  0.2  mL   128  lbs  =  58  kg   29  mcg  =  0.5  mL   194  lbs  =  88  kg   44  mcg  =  0.8  mL   260  lbs  =  118  kg   59  mcg  =  1.1  mL  
66-­79 lbs = 30 -­38 kg 15 mcg = 0.30 mL 132-­150 lbs = 60-­68 kg 30 mcg = 0.6 mL 198-­216 lbs = 90-­98 kg 45 mcg = 0.9 mL 264-­282 lbs = 120-­128 kg 60 mcg = 1.2 mL
70  lbs  =  32  kg   16  mcg  =  0.3  mL   136  lbs  =  62  kg   31  mcg  =  0.6  mL   202  lbs  =  92  kg   46  mcg  =  0.9  mL   268  lbs  =  122  kg   61  mcg  =  1.2  mL  
75  lbs  =  34  kg   17  mcg  =  0.3  mL   141  lbs  =  64  kg   32  mcg  =  0.6  mL   207  lbs  =  94  kg   47  mcg  =  0.9  mL   273  lbs  =  124  kg   62  mcg  =  1.2  mL  
79  lbs  =  36  kg   18  mcg  =  0.3  mL   145  lbs  =  66  kg   33  mcg  =  0.6  mL   211  lbs  =  96  kg   48  mcg  =  0.9  mL   277  lbs  =  126  kg   63  mcg  =  1.2  mL  
84  lbs  =  38  kg   19  mcg  =  0.3  mL   150  lbs  =  68  kg   34  mcg  =  0.6  mL   216  lbs  =  98  kg   49  mcg  =  0.9  mL   282  lbs  =  128  kg   64  mcg  =  1.2  mL  

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 93

 *Maximum QT Intervals based on Heart Rate
HR  (minute)   RR  Interval  (sec)   Upper  limits  normal  QT  (sec)   HR  (minute)   RR  Interval  (sec)   Upper  limits  normal  QT  (sec)   Lbs = Kg   Lbs = Kg  
Men Women Men Women 396  =  180   297  =135  
(Decreasing)   (Increasing) (Increasing) (Increasing) (Decreasing) (Increasing) (Increasing) (Increasing) 385  =  175   286  =130  
150 0.4 0.25 0.28 75 0.6 0.36 0.39 374  =  170   275  =125  
136 0.44 0.26 0.29 71 0.64 0.37 0.4 363  =  165   264  =  120  
125 0.48 0.28 0.3 68 0.88 0.38 0.41 352  =  160   253  =  115  
115 0.52 0.29 0.32 65 0.92 0.38 0.42 341  =  155   242  =110  
107 0.56 0.3 0.33 62 0.96 0.39 0.43 330  =  150   231  =  105  
100 0.6 0.31 0.34 60 1 0.4 0.44 319  =  145   220  =  100  
93 0.64 0.32 0.35 57 1.04 0.41 0.45 308  =140   209  =    95  
88 0.68 0.33 0.36 52 1.08 0.42 0.47
78 0.72 0.35 0.38 50 1.2 0.44 0.48
ACLS Scenarios: Core Concepts for Care-Based Learning (Cummins, 1996)

12-L ECG Indications (An g in a o r An g in a l Eq u iva le n ts):

Ɣ'LVFRPIRUW&KHVW-DZ1eck,  Shoulder,  Arm,  Back,  Epigastric)  
Ɣ62%+HDUWIDLOXUH   Ɣ*,FR     Ɣ3DOSLWDWLRQV-­  stable  VT/SVT    
Ɣ'LDSKRUHVLV     Ɣ'L]]\6\QFRSH   Ɣ:HDNWLUHGIDWLJXH  
Risk  factors  present:  
Ɣ+71   Ɣ6PRNLQJ   Ɣ'0   Ɣ&KROHVWHUROKLJK   Ɣ$JH   Ɣ0,+)  
*************************************************************************

Lead Placement
V1 Evolving Pattern of Acute MI on ECG
   4th  ICS  -­  R  of  sternum  
Ant-axillary line V2 B. Hyperacute T wave: sensitive but not specific, may occur early.
   4th  ICS  -­  L  of  sternum   C. ***ST elevation: >1mm (sm box) in 2 or > contiguous leads.
V3 D. T wave inversion may precede ST elevation.
 between  V2  &  V4   D. Q wave may be seen.
V4 E. ST returns to baseline, T wave stays inverted.
         5th  ICS  M id-­clavicular  line   F. T wave returns to normal, Q wave remains.
V5
Ant-­axillary  line,  level  w/  V4   L e a d s w/ Ch a n g e s & In fa rc t L o c a tio n s
V6
Mid-­axillary  line,  level  w/  V4   I lateral aVR V1 septal V4 anterior
  II inferior aVL lateral V2 septal V5 lateral
  III inferior aVF inferior V3 anterior V6 lateral
DIANA:12L  card  
    DIANA:12-­l ead  card  rev  

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 94

 FLACC Pain Scale for Children
Category 0 1 2
Occasional  grimace  or  frown,     Frequent  to  constant  quivering  chin,  
Face No  expression  or  smile  
withdrawn,  disinterested   clenched  jaw  
Legs Normal  position  or  relaxed   Uneasy,  restless,  tense   Kicking  or  legs  drawn  up  
Lying  quietly,  normal,  position  moves  
Activity easily   Squirming,  shifting  back  &  forth,  tense   Ached,  rigid,  or  jerking  

Crying  steadily,  screams  or  sobs,    

Cry No  cry  (awake  or  asleep)   Moans  or  whispers,  occasional  complaint   frequent  complaints  
Reassured  by  occasional  touching,  hugging  or  
Consolability Content,  relaxed   being  talked  or,  distractible   Difficult  to  console  or  comfort  

Merkel,  S.I.  et  al.  (1997),  The  FLACC:  A  behavioral  scale  for  scoring  postoperative  pain  in  young  children.  Pediatric  Nrs,  23(3),  293-­297.  

Pediatric DEFIBRILLATION Joule Settings

Age Weight 0.5 J/kg 1 J/kg 2 J/kg
Newborn   6.6  lbs  =  3  kg   1.5  J   3  J   6  J  
3-­4  mos   13  lbs  =  6  kg   3  J   6  J   12  J  
1  yr   22  lbs  =  10  kg   5  J   10  J   20  J  
1½  -­  2  yrs   26  lbs  =  12  kg   6  J   12  J   24  J  
3  yrs   30  lbs  =  14  kg   7  J   14  J   28  J  
4  yrs   35  lbs  =  16  kg   8  J   16  J   32  J  
5  yrs   40  lbs  =  18  kg   9  J   18  J   36  J  
6  yrs   44  lbs  =  20  kg   10  J   20  J   40  J  
7  yrs   48  lbs  =  22  kg   11  J   22  J   44  J  
7½  yrs   53  lbs  =  24  kg   12  J   24  J   48  J  
8½  yrs   57  lbs  =  26  kg   13  J   26  J   52  J  
9  yrs   62  lbs  =  28  kg   14  J   28  J   56  J  
9½  yrs   66  lbs  =  30  kg   15  J   30  J   60  J  
10  yrs   70  lbs  =  32  kg   16  J   32  J   64  J  
10½  yrs   75  lbs  =  34  kg   17  J   34  J   68  J  
11  yrs   79  lbs  =  36  kg   18  J   36  J   72  J  
11½  yrs   84  lbs  =  38  kg   19  J   38  J   76  J  
12  yrs   88  lbs  =  40  kg   20  J   40  J   80  J  
  99  lbs  =  45  kg   22  J   45  J   90  J  
  110  lbs  =  50  kg   25  J   50  J   100  J  

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 95

APPROVED MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS
EMS .................................................. Emergency Medical Services
A EMS MD ......................................................... EMS Medical Director
EMSS..................................Emergency Medical Services System
AAA.......................................................abdominal aortic aneurysm EMT................................................................ refers to EMT-B, I, & P
ACS....................................................... acute coronary syndromes EMT-B............................. Emergency Medical Technician - Basic
ADH ................................................................. antidiuretic hormone EMT-I ..................Emergency Medical Technician - Intermediate
ADL ................................................................ activities of daily living EMT-P....................Emergency Medical Technician - Paramedic
AED............................................... automated external defibrillator EOMs.......................................................... extraocular movements
AIDS................................ acquired immune deficiency syndrome EOR ................................................................................end of report
AIVR ..........................................accelerated idioventricular rhythm ET...................................................................................endotracheal
ALS ............................................................... Advanced Life Support EtCO2 ........................................................ end tidal carbon dioxide
AMA..............................................................against medical advice ETA ............................................................ estimated time of arrival
AMI ........................................................ acute myocardial infarction
amp .........................................................................................ampule F
AMS................................................................. altered mental status
FB.................................................................................... foreign body
A&O............................................................................ alert & oriented FiO2 ................................. fraction of inspired O2 (% O2 delivered)
APGAR .........appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respirations Fr .............................................. french (suction catheter diameter)
ASA ........................................................................................... aspirin Fx, fx......................................................................................... fracture
ASAP................................................................ as soon as possible
ATP ..................adenosine triphosphate (body's energy source)
AV................................................................................ atrioventricular G
AVPU ................mental status: alert, verbal, pain, unresponsive GCS .............................................................. Glasgow Coma Score
AVRT....................................... Atrio ventricular reentry tachycardia GI............................................................................... gastrointestinal
Gm ............................................................................................... gram
B gtt ................................................................................................ drops
BLS ...................................................................... Basic Life Support GU.................................................................................. genitourinary
BP ..............................................................................blood pressure
BPM or bpm ..........................................................beats per minute H
BSA....................................................................... body surface area h .................................................................................................... hour
BSI ........................................................... body substance isolation H2O .............................................................................................water
BVM........................................................................... bag valve mask HCO3 ............................................................................... bicarbonate
HEPA........................... high efficiency particulate airborne mask
C HHN...................................................................hand held nebulizer
c/o .................................................................................. complains of HHNS ........ hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome
C-Collar ...................................................................... cervical collar HR........................................................................................ heart rate
CC.............................................................................. chief complaint HTN .............................................................................. hypertension
CAD ............................................................ coronary artery disease Hx...............................................................................................history
CHF ............................................................ congestive heart failure
cm ...................................................................................... centimeter I
CMS ................................................... circulation, motor, sensation
CNS ............................................................ central nervous system IBOW ................................................................. intact bag of waters
CO.......................................................................... carbon monoxide ICP ...................................................................intracranial pressure
CO2 ............................................................................. carbon dioxide IDPH ..................................... Illinois Department of Public Health
COPD ............................. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease IM.................................................................................. intramuscular
CPR ............................................... cardiopulmonary resuscitation IMC...................................................................... Initial Medical Care
CSF....................................................................cerebral spinal fluid IN ........................................................................................ intranasal
CSHN ............................. children with special healthcare needs IO................................................................................... intraosseous
CVD ............................................................ cardiovascular disease IR..........................................................................................intrarectal
ITC ......................................................................Initial Trauma Care
D IV ...................................................................................... intravenous
IVP.......................................................................... intravenous push
D/C................................................................................... discontinue
IVPB ............................................................. intravenous piggy back
D5W .................................................................5% dextrose in water
IVR .................................................................. idioventricular rhythm
DBP .......................................................... diastolic blood pressure
DCFS.................... Department of Children and Family Services
DKA................................................................. diabetic ketoacidosis J
DM.......................................................................... diabetes mellitus J.................................................................................................. joules
DNR...................................................................... do not resuscitate JVD ........................................................ jugular venous distension
DOA ...........................................................................dead on arrival
DOE .................................................................. dyspnea on exertion K
DT .......................................................................... delirium tremens KED .......................................................Kendrick extrication device
Dx........................................................................................ diagnosis kg ...........................................................................................kilogram
E L
ECG or EKG ....................................................... electrocardiogram L ...................................................................................................... liter
ECRN ....................................... Emergency Communications RN lbs ............................................................................................pounds
ED ............................................................... emergency department LLQ ...................................................................... left lower quadrant
EDD .................................................... esophageal detector device L/minute.................................................................. liters per minute
mEq/L...........................................................milliequivalent per liter LMP.................................................................last menstrual period

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 96

LOC .............................................................level of consciousness Rt....................................................................................................right
Lt ..................................................................................................... left RTS............................................................... Revised trauma score
LUQ .................................................................... left upper quadrant RUQ..................................................................right upper quadrant
S
M SA............................................................................... sinoatrial node
mA.................................................... milliamps (pacing) SAMPLE ..............................method of obtaining a patient history
mcg ............................................................. microgram SBP............................................................. systolic blood pressure
mcggts .........................................................microdrops SCI ..........................................................................spinal cord injury
MCI ..............................................................mass casualty incident SIDS .............................................. sudden infant death syndrome
MERCI ................. Medical Emergency Radio Comm. of Illinois SL....................................................................................... sublingual
mg .............................................................. milligram(s) SMO ..........................................................Standing Medical Orders
min............................................................................................ minute SOB ................................................................... shortness of breath
mL ................................................................ milliliter(s) SOP .............................................Standard Operating Procedures
mmHg ..........................................millimeters of mercury SpO2 .......................................................................... pulse oximetry
MOI...................................................................mechanism of injury S&S..................................................................... signs & symptoms
MPI ............................................................ multiple patient incident STD................................................... sexually transmitted disease
Sub-Q ......................................................................... subcutaneous
MVC .................................................................. motor vehicle crash
SVT .....................................................supraventricular tachycardia

N T
NC................................................................................nasal cannula T ...................................................................................... temperature
NP/NPA...................................................... nasopharyngeal airway TB.................................................................................... tuberculosis
NPO ....................................................................... nothing by mouth TIA............................................................ transient ischemic attack
NRM................................................................ non-rebreather mask TKO................................................................................ to keep open
NS ................................................................................ normal saline TPN.............................................................total parenteral nutrition
NSR ................................................................. normal sinus rhythm Tx.......................................................................................... treatment
NTG .............................................................................. nitroglycerine U
N/V .......................................................................... nausea/vomiting
URI......................................................... upper respiratory infection
UTI ................................................................... urinary tract infection
O
O2 .............................................................................................. oxygen V
OB .......................................................................................... obstetric V-fib or VF ....................................................... ventricular fibrillation
OP/OPA..........................................................oropharyngeal airway VS........................................................................................ vital signs
Oriented X 1 ....................................................... oriented to person VSD.............................................................ventricular septal defect
Oriented X 2 ........................................... oriented to person, place V-tach or VT ................................................. ventricular tachycardia
Oriented X 3 ................................. oriented to person, place, time
W
Oriented X 4 ......................oriented to person, place, time, event
w/.................................................................................................... with
P WNL................................................................... within normal limits
P .................................................................................................. pulse w/o ............................................................................................without
PALS............................................ Pediatric Advanced Life Support WOB ...................................................................... work of breathing
PASG ............................................. pneumatic anti-shock garment Y
pCO2 ........................................partial pressure of carbon dioxide
y/o............................................................................................ year old
PEA....................................................... pulseless electrical activity
Peds ....................................................................................pediatrics Symbols
pH ........................................................ hydrogen ion concentration Į .................................................................................................. alpha
PHRN ............................................. Prehospital Registered Nurse @........................................................................................................ at
PID ......................................................pelvic inflammatory disease ß .....................................................................................................beta
PMS .............................................................pulses, motor, sensory .................................................................................................degree
PND ............................................... paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea # .............................................................................................. number
PO ..........................................................................per os (by mouth) .......................................................................................... increased
pO2 .........................................................partial pressure of oxygen ......................................................................................... decreased
PPE................................................ personal protective equipment .................................................................. equal to or greater than
prn.............................................................pro re nata or as needed ....................................................................... equal to or less than
Pt .............................................................................................. patient + ................................................................................. positive or plus
PVC............................................ premature ventricular contraction
Q
q. .................................................................................................. every
R
R.......................................................................................respirations
RA. ........................................................................................Room air
RBOW ..........................................................ruptured bag of waters
RN ........................................................................ Registered Nurse
R/O........................................................................................... rule out
Rh ......................................................... rhesus factor (blood + or -)
ROSC. .......................................return of spontaneous circulation
RR.............................................................................. respiratory rate
RSV.......................................................... respiratory syncytial virus

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 97

 Body Mass Index
Norm al Overw eight Obese
BMI 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Height (inches) Body Weight (pounds)
58 91 96 100 105 110 115 119 124 129 134 138 143 148 153 158 162 167 172
59 94 99 104 109 114 119 124 128 133 138 143 148 153 158 163 168 173 178
60 97 102 107 112 118 123 128 133 138 143 148 153 158 163 168 174 179 184
61 100 106 111 116 122 127 132 137 143 148 153 158 164 169 174 180 185 190
62 104 109 115 120 126 131 136 142 147 153 158 164 169 175 180 186 191 196
63 107 113 118 124 130 135 141 146 152 158 163 169 175 180 186 191 197 203
64 110 116 122 128 134 140 145 151 157 163 169 174 180 186 192 197 204 209
65 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 180 186 192 198 204 210 216
66 118 124 130 136 142 148 155 161 167 173 179 186 192 198 204 210 216 223
67 121 127 134 140 146 153 159 166 172 178 185 191 198 204 211 217 223 230
68 125 131 138 144 151 158 164 171 177 184 190 197 203 210 216 223 230 236
69 128 135 142 149 155 162 169 176 182 189 196 203 209 216 223 230 236 243
70 132 139 146 153 160 167 174 181 188 195 202 209 216 222 229 236 243 250
71 136 143 150 157 165 172 179 186 193 200 208 215 222 229 236 243 250 257
72 140 147 154 162 169 177 184 191 199 206 213 221 228 235 242 250 258 265
73 144 151 159 166 174 182 189 197 204 212 219 227 235 242 250 257 265 272
74 148 155 163 171 179 186 194 202 210 218 225 233 241 249 256 264 272 280
75 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240 248 256 264 272 279 287
76 156 164 172 180 189 197 205 213 221 230 238 246 254 263 271 279 287 295

Obese Extrem e Obesity

BMI 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Height
Body Weight (pounds)
(inches)
58 177 181 186 191 196 201 205 210 215 220 224 229 234 239 244 248 253 258
59 183 188 193 198 203 208 212 217 222 227 232 237 242 247 252 257 262 267
60 189 194 199 204 209 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 261 266 271 276
61 195 201 206 211 217 222 227 232 238 243 248 254 259 264 269 275 280 285
62 202 207 213 218 224 229 235 240 246 251 256 262 267 273 278 284 289 295
63 208 214 220 225 231 237 242 248 254 259 265 270 278 282 287 293 299 304
64 215 221 227 232 238 244 250 256 262 267 273 279 285 291 296 302 308 314
65 222 228 234 240 246 252 258 264 270 276 282 288 294 300 306 312 318 324
66 229 235 241 247 253 260 266 272 278 284 291 297 303 309 315 322 328 334
67 236 242 249 255 261 268 274 280 287 293 299 306 312 319 325 331 338 344
68 243 249 256 262 269 276 282 289 295 302 308 315 322 328 335 341 348 354
69 250 257 263 270 277 284 291 297 304 311 318 324 331 338 345 351 358 365
70 257 264 271 278 285 292 299 306 313 320 327 334 341 348 355 362 369 376
71 265 272 279 286 293 301 308 315 322 329 338 343 351 358 365 372 379 386
72 272 279 287 294 302 309 316 324 331 338 346 353 361 368 375 383 390 397
73 280 288 295 302 310 318 325 333 340 348 355 363 371 378 386 393 401 408
74 287 295 303 311 319 326 334 342 350 358 365 373 381 389 396 404 412 420
75 295 303 311 319 327 335 343 351 359 367 375 383 391 399 407 415 423 431
76 304 312 320 328 336 344 353 361 369 377 385 394 402 410 418 426 435 443

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 98

 Differential for SOB
S&S HF/PE AMI COPD Pneumonia
SOB +   +   +   +  
Cough -­/+   -­   +/early  am   +  
Sputum Frothy  (pink)   -­   clear   yellow/green  
Fever -­   -­   -­   +  
Sweats +  Cold/clammy   +  Cold/clammy   -­   +/Hot  
Chest pain -­   +/-­   -­   +/-­  
Chest pain nature -­   Heavy,  tight   -­   Sharp,  pleuritic  
Gradually  worsening,  then  
Chest pain duration -­   Varies;;  usually  >  20  min   -­  
constant  
Smoking Hx +  Risk   +  Risk   Almost  always   +/-­  
Hypertension +  Risk   +  Risk   -­   -­  
Cyanosis +/-­   +/-­   +   +/-­  
Air entry to lungs Good  upper/worse  at  bases   Good   Poor   Patchy  
Must  have  some  air  entry  to  
Wheezing +/-­   +/-­   +/-­  patchy  
wheeze  
+  patchy;;  isolated  to  
Crackles +   with  HF/      otherwise  clear   -­  
infected  lobes  
Fever -­   -­   -­   +  
 is  a  risk  factor;;    if  severe    is  a  risk  factor;;    if  severe   Usually  unaffected;;    if  
BP Usually  unaffected  
S&S   S&S   severe  S&S  
Tachycardia +/-­   +/-­   +   +  

Heart Failure COPD / Asthma

ƒ PMH  of  and/or  meds  for:  CVD,  CAD,  MI,   ƒ Weight  gain  (tight  shoes,  belt,  watch,  rings?)   ƒ PMH  of  and/or  meds  for:  asthma,  COPD,  
HF,  HTN,  cardiomyopathy,  high   ƒ Fatigue chronic  bronchitis,  emphysema,  smoking  
cholesterol,  ICD,  bivent.  pacing,  DM,  renal   ƒ Crackles  (initially  end-­insp)  or  wheezes   ƒ Rx:  Bronchodilators,  anticholinergics,  
failure,  smoking,  alcoholism   ƒ 12-­L  abnormal  (acute  MI,  AF,  LVH,   steroids  
ƒ Meds: See list on HF SOP page LVFKHPLD%%%³DJH-­undetermined   ƒ Cough: productive ± yellow/green
ƒ Paroxysmal  nocturnal  dyspnea  (PND)   infarction) ƒ S/S  respiratory  tract  infection:  fever,  chills,  
ƒ Orthopnea (multiple pillows to ƒ S3  (3rd  heart  sound,  after  lub-­dub,  best   rhinorrhea,  sore  throat  
sleep) heard  at  apex) ƒ Exposure to known allergen
ƒ Dyspnea on exertion ƒ JVD, pedal edema (RHF) ƒ &DSQRJUDSK³VKDUNILQ´ZDYHIRUP
ƒ Cough:  (non-­productive  or  productive;;   ƒ Wheezes (initially expiratory)    
frothy,  clear,  white,  pink)  

Greater Elgin Area SOPs ± 2009 Page 99