Calculation Using Taguchi Method for Hardness

S/N Ratio
Table 3.1 S/N Ratio for Hardness
Pressur
Temp e Speed Hardness, yi (HRP)
S Averag
T (℃) P (bar) (RPM) 1 2 3 4 5 e,ӯi S/N Ratio
210 100 200 54.7 57 59.6 37.3 46.3 50.98 33.75
210 125 300 48.6 51.8 36.7 57 36.1 46.04 32.82
210 150 400 51.2 54.5 49 51.9 45.9 50.5 34.02
230 100 300 23.2 29.8 53.6 59.1 41.2 41.38 30.75
230 125 400 67.6 47 55.4 66.2 63.5 59.94 35.31
230 150 200 60.4 52.7 65.9 65.9 47.3 58.44 35.11
250 100 400 40.1 37.8 37.6 37.5 37.2 38.04 31.60
250 125 200 41.3 39 39.6 40.2 36.2 39.26 31.85
250 150 300 44.7 45.9 45.5 50.1 44.9 46.22 33.27
431. 415. 442. 465. 398.
Total 8 5 9 2 6

Calculation Steps for S/N ratio:

Formula: ŋi = -10 log [ 1/n i=1n(1/yi²)]
where ŋi = S/N ratio for ith experiment
yi= Observed value for ith experiment
n = Total number of observed value for ith experiment

ŋ1 = -10 log [1/5 (1/54.72 + 1/57.0² + 1/59.6² + 1/37.3² + 1/46.3²) ]= 33.75

ŋ2 = -10 log [1/5 (1/48.62 + 1/51.8² + 1/36.7² + 1/57.0² + 1/36.1²) ]= 32.82
ŋ3 = -10 log [1/5 (1/51.22 + 1/54.5² + 1/49.0² + 1/51.9² + 1/45.9²) ]= 34.02
ŋ4 = -10 log [1/5 (1/23.22 + 1/29.8² + 1/53.6² + 1/59.1² + 1/41.2²) ]= 30.75
ŋ5 = -10 log [1/5 (1/67.62 + 1/47.0² + 1/55.4² + 1/66.2² + 1/63.5²) ]= 35.10
ŋ6 = -10 log [1/5 (1/60.42 + 1/52.7² + 1/65.9² + 1/65.9² + 1/47.3²) ]= 35.11
ŋ7 = -10 log [1/5 (1/40.12 + 1/37.8² + 1/37.6² + 1/37.5² + 1/37.2²) ]= 31.60
ŋ8 = -10 log [1/5 (1/41.32 + 1/39.0² + 1/39.6² + 1/40.2² + 1/36.2²) ]= 31.85
ŋ9 = -10 log [1/5 (1/44.72 + 1/45.9² + 1/45.5² + 1/50.1² + 1/44.9²) ]= 33.27

Average S/N Ratio

Table 3.2 Average S/N Ratio for Each Parameter and Level
S/N Ratio
Level Temp,T Pressure,P Speed,S
1 33.53 32.03 33.57
 2 33.72 33.33 32.28
3 32.24 34.14 33.64
Difference 1.48 2.10 1.29
Rank 2 1 3

Calculation Steps for Average S/N Ratio:

1. For parameter of Temperature, T

Formula:
SNTj = Total signal-to-noise ratio, ŋi for parameter of temperature at level j
3
Where j = 1, 2, 3

SNT1: (33.75 + 33.82 + 34.02) /3 = 33.53

SNT2: (30.75 + 35.31 + 35.11) /3 = 33.72

SNT3: (31.60 + 31.85 + 33.27) /3 = 32.24

2. For parameter of Pressure, P

Formula:
SNPj = Total signal-to-noise ratio, ŋi for parameter of pressure at level j
3
Where j = 1, 2, 3

SNP1 = (33.75 + 30.75 + 31.60) /3 = 32.03

SNP2 = (32.82+ 35.31 + 31.85) /3 = 33.33

SNP3 = (34.02 + 35.11 + 33.27) /3 = 34.14

3. For parameter of Speed, S

Formula:
SNSj = Total signal-to-noise ratio, ŋi for parameter of speed at level j
3
Where j = 1, 2, 3

SNS1 = (33.75 + 35.11 + 31.85)/3 = 33.57

 SNS2 = (32.82 + 30.75 + 33.27)/3 = 32.28

SNS3 = (34.02 + 35.31 + 31.60)/3 = 33.64

Calculation Steps for S/N Ratio Difference:

Difference S/N ratio = Max S/N ratio – Min S/N ratio

Difference T = 33.72 – 32.24 = 1.48

Difference P = 34.14 – 32.03 = 2.10

Difference S = 33.64 – 32.28 = 1.36

Mean Hardness
Table 3.3 Mean Hardness for Each parameter and Level
Mean Hardness (MPa)
Level Temp,T Pressure,P Speed,S
1 49.17 43.47 49.56
2 53.25 48.41 44.55
3 41.17 51.72 49.49
Difference 12.08 8.25 5.01
Rank 1 2 3

Calculation Steps for Mean Hardness:

1. For parameter of Temperature, T

Formula:
Mean Hardness at level j = Total ӯi for parameter of temperature at level j
3
Where j = 1, 2, 3
Mean Hardness at level 1 = (50.98 + 46.04 +50.50) /3 = 49.17

Mean Hardness at level 2 = (41.38 + 59.94 + 58.44) /3 = 53.25

Mean Hardness at level 3 = (38.04 + 39.26 + 46.22) /3 = 41.17

2. For parameter of Pressure, P

Formula:
Mean Yield Strength at level j = Total ӯi for parameter of pressure at level j
3
Where j = 1, 2, 3

Mean Hardness at level 1 = (50.98 + 41.38 + 38.04) /3 = 43.47

 Mean Hardness at level 2 = (46.04 + 59.94 + 39.26) /3 = 48.41

Mean Hardness at level 3 = (50.50 + 58.44 + 46.22) /3 = 51.72

3. For parameter of speed, S

Formula:
Mean Yield Strength at level j = Total ӯi for parameter of speed at level j
3
Where j = 1, 2, 3

Mean Hardness at level 1 = (50.98 + 58.44 + 39.26) /3 = 49.56

Mean Hardness at level 2 = (46.04 + 41.38 + 46.22) /3 = 44.55

Mean Hardness at level 3 = (50.50 + 59.94 + 38.04) /3 = 49.49

Calculation Steps for Mean Result Difference:

Difference observed values = Max observed values – Min observed values

Difference P = 53.25 – 41.17 = 12.08

Difference T = 51.72 – 43.47 = 8.25

Difference S = 49.56 – 44.55 = 5.01

Predicted Optimum Performance for Hardness

Table 3.4 Optimum Parameter Level and Results

Temperature(℃) Pressure(bar) Speed(RPM)
Optimum Level 2 3 3
Average Hardness (MPa) 53.25 51.72 49.49
Predicted Optimum Performance: 58.72HRP

Calculation Steps for Predicted Optimum performance:

Formula: Yopt = T/N + (Popt –T/N) + ( Topt – T/N) +( Sopt – T/N)

Where Yopt = Predicted optimum performance

T = Total of observed values for all the experiment
N = Total number of observed values
Popt , Topt , Sopt = Average yield strength resulted from pressure, temperature and speed
at optimum level

*Average hardness for each optimum parameter level is got from table 3.3

T/N = (431.8 + 415.5 + 442.9 + 465.2 + 398.6) / 45 = 2154/45 = 47.87

Yopt = 47.87 + (53.25 – 47.87 ) + (51.72 – 47.87) + (49.49 -47.87) = 58.72 HRP

Anova (Hardness)
 Table 4.5 Calculation results from Anova
Degree of Factor Sum of Pure Sum of Contribution,
Parameter
Freedom, f Squares, SS Squares, SS' ρ (%)
Pressure,P 2 1132.864 984.128 20.83
Temperature,T 2 517.605 368.869 7.81
Speed,S 2 248.037 99.301 2.10
Error 38 2825.993 3272.203 69.26
Total 44 4724.500 　 100.00

Calcalation Steps for Degree of Freedom (DOF)

1. DOF of a parameter = number of level of the parameter – 1

DOF for temperature = 3 – 1 = 2

DOF for pressure = 3 – 1 = 2

DOF for speed = 3 – 1 = 2

2. Total DOFs = Total number of observed values (yi) – 1

= 45 – 1 = 44

3. DOF of error, fe = Total DOFs – Total of all parameter DOFs

fe = 44 – (2 + 2 + 2) = 38

Calculation Steps for Factor Sum of Squares, SS

Formula: SSp = P12/NP1 + P22/NP2 + P32/NP3 – C.F

Where P1 = Total of yi that includes level 1 of parameter P

NP1 = Total number of yi in which level 1 of parameter P is present
C.F = correction factor = T²/N

T= Total of observed values for all the experiment = 2154

N= Total number of observed values

C.F = 2154²/ 45 = 103104.8

 Total yi
T1 T2 T3
737.6 798.8 617.6
P1 P2 P3
652.0 726.2 775.8
S1 S2 S3
743.4 668.2 742.4
Table 4.6 Total of yi for each parameter and level

1. SST = (737.6²/15 + 798.8²/15 + 617.6²/15) – 103104.8 = 1132.864

2. SSP= (652.0²/15 + 726.2²/15 + 775.8²/15) – 103104.8 = 517.605

3. SSS = (743.4²/15 + 668.2²/15 + 742.4²/15) – 103104.8 = 248.037

Calculation Steps for Total Sum of Squares, SST

Formula: SST =i=1Nyi2 – C.F

Where yi= Observed values

C.F = correction factor
N= Total number of observed values

SST = (54.7² + 57.0² + 59.6² + 37.3² + 46.3² +……+ 44.9²) - 103104.8 = 4724.5

Calculation Steps for Sum of Squares of error, SSe

Formula: SSe = SST – SSpressure – SStemp – SSspeed

Where SST = Total sum of squares of the variance

SSpressure = Total sum of squares due to parameter of pressure
SStemp = Total sum of squares due to parameter of temperature
SSspeed = Total sum of squares due to parameter of speed

SSe = 4724.5 - 1132.864 - 517.605 - 248.037 = 2825.993

Calculation steps for Pure Sum of Squares

SS’P = SSP – ( SSe/ fe * fP )
Where SSP = Sum of squares of factor P
SSe = Sum of squares of error
fP = Degree of freedom for parameter P
fe = Degree of freedom of error

1. SST = 1132.864 – (2825.993/38 * 2) = 984.128

2. SSP = 517.605 – (2825.993/38 * 2) = 368.869
3. SSS = 248.037 – (2825.993/38 * 2) = 99.301

SS’e = SSe + ( SSe/ fe * fT )

Where fT = Total degree of freedom of all the parameters

SS’e = 2825.993 + [2825.993/38 * (2 + 2 + 2) ] = 3272.203

Calculation Steps for Percent of Contribution, ρ

Formula: ρ = [SS’P / SST ] x 100 %

Where SST = Total sum of squares of the variance

SS’P = Pure sum of squares for factor P

1. ΡTemperature = [ 984.128/4724.5] * 100 = 20.83 %

2. ΡPressure = [ 368.869/4724.5] * 100 = 7.81 %

3. ΡSpeed = [ 99.301/4724.5] * 100 = 2.10 %

4. Ρerror = [ 3272.203/4724.5] * 100 = 69.26 %