www.FluidMechanics.

ir

ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 Getting Started Guide

April 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir

Copyright c 2009 by ANSYS, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or otherwise used in any form without express written permission from ANSYS, Inc.

Airpak, Mechanical APDL, Workbench, AUTODYN, CFX, FIDAP, FloWizard, FLUENT, GAMBIT, Iceboard, Icechip, Icemax, Icepak, Icepro, Icewave, MixSim, POLYFLOW, TGrid, and any and all ANSYS, Inc. brand, product, service and feature names, logos and slogans are registered trademarks or trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries located in the United States or other countries. All other brand, product, service and feature names or trademarks are the property of their respective owners. CATIA V5 is a registered trademark of Dassault Syst` emes. CHEMKIN is a registered trademark of Reaction Design Inc. Portions of this program include material copyrighted by PathScale Corporation 2003-2004.

ANSYS, Inc. is certied to ISO 9001:2008

See the on-line documentation for the complete Legal Notices for ANSYS proprietary software and third-party software. If you are unable to access the Legal Notice, contact ANSYS, Inc.

www.FluidMechanics.ir

Contents

Preface 1 Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT 1.1 1.2 Program Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSYS FLUENT Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 Accessing the ANSYS FLUENT Documentation . . . . . . . . . . Using the PDF Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the HTML Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1-1 1-3 1-4 1-4 1-5 1-7 2-1 2-1 2-2 3-1 A-1

2 Basic Steps for CFD Analysis using ANSYS FLUENT 2.1 2.2 Steps in Solving Your CFD Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Planning Your CFD Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Guide to a Successful Simulation Using ANSYS FLUENT A Glossary of Terms

A.1 Summary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

TOC-1

www.FluidMechanics.ir

www.FluidMechanics.ir

Preface
The Contents of This Manual
The ANSYS FLUENT Getting Started Guide highlights some of the features in ANSYS FLUENT and how to get started using the software.

The Contents of the Other Manuals

In addition to this Getting Started Guide, there are several other manuals available to help you use ANSYS FLUENT and its associated programs: The Users Guide contains detailed information about how to use ANSYS FLUENT, including information about the user interface, reading and writing les, dening boundary conditions, setting up physical models, calculating a solution, and analyzing your results. The Theory Guide contains reference information for how the physical models are implemented in ANSYS FLUENT. The Tutorial Guide contains a number of example problems with detailed instructions, commentary, and postprocessing of results. The UDF Manual contains information about writing and using user-dened functions (UDFs). The Text Command List provides a brief description of each of the commands in ANSYS FLUENTs text interface. The following addon module manuals oer additional applications within ANSYS FLUENT: Continuous Fiber Module Manual Fuel Cell Modules Manual Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Module Manual Population Balance Module Manual

Typographical Conventions
An informational icon (

) marks an important note.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Preface

Technical Support
If you encounter diculties while using ANSYS FLUENT, please rst refer to the section(s) of the manuals containing information on the commands you are trying to use or the type of problem you are trying to solve. The product documentation is available from the online help, or from the User Services Center. If you encounter an error, please write down the exact error message that appeared and note as much information as you can about what you were doing in ANSYS FLUENT. Then refer to the following resources available on the User Services Center: Installation and System FAQsa link is available from the main page on the User Services Center. The FAQs can be searched by word or phrase, and are available for general installation questions as well as for product questions. Known Defects for ANSYS FLUENTa link is available from the product page. The defects can be searched by word or phrase, and are listed by categories. Online Technical Supporta link is available from the main page on the User Services Center. From the Online Technical Support Portal page, there is a link to the Search Solutions & Request Support page, where the solutions can be searched by word or phrase and where you have the ability to enter a technical support request.

Contacting Technical Support

If none of the resources available on the User Services Center help in resolving the problem, or you have complex modeling projects, we invite you to log a technical support request (www.fluentusers.com) to obtain further assistance. However, there are a few things that we encourage you to do before logging a request: Note what you are trying to accomplish with ANSYS FLUENT. Note what you were doing when the problem or error occurred. Save a journal or transcript le of the ANSYS FLUENT session in which the problem occurred. This is the best source that we can use to reproduce the problem and thereby help to identify the cause.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir

Chapter 1.

Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT

ANSYS FLUENT is a state-of-the-art computer program for modeling uid ow, heat transfer, and chemical reactions in complex geometries. ANSYS FLUENT is written in the C computer language and makes full use of the exibility and power oered by the language. Consequently, true dynamic memory allocation, ecient data structures, and exible solver control are all possible. In addition, ANSYS FLUENT uses a client/server architecture, which allows it to run as separate simultaneous processes on client desktop workstations and powerful compute servers. This architecture allows for ecient execution, interactive control, and complete exibility between dierent types of machines or operating systems. ANSYS FLUENT provides complete mesh exibility, including the ability to solve your ow problems using unstructured meshes that can be generated about complex geometries with relative ease. Supported mesh types include 2D triangular/quadrilateral, 3D tetrahedral/hexahedral/pyramid/wedge/polyhedral, and mixed (hybrid) meshes. ANSYS FLUENT also allows you to rene or coarsen your mesh based on the ow solution. After a mesh has been read into ANSYS FLUENT, all remaining operations are performed within ANSYS FLUENT. These include setting boundary conditions, dening uid properties, executing the solution, rening the mesh, and postprocessing and viewing the results. The ANSYS FLUENT serial solver manages le input and output, data storage, and ow eld calculations using a single solver process on a single computer. ANSYS FLUENT also uses a utility called cortex that manages ANSYS FLUENTs user interface and basic graphical functions. ANSYS FLUENTs parallel solver allows you to compute a solution using multiple processes that may be executing on the same computer, or on dierent computers in a network. Parallel processing in ANSYS FLUENT involves an interaction between ANSYS FLUENT, a host process, and a set of compute-node processes. ANSYS FLUENT interacts with the host process and the collection of compute nodes using the cortex user interface utility. Figures 1.0.1 and 1.0.2 illustrate the serial and parallel ANSYS FLUENT architectures. For more information about ANSYS FLUENTs parallel processing capabilities, please refer to the Users Guide. All functions required to compute a solution and display the results are accessible in ANSYS FLUENT through an interactive interface.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

1-1

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT

CORTEX Solver
Data: Cell Face Node

File Input/Output

Disk

Figure 1.0.1: Serial ANSYS FLUENT Architecture

CORTEX HOST
FLUENT MPI

File Input/Output

Disk
Parallel Data File Input/Output

Compute Node 0 Data: Cell Face Node Socket

Compute Node 1 Data: Cell Face Node

FLUENT MPI

FLUENT MPI

MP
Data: Cell Face Node FLUENT MPI FLUENT MPI Data: Cell Face Node Compute Node 2 Compute Node 3

COMPUTE NODES
Figure 1.0.2: Parallel ANSYS FLUENT Architecture

1-2

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir
1.1 Program Capabilities

1.1

Program Capabilities
The ANSYS FLUENT solver has the following modeling capabilities: 2D planar, 2D axisymmetric, 2D axisymmetric with swirl (rotationally symmetric), and 3D ows Quadrilateral, triangular, hexahedral (brick), tetrahedral, prism (wedge), pyramid, polyhedral, and mixed element meshes Steady-state or transient ows Incompressible or compressible ows, including all speed regimes (low subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic ows) Inviscid, laminar, and turbulent ows Newtonian or non-Newtonian ows Ideal or real gases Heat transfer, including forced, natural, and mixed convection, conjugate (solid/uid) heat transfer, and radiation Chemical species mixing and reaction, including homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion models and surface deposition/reaction models Free surface and multiphase models for gas-liquid, gas-solid, and liquid-solid ows Lagrangian trajectory calculation for dispersed phase (particles/droplets/bubbles), including coupling with continuous phase and spray modeling Cavitation model Phase change model for melting/solidication applications Porous media with non-isotropic permeability, inertial resistance, solid heat conduction, and porous-face pressure jump conditions Lumped parameter models for fans, pumps, radiators, and heat exchangers Acoustic models for predicting ow-induced noise Inertial (stationary) or non-inertial (rotating or accelerating) reference frames Multiple reference frame (MRF) and sliding mesh options for modeling multiple moving frames

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

1-3

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT

Mixing-plane model for modeling rotor-stator interactions, torque converters, and similar turbomachinery applications with options for mass conservation and swirl conservation Dynamic mesh model for modeling domains with moving and deforming mesh Volumetric sources of mass, momentum, heat, and chemical species Material property database Extensive customization capability via user-dened functions Dynamic (two-way) coupling with GT-Power and WAVE Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) module (documented separately) Continuous ber module (documented separately) Fuel cell modules (documented separately) Population balance module (documented separately) ANSYS FLUENT is ideally suited for incompressible and compressible uid-ow simulations in complex geometries. ANSYS FLUENTs parallel solver allows you to compute solutions for cases with very large meshes on multiple processors, either on the same computer or on dierent computers in a network. ANSYS, Inc. also oers other solvers that address dierent ow regimes and incorporate alternative physical models. Additional CFD programs from ANSYS, Inc. include ANSYS CFX, Airpak, ANSYS Icepak, and ANSYS POLYFLOW.

1.2

ANSYS FLUENT Documentation

ANSYS FLUENTs integrated help system gives you access to the ANSYS FLUENT documentation through HTML les, which can be viewed with your standard web browser (e.g., Internet Explorer or Firefox). For printing, Adobe Acrobat PDF versions of the manuals are also provided. This section describes how to access the ANSYS FLUENT documentation outside of ANSYS FLUENT (i.e., not through the ANSYS FLUENT on-line help utility). See the Users Guide for information about accessing the documentation through ANSYS FLUENT. To view the documentation, you can use either the HTML or the PDF les, either in the installation area or from the User Services Center (www.fluentusers.com). You will also need a web browser.

1.2.1

Accessing the ANSYS FLUENT Documentation

You can access the ANSYS FLUENT documentation from your ANSYS Inc. installation area.

1-4

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir
1.2 ANSYS FLUENT Documentation

How to Access the Documentation Files in the Installation Area

If the HTML and/or the PDF les have been installed with the software, you can view the documentation by pointing your browser to: On Windows: path\ANSYS Inc\v120\fluent\fluent12.0.x \help\index.htm where path is the folder in which you have installed ANSYS FLUENT (by default, the path is C:\Program Files), and x is replaced by the appropriate number for the release (e.g., 9 for fluent12.0.9). On UNIX/Linux: path/ansys inc/v120/fluent/fluent12.0.x/help/index.htm where path is the directory in which you have installed ANSYS FLUENT, and x is replaced by the appropriate number for the release (e.g., 9 for fluent12.0.9). This will bring up the ANSYS FLUENT documentation home page (Figure 1.2.1), from which you can select the HTML or PDF version of the particular ANSYS FLUENT manual you want to view. For large manuals, PDF les are provided for the individual chapters in addition to a single PDF le for the entire manual on the User Services Center (www.fluentusers.com).

1.2.2

Using the PDF Documentation

The PDF les are appropriate for viewing and printing with Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is available for most Linux/UNIX and Windows systems. These les are distinguished by a .pdf sux in their le names. If you do not have Adobe Acrobat Reader, you can download it (at no cost) from www.adobe.com.

Navigating the PDF Files

For the purpose of easier on-line document navigation, the PDF les contain hyperlinks in the table of contents and index. In addition, hyperlinks have been applied to all cross-references to chapters, sections, gures, tables, bibliography, and index entries.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

1-5

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT

Figure 1.2.1: The ANSYS FLUENT Documentation Home Page

Printing the PDF Files

Adobe Acrobat PDF les are provided for printing all or part of the manuals. While you can also print individual HTML pages from your browser, the PDF les are recommended when printing long sections since the printout will have a higher quality. Note that you can select the paper size to which you are printing in Adobe Acrobat Reader by selecting the File/Print Setup... menu item and choosing the desired Paper size. If the page is too large to t on your paper size, you can reduce it by selecting the File/Print... menu item and choosing the Reduce to Printer Margins option under Page Scaling.

1-6

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir
1.2 ANSYS FLUENT Documentation

1.2.3

Using the HTML Documentation

Electronic versions of the ANSYS FLUENT documentation are also provided in HTML format. These les are used for the ANSYS FLUENT help system and can be viewed using a standard web browser. To make it easier for you to nd the information you need, there are many built-in navigation tools available as well as printing options and other viewing options. The following sections describe the various options available to you when you are using the HTML documentation.

Navigating the HTML Files

When you are viewing the HTML version of a manual in your browser, a set of navigation buttons appear at the upper right and lower right corners of the HTML page, as shown in Figure 1.2.2.

Figure 1.2.2: Navigation Buttons

The navigation buttons are as follows: Search displays a full text search popup window (Figure 1.2.3). Return to Home takes you to the ANSYS FLUENT documentation home page (Figure 1.2.1). Index takes you to the index for the manual. Contents takes you to the table of contents for the manual. Previous takes you to the page just before the current one in the manual. Note that this is not the same function as the Back button of your browser. Up takes you to the rst page of the current manual division (chapter or section). Next takes you to the next page in the manual. Note that this is not the same function as the Forward button of your browser. Note that these buttons do not necessarily appear on all pages. Sometimes they appear but are inactive; in such cases they are grayed out, as the Previous and Up buttons are in Figure 1.2.2.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

1-7

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT

Finding Information in the HTML Files

Three tools are available to help you nd the information you are looking for in an HTML version of a manual: Index The index gives an alphabetical list of keywords, each linked to the relevant section(s) of the manual. You can access the index by clicking the Index button that appears at the top and bottom of the page. Note that the Index button does not appear if the manual does not have an index. In a larger manual, the index is split into a number of pages, each containing keywords starting with a particular letter; in this case, the Index button will take you to the A index page. Table of Contents The table of contents gives a list of the titles of the chapters, sections, and subsections of the manual in the order in which they appear. Each title is linked to the corresponding chapter or section. You can access the table of contents by clicking the Contents button that appears at the top and bottom of the page. Note that the Contents button does not appear if the manual does not have a table of contents. Browser Search The full text search engine (Figure 1.2.3) allows you to search the HTML manual for either single or multiple keywords. You can access the full text search engine by clicking the Search button that appears at the top of the page. To display the popup window and use the search engine, Javascript should be enabled in your web browser.

1-8

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir
1.2 ANSYS FLUENT Documentation

To use the search engine, enter a specic term or keyword(s) in the text eld and click the Search button. By default, the search engine will look for pages that contain any keyword input (Boolean OR). If you insert a + before the keyword input, then the search engine will look for pages that contain all of the keywords provided in the text eld (Boolean AND). Search results appear in the lower half of the search engine popup window. When search results extend below the bottom edge of the window, you can access those results by selecting the lower portion of the window and pressing the <Page Down> button on the keyboard in order to activate scroll bars in the window.

Figure 1.2.3: The Full Text Search Engine

You can also use the search capability provided by your browser to nd words or expressions on a single page. For example, you can use the Edit/Find (on This Page)... menu item in Internet Explorer to search for the word turbulence on a page of the manual.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

1-9

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT

Printing Portions of a Manual

Although you can print pages of an HTML version of a manual from your browser, a printout with higher quality can be obtained by using the PDF les provided with the ANSYS FLUENT installation or on the User Services Center (www.fluentusers.com). See Section 1.2.2: Printing the PDF Files for details.

Modifying the Appearance of the HTML Files

There are a few things that you might want to change about the way your browser displays the HTML les in order to increase their usefulness. Font Size The absolute size of the text that you see when viewing your ANSYS FLUENT documentation is dependent on a number of factors, including the resolution of your monitor screen. You can adjust the text size by changing the default font size of your browser. In Internet Explorer, for example, you can change the font size by selecting an option from the View/Text Size menu. Try several sizes to see the eect on the appearance of the manuals, and choose the one that is best for you. Page Width While reading a manual, you may nd a gure that is wider than your browsers window. As a result, part of the gure will be hidden from view. To see all of the gure, you can use the horizontal scroll bar at the bottom of your browsers window, or increase your browsers window size. You might also want to adjust the window size to increase or decrease the page width to a comfortable reading width. Tool Tips When viewing the manuals with certain browsers, information about a gure will be displayed if you put your cursor over it. However, this information is not meaningful for most users, and you might nd it somewhat distracting. On some browsers, you can disable the display of Tool Tips in the preferences menu.

1-10

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir

Chapter 2.

Basic Steps for CFD Analysis using ANSYS FLUENT

Before you begin your CFD analysis using ANSYS FLUENT, careful consideration of the following issues will contribute signicantly to the success of your modeling eort. Also, when you are planning a CFD project, be sure to take advantage of the customer support provided to all ANSYS FLUENT users.

2.1

Steps in Solving Your CFD Problem

Once you have determined the important features of the problem you want to solve, follow the basic procedural steps shown below. 1. Dene the modeling goals. 2. Create the model geometry and mesh. 3. Set up the solver and physical models. 4. Compute and monitor the solution. 5. Examine and save the results. 6. Consider revisions to the numerical or physical model parameters, if necessary. Step 2 of the solution process requires a geometry modeler and mesh generator. You can use the geometry and meshing capabilities within ANSYS Workbench, or a separate CAD system for geometry modeling and mesh generation. Alternatively, you can use supported CAD packages to generate volume meshes for import into ANSYS FLUENT (see the Users Guide). For more information on creating geometry and generating meshes using each of these programs, please refer to their respective manuals. The details of the remaining steps are covered in the Users Guide.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

2-1

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Basic Steps for CFD Analysis using ANSYS FLUENT

2.2

Planning Your CFD Analysis

For each of the problem-solving steps, there are some questions that you need to consider: Dening the Modeling Goals What results are you looking for, and how will they be used? What are your modeling options? What physical models will need to be included in your analysis? What simplifying assumptions do you have to make? What simplifying assumptions can you make? Do you require a unique modeling capability? Could you utilize user-dened functions (written in C)? What degree of accuracy is required? How quickly do you need the results? How will you isolate a piece of the complete physical system? Where will the computational domain begin and end? Do you have boundary condition information at these boundaries? Can the boundary condition types accommodate that information? Can you extend the domain to a point where reasonable data exists? Can it be simplied or approximated as a 2D or axisymmetric problem? Creating Your Model Geometry and Mesh ANSYS FLUENT uses unstructured meshes in order to reduce the amount of time you spend generating meshes, to simplify the geometry modeling and mesh generation process, to allow modeling of more complex geometries than you can handle with conventional, multi-block structured meshes, and to let you adapt the mesh to resolve the ow-eld features. ANSYS FLUENT can also use body-tted, blockstructured meshes (e.g., those used by FLUENT 4 and many other CFD solvers). ANSYS FLUENT is capable of handling triangular and quadrilateral elements (or a combination of the two) in 2D, and tetrahedral, hexahedral, pyramid, wedge, and polyhedral elements (or a combination of these) in 3D. This exibility allows you to pick mesh topologies that are best suited for your particular application, as described in the Users Guide. You can adapt all types of meshes (except for polyhedral) in ANSYS FLUENT in order to resolve large gradients in the ow eld, but you must always generate the initial mesh (whatever the element types used) outside of the solver, or one of the CAD systems for which mesh import lters exist.

2-2

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir
2.2 Planning Your CFD Analysis

The following questions should be considered when you are generating a mesh: Can you benet from other ANSYS, Inc. products such as ANSYS CFX, ANSYS Icepak, or Airpak? Can you use a quad/hex mesh or should you use a tri/tet mesh or a hybrid mesh? How complex is the geometry and ow? Will you need a non-conformal interface? What degree of mesh resolution is required in each region of the domain? Is the resolution sucient for the geometry? Can you predict regions with high gradients? Will you use adaption to add resolution? Do you have sucient computer memory? How many cells are required? How many models will be used? Setting Up the Solver and Physical Models For a given problem, you will need to: Import and check the mesh. Select the numerical solver (e.g., density based, pressure based, unsteady, etc.). Select appropriate physical models. Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc. Dene material properties. Fluid Solid Mixture Prescribe operating conditions. Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundary zones. Provide an initial solution. Set up solver controls. Set up convergence monitors. Initialize the ow eld.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

2-3

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Basic Steps for CFD Analysis using ANSYS FLUENT

Computing and Monitoring Your Solution The discretized conservation equations are solved iteratively. A number of iterations are usually required to reach a converged solution. Convergence is reached when: Changes in solution variables from one iteration to the next are negligible. Residuals provide a mechanism to help monitor this trend. Overall property conservation is achieved. The accuracy of a converged solution is dependent upon: Appropriateness and accuracy of physical models. Mesh resolution and independence. Problem setup. Examining and Saving Your Results Examine the results to review the solution and extract useful data. Visualization tools can be used to answer such questions as: What is the overall ow pattern? Is there separation? Where do shocks, shear layers, etc. form? Are key ow features being resolved? Numerical reporting tools can be used to calculate the following quantitative results: Forces and moments Average heat transfer coecients Surface and volume integrated quantities Flux balances Revising Your Model Once your solution is converged, the following questions should be considered when you are analyzing the solution: Are physical models appropriate? Is ow turbulent? Is ow unsteady? Are there compressibility eects? Are there 3D eects?

2-4

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir
2.2 Planning Your CFD Analysis

Are boundary conditions correct? Is the computational domain large enough? Are boundary conditions appropriate? Are boundary values reasonable? Is the mesh adequate? Can the mesh be adapted to improve results? Does the solution change signicantly with adaption, or is the solution mesh independent? Does boundary resolution need to be improved?

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

2-5

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Basic Steps for CFD Analysis using ANSYS FLUENT

2-6

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir

Chapter 3.

Guide to a Successful Simulation Using ANSYS FLUENT

The following guidelines can help you make sure your CFD simulation is a success. Before logging a technical support request, make sure you do the following: 1. Examine the quality of the mesh. There are two basic things that you should do before you start a simulation: Perform a mesh check to avoid problems due to incorrect mesh connectivity, etc. Look at maximum cell skewness (e.g., using the Compute button in the Contours dialog box). As a rule of thumb, the skewness should be below 0.98. If there are mesh problems, you may have to re-mesh the problem. 2. Scale the mesh and check length units. In ANSYS FLUENT, all physical dimensions are initially assumed to be in meters. You should scale the mesh accordingly. Other quantities can also be scaled independently of other units used. ANSYS FLUENT defaults to SI units. 3. Employ the appropriate physical models. 4. Set the energy under-relaxation factor between 0.95 and 1. For problems with conjugate heat transfer, when the conductivity ratio is very high, smaller values of the energy under-relaxation factor practically stall the convergence rate. 5. Use node-based gradients with unstructured tetrahedral meshes. The node-based averaging scheme is known to be more accurate than the default cell-based scheme for unstructured meshes, most notably for triangular and tetrahedral meshes. 6. Monitor convergence with residuals history. Residual plots can show when the residual values have reached the specied tolerance. After the simulation, note if your residuals have decreased by at least 3 orders of magnitude to at least 103 . For the pressure-based solver, the scaled energy residual must decrease to 106 . Also, the scaled species residual may need to decrease to 105 to achieve species balance.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

3-1

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Guide to a Successful Simulation Using ANSYS FLUENT

You can also monitor lift, drag, or moment forces as well as pertinent variables or functions (e.g., surface integrals) at a boundary or any dened surface. 7. Run the CFD simulation using second order discretization for better accuracy rather than a faster solution. A converged solution is not necessarily a correct one. You should use the secondorder upwind discretization scheme for nal results. 8. Monitor values of solution variables to make sure that any changes in the solution variables from one iteration to the next are negligible. 9. Verify that property conservation is satised. After the simulation, note if overall property conservation has been achieved. In addition to monitoring residual and variable histories, you should also check for overall heat and mass balances. At a minimum, the net imbalance should be less than 1% of smallest ux through domain boundary. 10. Check for mesh dependence. You should ensure that the solution is mesh-independent and use mesh adaption to modify the mesh or create additional meshes for the mesh-independence study. 11. Check to see that the solution makes sense based on engineering judgment. If ow features do not seem reasonable, you should reconsider your physical models and boundary conditions. Reconsider the choice of the boundary locations (or the domain). An inadequate choice of domain (especially the outlet boundary) can signicantly impact solution accuracy. You are encouraged to collaborate with your technical support engineer in order to develop a solution process that ensures good results for your specic application. This type of collaboration is a good investment of time for both yourself and the ANSYS FLUENT support engineer.

3-2

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir

Appendix A.

Glossary of Terms

This glossary contains a listing of terms commonly used throughout the documentation.

A.1

Summary of Terms

The following terms are dened in this glossary: adaption case les cell types computational uid dynamics (CFD) console convergence cortex data les dialog boxes discretization GUI mesh models node postprocessing residuals skewness solvers terminal emulator TUI

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

A-1

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Glossary of Terms

adaption A technique useful in improving overall mesh quality. The solution-adaptive mesh renement feature of ANSYS FLUENT allows you to rene and/or coarsen your mesh based on geometric and numerical solution data. In addition, ANSYS FLUENT provides tools for creating and viewing adaption elds customized to particular applications. case les Files that contain the mesh, boundary conditions, and solution parameters for a problem. A case le also contains the information about the user interface and graphics environment. cell types The various shapes or units that constitute the base elements of a mesh. ANSYS FLUENT can use meshes comprised of tetrahedral, hexahedral, pyramid, wedge, or polyhedral cells (or a combination of these).
2D Cell Types

Triangle

Quadrilateral

3D Cell Types

Tetrahedron

Hexahedron

Prism/Wedge

Pyramid

Polyhedron

Figure A.1.1: Cell Types

computational uid dynamics (CFD) The science of predicting uid ow, heat transfer, mass transfer (as in perspiration or dissolution), phase change (as in freezing or boiling), chemical reaction (e.g., combustion), mechanical movement (e.g., fan rotation), stress or deformation of related solid structures

A-2

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

www.FluidMechanics.ir
A.1 Summary of Terms

(such as a mast bending in the wind), and related phenomena by solving the mathematical equations that govern these processes using a numerical algorithm on a computer. console The console is part of the ANSYS FLUENT application window that allows for text command input and the display of information. convergence The point at which the solution is no longer changing with each successive iteration. Convergence criteria, along with a reduction in residuals, also help in determining when a solution is complete. Convergence criteria are pre-set conditions on the residuals that indicate that a certain level of convergence has been achieved. If the residuals for all problem variables fall below the convergence criteria but are still in decline, the solution is still changing to a greater or lesser degree. A better indicator occurs when the residuals atten in a traditional residual plot (of residual value vs. iteration). This point, sometimes referred to as convergence at the level of machine accuracy, takes time to reach, however, and may be beyond your needs. For this reason, alternative tools such as reports of forces, heat balances, or mass balances can be used instead. cortex A utility that manages ANSYS FLUENTs user interface and basic graphical functions. data les Files that contain the values of the ow eld in each grid element and the convergence history (residuals) for that ow eld. dialog boxes The separate windows that are used like forms to perform input tasks. Each dialog box is unique and employs various types of input controls that make up the form. discretization The act of replacing the dierential equations that govern uid ow with a set of algebraic equations that are solved at distinct points. GUI The graphical user interface, which consists of the main ANSYS FLUENT application window, dialog boxes, graphics windows, etc.

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009

A-3

www.FluidMechanics.ir
Glossary of Terms

mesh A collection of points representing the ow eld, where the equations of uid motion (and temperature, if relevant) are calculated. models Numerical algorithms that approximate physical phenomenon (e.g., turbulence). node The distinct points of a mesh at which the equations of uid motion are solved. postprocessing The act of analyzing the numerical results of your CFD simulation using reports, integrals, and graphical analysis tools such as contour plots, animations, etc. residuals The small imbalance that is created during the course of the iterative solution algorithm. This imbalance in each cell is a small, non-zero value that, under normal circumstances, decreases as the solution progresses. skewness The dierence between the shape of the cell and the shape of an equilateral cell of equivalent volume. Highly skewed cells can decrease accuracy and destabilize the solution. solvers ANSYS FLUENT has two distinct solvers, based on numerical precision (single-precision vs. double-precision). Within each of these categories, there are solver formulations: pressure based; density based explicit; and density based implicit. terminal emulator See console. TUI The text user interface, which consists of textual commands that can be entered into the terminal emulator.

A-4

Release 12.0 c ANSYS, Inc. January 9, 2009