Reliable Power Flow Calculation With Improved Convergence Characteristics For Distribution Systems
Reliable Power Flow Calculation With Improved Convergence Characteristics For Distribution Systems
Reliable Power Flow Calculation with Improved Convergence Characteristics for Distribution Systems
Takamichi Ochi, Yuto Nonaka, Daiki Yamashita, Student Member, IEEE, Kaoru Koyanagi, Member, IEEE, and Ryuichi Yokoyama, Fellow, IEEE
Backward/Forward Sweep method[6] is usually employed because it is simple in algorithmic structure, and is suitable for radial systems with many P-Q specified nodes. N-R method is familiar to power system engineers for power flow calculations of transmission systems. The transmission systems consist of many loops and P-V specified buses as well as P-Q specified buses. Thus, N-R method has no restrictions in network topology and bus specifications. In this paper, at first, the convergence characteristics of conventional N-R method are evaluated using a radial distribution system with lines of high R/X ratio. Second, the authors proposed new calculation method based on N-R method, and investigated the effectiveness using several distribution systems including an ill-conditioned system with some voltages close to voltage stability limit. II. N-R METHOD FOR HIGH R/X-RATIO SYSTEMS In this chapter, comparisons of the convergence characteristics by conventional N-R method between high R/X ratio system and low R/X-ratio system were investigated. This tests were conducted using the 126-bus radial distribution system[7] which is shown in Fig.1. This distribution system has all P-Q specified nodes, no distributed generators, no transformers, and no phase modifying equipment. Conventional N-R method was tested with the distribution system to evaluate the convergence characteristics in case of high R/X ratios. Here, the N-R method is based on polar coordinates. The convergence threshold in power mismatch applied in the iteration process was set to 0.0001 [p.u.].
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Abstract-- For construction of smart grid with optimal operations, analytical studies for distribution systems are important, and advanced method which is applicable to any power systems is required. Today, Newton-Raphson method is utilized for a lot of power flow analysis. However, since R/X ratios of lines are relatively high in distribution systems, it is said that the convergence characteristics of Newton-Raphson method are poor. In addition, when some bus voltages are close to the voltage stability limit in power systems, the convergence characteristics are worse. In this paper, first the convergence characteristics of conventional Newton-Raphson method is evaluated using radial distribution systems with lines of high R/X ratios. Next, the new calculation method for ill-conditioned system is proposed which is based on Newton-like method with a little devisal. In the method, admittances of load at each P-Q specified buses are embedded in Y-matrix. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method for distribution systems is demonstrated. Index Terms-- Distribution systems, Newton-Raphson method, Power flow calculation, Voltage instability
I. INTRODUCTION
OR reduction of CO2 emission against global warming, large penetration of renewable energies such as solar energy and wind energy in distribution power systems is in progress. If the distributed generators are interconnected in distribution systems in large quantity, certain problems will arise. In constructing smart grids with their optimal operation, power system analytical studies for distribution systems are necessary. Newton-Raphson method(here, we call simply N-R method) which is one of major power flow calculation methods, is utilized for a lot of power flow analysis. In distribution networks, however, convergence characteristics by N-R method, especially in fast decoupled N-R method, is said to be worse than those in transmission networks due to their high R/X-ratio lines[1]. Furthermore, operating point near voltage stability limit makes the convergence characteristics worse. Such system condition is said illconditioned[2],[3]. For distribution system,
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Takamichi. Ochi, Yuto. Nonaka, Daiki. Yamashita, Kaoru. Koyanagi and Ryuichi. Yokoyama are with Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan (e-mail: [email protected])
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was good in both cases of the original line data and the changed line data R ' + jX ' .
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3 4 5 Iteration Counts Fig.3. Convergences process in case of high R/X ratios with fixed |Z|
B. Discussions In these tests, it was found that conventional full-Jacobian N-R method can be used even for load flow calculations for distribution system with lines of high R/X ratios and radial configurations with all P-Q specification. The authors believe that the high R/X ratio problem may be restricted to Fast Decoupled N-R Method because the links between P and , and between V and Q are weakened in case of high R/X-ratio distribution system. The other case that the conventional full-Jacobian N-R method is concerned will be some deterioration in Jacobian elements. For some reasons, magnitude of diagonal elements in Y-bus matrix may be reduced smaller than that of the offdiagonal elements matrix. This condition will arise, for example, when series capacitors are used in the system. In addition, Jacobian matrix for the conventional N-R method will cause problem of singularity near voltage stability limit. In the next chapter, the authors will present an idea to enhance the robustness of N-R method against the above problems.
III. THE PROPOSED METHOD In the previous simulations it was shown that the convergence characteristics of the conventional full-Jacobian N-R method has no problems for application to distribution systems with lines of high R/X ratios as well as to transmission systems. However, the conventional N-R method is indicated that if the operating conditions are close to voltage stability limit in power systems, the convergence characteristics are worse and sometimes make it difficult to get voltage solutions. Therefore, we investigated the new power flow calculation method based on N-R method.
A. Convergence Tests for High R/X-Ratio Distribution Lines In order to assess convergence characteristics on the 126bus radial distribution system, line impedances adopted were modified under the conditions as follows. (1) Obtain Z and from R and X of each line impedance R + jX = Z = Z ( cos + j sin ) (1a)
(2) Obtain ' = to simulate high R/X ratio lines for = 40(deg.) . (3) Obtain R ' and X ' using Z and ' for each line
impedance
R ' + jX ' = Z ' = Z cos ' + j sin '
(1b)
R/X ratios of the original line impedance[7] and R/X ratios of the modified line impedance are shown in Fig.2. The original R/X ratios[7] of each line impedance were concentrated around ratio of 1. The modified R/X ratios in case of = 40(deg.) are higher than them of original impedance were concentrated around 4 and 7.5. The both cases shown in Fig. 2 needed 4 iterations to be converged. The test results show that the convergence characteristics of conventional N-R method are satisfactory even if N-R Method is employed for distribution systems with high R/X ratios. Fig. 3 shows the largest mismatch values in iterative computation process in cases of low R/X ratios and high R/X ratios. In addition, for the test system which has P-V specified buses as well as P-Q specified buses, the convergence process
A. Basic Idea of the Proposed Method In the new method, active power and reactive power of all load buses are embedded in the Y-bus matrix as the constant diagonal admittance, and the specified P-Q values of the load buses are newly defined as the differences between the original specified P-Q values and the constant-admittance load components depending on the magnitude of bus voltage. The effectiveness of the proposed method may be recognized from two points of view, numerical solution and voltage stability. (1) Numerical solution: The proposed method makes the diagonal elements of nodal admittance matrix larger than the conventional N-R method by addition of load admittances. This can keep Jacobian matrix away from singular point in solution process. (2) Voltage stability: The proposed method changes voltage dependency of the P-Q specified load, from original constant-voltage characteristic to constantimpedance characteristic. It is said that the power system with constant-impedance loads can avoid voltage instability problem.
B. Mathematical Procedures The proposed method is a revised version of conventional N-R Method in treatment of P-Q specified buses. It can be described as follows. The injected power equation at each P-Q bus i can be written as