[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING]

TASK 04
(A) Dehiwala Municipal Council of Srilanka has decided to develop the road leading to Frazer ground from Galle road. Assume you have been appointed as an officer in charge of this development and required to submit a report after completing the following activities. I. II. Identify appropriated instruments and equipments for the above particular job Set up, complete all temporary adjustment and use the appropriate instrument for above typical surveying task III. IV. V. Explain the method of carrying out a leveling work. Compute reduce levels and determine the errors in leveling. Plot the profile of existing road on longitudinal section to a scale of 1: 500 and 1: 100

(B) Dehiwala Municipal Council of Srilanka has decided to develop the Frazer ground. Assume you have been appointed as an officer in charge of this development and required to submit a report after completing the following activities I. II. Identify appropriate instruments and equipments for the above particular job Set up, complete all temporary adjustment and use the appropriate instrument for above typical surveying task. III. IV. Explain the method of carrying out a traverse work. Complete the coordinate sheet of it by taking the coordinates of the point A as North 1000 East 1500

V. VI.

Plot the traverse and its details to a suitable scale on A3 sheet. Determine the area of the plotted land and discuss its accuracy.

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Contents Task 04
A. I. Identify appropriated instruments and equipments for the above1-8 particular job II. Set up, complete all temporary adjustment and use the appropriate instrument for above typical surveying task9-11 III. IV. V. B. Explain the method of carrying out a leveling work.12 Compute reduce levels and determine the errors in leveling.13 Plot profile of existing road on longitunal section to a suitable scale dehiwala muncibal council of srilanka has decitet to devolop the frazer ground asume

Page No

you have been appointed as an officer in charge of this devolopment and required to submit a report after completing the folowing activities I. Identify appropriate instruments and equipments for the above particular job15-16 II. Set up, complete all temporary adjustment and use the appropriate instrument for above typical surveying task17-18 III. IV. Explain the method of carrying out a traverse surveying...19-21 Complete the coordinate sheet of it by taking the coordinates of the point A as.22-27 North 1000 East 1500

V. VI.

Plot the traverse and its details to a suitable scale on A3 sheet. Determine the area of the plotted land and discuss its accuracy.

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TASK 04 A.
1. Identify appropriated instruments and equipments for the above particular job There are different types of instruments are used in leveling. But, we can define some of them. They are given below, INSTRUMENTS Tapes Compass Ranging rods Plumb bob Tripod Leveling instrument Staff Field book Pen

Tapes Tapes are mostly important for the leveling work. The following are the various types of tapes 1. Cloth tape or Linen tape 2. metallic Tape 3. Steel tape 4. Invar tape 5. Synthetic Tape

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Cloth tape or Linen tape

Fig.2. Cloth Tape

Our site we use this type of tape. It is made of varnished strip of woven linen 12 to 15 mm wide. It is available in lengths of 10m, 20m and 30m. It is very light and handy. It shrinks when it is wet. It is likely to twist and tangle. So it is little used in surveying, but can be used for taking subsidiary measurements such as offsets of a building. Compass It is like compass. It may consist of a level tube and a compass. It is using for different purpose in different places. It is uses to level the tripod.

Plumb bob

Fig.4. Plumb bob

Plumb is a ball made of brass or bronze, of the shape of a pear. It has a fine steel point. There is a hook at top for attaching a string of nylon. Its length is about 50mm. the plumb bob is used for measuring distances on sloping ground. It is also used in the centering of various instruments such as magnetic compass, plane table, Dumpy level or a theodolite etc.

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Tripod A surveyor's tripod with a shoulder strap. The head of the tripod supports the instrument while the feet are spiked to anchor the tripod to the ground. A surveyor's tripod is a device used to support any one of a number of surveying instruments, such as theodolites, total stations levels or transits. Tripod is an important instrument in the surveying. Three legs are available in tripod. Its three legs are fixed in a horizontal plate. We can increase or decrease their legs. We can fix the telescope in horizontal plate.

Fig.5.Tripod Ranging rods/ pole: Ranging rods are used to marking a point in such a direction that the position of the point. So, it is used to mark the measurement along the time. The length of the ranging rod is either 2m or 3m. They are shod at bottom with a heavy iron point. Ranging rods are divided into equal Parts 0.2m long and they are painted alternately black and white or red and white. When they are at considerable distance, red and white or white and yellow flags about 25 cm square should be fastened at the top

Fig.3. pole

[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING] Leveling Instrument: Level is an instrument to take the vertical distance of points by obtaining the staff clearly. It is also designed to give horizontal line of collimation. Generally, level is two types. Namely, Dumping level Tilting level

Fig.6.level Telescope staff: These are made of magohoney or metal. Staff lengths are 3m, 4m, or 5m, extension each meter length of staff is divided into 200 divisions of each 5mm. There are different types of staffs are used in leveling. They are usually made of rigid fiberglass. The most common staffs are graduated in meters, decimeters, and centimeters. The two most common types of staff faces are the E typeface or the 5mm graduated face. The staff should be held vertical over the point to be measured with the face of the staff pointing towards the level.

Fig.7. leveling staffs

[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING] 2. Set up, complete all temporary adjustment and use the appropriate instrument for above typical surveying task 1. Position the tripod. Place the instrument on a stable surface in a position where you can see all the levels to be taken. Try to position the instrument evenly between the points you need to sight. It is important to make sure you have a clear line of sight.

Fig.8.Tripod

2. Adjust the tripod. Make sure that the tripod legs are spread evenly and the platform where the instrument will sit is fairly level. Adjust the tripod to suit your own height, then tighten the clamps. Remember not to use excessive force on the screws and clamps.

Fig.9.

3. Attach the leveling instrument. Lift the instrument using both hands and place it on the tripod. Keep the instrument stable with one hand while you use the other to tighten the retaining screw in between the legs. Only when the retaining screw is tightened can you release your grip on the instrument.Make sure the instrument is securely fixed.

Fig.10. level 4. Adjust for parallax. Because people's eyesight varies, you may have to adjust the instrument so it will enable you to take accurate readings. If you find that when you look
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[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING] through the eyepiece, the cross-hairs (the cross in your view) seem to move against what you are looking at as you move your head, you will have to 'adjust for parallax. You must correct this error, otherwise the readings you take could be wrong. There are a few steps you should follow. 1. Face the instrument to look at the sky or a wall. Then turn the telescopic focus knob so the focus is as wide as possible. Next, adjust the small ring on the eyepiece until the cross-hairs are in sharp focus 2. Move the instrument to look at an object, and turn the telescopic focus knob to focus in on it. Check that the cross- hairs do not move against the object.

Fig.11. 5. Level the instrument. You need to ensure the instrument is level. There are different ways of doing this, depending on the type of leveling instrument you are using.Many instruments have foot screws that you turn until the levelling bubble is in the centre.Some instruments have two separate levelling bubbles to help you level the instrument. One bubble gives a rough indication of level, the other can tell you more accurately.

Fig.12.Bubble 6. Aim the instrument at the staff

Fig.13.Bubbleadjusment

1. Find the staff: look through the telescopic sights on top of the instrument to line it up with the staff
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[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING] 2. Zoom in: look through the eyepiece and zoom in on the staff by turning the focusing knobs on the side of the telescope until you can read the marks clearly.

Fig.14.Staff

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3. Explain the method of carrying out a leveling work. Step-By-Step Instructions for Leveling a Staff Gage Leveling a staff gage requires several steps. 1. Find a Bench Mark (or Reference mark) which will be your starting elevation. 2. Convert this elevation to elevation above Gage Datum if necessary. 3. Ready your equipment (level, tripod, and rod). 4. Pick an initial placement for the tripod and level. 5. Level the instrument on top of the tripod. 6. Look through the instrument and take Backsight reading. 7. Calculate the Height of Instrument (HI). 8. Have person with rod move to next location (Temporary Bench Mark) and take a Foresight reading. 9. Calculate the elevation of the ground at a second location known as a Temporary BenchMark (TBM2). 10. Repeat steps 3 - 8 as necessary until you reach the desired location of the staff gage. 11. Set Staff Gage. 12. Recheck Elevations.

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4. Compute reduces levels and determines the errors in leveling.

Check

3.663

3.645 3.663 Rise (- 0.018) Rise

100.000 100.018 (- 0.018)

Table No 1

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B. 1. Identify appropriate instruments and equipments for the above particular job There are different types of instruments are used in traverse. But, we can define some of them. They are given below, Some instruments details are given for leveling work. INSTRUMENTS Tapes Compass Arrows Ranging rods Pegs Plumb bob Tripod Theodolite Field book Pen

Tapes Tapes are mostly important for the leveling work. The following are the various types of tapes 1. Cloth tape or Linen tape 2. metallic Tape 3. Steel tape 4. Invar tape 5. Synthetic Tape Fig.1. Tapes

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Compass It is like compass. It may consist of a level tube and a compass. It is using for different purpose in different places. It is uses to level the tripod. Arrows It is used to mark the end of the each chain during the chaining process. Arrows are made of good quality hardened steel wire of 4 mm diameter The arrows are made 400 mm in length, are pointed at one and the other end is bent into a loop or circle. Here this particular traverse practical, we used the arrow is in replaced the peg.

Fig.15. Arrows

Pegs It is made of hard wood and is 2.5 cm square in cross-section and 150 mm long. It is tapered at other and to facilitate easy driving. It is used to mark the position of the survey station or end points of a survey line. The pegs are driven into the ground using a mallet or wooden hammer such that its length of about 40 mm project above the surface of the ground.

Fig.16.Peg

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[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING]

Theodolite A theodolite is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles, as used in triangulation networks. It is a key tool in surveying and engineering work, but theodolites have been adapted for other specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. A modern theodolite consists of a telescope mounted movably within two perpendicular axes, the horizontal or turn-on axis, and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a desired object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically on the scale of arc seconds.

Fig.17.Theodolite

Plumb bob

Fig.4. Plumb bob

Plumb is a ball made of brass or bronze, of the shape of a pear. It has a fine steel point. There is a hook at top for attaching a string of nylon. Its length is about 50mm. the plumb bob is

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[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING] used for measuring distances on sloping ground. It is also used in the centering of various instruments such as magnetic compass, plane table, Dumpy level or a theodolite etc. Tripod A surveyor's tripod with a shoulder strap. The head of the tripod supports the instrument while the feet are spiked to anchor the tripod to the ground. A surveyor's tripod is a device used to support any one of a number of surveying instruments, such as theodolites, total stations levels or transits. Tripod is an important instrument in the surveying. Three legs are available in tripod. Its three legs are fixed in a horizontal plate. We can increase or decrease their legs. We can fix the telescope in horizontal plate.

Fig.5.Tripod Leveling Instrument: Level is an instrument to take the vertical distance of points by obtaining the staff clearly. It is also designed to give horizontal line of collimation. Generally, level is two types. Namely, Dumping level Tilting level

Fig.6.level

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Telescope staff: These are made of magohoney or metal. Staff lengths are 3m, 4m, or 5m, extension each meter length of staff is divided into 200 divisions of each 5mm. There are different types of staffs are used in leveling. They are usually made of rigid fiberglass. The most common staffs are graduated in meters, decimeters, and centimeters. The two most common types of staff faces are the E typeface or the 5mm graduated face. The staff should be held vertical over the point to be measured with the face of the staff pointing towards the level.

Fig.7. leveling staffs

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2. Set up, complete all temporary adjustment and use the appropriate instrument for above typical surveying task. 1. Open the legs of the tri pot & adjust the length of them about that the instrument when fitted will be at a convention type clamp the legs & by estimation set up the tri pot over the station. 2. Remove the Theodolite from its box noting how it was fitted bolt is centrally on the tri pot head & set the foot screw to the middle of their travel. 3. Tread & tri pot foot in to the ground & looking through the optical planet poison the other two legs show that the station appears central, thread in the other two feet on a hard smooth surface the tri pot feet must be prevented from sliding out words bricks or concrete blocks and be placed against them. 4. If the station appears longer central in the plummet turn the foot screw until it reappears central. 5. Mark the instrument level by shortening or lengthening of tri pot legs check with the bulls eye bubble is fitted other wise set the plate bubble parallel to the line between two leg shortening or lengthening them to centre the bubble, turn the validate through 90 & re centre the bubble by adjusting the tri pot legs. Repeat this process until the bubble is with in two division of central site through the optical plummet if the instrument is not its still approximately re centre it by relax the securing bolt (clamp)sliding the Theodolite horizontally & tittering the clamp or bolt. 6. Finally level the Theodolite using the foot screws set up the plate bubble parallel to the line through two foot screws and turn these screws in opposite to bring the bubble central, turn the alidade through 90 & re centre the bubble using the third food screw return the bubble to its original position & repeat the procedure until the bubble remain central in both position the bubble follows the moment of the left thumb. If the bubble is correctly set in its mountain it will remain central but ever its disposition this may be check by turning the alidade through 180 from the 1st position if the bubble moves off center it should be brought have way back with the foot screws & further adjustment made (with all foot screws) show that the bubble remain in this position.
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[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING] Fig shows the plate with the bubble in its various position

Fig.18. Adjustment

7. Precisely central the Theodolite loosen the loosen the clamp or bolt and care fully slide the instrument site ways till the station appears central in the optial plummet, where central use is below the foot screw take care or instrument or leveling will be disturb tighten or the bold of clamp

8. Repeat step 6 & 7 until the Theodolite remain level & centre

9. Sitting a plane back ground rotate the eye piece to focus the cross hair or target

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3. Explain the method of carrying out a traverse surveying Traverse field work may be described by a series of steps as follows: 1. Choose positions for stations as close as possible. 2. Mark the stations by stakes with tacks or stone or concrete monuments set flush with the ground, with a precise point marked on the top by a chiseled cross, drilled hole, or bronze tablet. 3. Adjust the theodolite Turn the leveling screws in opposite directions until mercury bubble comes middle of circle Turn the theodolite to 90 degrees and level the theodolite 4. Make angle and length measurements. 5. Place signals at each stations A range pole stuck in the ground can be used for taping. A range pole carefully balanced and held on the point is used for measuring angles. For a short course, a plumb bob can be held over the point, or a pencil can be balanced on the point for angle measurement. Traverse surveying method Drawing a recognition diagram. To get a basic idea we use recognition diagram. Here we identify the important points and draw a temporary diagram. Identify the survey stations. (a) We identify at four inter visible points. (b) Adjoin points should be inter visible. (c) Mark the points with pegs (d) Label the pegs Group or survey number (use identical color) Station number (mark clock wise) (e) Mark points on recognition diagram

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Take tie measurement. (a) Two points enough for measurement we get the third point for checking purpose. (b) The point should be marked before measurements in trees and walls Take the offset. Select base line (line with maximum length) Offset take the minimum distance from the main line. Details should be included in the drawing. Offsets. 1) Perpendicular Possibility distance 5 m Recordings

, chain age, offset Measuring the perpendicularity.

2) Oblique offsets Take two readings Side offset P2 L.H. R.H.

P1 ` Measure distances of checking lines.

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1. Systematic errors errors in instrument, theory behind the practical work. Example reading can be varying due to the temperature. Difference between our tape and slandered tape. These types of errors can be ignored. 2. Accidental error Incorrect reading of tape Incorrect plumbing Wind blowing against the tape we use proper tape we plumb correctly dont use tapes during wind

3. Mistakes Misreading the number Recording numbers incorrectly Using wrong zero position Omitting the tape length Tape can be touch with other object. check more than one time recode more than one time check more than one time make sure not omitted make sure not touched

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4. Complete the coordinate sheet of it by taking the coordinates of the point A as Station ND A B C D Total Angles 189 52' 40" 87 44' 20" 92 41' 20" 82 27' 40" 97 14' 00" 360 07' 20"
Table No 01

Length (m) AB 65.06 BC 61.44 CD 65.96 DA 55.80 248.26

Total Error = 360 07' 20" - 360 = 00 07' 20" = 00 07' 20'/4 = 00 01' 50"

Correction of Angular Error Point A B C D Total Angle 87 44' 20" 92 41' 20" 82 27' 40" 97 14' 00" 360 07' 20" Error 00 01' 50" 00 01' 50" 00 01' 50" 00 01' 50" 00 07' 20" Corrected Angle 87 42' 30" 92 39' 30" 82 25' 50" 97 12' 10" 360 00' 00"

Table No 2

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[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING]

WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING WCB whole circle bearing WCB of AB = 189 52' 40" + 87 42' 30" = 27735' 10 WCB of BC = 27735' 10 + 92 30' 30" + 180' = 550 14' 40" Deduct = 360 if answer is more than 360 = 550 14' 40" - 360 = 190 14' 40 WCB of CD = 190 14' 40" + 82 25' 50" + 180 = 452 40' 30" - 360 = 92 08' 30" WCB of DA = 92 40' 30" + 97 12' 10" + 180 = 369 52' 40" - 360 = 9 52' 40"

Station ND A B C D

Corrected angle 189 52' 40" 87 42' 30" 92 39' 30" 82 25' 50" 97 12' 10"

Line AB BC CD DA

WCB 277 35' 10" 190 14' 40" 92 40' 30" 09 52' 40"

Table No 03

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latitude and departures computation

Latitude = LCos L = length(m) = whole circle bearing Latitude AB = L Cos = 65.06 Cos 277 35' 10" = 8.58 Line BC Latitude BC = L Cos = 61.44 Cos 190 14' 40" = - 60.46 Line CD Latitude CD = L Cos = 65.96 Cos 9240' 30" = -3.07 Line DA DA Latitude = L Cos = 55.80 Cos 9 52' 40" = 54.97

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[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING] Line AB BC CD DA Total WCB 277 35' 10" 190 14' 40" 92 40' 30" 9 52' 40" Length 65.06 61.44 65.96 55.80 248.26 Latitude 8.58 -60.46 -3.07 54.97 0.02

Table No 04

DA Departure

= L Sin L = Length(m) = Whole circle bearing

Departure AB

= LSin = 65.44 Sin 27735'10" = -64.49

Departure BC

= LSin = 61.44 Sin 190 4' 40" = -10.93

Departure CD

= LSin = 65.965 Sin 92 40' 30" = 65.89

Departure DA

= LSin = 55.80 Sin 9 52' 40" = 9.57

Line AB BC CD DA Total

WCB 277 35' 10" 190 14' 40" 92 40' 30" 9 52' 40"

Length (M) 65.06 61.44 65.96 55.80 248.26

Latitude -64.49 -10.93 65.89 9.57 0.04

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[FUNDAMENTALS OF DRAWINGS & SURVEYING] Total Error =

((0.02)2 + (0.04)2)1/2
WCB 277 35' 10" 190 14' 40" 92 40' 30" 09 52' 40" Length 65.06 61.44 65.96 55.80 248.26 Latitude 8.58 -60.46 -3.07 54.97 0.02 Error -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.00 -0.02 Corrected latitude 8.57 -60.46 -3.08 54.97 00.00

= 0.04 Line AB BC CD DA Total

Table No 06

Line AB BC CD DA Total

WCB 277 35' 10" 190 14' 40" 92 40' 30" 09 52' 40"

Length 65.06 61.44 65.96 55.80 248.26

Departure -64.49 -10.93 65.89 9.57 0.04

Error -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.04

Corrected latitude 8.57 -60.46 -3.08 54.97 00.00

Table No 07

Station A B C B A

latitude 8.57 -60.46 -3.08 54.97

Departure -64.50 -10.94 65.88 9.56

North 1000 1008.57 948.11 945.03 1000

East 1500 1435.5 1424.56 1490.44 1500

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