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Data CHM 143L Exp 2

The document describes procedures for characterizing unknown organic compounds through physical observations and solubility testing. In the first part of the experiment, the physical properties, ignition tests, and reactions to acids are observed for copper nitrate, acetic acid, and two unknown samples. In the second part, the solubility of various compounds is tested in different solvents to classify them according to a scheme and identify two additional unknowns. The experiment aims to preliminarily identify compounds using simple physical and solubility tests.

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RA Memije
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85 views

Data CHM 143L Exp 2

The document describes procedures for characterizing unknown organic compounds through physical observations and solubility testing. In the first part of the experiment, the physical properties, ignition tests, and reactions to acids are observed for copper nitrate, acetic acid, and two unknown samples. In the second part, the solubility of various compounds is tested in different solvents to classify them according to a scheme and identify two additional unknowns. The experiment aims to preliminarily identify compounds using simple physical and solubility tests.

Uploaded by

RA Memije
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Compounds Physical state Color Odor Ignition test

Copper Nitrate Solid Blue Odorless Yellowish-brown gas Green flame Black precipitate

Acetic Acid Liquid Colorless Strong sour odor Colorless and vigorous gas No flame and color change No precipitate formed

Unknown 1 Liquid Colorless Pungent odor White gas Light yellow flame White precipitate

Unknown 2 Solid White Foul odor Large amount of white gas No precipitate

Compounds Water Ether HCl NaOH NaHCO3 H2SO4 Reaction to litmus Reaction to phenolphthalein Solubility class Compounds Water Ether HCl NaOH NaHCO3 H2SO4 Reaction to litmus

Butyl bromide X Methyl amine

Ethanol

Sucrose S Diethyl ether

Neutral Sn Nitro phenol

Buteraldehyde N Benzoic acid

Ethanoic acid

Acidic Sa propanone

Basic

Neutral

Reaction to phenolphthalein Solubility class

Sb

A1

Sn

Unknown No. 6A 6B Unknown No. Reaction to litmus Reaction to phenolphthalein Solubility class Possible Compounds

Water 6A Basic Sb Salts

Ether

HCl

NaOH 6B

NaHCO3

H2SO4

A1 Aromatic carboxylic acids

Class S

Class Sn Class Sa Class Sb Class B Class A1

Class A2

Salts of organic acids (RCO2Na, RSO3Na); amine hydrochlorides (RNH3Cl); amino acids; polyfunctional compounds with hydrophilic functional groups: carbohydrates (sugars), polyhydroxy compounds, polybasic acids, etc. Monofunctional alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, aromatic amines, nitriles and amides with five carbons of fewer Monofunctional carboxylic acids with five carbons or fewer; arylsufonic acids Monofunctional aliphatic and aromatic amines with six carbons or fewer Aliphatic amines with eight or more carbons; anilines (only one pheyl group attached to nitrogen); some ethers Strong organic acids; carboxylic acids with more than six carbons; phenols with electron withdrawing groups in the ortho and/or para position(s); -diketones (1,3-diketones) Weak organic acids: phenols, enols, oximes, imides, sulfonamides, thiophenols, all with more than five carbons; -diketones (1,3-

Class N

Class X

diketones); nitro compounds with -hydrogens Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ester with one functional group and more than five but fewer than nine carbons, ether, epoxides, alkenes, alkynes, some aromatic compounds (especially those with activating groups) Saturated hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, arylhalides, other deactivated aromatic compounds, diaryl ethers

Introduction Organic compounds are usually encountered during laboratory experiments. These organic compounds need to be tested through preliminary examinations. Characterization of its properties is important so that proper handling of these compounds may be observed. Preliminary tests includes characterization of some simple physical properties such its color, odor and ignition properties. Definitely, solid and liquid organic compounds differ with their characteristics or properties. Stating the physical state of an organic compound is necessary because most tables of physical properties of organic compounds are divided between solids and liquids. This relates to its relative solubility and volatility. Remember that solubility and volatility are, sometimes, the only difference between some very similar organic compounds. Relative solubility of organic compounds is one of the most important properties that will help one to characterize compounds. Solubility class table classifies organic compounds based on its extent of solubility on certain solvents, which is guided by a scheme. In the experiment, this type of characterization method will be used. Well, generally, in the experiment, some various compounds will be subjected to different preliminary tests such as ignition test. Ignition test are done to identify the metal present in a compound. Another one, solubility class of various organic compounds will be identified. We have tried also to identify an unknown compound using the given preliminary tests and through solubility class test. Methods/Procedure Before performance of the experiment, the following reagents must be prepared first: Copper nitrate Ethanol Acetic acid Sucrose Butyl bromide Buteraldehyde

Ethanoic acid Diethyl ether 5% HCl 5% NaHCO3

Methylamine Benzoic acid 15% HCl Conc. H2SO4

Nitro phenol Propanone 5% NaOH

The following apparatus/materials were also needed for the experiment: Pipets Clay triangle Iron stand Test tube rack Iron ring Bunsen burner Micro test tubes with cork stopper Crucibles with cover Nichrome wire

For the whole experiment, the group was given set of known organic compounds as well as two unknown samples, one solid and the other one is liquid, subjected to preliminary tests and solubility classification tests. So basically, it was divided into two parts. For the first part, which is the preliminary tests, the chemical compounds tested are: copper nitrate, acetic acid and the two unknowns. The physical state, color and odor were examined for the test compounds. Then, after the three examinations, the ignition test was done. Small amount (approximately 0.10 g if solid and 0.50 ml if liquid) of substance was placed in the crucible. It was heated and was observed. After it was heated, if there is any residue left, a drop of distilled water was added and the solution was tested to litmus paper. Then, a drop of 15% HCl was added and was observed if there is any evolution of gas. Lastly, a flame test using nichrome wire was performed to determine the presence of any metal. The second part of the experiment was the solubility classification tests. The following chemical compounds tested are: butyl bromide, ethanol, sucrose, butyraldehyde, ethanoic acid, methylamine, nitro phenol, diethyl ether, benzoic acid, propanone and the two unknowns. Also, the following solvents are used: water, ether, HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, H2SO4. One milliliter of each solvent was prepared. Then, scheme 2.1 was followed in identifying the solubility class of each compound.

Test Compound

Water

Soluble

Insoluble

Ether

5% HCl

Insoluble

Soluble

Soluble

Insoluble

Class S

Litmus Paper

Amine Class B

5% NaOH

Neutral

Acidic

Basic

Soluble

Insoluble

Class Sn

Class Sa

Class Sb

5% NaHCO3

Conc. H2SO4

Soluble

Insiluble

Soluble

Insoluble

Strong Organic Acid Class A1

Weak Organic Acid Class A2

Class N

Class X

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