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Finite Element

The document provides an overview of the finite element method (FEM) and its application to structural analysis. It discusses the six main steps of FEM: 1) development of element equations, 2) discretization of the solution domain into a finite element mesh, 3) assembly of element equations, 4) introduction of boundary conditions, 5) solution for nodal unknowns, and 6) computation of the solution over each element. Examples are given of 1D, 2D, and 3D elements and their application to a plane truss structure. The assembly process is demonstrated by combining the element equations into a global matrix equation.

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Kumail Murad
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
87 views

Finite Element

The document provides an overview of the finite element method (FEM) and its application to structural analysis. It discusses the six main steps of FEM: 1) development of element equations, 2) discretization of the solution domain into a finite element mesh, 3) assembly of element equations, 4) introduction of boundary conditions, 5) solution for nodal unknowns, and 6) computation of the solution over each element. Examples are given of 1D, 2D, and 3D elements and their application to a plane truss structure. The assembly process is demonstrated by combining the element equations into a global matrix equation.

Uploaded by

Kumail Murad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Finite Element Method: The Big Picture

Approximate method to find numerical solution to differential equations


Six Steps

Development of Element Equations


Discretization of solution domain into a Finite Element Mesh
Assembly of Element Equations
Introduction of Boundary Conditions
Solution for Nodal Unknowns
Computation of Solution and Related Quantities Over Each Element

Discretization - finite element model


Nodes and Elements
Typical finite element shapes

1D Elements

2D Elements

3D Elements

Truss example
3

4
2

3
3
2

P
1

1
1

Hm L

Plane Truss Element


y
Nodal dof

End loads

v2

Fy2

Hx2 ,y2 L

u2

Fx2

s
Fy1

v1
Hx1 ,y1 L u1

Fx1
x

Discretization - break structure apart into elements


v3

v4
u3

8
5

u4

u2

v1

2
u1

7
4

v2

Plane Truss Element Equations


y
Nodal dof

End loads

v2

Fy2

Hx2 ,y2 L

u2

Fx2

s
Fy1

v1
Hx1 ,y1 L u1

Fx1
x

bs ms
-b2s
ij b2s
jj
jj bs ms
m2s
-bs ms
EA j
j
L jj
jj -b2s -bs ms
b2s
jj
j
2
bs ms
k -bs ms -ms
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
L = Hx2 - x1 L2 + Hy2 - y1 L2 ;

-bs ms yz i u1 y i F1 x y
zz
zz j z jj
-m2s zzz jjjj v1 zzzz jjj F1 y zzz
zz
zz jj zz = jj
z
j
j
z
z
j
u
F
bs ms zz jj 2 zz jj 2 x zzzz
z
zz j z j
m2s { k v2 { k F2 y {

Assumptions: Applied loads at nodes. No distributed load. Uniform section and mat

x -x

2 1
bs = cosa =
; ms = cosH90 - aL = sina
L

Equations for element 1


E = 200000
Element node
1
2
x1 = 0

A = 4000
Global node number
1
2
y1 = 0

x2 = 1500.

L = "############################################
Hx2 - x1 L2 + Hy2 - y1 L2# = 3807.89

x2 - x1
Direction cosines: bs = = 0.393919
L
Substituting into the truss element equations we get

x
0
1500.

y
0
3500.

y2 = 3500.

y2 - y1
ms =
= 0.919145
L

76067.2 -32600.2 -76067.2 yi u1 y i 0. y


ij 32600.2
zzjj zz jj zz
jj
jj 76067.2 177490. -76067.2 -177490. zzzjjj v1 zzz jjj 0. zzz
jj
zzjj zz = jj zz
jj -32600.2 -76067.2 32600.2
zzjj u2 zz jj 0. zz
76067.2
zzjj zz jj zz
jj
76067.2 177490. {k v2 { k 0. {
k -76067.2 -177490.

Equations for element 2


E = 200000
Element node
1
2
x1 = 1500.

A = 4000
Global node number
2
4
y1 = 3500.

L = "############################################
Hx2 - x1 L2 + Hy2 - y1 L2# = 3807.89

x
1500.
5000

x2 = 5000

x2 - x1
Direction cosines: bs = = 0.919145
L
Substituting into the truss element equations we get

y
3500.
5000
y2 = 5000

y2 - y1
ms =
= 0.393919
L

76067.2 -177490. -76067.2 yi u2 y i 0. y


ij 177490.
zzjj zz jj zz
jj
jj 76067.2 32600.2 -76067.2 -32600.2 zzzjjj v2 zzz jjj 0. zzz
jj
zzjj zz = jj zz
jj -177490. -76067.2 177490.
zzjj u4 zz jj 0. zz
76067.2
zzjj zz jj zz
jj
76067.2 32600.2 {k v4 { k 0. {
k -76067.2 -32600.2

Assembly - Put the structure back together


3

4
5

2
2

3
3

1
1

v3

v4
u3
v2

8
5

u4

4
3

u2
v1

Hm L

2
u1

Global equations at start of the element assembly process


ij 0
jj
jj 0
jj
jj 0
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 0
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 0
j
k0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0 y i u1 y i
0
yz
zz jj zz jj
zz
z
j
z
j
0 zz jj v1 zz jj
0
zz
zz jj zz jj
zz
zz
0 zzz jjj u2 zzz jjj
0
zz
zz jj zz jj
0 zzz jjj v2 zzz jjj -150000 zzzz
zj z=j
zz
zz
0 zzzz jjjj u3 zzzz jjjj
0
zz
zz jj zz jj
zz
0 zzz jjj v3 zzz jjj
0
zz
zz jj zz jj
zz
zz
0 zz jj u4 zz jj
0
zj z j
z
0 { k v4 { k
0
{

76067.2 -32600.2 -76067.2 y i u1 y i 0. y


ij 32600.2
zz jj zz jj zz
jj
jj 76067.2 177490. -76067.2 -177490. zzz jjj v1 zzz jjj 0. zzz
zz jj zz = jj zz
jj
zz jj u2 zz jj 0. zz
jj -32600.2 -76067.2 32600.2
76067.2
zz jj zz jj zz
jj
76067.2 177490. { k v2 { k 0. {
k -76067.2 -177490.

Assembly of element 1

The element contributes to 81, 2, 3, 4< global degrees of freedom.

ij 1 yz
jj zz
j2z
Locations for element contributions to a global vector: jjjj zzzz
jj 3 zz
j z
k4{
ij @1, 1D
jj
j @2, 1D
and to a global matrix: jjjj
jj @3, 1D
j
k @4, 1D

@1, 2D
@2, 2D
@3, 2D
@4, 2D

@1, 3D
@2, 3D
@3, 3D
@4, 3D

@1, 4D y
zz
@2, 4D zzz
z
@3, 4D zzzz
z
@4, 4D {

Adding element equations into appropriate locations we have


76067.2 -32600.2 -76067.2
ij 32600.2
jj
jj 76067.2 177490. -76067.2 -177490.
jj
jj -32600.2 -76067.2 32600.2
76067.2
jjj
jj -76067.2 -177490.
76067.2 177490.
jj
jj
0
0
0
0
jj
jj
jj
0
0
0
0
jj
jj
0
0
0
0
jj
0
0
0
0
k

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0 y i u1 y i
0
y
zz jj zz jj
0 zzz jjj v1 zzz jjj
0
zj z j
0 zzzz jjjj u2 zzzz jjjj
0
zz jj zz jj
z
z
j
j
0 zz jj v2 zz jj -150000.
zj z=j
0 zzzz jjjj u3 zzzz jjjj
0
zz jj zz jj
0 zzz jjj v3 zzz jjj
0
zz jj zz jj
0 zz jj u4 zz jj
0
zj z j
0 { k v4 { k
0
{

76067.2 -177490. -76067.2 y i u2 y i 0. y


ij 177490.
zz jj zz jj zz
jj
jj 76067.2 32600.2 -76067.2 -32600.2 zzz jjj v2 zzz jjj 0. zzz
zz jj zz = jj zz
jj
zz jj u4 zz jj 0. zz
jj -177490. -76067.2 177490.
76067.2
zz jj zz jj zz
jj
76067.2 32600.2 { k v4 { k 0. {
k -76067.2 -32600.2

Assembly of element 2

The element contributes to 83, 4, 7, 8< global degrees of freedom.

ij 3 yz
jj zz
j4z
Locations for element contributions to a global vector: jjjj zzzz
jj 7 zz
j z
k8{
ij @3, 3D
jj
j @4, 3D
and to a global matrix: jjjj
jj @7, 3D
j
k @8, 3D

@3, 4D
@4, 4D
@7, 4D
@8, 4D

@3, 7D
@4, 7D
@7, 7D
@8, 7D

@3, 8D y
zz
@4, 8D zzz
z
@7, 8D zzzz
z
@8, 8D {

Adding element equations into appropriate locations we have


76067.2 -32600.2 -76067.2
ij 32600.2
jj
-76067.2 -177490.
jj 76067.2 177490.
jj
jj -32600.2 -76067.2 210090.
152134.
jj
jj -76067.2 -177490.
152134.
210090.
jj
jj
jj
0
0
0
0
jj
jj
0
0
0
0
jj
jj
jj
0
0
-177490.
-76067.2
j
0
0
-76067.2 -32600.2
k

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0 yi
zz jj
0
0
0 zzz jjj
zj
0 -177490. -76067.2 zzzz jjjj
zj
0 -76067.2 -32600.2 zzzz jjjj
zj
0
0
0 zzzz jjjj
zj
0
0
0 zzzz jjjj
zj
0 177490.
76067.2 zzz jjj
zj
0
76067.2 32600.2 { k

4
5

2
2

3
3

1
1

v3

v4
u3
v2

8
5

u4

4
3

u2
v1

Hm L

2
u1

After processing all elements

76067.2 -32600.2 -76067.2


0
0
ij 32600.2
jj
-76067.2 -177490.
0
-120000
jj 76067.2 297490.
jj
jj -32600.2 -76067.2 243089.
119136.
-32998.3
32998.3 -1774
jj
jj -76067.2 -177490.
119136.
243089.
32998.3 -32998.3 -760
jj
jj
jj
0
0
-32998.3
32998.3 152998.
-32998.3 -1200
jj
jj
0
-120000
32998.3 -32998.3 -32998.3 152998.
jj
jj
jj
0
0
-177490.
-76067.2 -120000
0
2974
j
0
0
-76067.2 -32600.2
0
0
760
k


Example: Heat flow
y Hm L
0.03
0.025
0.02
q0
0.015
0.01
0.005
0

Convection
Insulated

T0

-0.01

0.01 0.02

0.03 0.04 0.05

Triangular element for heat flow


y

T3
Hx3 ,y 3 L
Side 2
Side 3

T1
Hx1 ,y 1 L

T2
Hx2 ,y 2 L
Side 1

0.06

x Hm L

Typical FE model

Triangular Element for Two Dimensional Heat Flow

Ikx
M +
Ik y
M + Q = 0
x
x
y
y

T = T0 specified

T
T
T
-k
-Ikx
n + k y
n M = q0 specified
n
x x
y y
T
T
T
-k
-Ikx
n + k y
n M = hHT - T L
n
x x
y y

T3
Hx3 ,y 3 L
Side 2
Side 3

T1
Hx1 ,y 1 L

T2
Hx2 ,y 2 L
Side 1
x

Assumptions: Uniform conduction coefficients. Conduction properties could be diff


convection applied to one or more sides of an element. Any concentrated heat sourc
@kk + kh D d = rQ + rh + rq

kx b1 b2 + k y c1 c2 kx b1 b3 + k y c1 c3 yz
ij kx b21 + k y c21
zz
j
1 j
2
2
zz
jj kx b1 b2 + k y c1 c2
kk =

k
b
+
k
c
k
b
b
+
k
c
c
x
y
x
y
2
3
2
3
zz
2
2
4A j
jj
z
2
2
k x b 3 + k y c3 {
k kx b1 b3 + k y c1 c3 kx b2 b3 + k y c2 c3
ij 1 yz
z
QA j
rQ = 3 jjj 1 zzz
j z
k1{
b1 = y2 - y3 ;

b 2 = y3 - y1 ;

b 3 = y1 - y2 ;

c1 = x3 - x2 ;

c2 = x1 - x3 ;

c3 = x2 - x1 ;

f 1 = x2 y3 - x3 y2 ;

f 2 = x3 y1 - x1 y3 ;

f3 = x1 y2 - x2 y1 ;

ij 2 1 0 yz
i 1 yz
jj
jj zz
zz
h T L12 j
jj 1 2 0 zz; rh =
jj 1 zz

Convection along side1: kh =


2
j
j z
z
k0 0 0{
k0{
i 0 0 0 yz
i 0 yz
zz
jj
jj zz
h L23 j
h T L23 j
0
2
1

z
j
jj 1 zz
;
r
Convection along side 2: kh =
h
z
j
6 j
2
z
j z
k0 1 2{
k1{
i 2 0 1 yz
i 1 yz
zz
jj
j z
h L31 j
h T L31 j
j 0 0 0 zz; rh =
jjj 0 zzz
Convection along side 3: kh =
6 j
2
z
j
j z
k1 0 2{
k1{
i 1 yz
j z
q L12 j
jj 1 zzz
Applied flux along side 1: rq =
2 j
j z
k0{
i 0 yz
j z
q L23 j
jj 1 zzz
Applied flux along side 2: rq =
2 j
j z
k1{
i 1 yz
j z
q L31 j
jjj 0 zzz
Applied flux along side 3: rq =
2 j
z
1
k {
h L12

Heat Flow Example


y Hm L
0.03
Convection
0.015

q0
Q

Insulated

T0
0

0.03

Element numbers

0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0

20
18
4
2

24

19

22

17

23
21

0.01 0.02

y
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0

0.06

7
5

12
10

11
9

0.03 0.04

16
14

15
13

0.05 0.06

Node numbers
5

10

15

14

13

18

21

12

17

20

11

16

0.01 0.02

0.03 0.04

19
x
0.05 0.06

Element number 20: nodes 4, 10 and 5

kx = 45

ky = 45

Q = 5000000

x Hm L

Element nodal coordinates:


node 1 Hglobal node 4L = 80., 0.0225< m;
node 2 Hglobal node 10L = 80.015, 0.03< m;
node 3 Hglobal node 5L = 80., 0.03< m;
b1 = 0.

b2 = 0.0075

b3 = -0.0075

c1 = -0.015

c2 = 0.

c3 = 0.015

f 1 = 0.00045

f 2 = 0.

f 3 = -0.0003375

Element Area = 0.00005625

0.
-45. y
ij 45.
zz
jj
kk = jj 0. 11.25 -11.25 zzz
j
z
k -45. -11.25 56.25 {

ij 93.75 yz
j
z
rQ = jjj 93.75 zzz
j
z
k 93.75 {

Applied heat flux on side 3 (line 5-4)


L = 0.0075
ij 30. yz
j
z
rq = jjj 0 zzz
j
z
k 30. {

q = 8000

Convection on side 2 (line 10-5)


L = 0.015

h = 55

0
yz
ij 0 0
z
jj
kh = jj 0 0.275 0.1375 zzz
z
j
k 0 0.1375 0.275 {

T = 20

ij 0 yz
z
j
rh = jjj 8.25 zzz
z
j
k 8.25 {

0.
-45.
ij 45.
yz ij T4 yz ij 123.75 yz
z j
jj
zj
z
jj 0. 11.525 -11.1125 zzz jjj T10 zzz = jjj 102. zzz
j
z j
zj
z
k -45. -11.1125 56.525 { k T5 { k 132. {

x1 = 0.;
y1 = 0.02
x2 = 0.015;
y2
x3 = 0.;
y3 = 0.03

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