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Chapter 04

This chapter discusses image enhancement techniques in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform. It introduces the discrete Fourier transform and how it can be used to represent images in the frequency domain. Various lowpass and highpass filters are described that can be applied, including ideal filters, Butterworth filters and Gaussian filters for smoothing or sharpening images. Examples are provided to illustrate the effects of different filtering approaches.

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trungnt1981
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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90 views

Chapter 04

This chapter discusses image enhancement techniques in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform. It introduces the discrete Fourier transform and how it can be used to represent images in the frequency domain. Various lowpass and highpass filters are described that can be applied, including ideal filters, Butterworth filters and Gaussian filters for smoothing or sharpening images. Examples are provided to illustrate the effects of different filtering approaches.

Uploaded by

trungnt1981
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Image Enhancement in the


Frequency Domain
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4.1 Background

• 2-D transform can be applied to image


enhancement, restoration, encoding, and
description.
• Fourier transform (FT)
– Fourier’s idea – fig. 4.1.

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

Example 4.1. Fourier spectra of two simple 1-D functions. (Fig. 4.2)

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

• The discrete Fourier transform (DFT)


– For 1-D transform: Let the sequence{f(0),f(1),...,f(N-1)} be n
real points, the discrete Fourier transform pair is given by

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

– For 2-D transform: in the two-variable case the


discrete Fourier transform pair is

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

Example 4.2. Centered spectrum of a simple 2-D functions. (Fig. 4.3)


Example 4.3. Fourier spectrum (Fig. 4.4)

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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Filtering in the Frequency Domain

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Convolution Theorem

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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4.3 Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters

• Ideal lowpass filters (ILPF)


– Fig. 4.10
– Example 4.4. Image power as a function of distance
from the origin of the DFT. (Fig. 4.11) (Fig. 4.12)

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Ideal lowpass filters

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Ideal lowpass filters

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Ringing and blurring

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4.3 Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters

• Butterworth lowpass filters (BLPF)


– Example 4.5. (Fig. 4.15) (Fig. 4.16)

• Gussian lowpass filters (GLPFs)


– Example 4.6. (Fig. 4.17) (Fig. 4.18) (Fig. 4.19)

• Additional Examples of Lowpass Filtering


– Fig. 4.20
– Fig. 4.21

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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Gussian Lowpass filters

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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Character recognition

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Reducing the effect of scan lines

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4.4 Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters

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4.4 Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters

• Highpass Filtering
• Fig. 4.22
• Fig. 4.23
– Ideal highpass filters
• Fig. 4.24
– Butterworth highpass filters
• Fig. 4.25
– Gaussian highpass filters
• Fig. 4.26

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Ideal highpass filters

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Butterworth highpass filters

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Gaussian highpass filters

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4.4 Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters

• The Laplacian in the frequency domain


– Fig. 4.27
– Example 4.7: Laplacian (Fig. 4.28)
• Unsharp masking, High-boost filtering, and High-
frequency emphasis filtering
– Example 4.8: (Fig. 4.29)
– Example 4.9: (Fig. 4.30)

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Laplacian in the frequency domain

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High-boost filtering

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High-frequency emphasis filtering

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Homomorphic Filtering

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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain

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