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8 Thermoforming

Thermoforming

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Guru Raghavendra
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427 views32 pages

8 Thermoforming

Thermoforming

Uploaded by

Guru Raghavendra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermoforming

2.810
T. Gutowski
Vacuum Thermoforming
Heater
Plastics sheet
Clamping
Vacuum
*
**
* Source: R. Ogorkiewicz, Engineering Properties of Thermoplastics.; ** http://www.arrem.com/designguide/dgprocesscap.htm
Thin corner
Thermoformed Parts
Some Basics
1. Heating and cooling
2. Viscoelastic behavior
Rubber elasticity
Time-Temperature behavior
3. Deformation patterns
4. Production equipment
5. Double diaphram forming
Heat Transfer in Thermoforming
Heating
convection
q
radiation
q

radiation
q
conduction
q
Cooling
convection radiation
q q &
conduction
q
Radiation Heat Transfer between two parallel plates




o = 5.67 x 10
-8
W/m
2
K
4


ex. c
1
c
2
= 1 (black bodies)
T
1
= 533
o
K (heater)
T
2
= 293
o
K (plastic at room temperature)
q = 4.2kW/m
2
at T
2
= 180
o
C = 453
o
K (forming temperature)
q = 2.3kW/m
2
) (
1
1 1
1
4
2
4
1
2 1
T T q o

c
+
c
=

See Lienhard Text Ch 10 on Radiation Heat Transfer


Heating Time est. (Kydex sheet)




= 1.35 g/cm
3
w = 1/16 in or 1.59 mm
c = 1.21 J/g
o
K
AT = 180 20 = 160
o
K

At = 130 sec
q = wc
AT
At
Temperature regimes for polymers
Log E(t)
Temperature Tg Tm
Semi-crystalline Polymer
Log E(t)
Temperature
Tg Tg+60C
Amorphous Polymer
Viscoelastic Effects During
processing
Unloaded sample
Coiled polymer chain
Extended polymer chain
Loaded sample
Polymer chains tend to exist in coiled configurations. Loading the
sample can extend the chain and alter the mechanical behavior.
Generally, abrupt, high rates of loading will extend the chain and lead
to elastic effects. On the other hand, gradual slow rates of loading
allow the chain to more or less retain its coiled configuration, with a
resulting primarily viscous response
Simplified Rubber Elasticity
AW = F AL = AA = AE TAS
(A = Helmholtz free energy)
Conventional materials
F = AE/AL

Rubber
F =-T (AS/AL)
F
note that upon extension the change in entropy is negative
(No volume change)
Flory
QuickTime and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Simple Viscoelastic System
c

Force Equilibrium: o
s
= o
d
= o
Kinematic compatibility: c
s
+ c
d
= c
Constitutive behavior: o
s
= Ec
s
;o
d
= c
d
This gives

E
o + o = c
Modulus Elastic
Viscosity Newtonian" "

: is constant Time tic viscoelas The
= =
E

Solution to : o + o = c with I.C. o = 0 at t = 0


o = c(1 e
t
)
Large values of t / i.e. t >>
o ~ c viscous behavior
Small values of t / i.e. t <<
o ~ c(1 (1 t / )) = c t
let c t = c, this gives
o ~ Ec elastic behavior
FAST t << Elastic
SLOW t >> Viscous
INBETWEN t ~ Viscoelastic
Temp. Dependence of Time
constant,
T E
e
E
RT E
0
0
A
~ =

Arrhenius
Rubber elasticity
Approximation
RT E
e
A
~
0

(For better accuracy, use Time-Temp shift, WLF eqn.)
Example: PMMA Temp
40C 114 yrs
100C T
g

135C 3.5 millisec
Viscous behavior of silly putty
deformation patterns
d(Ah) = A dh + h dA = 0

dA/A = - dh/h
Deformation Patterns
Thermoforming
Variations on the process
Drape Forming
Vacuum Forming
Vacuum Snap-Back Forming
Billow Vacuum Forming
Thermoforming Patterns
Vacuum holes
Variations on the process
Plug-assist Vacuum Forming Plug-assist Pressure Forming
Pressure Reverse Draw with Plug-assisted
Production Equipment
Brown Machine: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAlqrDiCu-M

Double Diaphragm Forming
Temp, Time, Size & Shear
Ideal Shear Vs Actual
Parts made in Lab
Double diaphragm forming
Forming
tool
Curing
tool
Former MIT grad student
Sam Truslow
MIT Building 35
Prototype machine at Boeing
Diaphragm forming of
Composites
Demo part for Boeing 777
More videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPFAoLmJ5og
superplastic forming of aluminum at Kirkham University


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPLWxxyIJcE&NR=1&feature=fvwp
thermoforming blow and then vacuum

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