Page No.

(1)

Display Devices
Graphics without display device could not be interactive; there could be the preview of correctness of the image until it is plotted or printed. Basically, the outputs are of following two forms:(1 !oft "opy (# $ard "opy .isplay

!oft "opy

$ard "opy

(1) Soft Copy: %he electronic version of output which usually resides in computer memory or on dis& is &nown as soft copy. 'nli&e $ard "opy, !oft "opy is not a permanent form of output. (t is transient (temporary and is usually displayed on the screen. %his &ind of output is not tangible (can not be touched . !oft "opy output includes audio visual form of output which is generated using a computer. (n addition, te)tual or graphical information displayed on the computer screen is also a soft copy form of output. !oft "opy *utput is further divided into two parts:(1 "+% ("athode +ay %ube (# ,lat -anel .isplay .evices.

!oft "opy

"+%

,lat -anel .isplay .evices /on-+efresh "+% .0!% 1missive /on-1missive

+efresh "+% +aster !can +andom !can

-lasma -anel %hin-,ilm 1lectro 2uminescent .isplay 21.

2".

Page No. (2) Cathode Ray Tube (CRT): "+%3s or video monitors are the most common input4output devices on computer today. ,ollowing fig (i illustrate the basic operation of a "+%. 5 beam of electrons (cathode rays , emitted by an electron gun, passes through focusing and deflection systems that direct the beam towards specified position on the phosphor-coated screen. %he phosphor then emits a small spot of light at each position contacted by the electron beam. Because the light emitted by phosphor fades very rapidly, some method is needed for maintaining the screen picture. *ne way to &eep the phosphor glowing is to redraw the picture repeatedly by 6uic&ly directing the electron beam bac& over the same points again and again. %his type of display is called a refresh "+%. Co po!e!ts of CRT:" (i (ii (iii (iv 1lectron Gun (1G ,ocusing !ystem .eflection !ystem (1lectrostatic deflection plate47agnetic deflection coil -hosphor "oated !creen

,ig(i #asic Desig! of a $ag!etic"deflectio! CRT

(i

%lect&o! 'u!: - 1G contains two basic components: a heated metal cathode and a control grid. $eat is supplied to the cathode by directing a current through a coil of wire, called the filament, inside the cylindrical cathode structure. %his causes the electrons to be 8boiled off9 the hot cathode surface. (n the vacuum tube inside the "+% envelope, the free, negatively charged electrons are then accelerated towards phosphor coating by a high positive voltage. %he accelerating voltage can be generated with a positive charged metal coating on the inside of the "+% envelope near the phosphor screen, or an accelerating anode can be used, as shown in fig(ii . !ometimes the 1G is built to contain the accelerated anode and focusing system within the same unit. (ig(ii) )pe&atio! of a! %' *ith a! accele&ati!g +!ode

Page No. (,)

(ntensity of the electron beam is controlled by setting voltage levels on the control grid, which is a metal cylinder that fits over the cathode. 5 high negative voltage applied to the control grid will shut off the beam by repelling electrons and stopping them from passing through the small hole at the end of the control grid structure. 5 smaller negative voltage on the control grid simply decreases the number of electrons passing through. !ince the amount of light emitted by the phosphor coating depends on the number of electrons stri&ing the screen, we control the brightness of a display by varying the voltage on the control grid. :e specify the intensity level for individual screen positions with graphics software commands. %he purpose of the electron gun in the "+% is to produce an electric beam with the following properties:(a (t must be accurately focused so that it produces a sharp spot of light where it stri&es the phosphor. (b (t must have high velocity, since the brightness of the image depends on the velocity of the electron beam. (c 7eans must be provided to control the flow of electrons so that the intensity of the trace of the beam can be controlled.

(ii

(ocusi!g Syste : - %he focusing system in a "+% is needed to force the electron beam to converge into a small spot as it stri&es the phosphor. *therwise, the electron beam would spread out as it approaches the screen. ,ocusing is accomplished with either electric or magnetic fields. 1lectrostatic focusing, the electron beam passes through a positively charged metal cylinder that forms an electrostatic lens. %he action of the electrostatic lens focuses the electron beam at the center of the screen, in e)actly the same way that an optical lens focuses a beam of light at a particular foal distance. !imilar lens focusing effects can be accomplished with a magnetic field set up a coil mounted around the outside of the

Page No. (-) "+% envelope. 7agnetic lens focusing produces the smallest spot si;e ion the screen and is used in special purpose devices. (iii Deflectio! Syste : - (t is used to control the direction of the electron beam. 5s with focusing, deflection of the electron beam can be controlled either by electric or magnetic fields. "+%3s are now commonly constructed with magnetic deflection coils mounted on the outside of the "+% envelope as shown if fig (i above. %wo pairs of coils are used, with the coils in each pair mounted on opposite sides of the nec& of the "+% envelope. *ne pair is mounted on the top and bottom of the nec& and the other pair is mounted on opposite sides on the nec&. %he magnetic field produced by each pair of coils results in a traverse deflection force that is perpendicular both to the direction of the magnetic field and to the direction of travel of the electron beam. $ori;ontal deflection is accomplished with one pair of coils and vertical deflection by the other pair. %he proper deflection amounts are attained by ad<usting the current through the coils. :hen electrostatic deflection is used, two pairs of parallel plates are mounted inside the "+% envelope. *ne pair of plates is mounted hori;ontally to control the vertical deflection and the other pair is mounted vertically to control hori;ontal deflection as shown in fig(iii .

(ig(iii) %lect&ostatic deflectio! of the elect&o! bea (iv

i! a CRT

Phospho&us"coated Sc&ee!: " 5t the very rare end of "+% is the phosphoruscoated !creen, which has a uni6ue property that allows the entire system to wor&. -hosphorus glow when they are attac&ed by a high-energy electron beam. %hey continue to glow for a distinct period of time after being e)posed to electron beam. %he glow given off after the electron beam is removed is &nown as phosphorescence and the duration of phosphorescence is &nown as the phosphorus persistence. .o*e& pe&siste!ce phospho&us re6uire highe& &ef&esh rate to maintain a picture on the screen without flic&er. /ighe& pe&siste!ce phospho&us re6uire lo*e& &ef&esh rate to maintain a picture on the screen without flic&er. 5 phosphor with lo* pe&siste!ce is useful fo& a!i atio! . 5 phospho& *ith high pe&siste!ce is useful fo& highly co ple0 display.

P&ope&ties of Display Devices (1ideo Display Devices): " (i) Pe&siste!ce: " -ersistence is the duration of the phosphorescence. :here phosphorescence is the glow given off by the phosphor after the electron beam is removed. .ifferent &inds of phosphor are available for use in a "+%. Besides color, a ma<or difference between phosphorus is their persistence; how long they continue to

Page No. (2) emit light after the electron beam is removed. 2ower persistence phosphorus re6uire higher refresh rate to maintain a picture on the screen without flic&er. $igher persistence phosphorus re6uire lower refresh rate to maintain a picture on the screen without flic&er. 5 phosphor with low persistence is useful for animation. 5 phosphor with high persistence is useful for highly comple) display, static pictures. (ii) Resolutio!: " +esolution indicates the ma)imum number of pi)els that can be displayed without overlap on the "+%. (t is defined as number of pi)els per unit length (e.g. inch in the hori;ontal as well as the vertical direction is refereed to resolution. %hus a =)# inch image at a resolution of =>> pi)els per inch would have a total of ?@>,>>> pi)els (number of pi)els in the hori;ontal direction is =)=>>AB>> and in the vertical direction is #)=>>AC>> so B>>)C>>A?@>,>>> . (ig(iv) shows the intensity distribution of a pi)el on the screen. (ig(iv)

%he intensity is greatest at the centre of the spot, and decrease to the edges of the pi)el. %wo illuminated phosphor spots are distinguishable when their separation is greater than the diameter at which a spot intensity has fallen to C>D of ma)imum. %he overlap position is shown in fig(v). %he resolution of a "+% is depending on the following points: (i (ii %ype of -hosphor (ntensity to be displayed

(iii ,ocusing !ystem (iv .eflection !ystem (ig(v) (iii) +spect Ratio: " (t is the ratio of vertical pi)els to hori;ontal pi)els to produce e6ual length lines in both the directions on the screen. 5n aspect ration of @4? means that a vertical line plotted with @ pi)els has the same length as a hori;ontal line plotted with ? points. 7ost standard "+% have a display area with an aspect ratio @:=.

Ref&esh CRT Tech!i3ues

%here are two techni6ues used for producing images on the "+% screen using +efresh "+%: (a +aster !can .isplay (b +andom !can (0ector !can .isplay

Page No. (4) (a Raste& Sca! Display: - %he most common type of graphics monitor employing a refresh "+% is the raster-scan display, based on television technology. (n a raster-scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. 5s the electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots. -icture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer or frame buffer. %his memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points. !tored intensity values are then retrieved from the refresh buffer and painted on the screen one row (sca! li!e) at a time as shown in following fig (vi .

(ig(vi) + &aste&"sca! syste

displays a! ob5ect as a set of disc&ete poi!ts ac&oss each sca! li!e

:hen the beam is moved from left to right, it is */. %he beam is *,, when it is moved from right to left as shown by dotted line in following fig(vii . %he return to the left of the screen after refreshing each scan line, is called the horizontal retrace of thee electron beam. :hen the electron beam reaches the bottom (or completing one frame , it is made *,, and rapidly retraced bac& to the top left of the screen to start again refreshing procedure. %his is &nown as vertical retrace. $ori;ontal +etrace 1

Page No. (6) # = @ ?

0ertical +etrace

1> (ig (vii) 1ach screen point is referred to as pi0el or pel (shortened form of picture element . %he capability of raster-scan system to store intensity information fro each screen point ma&es it well suited for realistic display of scenes containing subtle shading and color patterns. $ome television sets and printers are e)amples of other systems using rates-scan methods. (ntensity range for pi)el positions depends on the capability of the raster system. (n a simple blac&-and-white system, each screen point is either on or off, so only one bit per pi)el is needed to control the intensity of screen positions. ,or a Bi-level system, a bit value of 1 indicates that the electron beam is to be turned on at that position, and a value of > indicates that the electron beam is turned to be off. 5dditional bits are needed when color and intensity variations can be displayed. 'p to #@ bits per pi)el are included in high-6uality systems, which can re6uire several megabytes of storage for the frame buffer, depending on the resolution of the system. 5 system with #@ bits per pi)el and a screen resolution of 1>#@ by 1>#@ re6uires = megabytes of storage for the frame buffer. *n a blac&-and-white system with one bit per pi)el, the frame buffer is commonly called a bitmap. ,or systems with multiple bits per pi)el, the frame buffer is often referred to as a pixmap.

+efreshing on raster-scan display is carried out at the rate of C> to E> frames per second, although some systems are designed for higher refresh rates. !ometimes, refresh rates are described in units of cycles per second, or $ert; ($; , where a cycle corresponds to one frame. !o, refresh rate of C> frames can be simply described as C> $;. *n some raster-scan systems (and in %0 sets , each frame is displayed in two passes using an interlaced refresh procedure. (n the first pass, the beam sweeps across every other scan line from top to bottom. %hen after the vertical retrace, the beam sweeps out the remaining scan lines as shown in following fig (viii . 7!te&laci!g of the scan lines in this form allows us to see the entire screen displayed in one-half the time it would have ta&en o sweep across all the lines at once from top to bottom. %his is an effective techni6ue for avoiding flic&er.
1ven +ows 1 # = 1> @ ? -ass 1 (!canning *dd +ows $ori;ontal +etrace 1 # = 1> @ ? -ass #(!canning

Page No. (8)

(ig (viii) 7!te&laci!g

0ertical +etrace

+dva!tages of Raste& Sca! Display: 1. "an display +ealistic images #. 7illion different colors can be generated =. !hadow scenes are possible

Disadva!tages of Raste& Sca! Display : 1. 2ow +esolution #. 1lectron beam directed to entire screen not only to those parts of the screen where picture is to be drawn so time consuming when the drawn image si;e is very much less than the entire screen. =. 1)pensive (b) Ra!do Sca! Displays: - :hen operated as a random-scan display unit, a "+% has the electron beam directed only to those parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn. +andom scan monitors draw a picture one line at a time and for this reason are also referred to as vector display (or stro&e-writing or calligraphic displays . %he component lines of a picture can be drawn and refreshed by a random-scan system in any specified order as shown in fig (i) . +efresh rate on a random-scan depends on the number of lines to be displayed. -icture definition is now stored as a set of line-drawing commands in an area of memory referred to as the &ef&esh display file. !ometimes the refresh display file is called the display list, display p&og&a , or simply the &ef&esh buffe&. %o display a specified picture, the system cycles through the set of commands in the display file, drawing each component line in turn. 5fter all the line drawing commands have been processed, the system cycles bac& to the first line command in the list.

Page No. (9) +andom-scan displays are designed to draw all the component lines of a picture => to C> times each second (means refresh rate is => $; to C> $; . $igh-6uality vector systems are capable of handling

(ig(i0). + Ra!do "Sca! syste specified

d&a* the co po!e!t li!es of a! ob5ect i! a!y o&de&

appro)imately 1, >>,>>> 8short9 lines at this refresh rate. :hen a small set of lines is to be displayed, each refresh cycle is delayed to avoid refresh rates greater than C> frames per second. *therwise, faster refreshing of the set of lines could burn out the phosphorus. +andom-scan systems are designed for line-drawing applications and can not display realistic shaded scenes. !ince picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing instructions and not as a set of intensity values for all screen points, vector displays generally have higher resolution than raster systems. 5lso, vector displays produce smooth line drawings because the beam directly follows the line path. 5 raster system, in contrast, produces <agged lines that are plotted as discrete point sets.

+dva!tages of Ra!do

Sca! Display: -

1. 5 "+% has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn. #. -roduce smooth line drawings =. $igh +esolution

Disadva!tages of Ra!do

Sca! Display: -

1. +andom-!can monitors can not display realistic shaded scenes.

Page No. (1:)

Diffe&e!ce bet*ee! 1ecto& Sca! Display a!d Raste& Sca! Display Ra!do Sca!;1ecto& Sca! Display Raste& Sca! Display (1 (n raster scan display the electron beam is moved over the screen one scan line at a time, from top to bottom and then bac& to top. (# (n raster display, the refresh process is independent of the comple)ity of the image. (= "ost is low. (@ +aster display has ability to display areas filled with solid colors or patterns. (? 2ess +esolution (C -roduce Fagged 2ines.

(1 (n 0ector scan display the beam is moved only to those parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn. (# 0ector display flic&ers when the number of primitives in the buffer becomes too large. (= "ost is more. (@ 0ector display only lines and characters. (? $igher resolution. (C -roduce smooth 2ine drawings.

C).)R CRT $)N7T)RS

5 "+% monitor displays color pictures by using a combination of phosphorus that emits different-colored light. (t generates a range of colors by combining the emitted light from the different phosphorus. %here are two basic techni6ues used for producing color displays: (1 Beam--enetration %echni6ue (# !hadow-7as& %echni6ue

(1 #ea "Pe!et&atio! Tech!i3ue: " %he Beam-penetration method for displaying color pictures has been used with &a!do "sca! o!ito&s. %wo layers of phosphorus, usually red and green, are coated onto the inside of the "+% screen, and the displayed color depends on how far the electron beam penetrates into the phosphorus layers.

a. 5 beam of slow electrons e)cite only outer red layer and produce red color. b. 5 beam of very fast electrons penetrates through the red layer and e)cites the inner green layer and produce green color.

Page No. (11)

c. 5t intermediate beam speeds, combination of red and green light is emitted to show two additional colors, orange and yellow.
%he speed of electrons, and hence the screen color at any point, is controlled by the beamacceleration voltage.

+dva!tages of #ea "Pe!et&atio! Tech!i3ue : 1. (t is an ine)pensive techni6ue to produce color in random-scan monitors.

Disadva!tages of #ea "Pe!et&atio! Tech!i3ue : 1. (t can display only four colors. #. %he 6uality of picture produced by this techni6ue is not as good as compared to other techni6ues. =. %he hardware and software must be designed to introduce ade6uate delays between changes in color, so that there is time for voltages to settle.

(# Shado*"$as< Tech!i3ue: " Shadow-mas& methods are commonly used in &aste&" sca! syste s (i!cludi!g colo& T1) because they produced a much wider range of colors than the beam-penetration method. 5 shadow-mas& "+% has three phosphorus color dots at each pi)el position. *ne phosphorus dot emits a red light, another emits a green light, and the third emits a blue light. %his type of "+% has three electron guns, one for each color dot, and a shadow-mas& grid <ust behind the phosphorus-coated screen. ,ollowing fig () illustrates the delta-delta shadow-mas& method, commonly used in color "+% systems.

Page No. (12)

(ig (0). ope&atio! of a delta"delta= Shado*"$as< CRT %he three electron beams are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow-mas& method, commonly used in color "+% systems. %he three electron beams are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow-mas&, which contains a series of holes aligned with the phosphor-dot patterns. :hen the three beams pass through a hole in the shadow mas&, they activate a dot triangle, which appears as a small color spot on the screen. %he phosphor dots in the triangles are arranged so that each electron beam can activate only its corresponding color dot when it passes through the shadow mas&. 5nother configuration for the three electron guns is an in-line arrangement in which the three electron guns, and the corresponding red-green-blue color dots on the screen, are aligned along one scan line instead in a triangular pattern. %his in-line arrangement of electron guns is easier to &eep in alignment and is commonly used in highresolution color "+%3s. + G B + G B 2ine -attern

%riangular -attern

:e obtain color variations in a shadow-mas& "+% by varying the intensity levels of the three electron beams. By turning off the red and green guns, we get only the color coming from the blue phosphor. *ther combinations of beam intensities produce a small light spot for each pi)el position, since our eyes tend to merge the three colors into one composite. %he color we see depends on the amount of e)citation of the red, green, and blue phosphorus. 5 white area is the result of activating all three dots with e6ual intensity. Gellow is produced with green and red dots only, magenta is produced with the blue and red dots, and cyan shows up when blue and green are activated e6ually. (n some low cost systems, the electron beam can only be set to on or off, limiting displays to eight colors only. 7ore sophisticated systems can set intermediate intensity levels for the electron beams, allowing several million different colors to be generated.

Page No. (1,) "olor "+%3s in graphics systems are designed as R'# o!ito&s. %hese monitors use shadowmas& methods and ta&e the intensity level for each electron gun (red, green, and blue directly from the computer system without any intermediate processing. $igh-6uality raster-graphics systems have #@ bits per pi)el in the frame buffer, allowing #?C voltage settings for each electron gun and nearly 1H million color choices for each pi)el. 5n +GB color system with #@ bits of storage per pi)el eIis generally referred to as a full"colo& syste or a t&ue"colo& syste .

+dva!tages of Shado*"$as< Tech!i3ue : 1. "an display realistic images. #. 7illion different colors can be generated. =. !hadow scenes are possible.

Disadva!tages of Shado*"$as< Tech!i3ue : 1. +elatively e)pensive compared with the monochrome "+%. #. +elatively poor resolution. =. 2ight output of the shadow>mas& "+% (7as& tends to bloc& a large proportion of the available beam energy, reducing the total brightness. @. "onvergence problem. (t is e)tremely difficult to ad<ust three guns and deflection system so that electron beams are deflected together, all converging on same hole in the shadow mas&.

No!"Ref&esh CRT
(n +efresh-"+% we do refreshing of the screen to maintain a screen image. 5n alternate method for maintaining a screen image is to store the picture information inside the "+% instead of refreshing the screen. 1)ample: - Di&ect 1ie* Sto&age Tube (D1ST)

Di&ect 1ie* Sto&age Tube (D1ST) : - 5 direct-view storage tube (.0!% uses the storage grid which stores the picture information as a charge distribution <ust behind the phosphor-coated screen.

Page No. (1-)

!creen

!torage grid "ollector

5bove ,ig ()i shows the general arrangement of the .0!%. (t consists of two electron guns: a primary gun and a flood gun. 5 primary gun stores the picture pattern and flood gun maintains the picture display. 5 primary gun produces high speed electrons which stri&e on the storage grid to draw the picture pattern. 5s electron beam stri&es on the storage grid with high speed, it &noc&s out electrons from the storage grid &eeping the net positive charge. %he &noc&ed out electrons are attracted towards the collector. %he net positive charge on the storage grid is nothing but the picture pattern. %he continuous slow speed electrons from the flood gun pass through the control grid and are attracted to the positive charged area of the storage grid. %he low speed electrons then penetrate the storage grid and stri&e the phosphor coating without affecting the positive charge pattern on the storage grid. .uring this process the collector <ust behind the storage grid smoothes outs the flow of flood electrons. +dva!tages of D1ST: 1. +efreshing of "+% is not re6uired. #. Because no refreshing is re6uired, very comple) pictures can be displayed at very high resolution without flic&er. =. (t has flat screen.

Page No. (12)

Disadva!tages of D1ST: 1. %hey do not display colors. #. !elective or part erasing of screen is not possible. =. 1rasing re6uires removal of charge on the storage grid. %his erasing and redrawing process ta&es several seconds. @. (t has poor contrast as a result of the comparatively low accelerating potential applied to the flood electrons. ?. %he performance of .0!% is some what inferior (lesser to the refresh "+%.

Diffe&e!ce bet*ee! D1ST a!d Ref&esh CRT

D1ST Ref&esh CRT

1.

.0!% has storage tube to retain picture until it is erased.

1.

+efresh "+% has no storage tube.

#. +efreshing is not re6uired. =. -erformance of .0!% inferior to refresh "+%. @. .0!% has no refresh buffer thus to eliminate a picture section, the entire screen must be erased and to modified. ?. $igh persistence.

#. +efreshing is re6uired. =. -erformance of +efresh "+% superior to .0!%. @. !ince +efresh buffer is there so erasing a screen portion does not re6uire entire screen to be erased and modified. ?. "omparatively low persistence.

(lat Pa!el Display Devices %he term ,lat--anel .isplay refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight, and power re6uirements compared to a "+%. %he important feature of ,lat--anel .isplay is that they are thinner than "+%3s. %here are two types of ,lat--anel .isplays: - emissive displays and non-emissive displays.

(1)% issive Displays: - they convert electrical energy into light energy.
-lasma panels, thin-film electro luminescent displays, and light emitting diode are e)amples of emissive displays.

Page No. (14) 5.

Plas a Pa!el Display (PPD): - plasma panels, also called gas-discharge

displays, are constructed by filling region between two glass plates with a mi)ture of gases that usually includes neon. 5 series of vertical conducting ribbon is placed on one glass panel, and a set of hori;ontal ribbons is built into the other glass panel as shown in ,ig ()ii . By applying voltages between the hori;ontal and vertical conductors the gas at the intersection of two conductors is made to behave as if it were divided into tiny cells, each one independent of its neighbors. %hese independent cells are made to glow by placing a firing voltage of about 1#> volts across it by means of electrodes. %he glow can be sustained by maintaining a high fre6uency alternating voltage of about B> volts across the cell. .ue to this refreshing is not re6uired.
(ig (0ii). #asic desig! of a plas a" pa!el display device.

+dva!tages of PPD: 1. +efreshing is not re6uired. #. -roduces a very steady image, totally free of flic&er. =. 2ess bul&y than a "+%. @. 5llows selective writing and selective erasing, at speed of about #> Jsec per cell. ?. (t has the flat screen. C. 2arge screen si;e is possible.

Disadva!tages of PPD: 1. +elatively poor resolution of about C>dpi (dots per inch . #. (t re6uires comple) addressing and wiring. =. "ostlier than the "+%3s.

Page No. (16) @. (t uses a lot of power. ?. (t does not show sharp contrast. C. %hey are monochromatic devices (i.e. single color devices but systems have been developed that are now capable of displaying color and grayscale. H. %echnology is e)pensive. B. %hin-film electroluminescent displays are similar in construction to a plasma panel. %he difference is that the region between the glass plates is filled with a phosphor, such as ;inc doped with manganese, instead of a gas as shown in fig ()iii . :hen a sufficient high voltage is applied to a pair of crossing electrodes, the phosphor become conductor in the area of intersection of the two electrodes. 1lectrical energy is then absorbed by the manganese atoms, which then release the energy as a spot of light similar to the glowing plasma effect in a plasma panel, electroluminescent displays re6uire more power than plasma panels, and good color and gray scale display are hard to achieve. (ig (0iii). #asic desig! of a thi!"fil display device elect&olu i!esce!t

Thi!"(il

%lect&olu i!esce!t Displays: -

Disadva!tages of Thi!"fil

%lect&olu i!esce!t: "

1. +e6uire more power than plasma panel. #. Good color and gray scale display are hard to achieve

".

.ight"% itti!g Diode (.%D):

5 matri) of diodes is arranged to form

"

Page No. (18) the pi)el positions in the display, and picture definition is stored in refresh buffer. (nformation is read from the refresh buffer and converted to voltage levels that are applied to the diodes to produce the light patterns in the display.

Page No. (19)

(2)No!"% issive Displays: - %hey convert optical effects to convert sunlight or light
from other source into graphics patterns. 2". is an e)ample of non-emissive displays. (5 .i3uid C&ystal Display (.CD): - 2".3s are commonly used in small systems, such as calculators and portable, laptop computers fig ()iv . %hese non-emissive devices produce a picture by passing polari;ed light from the surroundings or from an internal light source through a li6uid-crystal that can be aligned to either bloc& or transmit the light. %he term liquid crystal refers to the fact that these compounds have a crstalline arrangement of molecules, yet they flow li&e a li6uid. %hese devices commonly use nematic (threadli&e li6uid-crystal compounds that tend to &eep the long a)es of the rod-shaped molecules aligned. 5n 2". can then be constructed with a nematic li6uid crystal as shown in fig ()v . %wo glass plates, each containing a light polari;er at right angles to the other plate, sandwich the li6uid-crystal material. +ows of hori;ontal transparent conductors are built into one glass plate, and columns of vertical conductors are put into the other plate. %he intersection of two conductors defines a pi)el position. /ormally, the molecules are aligned as shown in the 8o! state9 of fig ()vi . -olari;ed light passing through the material is twisted so that it will pass through the opposite polari;er. %he light is then reflected bac& to the viewer. %o turn off the pi)el, we apply a voltage to the two intersecting conductors to align the molecules so that the light is not twisted. %his type of flatpanel display is referred to as a passive" at&i0 .CD. -icture definitions are ,ig ()vi . %he light-twisting, shutter effect stored in a refresh buffer, and used in the design of most 2". devices. the screen is refreshed at the arte of C> frames per second, as in the emissive devices. Bac& lighting is also commonly applied using solid-state electronic devices, so that the system is not completely dependent on out light source.

,ig ()v . 2aptop "omputer

Page No. (2:) "olors can be displayed by using different materials or dyes and placing a triad of color pi)els at each screen location. 5nother method for constructing 2".3s is to place a transistor at each pi)el location, using thin-film transistor technology. %he transistors are used to control the voltage at pi)el locations and to prevent charge from gradually lea&ing out of the li6uid-crystal cells. %hese devices are called active" at&i0 displays.

+dva!tages of .CD: 1. 2ow weight. #. 2ow power consumption. =. 2".3s are flat. @. !mall si;e. ?. 2ess eyestrain.

Disadva!tages of .CD: 1. 2".3s can be viewed only from a limited angle. %o observe this, hold a calculator that uses an 2". at arm3s length in front of you. /e)t, turn the calculator slowly bac& and forth along its vertical a)is. Gou should observe the numbers on the display 8 fadi!g9 as the calculator display ma&es a greater angle with your line of sight. #. 2".3s are temperature dependent (>-H>o" . =. 2".3s do not emit light; as a result, the image has very little contrast. @. %he resolution is not as good as that of a "+%.

(2)Hard Copy: - *utput which is produced on a paper is &nown as $ard "opy output.
%hey are permanent in nature. 5mong the wide variety of the hard copy output devices, p&i!te&s and plotte&s are the most commonly used. 5 printer is used to produce printouts of the documents stored on a computerKs dis& drive. 5 plotter is a pen-based output device, which is used for producing high 6uality output by moving in& pens across the paper. $ard copy display devices are shown if fig ()vii .

(I) Printers: --rinters are further classified into two categories: impact printers and nonimpact printers.

(1) 7 pact P&i!te&s: - 5s their names specify, impact printers wor& by physically stri&ing a
head or needle against an in& ribbon to ma&e a mar& on the paper. (mpact printers are the oldest printers and are still in use. (mpact printers can print only one character at a time while some impact printers can print an entire line. %he three most commonly used impact printers are dot matrix printers, daisy wheel printers and drum printers. %he printer that prints the characters by stri&ing the ribbon and onto the paper, are called impact printers. %hese printers are of two types, (i Cha&acte& and (ii .i!e p&i!te&s.

Cha&acte&istics of i pact p&i!te&s:

Page No. (21) 1. (n impact printers, there is physical contact with the paper to produce an image. #. %hey have relatively low consumable costs. %he primary recurring costs for these printers are the in& ribbons and paper. =. .ue to being robust and low cost, they are useful for bul& printing. @. %hey can withstand dusty environment, vibrations and e)treme temperature. ?. (mpact printers are ideal for printing multiple copies (that is, carbon copies because they can easily print through many layers of paper. C. .ue to its stri&ing activity, impact printers are very noisy. H. !ince they are mechanical in nature, they tend to be slow. E. (mpact printers do not support transparencies. $ard "opy

-rinters (mpact /on-(mpact .rum

-lotters ,latbed

"haracter

2ine

(n&-Fet

2aser

.ot 7atri) -rinter (.7.aisy :heel -rinter

.rum -rinter "hain -rinter (ig (0vii) /a&d Copy Display Devices

1.1 Dot $at&i0 P&i!te& (D$P): -5 dot matri) printer (also &nown as the wire matrix printer) uses the oldest printing technology and it prints one character at a time. 1ach character printed is in form of pattern of dot and head consists of a matri) of pins of si;e (?)H, H)B, B)H or B)B which comes out to form a character that is why it is called .ot-7atri) -rinter. 'sually, dot matri) printers can print any shape of character, which a user can specify. %his allows the printer to print many special characters, different si;es of print and enables it to print graphics, such as charts and graphs. %he speed of dot matri) printers is measured in characters per second (cps).

>o&<i!g: --rinter head moves on a carriage.

-aper is sandwiched between ribbon and head. !ay 53 is to be printed, then -ins corresponding to L53 moves out, stri&e the ribbon and L53 is printed. %his is the way one character is printed, but we need to print the whole line. ,or this a buffer (temporary

Page No. (22) storage of si;e e6ual to the si;e of paper is used. !ay for a paper of width E> columns a buffer of E> characters is used. 5ll character corresponding to a line are stored from 1 st to E>th position in buffer and printing starts from left to right from 1 st to E>th position on paper. 5fter printing one line, paper is moved up by carriage and again printing starts from 1st to E>th. %his way of printing always in one direction left to right is called 'nidirectional. /ew printers print bidirectional which is achieved as: first line printed starting from 1st position of buffer storage, as soon as 1 st character is printed, E>th position of ne)t line is stored in it and son on. 5fter printing one line, on return, head starts printing from right to left using buffer positions E> th to 1st again. %hus, it prints in both directions. 5ll modern .ot 7atri) -rinters print this way. .7- are available in two si;es E> column and 1=@# column. 7any vendors supplying them are: 1-!*/, :(-+*, %0!1 and G*.+1F etc. %he speed can vary from about #>> to over =C> cps (character per second . +dva!tages of D$P: a. (ne)pensive b. :idely used c. *ther language characters can be printed Disadva!tages of D$P: a. !low speed b. -oor 6uality c. /oisy
1.2 Daisy >heel P&i!te&s: " $ead is lying on a wheel and -ins are corresponding to characters are li&e petals of .aisy that is why it is called .aisy :heel -rinter. 5 motor spins the wheel at a very fast speed. %he daisy wheel is a dis& made of plastic or metal on which characters stand out in relief along the outer edge.

>o&<i!g: "%o print a character, the printer rotates the dis& until the desired letter is
facing the paper. %hen a hammer stri&es the dis&, forcing the character to hit an in& ribbon, leaving an impression of the character on the paper. Gou can change the daisy wheel to print different fonts.

%hese printers have very usually very slow because of the time re6uired to rotate the print wheel for each character desired. !peed of daisy wheel printers is in the order of 1> to ?> cps. Muality of printing is very good. %hese printers are generally used for word processing in offices which re6uire a few letters to be printed with very nice 6uality representation. .aisy wheel printers produce high-resolution output and are more reliable than .7-3s. %hese printers are also called smart printers because of its bidirectional printing and built-in microprocessor control features. +dva!tages of Daisy >heel P&i!te&s: a. 5re more reliable than .7-3s.
b. Better 6uality c. %he fonts of characters can easily be changed Disadva!tages of Daisy >heel P&i!te&s: -

Page No. (2,)

a. !lower than .7-3s. b. 7ore e)pensive than .7-3s. c. /oisy #. .i!e P&i!te&s: "2ine printers are printers which print one line at a time. %hese are
impact printers for producing very large volume paper output. %hey are very fast and speed varies from a range of =>> to =>>> lines per minute. %wo most commonly used printers in this category are: .rum -rinter and "hain -rinter.
2.1 D&u P&i!te&: "%his line printer consists of a drum. %he surface of the drum is divided into trac&s. %otal trac&s are e6ual to si;e of paper i.e., for a paper width of 1=# characters, the drum will have 1=# trac&s. 5 characters set is embossed on trac&. "haracter set is not of character that printer will support. .ifferent characters sets are available in the mar&et, @E character set, C@ and BC characters set. .rum is made to rotate at a very fast speed. -aper is wrapped in drum and each trac& has a hammer attached to it. +ibbon is sandwiched between paper and hammer. !ay if letter K<K is to be printed. 5s soon as K<K comes in front of hammer attached to < th trac&, it is fired. %hus, K<K is embossed on paper.

(n this way one character is printed, but we need a whole line to be printed at once. ,or that a buffer is used, which has storage capacity e6ual to si;e of paper. 5ll character in a line is stored in buffer and as soon as all come in front of hammers, all hammers is fired at once. (t is very important that all hammers should be fired at once and thus a line is printed. (f synchroni;ation is not achieved in firing of hammers, then wavy output will occur. *ne rotation of drum prints one line. .rum printers are fast in speed and speed is between =>> to #>>> lines per minute. 5ll printing features are available in this line printer.

>o&<i!g: "%he basics of a line printer li&e drum printer are similar to those of a serial printer,
e)cept that multiple hammers stri&e multiple type elements against the paper almost simultaneously, so that an entire line is printed in one operation. 5 typical arrangement of a drum printer involves a large rotating drum mounted hori;ontally and positioned in front of a very wide, in&ed ribbon, which in turn is positioned in front of the paper itself. %he drum contains characters molded onto its surface in columns around its circumference; each column contains a complete set of characters (letters, digits, etc. running around the circumference of the drum. %he drum spins continuously at high speed when the printer is operating. (n order to print a line, hammers positioned behind the paper ram the paper against the ribbon and against the drum beyond it at e)actly the right instant; such that the appropriate character is printed in each column, as it spins past on the drum. *nce every column has been printed, the paper is advanced upward so that the ne)t line can be printed. +dva!tages of D&u N 0ery high speed. P&i!te&: " P&i!te&: "

Disadva!tages of D&u

Page No. (2-) 0ery e)pensive. "haracters, fonts cannot be changed. 5s the stri&e should be very precise, the mistiming causes wavy printing.
2.2 Chai! P&i!te&s: -%hey are also line printers, because of use of a chain of character sets, they are called "hain -rinters. %hey can be thought of as a type wound on two spools with a character set repeated, three or four times. 5 standard character set may have @E, C@ and BC characters. (n addition to the chain, the printer has a set of hammer mounted in front of the chain in a manner that an in&ed ribbon and paper can be placed between the hammer and the chain. The total number of hammers is equal to the total number of print positions. Therefore, if there are 132 print positions, the printer will have 132 hammers. The chain rotates at a high speed, and a character at a print position is printed by activating the appropriate hammer, when the character embossed on the chain passes below it. ecause character set is repeated three to four times, speed of chain printer increases, it is not necessary to wait for a whole cycle as in drum for a particular character to come in front of hammer. !peed varies from "## to 3### lines per minute$.

+dva!tages of Chai! P&i!te&: " 1. %haracter fonts can easily be changed. 2. The problem of wavy printing does not arise as the chain rotates hori&ontally where a drum rotates vertically. 3. 'ifferent scripts (languages$ can be used with the same printer. Disadva!tages of Chai! P&i!te&: " 1. The timing of hammer stri)e is very critical. 2. 'o not have the ability to print any shape of characters, different si&es of prints and graphics. 3. *oisy.

(2) No!"7 pact P&i!te&s: -%he printers that print the characters without stri&ing against
the ribbon and onto the paper are called /on-(mpact -rinters. %hese printers print a complete page at a time, therefore, also called -age -rinters. 'nli&e impact printers, a non-impact printer forms characters and images without ma&ing direct physical contact between printing mechanism and paper. (n this printer, the print head does not ma&e contact with the paper, and no in&ed ribbon is re6uired. (n& can be sprayed against the paper and then pressure is used to fuse a fine blac& powder into the shape of a character. %hey use techni6ues other than physically stri&ing the page to transfer in& onto the page. %he ma<or technologies competing in the non-impact mar&et are ink-jet and laser. -age printers are of two types(i 2aser -rinters (ii (n& Fet -rinters

Cha&acte&istics of No!"i pact P&i!te&s: "

Page No. (22) 1. /on-impact printers are faster than impact printers. #. %hey are 6uieter than impact printers because there is no stri&ing mechanism involved and only few moving parts are used. =. %hey possess the ability to change typefaces automatically. @. %hese printers produce high-6uality graphics. ?. %hese printers usually support the transparencies. C. %hese printers cannot print multipart forms because no impact is being made on the paper. (1) 7!<"?et P&i!te&s: -(t is the most commonly used printer. Being a non-impact it does not touch the paper while creating an image. (t uses a series of no;;les to spray onto the paper. *riginally it was made blac& and white only. +owever, the print head has now been e,panded and the no&&le accommodates %-./. The combination of these four colors will be the resultant color. These printers are costlier than the dot matri, printers, but the quality is much better. 0n)-1et printers typically print with a resolution of 2## dpi or more. 'ue to the high resolution, these printers produce high quality graphics and te,t printouts. They are also affordable, which appeals to small businesses and home-users. These printers print documents at a medium pace, but slow down if printing a document in multicolor. These printers can print about 2-13 pages per minute. -oreover, they can also program to print unusual symbols such as 4apanese or %hinese characters.

>o&<i!g: "5n in&-<et printer has a print cartridge with a series of tiny electrically heated
chambers. %hese "artridges are attached to print heads with a series of small no;;les that spray in& onto the surface of the paper. 5s print head moves bac& and forth across the page, software gives instructions regarding the type and the 6uantity of colors. (t also tells the position where the dots of in& should be Ksprayed3. %here are two main ways to drop the in& droplets, namely, the bubble-jet and piezoelectric technology.K Bubble-<et printers use heat to fire in& onto the paper. -ie;oelectric technology uses a pie;o crystal at the bac& of the in& reservoir. +dva!tages of 7!<"?et P&i!te&: a. $igh 6uality printing b. 7ore reliable Disadva!tages of 7!<"?et P&i!te&: a. 1)pensive b. !low as compare to laser printers (2) .ase& P&i!te&s: " %hese are non- impact printers. %hey use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the character be printed on a page and hence are &nown as laser printers. 5 laser printer provides the highest 6uality te)t and images for personal computers today, operates on the same principle as that of a photocopy machine. %hey are also &nown as page printers because they process and store the entire page before they actually print it. %he output is generated in following steps: Step 1 %he bits of data sent by processing unit act

Page No. (24) as triggers to turn the laser beam on and off. Step 2 %he output device has a drum which is cleared and is given a positive electric charge. %o print a page the modulated laser beam passing from the laser, scans bac& and forth the surface of the drum. %he positive electric charge on the drum is stored on <ust those parts of the charges on the e)posed drum surface. Step , %he laser e)posed parts of the drum attract an in& powder &nown as toner. Step - %he attracted in& powder is transferred to paper. Step 2 %he in& particles are permanently fi)ed to the paper by using either heat or pressure techni6ue. Step 4 %he drum rotates bac& to the cleaner where a rubber blade cleanse off the e)cess in& and prepares the drum to print the ne)t page. Cha&acte&istics of .ase& p&i!te&: 1 (t is a very fast printer. 2 (t can print te)t and graphics with a very high 6uality resolution from =>> to 1#>> dpi. , (t can print in different fonts, that is, type styles and si;es. - (t is more e)pensive to buy and maintain than the other printers. >o&<i!g: -%he core component of laser printing system is the photoreceptor drum. 5 rotating mirror inside the printer causes the beam of a laser to sweep across the photoconductive drum. (nitially, the beam of laser charges the photoconductive drum positively. :hen the charged photoconductor is e)posed to an optical image through a beam of light to discharge, a latent or invisible image is formed. 5t the point where the laser stri&es the surface of drum, it creates a dot of positive charge. %hese points are represented by a blac& dot, which will be printed on the paper. 5fter this, the printer coats the drum with a container, which contains a blac& powder called toner. %his toner is negatively charged, and so it clings to the positive areas of the drum surface. :hen the powder pattern gets fi)ed, the drum is rotated and the paper is fed into the drum surface via a pressure roller. %his pressure roller transfers the blac& toner. !ince, the paper is moving at the same speed as the drum, the paper pic&s up the image pattern precisely. ,inally, the printer passes the paper through the fuser, a pair of heated rollers. 5s the paper passes through these rollers, the loose toner powder gets melted and fuses with the fibers in the paper. Advantages 0ery high speed. 0ery high 6uality output. Give good graphics 6uality. N !upport many fonts and different character si;e. Disadvantages 1)pensive. "annot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing.

(77) Plotte&s: " 5 plotter is a pen-based output device that is attached to a computer for ma&ing
vector graphics, that is, images created by a series of many straight lines. (t is used to draw

Page No. (26) high-resolution charts, graphs, blueprints, maps, circuit diagrams, and other line-based diagrams. -lotters are used to print high 6uality graphics and drawings. -lotters are generally used for printing drawing graphical images such as charts, drawings, maps, etc. of engineering and scientific applications. !ome important types of plotters are: Drum Plotters and Flatbed Plotters. (1) D&u Plotte&s: " (n drum plotters, the paper on which the design is to be made is placed over a drum. %hese plotters consist of one or more pen(s that are mounted on a carriage and this carriage is hori;ontally placed across the drum. %he drum can rotate in either cloc&wise or anticloc&wise direction under the control of plotting instructions sent by the computer. .rum plotters are used to produce continuous output, such as plotting earth6ua&e activity, or for long graphic output, such as tall building structures. %he drum plotters are generally the least e)pensive. (2) (latbed Plotte&s: " ,latbed plotters consist of a stationary hori;ontal plotting surface on which paper is fi)ed. %he pen is mounted on a carriage, which can move hori;ontally, vertically, leftwards or rightwards to draw line. (n flatbed plotters, the paper does not move, the pen-holding mechanism provides all the motion. %hese plotters are instructed by the computer on the movement of pens in the O-G coordinates on the page. %hese plotters are capable of wor&ing on any standard, that is, from 5@ si;e paper to some very big beds. .epending on the si;e of the flatbed surface, these are used in designing of ships, aircraft, buildings, etc. %he si;e of these automated drafting tables can range up to roughly ?ft. ((.?m by #>ft. (C.lm with plotting accuracies approaching P>.>>1 in. (P>.>#? mm . %he ma<or disadvantage of this plotter is that it is a slow output device and can ta&e hours to complete a comple) drawing. %he flatbed plotter is also more e)pensive.

Co pa&iso! bet*ee! Plotte&s a!d P&i!te&s: " -lotters are similar to printers, but
they draw lines using a pen. 5s a result, they can produce continuous lines, whereas printers can only simulate lines by printing a closely spaced series of dots. 7ulticolor plotters use different-colored pens to draw different colors. "olor plots can be made by using four pens (cyan, magenta, yellow, and blac& and need no human intervention to change them. -lotters are relatively e)pensive as compared to printers but can produce more printouts than standard printers. %hey are mainly used for "omputer 5ided .esign ("5. and "omputer 5ided 7anufacturer ("57 applications such as printing out plans for houses or car parts. %hese are also used with programs li&e 5'%* "5. (computer assisted drafting to give graphic outputs.