Principles of Mathematics 12: Explained!

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3



Principles of Mathematics 12: Explained!
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Permutations & Combinations
Lesson 3, Part One: Expansions












































Permutations & Combinations Formulas: The following examples show how
to expand and simplify expressions involving permutations & combinations:




Example 1: Expand & simplify
6
P
2
without using a calculator:





Example 2: Expand & simplify
7
C
5
without using a calculator:





Questions:
Expand & simplify each of the following without using a calculator:

1)
5
P
3




2)
6
P
3



3)
8
C
6


4) Express
7!
3!
as a permutation


5) Express
8!
2!6!
as a combination

! !
&
( - )! !( - )!
n n
P C
n r n r
n r r n r
= =
6! 6! 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 30


6 2
(6 2)! 4! 4 3 2 1
P

= = = = =


7! 7! 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 42
21
7 5
5!(7 5)! 5!2! (5 4 3 2 1) (2 1) 2 2
C

= = = = = =


Answers:
1)
5! 5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 60
2! 2 1

= = =

2)
6! 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 120
3! 3 2 1

= = =


3)
8! 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7
28
6!2! 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 1 2

= = =


4)
7! 7!
7 4
3! (7 4)!
P = =

5)
8! 8!
8 2
2!6! 2!(8 2)!
C = =

Principles of Mathematics 12: Explained!
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Permutations & Combinations
Lesson 3, Part One: Expansions












































Canceling With Factorials: The following examples will introduce
variables that must be manipulated to simplify expressions.







Example 1: Expand
7
P
3
by canceling factorials:


















Example 2: Simplify the expression
(n + 2)!
(n -1)!








To expand factorials,
you will multiply all the numbers going
down to one. eg. 5! =54321

If you ever want to stop before reaching 1, you can
do so by simply placing the factorial after the number
you want to stop at. eg. 5! =543!


7 3
7! 7! 7 6 5 4!
7 6 5 210
(7 3)! 4! 4!
P

= = = = =

If you want to
expand algebraic expressions,
you must do so by subtracting one from each term.

n! =n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)1
(n-2)! =(n-2)(n-3)(n-4)1
(n+4)! =(n+4)(n+3)(n+2)1
(n+1)! =(n+1)n(n-1)(n-2)1

Dont forget you can stop expanding at any term by writing
your factorial symbol to indicate the end!


Principles of Mathematics 12: Explained!
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Permutations & Combinations
Lesson 3, Part One: Expansions












































Example 3: Simplify the expression
(2n +1)!
(2n + 3)!






Example 4: Simplify the expression
(n -3)!
(n - 4)!







Example 5: Simplify the expression
(n + 2)!
n + 2










Questions:
Expand & simplify each of the following without using a calculator:

1)
(n + 2)!
n!


2)
(3n + 2)!
(3n + 3)!


3)
(n -1)!
(n -3)!


4)
(n -1)!

Remember the
following:

0! = 1
Answers:
1)
( 2)!
!
( 2)( 1) !
( 2)( 1)
!
n
n
n n n
n n
n
+
=
+ +
= + +
2)
(3 2)!
(3 2)! 1
(3 3)(3 2)! 3 3
(3 3)!
n
n
n n n
n
+
+
= =
+ + +
+


3)
( - 1)!
( - 1)( - 2)
( - 3)!
( -1)( -2)( -3)!
( -3)!
n
n n
n
n n n
n
= =

4)
( -1)! ( 1)( 2)!
( 2)!
n -1



-1 1
n n n
n
n n
= =

Principles of Mathematics 12: Explained!
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Permutations & Combinations
Lesson 3, Part Two: Equations

























Equations with Permutations & Combinations: The following examples
will require simplification in order to obtain a value for the unknown.

Example 1: Solve for n in the
following equation:
(n + 2)!
= 8
(n +1)!

( 2)!
8
( 1)!
( 2) ( 1)!
n
n
n n
+
=
+
+ +
( 1)! n +
8
2 8
6
n
n
=
+ =
=


Example 2: Solve for n in the
following equation:
(n +1)!
= 10n
(n -1)!

( 1)!
10
( 1)!
( 1)
n
n
n
n n
+
=

+ ( 1)! n
Example 4: Solve for n in the
following equation:
n 2
P = 56
2
56
!
56
( 2)!
( 1) ( 2)!
n
P
n
n
n n n
=
=

( 2)! n
2
2
56
( 1) 56
56
56 0
( 8)( 7) 0
8
n n
n n
n n
n n
n
=
=
=
=
+ =
=


Reject -7 since you cant have negative
objects to select from.
10n =
( 1)! n



1 10
9
n
n
+ =
=



















Example 3: Solve for n in the
following equation: (n + 3)! = 20(n +1)!

( 3)! 20( 1)!
( 3)( 2) ( 1)!
n n
n n n
+ = +
+ + + 20( 1)! n = +
2
2
( 3)( 2) 20
5 6 20
5 14 0
( 7)( 2) 0
2
n n
n n
n n
n n
n
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
=
Reject -7 since n must be a whole number.




Example 5: Simplify:
400 300
400 100
C
C

( )
( )
( )
( )
400 300
400 100
400!
400 300 !300!
400!
400 100 !100!
400 100 !100! 400!
400 300 !300! 400!
400!
C
C

=
100! 300!
300!

100!
400!
1 =


Principles of Mathematics 12: Explained!
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Permutations & Combinations
Lesson 3, Part Two: Equations

























Questions:

1)
( 1)!
2
( 3)!
n
n

2)
!
5
( - 2)!
n
n
n
=








3) ( 2 )! 12 n n + =
5) 3 6 9
(2 1) ( 1) 2
P P
n n n
=
n















6)
2 2 1 2 2
1

2
n n
P P
+
=





















!









4)
1 3
!
10
n n
n
P

=











Principles of Mathematics 12: Explained!
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Permutations & Combinations
Lesson 3, Part Two: Equations























Answers:
1) 2) 3) 4)











5) 6)
( 2)! 12 !
( 2)( 1) !
n n
n n n
+ =
+ + 12 ! n =
2
2
( 2)( 1) 12
3 2 12
3 10 0
( 5)( 2) 0
2
n n
n n
n n
n n
n
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
=
[ ]
1 3
!
10
! ( 1)!
10 ( 1) ( 3) !
! ( 1)!
10 2!
( 1)!
n n
n
P
n n
n n
n n
n n

=

=
( 1)!
10
n
=
2
1
10 2
2 10
5
n
n
n
=
=
=

!
5
( - 2)!
( 1) ( 2)!
n
n
n
n n n
=

( - 2)! n
2
2
5
( 1) 5
5
6 0
( 6) 0
6
n
n n n
n n n
n n
n n
n
=
=
=
=
=
=

( 1)!
2
)!
)( 2) ( 3)!
n
n
n n n

( 3
( 1
( 3)! n
2
2
2
)( 2) 2
3 2 2
3 0
( 3) 0
3
n n
=
=
+ =
=
=
=
( 1
n n
n n
n n
n
























[ ]
36 9
(2 1) ( 1) 2
(2 1)! (2 )!
36 9
(2 1) ( 1) ! (2 )!
(2 1)! (2 )!
36 9
! !
(2 1)!
36
P P
n n n n
n n
n n n n
n n
n n
n
=

! n
(2 ) (2 1)!
9
n n
=
! n
36
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
[ ] [ ]
2 2 1 2 2
1

2
(2 2)! 1
(2 2) 1! 2
(2 2)! 1
2 1! 2 2
(2 2) (2 1)!
n n
P P
n
n n
n n
n n
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+ +
2 !
2 2 !
2 !
2 !
n
n n
9(2 )
36 18
2
n
n
n
=
=
=

[ ] 2 1! n +
1
2
=
2

(2 1) (2 2)! n n n
(2 2)! n

2
2
2 2 (2 1)
2 2 2
0 2 3 2
0 (2 1)( 2)
2
n n n
n n n
n n
n n
n
+ =
+ =
=
= +
=

Principles of Mathematics 12: Explained!
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Permutations & Combinations
Lesson 3, Part Three: Word Problems











Word Problems with Permutations & Combinations: The following
examples will require the use of algebra in order to solve the
question.

Example 1: If there are 78 handshakes in a room, and each person shook every other
persons hand one time, how many people are in the room?
2
78
!


78
2!( 2)!
( 1) ( 2)!
n
C
n
n
n n n
=
=

2( 2)! n





2
2
78
( 1)
78
2
156
156 0
( 13)( 12) 0
13
n n
n n
n n
n n
n
=

=
=
=
+ =
=







Example 2: If there are 56 games in a series, and each team played every other team
twice, once at home and once away, how many teams are there?
2
56


!
56
( 2)!
( 1) ( 2)!
n
P
n
n
n n n
=
=

( 2)! n





2
2
56
( 1) 56
56
56 0
( 8)( 7) 0
8
n n
n n
n n
n n
n
=
=
=
=
+ =
=





Example 3: If a polygon has 54 diagonals, how many sides are there?




2
54
!
54
2!( 2)!
( 1) ( 2)!
n
C n
n
n
n
n n n
=
=

2( 2)! n







2
2
54
( 1)
54
2
( 1) 2 108
2 108
3 108 0
( 12)( 9) 0
12
n
n n
n
n n n
n n n
n n
n n
n
=

=
=
=
=
+ =
=


Principles of Mathematics 12: Explained!
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Permutations & Combinations
Lesson 3, Part Three: Word Problems

























Questions:
1) If there are 190 handshakes in a room, and each person shook every other persons
hand one time, how many people are in the room?







2) If there are 72 games in a series, and each team played every other team twice,
once at home and once away, how many teams are there?







3) If a polygon has 119 diagonals, how many sides are there?
























It is usually
pretty easy to find
the value of n by
trial and error
through your
calculator.
Answers:
1) 20
2) 9(Hint: Use a
permutation)
3) 17