Ionic and Covalent Compounds Lab Name: Camila Bustamante / Date: _____________ / Period: 6 Objective: Design and conduct

a lab that will allow students to investigate the properties of ionic and covalent compounds commonly found in a home along with their consequent uses. Criterion D: scientific inquiry a!imum " Students are expected to design and carry out scientific investigations independently Students s!ould "e a"le to #i$ state a pro"lem t!at can "e tested "y an investigation% #ii$ formulate a suita"le !ypot!esis% #iii$ identify and manipulate varia"les% #iv$ plan an appropriate investigation including t!e met!od and materials% #chievement Descriptor level & '!e student does not reac! a standard descri"ed "y any of t!e descriptors given "elo( )*+ '!e student attempts to define t!e purpose of t!e investigation and ma,es references to varia"les "ut t!ese are incomplete or not fully developed '!e met!od suggested is partially complete '!e student defines t!e purpose of t!e investigation and provides an e!planation$prediction "ut t!is is not fully developed '!e student ac,no(ledges some of the variables involved and descri"es !o( to manipulate t!em '!e met!od suggested is complete and includes appropriate materials/equipment '!e student defines t!e purpose of t!e investigation and !ig!lig!ts t!e need to identify t!e properties of ionic and/or covalent su"stances0 t!eir procedures sued to identify t!em and !o( t!is matc!es t!eir use in t!e !ome '!e student formulates a testable hypothesis related to ionic and$or covalent compounds and their properties. and e!plains t!e !ypot!esis using scientific reasoning related to properties 1 reference/"ac,ground information is provided (!ere appropriate '!e student identifies t!e relevant varia"les #independent0 dependent and controlled$ and e!plains how to manipulate t!em "y developing a detailed (ritten procedure for !o( t!e various properties of ionic/covalent compounds

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(ill "e tested0 recorded and analy2ed %uestion$&itle: 3o( does t!e conductivity0 solu"ility0 appearance0 and melting points of common !ouse!old items affect and inform us a"out (!at type of c!emical "ond t!ey possess4 'urpose$#im: 5 (ant to learn !o( a c!emical "ond can "e identified as ionic or covalent0 "y loo,ing at its properties (ypothesis: 5f t!e compound can conduct electricity quic,ly only in a solution0 t!en t!e compound is ionic "ecause of t!e ions t!at allo(ed t!e electricity to pass t!oug!0 and if it is a poor conductor even (!en melted it is covalent 5f t!e compound is solu"le in (ater0 t!en it is an ionic compound "ecause ionic compounds are polar and (ater is as (ell0 so t!ey com"ine quic,ly toget!er0 "ut (!en it doesn6t s!o( solu"ility in (ater it6s covalent "ecause covalent compounds are nonpolar 5f t!e compound is a crystalline solid0 t!en it is an ionic compound "ecause it is made of ions0 (!ic! turn into crystalline solids0 and if it is a gas/solid/liquid and made of molecules0 t!en it is a covalent compound 5f t!e compound !as a lo( melting/"oiling point0 t!en it is a covalent compound "ecause t!e force t!at 7oins t!e molecules toget!er is (ea,0 and if it !as a !ig! melting/"oiling point0 it is an ionic compound "ecause t!e force is stronger Background Info: 8olecular compounds can "e eit!er ionic or covalent Covalent compounds mean t!at t!e atoms t!at are "onded s!are electrons0 and com"ine t(o nonmetals toget!er0 (!ile ionic "onding is (!en a metal and a nonmetal com"ine Since covalent and ionic compounds are significantly different0 t!ey also tend to !ave opposite properties suc! as appearance0 conductivity0 solu"ility0 and melting/"oiling points 5onic compounds conduct electricity only in a solution "ecause of t!e ions t!at let t!e electricity pass t!roug!0 (!ile covalent compounds are poor conductors "ecause t!ey don6t allo( t!is 5onic compounds are also crystalline solids from appearance "ecause t!ey are made of ions% mean(!ile covalent "onds are made of molecules and more defined s!apes for t!eir appearance Covalent compounds are nonpolar0 and (ater is polar0 so it is (ay more difficult to com"ine0 (!ic! ma,es covalent compounds less solu"le t!an ionic compounds0 (!ic!

are polar so t!ey dissolve rapidly Covalent compounds also !ave lo( melting or "oiling points "ecause t!e force t!at 7oins t!e molecules toget!er is (ea,0 and ionic compounds !ave a muc! stronger force0 (!ic! ma,es t!e melting/"oiling point muc! !ig!er

)ariables: &able *. &he list of variables and how they are manipulated or controlled. )ariable )ariable easurements Description of how variables were manipulated. 3ouse!old o"7ect 9'o measure t!e amounts of Independent compounds 9'(o compounds (ere used #ionic #ionic/covalent$ salt/sugar you use (what are and covalent$0 and t!ey (ere grams. you manipulated "y c!anging from one changing) to t!e ot!er 9 '!e properties are t!e (ay t!at t!e reaction of material is measured and can t!erefore identify (!at type of compound it is Dependant (what are you measuring) Properties of t!e compounds "eing tested #melting point0 conductivity0 appearance0 solu"ility$ 9&hermometer to measure t!e melting point 9Conductivity tester to measure t!e conductivity 9 icroscope to measure and o"serve t!e appearance 9Distilled water to measure t!e solu"ility 9'o manipulate melting point you put t!e compound on t!e !ot plate0 and (ait for it to "egin melting and t!en measure t!e temperature (it! t!ermometer 9:or conductivity you ma,e a solution of (ater (it! your compound in t!e spot plate0 and measure (it! t!e conductivity tester !o( conductive it is 9:or appearance a "it of t!e compound (as placed on t!e microscope slide and t!en (as o"served under t!e microscope 9:or solu"ility t!e compound (as put in distilled (ater to measure if t!e compound (as solu"le or not Controlled 'emperature of &hermometer to

(what are you keeping the same to ensure valid results)

room

ma,e sure t!e room6s temperature remains constant 8easuring (it! bea+er0 or 7ust getting equal9si2ed pinch By sight0 ma,ing sure t!e configuration is t!e same for all trials ;it! t!e measurements of t!e bea+er0 pouring t!e same amount of (ater

1mount of t!e compound "eing measured Configuration of microscope

1mount of (ater for solu"ility tests

aterials: 1 "agful of salt #ionic$ 1 "agful of sugar #covalent$ + aluminum pans ) !ot plate ) spot plate ) pair of tongs + "ea,ers ) microscope + microscope slides +&&ml of distilled (ater + stirring rods ) simple circuit #to test conductivity$ ) t!ermometer

Diagram: Include a diagram of your experiment set-up to assist others in understanding your procedure.

8elting Point:

1ppearance:

Conductivity:

Solu"ility:

'rocedure: ) 1 pinc! of salt (as placed inside t!e aluminum pan0 and t!en t!e pan (as placed on t!e !ot plate

'!e !ot plate (as turned on0 and eyes (ere on t!e su"stance to see if it "egan to melt or not 5f so0 t!e t!ermometer (as used to measure t!e temperature of its melting point - <"servations (ere (ritten do(n0 and t!e next station "egan . 1 pinc! of salt (as placed on t!e microscope slide and put under t!e microscope / '!e structure of t!e su"stance (as o"served carefully0 and o"servations (ere recorded '!en t!e next station "egan 6 1not!er pinc! of salt (as dissolved in t!e spot plate (it! (ater "y using t!e stirring rod = '!e simple circuit (as ta,en to measure t!e conductivity <"servations (ere recorded as eit!er !ig! or lo( conductivity > 1fter t!at station0 solu"ility (as t!en measured "y also dissolving t!e salt0 "ut in a "ea,er0 and a "it more t!an a pinc! '!e stirring rod (as used to mix and (atc! if t!e salt dissolved ? 5f it did0 o"servations (ere (ritten as: dissolved0 and if it didn6t0 t!ey (ere (ritten as: did not dissolve )& <nce all t!e properties !ave "een successfully tested0 steps )9? are follo(ed exactly as stated0 "ut instead of experimenting (it! salt0 t!ey are done (it! sugar ,esults: Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds Common (ousehold Object -alt Conductivity 3ig! Solu"ility Dissolved 1ppearance 8elting Point #C o$

-ugar

@o(

Did not dissolve

5rregular Did not melt crystalline solid0 semi transparent Semi .= transparent0 rectangular prism solid

Ionic and Covalent Compounds Design Lab Criterion E: processing data

Maximum 6 Processing data refers to enabling students to organize and process data. Students should be able to organize and transform data by numerical calculations into diagrammatic form tables! graphs and charts" and dra# and e$plain appropriate conclusions. Suitable assessment tas%s to assess this criterion include scientific investigations carried out by students! or by others! as #ell as laboratory reports and studies that provide students #ith ra# data for further processing and analysis. Achievement level & ()* +), Descriptor 'he student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given belo#. 'he student organizes and presents data using simple numerical or diagrammatic forms and dra#s an obvious conclusion. 'he student organizes and transforms data into numerical and diagrammatic forms and presents it using appropriate communication modes. 'he student dra#s a conclusion consistent with the data. 'he student organizes and transforms data concerning the properties of ionic and/or covalent compounds into numerical and tabular format and presents it logically and clearly! using appropriate communication modes including units". 'he student explains trends, patterns or relationships in the data and is able to recognize the properties of common ionic and covalent compounds. 'he student comments on the reliability of the data #ith respect to the purity of the substance used and procedures to test properties performed. 'he student dra#s a clear conclusion based on the correct interpretation of the data concerning properties and e$plains #hy the substance used is ionic or covalent. 'he student ma%es the connection to ho# these properties affect the substances use in the home. 'he student e$plains the conclusion using scientific reasoning with appropriate scientific vocabulary using additional resources/references when necessary.

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Data &able: Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds Common (ousehold Object Conductivity Solu"ility 1ppearance 8elting Point #C o$

-alt

3ig!

Dissolved

-ugar

@o(

Did not dissolve

5rregular Did not melt crystalline solid0 semi transparent Semi .= transparent0 rectangular prism solid

Interpretation questions:
&ype of Compound 5onic #ppearance .microscope lens/ elting 'oint$0oiling 'oint -olubility .distilled water/ Conductivity

5rregular crystalline solid0 semi transparent

Did not melt

Dissolved

3ig!

Covalent

Semi transparent0 .= C o rectangular prism solid

Did not dissolve

@o(

,eliability %uestions: ) a$ ;as t!e compound you used for your investigation a pure ionic or covalent compound or (as it a mixture4 Bot! salt and sugar are pure compounds rat!er t!an mixtures "$ 3o( do you ,no( t!is4 5 ,no( t!is "ecause sugar in order to "e a covalent compound it can only "e made up of t(o nonmetals0 and a mixture is (!en t(o compounds mix0 "ut in t!is case0 since sugar is only made from sucrose0 it is considered a pure compound '!e salt is also only made from sodium and c!lorine0 (!ic! are t(o elements t!at ma,e up a pure compound and not a su"stance c$ 3o( (ould using a mixture as opposed to a pure compound !ave impacted on t!e relia"ility of your results4

5f instead of using a pure compound0 (e !ad used a mixture0 t!en t!is (ould signify t!at ot!er factors (ould c!ange "y reacting (it! (ater0 (!ic! could very li,ely affect t!e relia"ility of my results Since mixtures aren6t c!emically com"ined0 (ater could easily separate t!eir "ond0 (!ic! (ould c!ange t!e reaction significantly0 and "e inaccurate on t!e properties t!at eac! ionic and covalent "onds originally !ad + 1re t!ere any aspects of your procedure t!at may !ave impacted t!e relia"ility of your results4 5f present !o( mig!t t!ey "e corrected in t!e future4 <ne aspect of our procedure t!at may !ave impacted t!e relia"ility of our results could "e t!e fact t!at (!en (e (ere o"serving t!e melting points0 t!e sugar got out of our sig!t for a couple seconds0 and (!en (e turned around0 it (as already "eginning to melt and "oil ;e immediately measured t!e temperature0 "ut may"e it (asn6t t!e exact melting point 1fter (e compared results (it! ot!er groups to ma,e sure (e !adn6t made any mista,es0 t!e results for melting point (ere pretty close0 so apparently it didn6t affect t!e relia"ility too muc! '!is error can "e corrected next time "y 7ust ,eeping your eye on t!e su"stance t!e entire time Somet!ing else t!at came up (as t!at t!e amounts of eac! compound t!at (e tested for t!e properties (eren6t exactly t!e same '!ey (eren6t too accurately measured "ecause since t!e amounts (ere so small0 (e didn6t find it necessary0 and t!is mig!t !ave affected our results a "it0 "ut not too muc! "ecause once again0 (e compared results (it! ot!ers and t!ey (ere pretty similar '!is pro"lem could "e avoided in t!e future "y 7ust using measurements for accuracy Conclusion %uestions: - a$ @ist t!e name of t!e compound you "roug!t from !ome for testing '!e t(o c!emical compounds 5 "roug!t from !ome for testing (ere sugar and salt Sugar is a covalent compound (!ile salt is ionic "$ ;!at is t!e c!emical formula of t!is compound4 '!e c!emical formula for salt is NaCl0 and t!e one for sugar #sucrose$ is C)+3++<)) c$ Asing data from your investigative (or, and t!e researc! outlined in t!e ta"le a"ove identify t!e compound "roug!t from !ome as ionic or covalent Bxplain your reasoning using scientific voca"ulary Ceference any sources appropriately <ne of t!e common !ouse!old o"7ects 5 "roug!t (as salt0 (!ic! is an ionic compound 5 ,no( t!is "ecause t!e salt is !eld toget!er "y an ionic "ond t!at is made up of sodium #NaD$ and c!loride #Cl9$0 since one is positive and t!e ot!er is negative0 and opposites attract0 t!is ma,es an ionic "ond '!e actual

meaning of an ionic compound is t!e attraction "et(een positive and negative ions 5 didn6t 7ust identify t!at salt (as ionic "ecause of its atomic structure0 "ut also "ecause of its properties By researc!ing 5 found out t!at ionic "onds !ave a very !ig! melting point0 an appearance of a crystalline solid0 t!ey tend to "e very solu"le0 and !ave a !ig! conductivity 1fter performing t!e la"0 all of t!ese properties (ere present (!en testing t!e salt0 (!ic! means t!at salt0 is an ionic compound '!e ot!er common !ouse!old o"7ect 5 "roug!t (as sugar0 (!ic! is a covalent compound t!is time 5 ,no( t!is "ecause "y o"serving t!e formula0 you can see t!at it is made up of only nonmetals0 and a covalent compound is solely made from nonmetals0 (!ic! is (!at sugar is Eust li,e ionic "onds0 covalent "onds can "e identified not only "y t!eir atomic structure0 "ut "y t!eir properties0 (!ic! are t!e follo(ing 1 covalent compound !as a lo( melting point0 its appearance is a defined s!ape usually0 and it is made of molecules0 t!ey aren6t very solu"le0 and t!eir conductivity is very lo( ;!en testing sugar0 t!e su"stance met all of t!ese properties0 (!ic! proved my point correctly0 t!at sugar is a covalent compound Sources: !ttp://en (i,ipedia org/(i,i/5onic_compound !ttp://en (i,ipedia org/(i,i/Covalent_compound !ttp://!yperp!ysics p!y9astr gsu edu/!"ase/c!emical/"ond+ !tml !ttp://c!emistry a"out com/od/c!emistrystudentfaqs/f/"ondtypes !tm !ttp://((( c!em purdue edu/gc!elp/atoms/elements !tml !ttp://((( diffen com/difference/Covalent_Bonds_vs_5onic_Bonds