VELOCITY CONVERSION LENGTH/DISTANCE CONVERSION

CONVERSION TABLE USE

Find the units you have in the left column. Look across the table to find the units you wish to convert to. The value that is contained in that row and column is the multiplier that converts from the units you have to the units you want.

VELOCITY CONVERSION TABLE

Velocity Unit Value ft/s m/s knots kph mph furlongs per fortnight feet per second (ft/s) 1 3.28084 1.687810 0.911344 1.466667 5.45635e-4 meters per second (m/s) 0.304800 1 0.514444 0.277778 0.447040 1.663095e-4 knots 0.592484 1.943844 1 0.539957 0.868976 3.23280e-4 kilometer per hour (kph) 1.097280 3.60000 1.852000 1 1.609344 5.98714e-4 miles per hour (mph) 0.681818 2.23694 1.150779 0.621371 1 3.72024e-4

LENGTH / DISTANCE CONVERSION TABLE

Distance Unit feet inches yards miles centimeters meters kilometers nautical miles rods furlongs fathoms feet (ft) 1 0.0833333 3 5280 0.0328084 3.28084 3280.84 6076.12 16.5 660 6 inches (in) 12 1 36 63360.0 0.393701 39.3701 39370.1 72913.4 198 7920 72 yards 0.333333 0.0277778 1 1760.000 0.01093613 1.093613 1093.613 2025.37 5.5 220 2 miles 1.893939e-4 1.578283e-5 5.68182e-4 1 6.21371e-6 6.21371e-4 0.621371 1.150779 0.00312500 0.1250000 0.001136364 centimeters (cm) 30.4800 2.54000 91.4400 160934.4 1 100 100000 185200.0 502.920 20116.8 182.8800 meters (m) 0.304800 0.025400 0.914400 1609.344 0.01 1 1000 1852.000 5.02920 201.168 1.828800 kilometers 3.04800e-4 2.54000e-5 9.14400e-4 1.609344 10e-6 0.001 1 1.852000 0.00502920 0.201168 0.0018288 nautical miles 1.645788e-4 1.371490e-5 4.93737e-4 0.868976 5.39957e-6 5.39957e-4 0.539957 1 0.00271555 0.1086220 9.87473e-4

1 foot (ft.) = 12 inches (in.) 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1000 millimeters (mm)

1 inch (in.) = 2.54 centimeters (cm) exactly 1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)

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Pressure Unit Value

mm mercury (0C) (torr) 1.3332 33.864 1 68.948 0.47880 0.98067 2.4864 2.4884 29.882 2.4908 0.97777 0.97891 0.98064 1013.250 1 bar = 1000 millibars 14.69595 2116.22 1033.227 407.51 0.014223 2.0481 0.99997 0.39440 0.014198 2.0445 0.99821 0.39370 0.39338 0.39408 407.18 0.014181 2.0421 0.99705 0.39324 0.39293 0.032721 0.032759 0.032817 33.909 0.036126 5.2022 2.5399 1.0018 1.0010 0.083356 1 0.39255 0.39301 0.39370 406.79 0.43340 62.409 30.471 12.018 12.008 1 11.997 0.036092 5.1972 2.5375 1.0008 1 0.083276 0.99904 2.5450 30.561 2.5475 1 1.0012 1.0029 1036.29 0.036063 5.1930 2.5354 1 0.99919 0.083209 0.99823 2.5430 0.014223 2.0482 1 0.39441 0.39409 0.032818 0.39371 1.0030 1.0018 2.5400 2.5421 30.526 2.5445 0.99884 1 1.0018 1035.08 0.0069444 1 0.48824 0.19257 0.19241 0.016023 0.19223 0.48969 0.48912 1 144 70.307 27.730 27.707 2.3073 27.681 70.515 70.433 70.309 0.48826 1.0000 2.5355 2.5376 30.472 2.5400 0.99707 0.99823 1 1033.26 0.014504 2.0885 1.0197 0.40218 0.40186 0.033465 0.40147 1.0227 1.0215 1.0197 0.49115 70.726 34.532 13.620 13.609 1.1333 13.595 34.634 34.594 34.532 0.019337 2.7845 1.3595 0.53620 0.53577 0.044617 0.53525 1.3635 1.3620 1.3595 0.00131579 0.033421 0.00098692 0.068046 0.00047254 0.00096784 0.0024539 0.0024559 0.029491 0.0024582 0.00096498 0.00096611 0.00096781 1 NOTE: Conversions are based on the Standard Acceleration of Gravity or Standard normal gravity which is 9.80665 m/s2 = 32.1740 ft/s2 Example: PSI to Feet To convert 22 PSI into feet of water at 50F, nd the row that is labeled lb per sq in. Look across to the column labeled ft water (50F). The number at that intersection is 2.3073. Multiply by 2.3073 to convert to ft of water. 22 PSI * 2.3073 = 50.760 ft. Therefore 22 PSI is the same as 50.761 ft of water at (50F)

in. mercury millibars lb per sq (0C) (320 F) (mB) (hPa) in. (psi)

lb per sq ft (psf)

grams/ sq cm

in. water in. water (680 F) (600 F) (200 C)

ft. water (500 F) (100 C)

in. water (40 C) (39.20 F)

cm. water (250 C) (770 F)

cm. water (200 C) (680 F)

cm water (40 C) (39.20 F)

atmosphere

mm Hg (0 C)

0.039370

in. Hg (0 C)

25.400

millibars

0.75006

0.029530

lb per sq in. 51.715

2.0360

lb per sq ft

0.35913

0.014139

grams / sq cm

0.73556

0.028959

in water (68 F)

1.8650

0.073424

in water (60 F)

1.8665

0.073483

ft water (50 F)

22.413

0.88241

PRESSURE CONVERSION TABLE

21300 RIDGETOP CIRCLE (703)406-2800 1 kg per sq cm = 1000 grams

in water (4 C)

1.8683

0.073554

cm water (25 C)

0.73339

0.028874

cm water (20 C)

0.73424

0.028907

cm water (4 C)

0.73554

0.028958

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atmosphere 760

29.9213

1 millibar = 1000 dynes per sq cm

1 gram per sq meter = 0.0001 gram per sq cm 1 millibar = 100 pascals = 1 hectopascal (hPa) 1 kg per sq meter = 0.1 gram per sq cm 1 mm Hg = 1000 microns

1 centibar = 10 millibars = 1 kPa (kilopascal) per sq cm

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1 inch = 2.54 centimeters

NOTE: All conversions related to the height of a column of liquid are specied at a specic temperature. This is because the density of the uid changes with temperature.

FLOW, VOLUME & MASS CONVERSION TABLES

FLOW CONVERSION TABLE
Liters per second (l/s) l/s l/m l/hr CFS CFM GPS GPM MGD 1 0.01666667 2.77778e-4 28.3161 0.471934 3.78531 0.0630884 43.8114 Liters per minute (l/m) 60.0000 1 0.01666667 1698.963 28.3161 227.118 3.78531 2628.68 Liters per hour (l/hr) 3600.00 60.0000 1 101937.8 1698.963 13627.10 227.118 157721.1 Cubic feet per second (CFS) 0.0353157 5.88594e-4 9.80990e-6 1 0.01666667 0.1336806 0.00222801 1.547229 Cubic feet per minute (CFM) 2.11894 0.0353157 5.88594e-4 60.0000 1 8.02083 0.1336806 92.8337 Gallons (US) per second (GPS) 0.264179 0.00440299 7.33832e-5 7.48052 0.1246753 1 0.01666667 11.57407 Gallons (US) per minute (GPM) 15.85077 0.264179 0.00440299 448.831 7.48052 60.0000 1 694.444 Million gallons (US) per day (MGD) 0.0228251 3.80418e-4 6.34031e-6 0.646317 0.01077195 0.0864000 0.001440000 1

VOLUME CONVERSION TABLE

Liter Liter cc cu meters Gal.(US) cu in. cu ft. Acre ft CFSD 1 9.99972e-4 999.972 3.78531 0.01638661 28.3161 1.233447e6 2.44651e6 Cubic cm (cc) 1000.028 1 1e6 3785.41 16.38706 28316.8 1.233482e9 2.44658e9 Cubic meters 0.001000028 1e-6 1 0.00378541 1.638706e-5 0.0283168 1233.482 2446.58 Gallons (US) 0.264179 2.64172e-4 264.172 1 0.00432900 7.48052 325851 646317 Cubic in. (cu in). 61.0255 0.0610237 61023.7 1 1728 7.52717e7 1.492992e8 Cubic ft. (cu ft) 0.0353157 3.53147e-5 35.3147 5.78704e-4 1 43560.0 86400 Acre ft 8.10736e-7 8.10713e-10 8.10713e-4 1.547229e-6 1.328521e-8 2.29568e-5 1 1.983471 6.69796e-9 1.157407e-5 0.504167 1 Cu ft per sec day (CFSD) 4.08746e-7 4.08735e-10 4.08735e-4

2310.1336806 3.06888e-6

MASS CONVERSION TABLE (WEIGHT)

Kilogram (kg) kilograms (kg) grams (g) pounds (lb) ounces (oz) 1 0.001 0.453592 0.0283495 Grams (g) 1000 1 453.592 28.3495 Pounds (lb) 2.20462 0.00220462 1 0.0625000 Ounce (oz) 35.2740 0.0352740 16 1

EXAMPLE
To convert pounds into ounces, nd the row that is labeled lb. Look across to the column labeled ounce. The number at that intersection is 16. Multiply pounds by 16 to convert to ounces. 22 * 16 = 352 Therefore 22 pounds is the same as 352 ounces.

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RADIANT EXPOSURE, IRRADIANCE & TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

RADIANT EXPOSURE CONVERSION TABLE
J m-2 J m-2 Wh m-2 cal cm-2 kcal m-2 BTU ft-2 langley erg cm-2 1 3600 4.187e4 4187 1.1351e4 4.187e4 0.001 Wh m-2 2.778e-4 1 11.630 1.1630 3.153 11.630 2.778e-7 cal cm-2 2.388e-5 0.08598 1 0.1 0.2711 1 2.388e-8 kcal m-2 2.388e-4 0.8598 10 1 2.711 10 2.388e-7 BTU ft-2 8.810e-5 0.3172 3.688 0.3688 1 3.688 8.810e-8 langley 2.388e-5 0.08598 1 0.1 0.2711 1 2.388e-8 erg cm-2 1000 3.600e6 4.187e7 4.187e6 1.1351e7 4.187e7 1

1 langley = 1 cal cm--2

IRRADIANCE CONVERSION TABLE

W m-2 W m-2 mW cm-2 kW m-2 cal cm-2 min-1 BTU ft-2 h-1 erg cm-2 s-1 W cm-2 1 10 1000 697.8 3.153 0.001 0.01 mW cm-2 0.1 1 100 69.78 0.3153 1e-4 0.001 kW m-2 0.001 0.01 1 0.6978 0.003153 1e-6 1e-5 cal cm-2 min-1 0.0014331 0.014331 1.4331 1 0.004519 1.4331e-6 1.4331e-5 BTU ft-2 h-1 0.3172 3.172 317.2 221.3 1 3.172e-4 0.003172 erg cm-2 s-1 1000 1e4 1e6 6.978e5 3153 1 10 W cm-2 100 1000 1e5 6.978e4 315.3 0.1 1

1 cal cm-2 min-1 = 1 langley min-1

1 W m-2 = 1 J s-1 m-2

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE

C = (F - 32) / 1.8 C = K - 273.15 K = C + 273.15 F = (C * 1.8) + 32 F = R - 459.67 R = F + 459.67

CONVERSION TABLE USE

Find the units you have in the left column. Look across the table to nd the units you wish to convert to. The value that is contained in that row and column is the multiplier that converts from the units you have to the units you want.

Example
To convert 60 degrees C to degrees F, multiply by 1.8 and add 32. (60C * 1.8) + 32 = 140F

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UPLINK EIRP TELEPHONE SIGNAL EQUATIONS

UPLINK EIRP
One of the more important rules for communicating with satellites is to use the proper power (Effective Isotropically Radiated Power or EIRP) when transmitting to the satellite. Uplink EIRP is a combination of power transmitted by a transmitter and gain added to the transmitter by an antenna minus any cable losses. Uplink EIRP is referenced after the antenna contribution before any free space loss is encountered. First, a quick review of a decibel is in order. Decibel (as referenced to 50 ohm systems for satellite transmitters) A decibel (as applied to system gain or loss) is defined by the equation: Pout dB = 10 * Log10 ( Pin ) (Pin and Pout represent the power into and out of a system.) A dBm is a decibel relative to a milliWatt. It is dened by the decibel equation with Pin set at 1*10-3 (1 milliwatt) or ..... Pout dB = 10 * Log10 ( 1 * 10-3 ) The dBm equation is used to convert a power in watts to dBm as shown in the following chart: To calculate the EIRP of a system, use the following equation: (This is considered the uplink EIRP and is not necessarily the power received by the satellite.) EIRP(dBm) = Transmit Power(dBm) + Antenna Gain(dB) - Cable Loss(dB) - Connector Loss(dB) EXAMPLE: A transmitter outputs 8.5 watts with an 11 dB gain antenna, cable loss is 1.2 dB, and connector losses are 0.25 dB. Assume that the antenna is directly pointed at the satellite. The uplink EIRP is : EIRP = 39.29 dBm + 11.0 dB - 1.2 dB - .25 dB = 48.84 dBm EIRP WARNING: NESDIS requires that under all service conditions, with any platform directed to the GOES series satellite that the uplink EIRP never exceed +50 dBm.

THE DECIBEL AS APPLIED TO 600 OHM APPLICATIONS

Telephone, private line or twisted pair applications, are standardized on 600 Ohm impedance. Telephone companies supply line signal level information typically in terms of dB and dBrnc and the customer may at times have the need to measure the level of the signals in or out of his modem with a voltmeter or oscilloscope. The following equation from above is: Power dB = 10 * Log10 { 1 * 10-3 } Using the following substitution: Power = { Then: Vrms2 R

Power Output in Watts Power Output in dBm 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 8.50 9.00 10.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 20.00 25.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 33.01 34.77 36.02 36.99 37.78 38.45 39.03 39.29 39.54 40.00 40.79 41.76 42.55 43.01 43.98

}=

(Vp * .707)2 600

dBm = 10 * Log10{ And, nally, since Vp = then: Vp/p 2

(Vp * .707)2 600 1 * 10-3

}=

(Vp * .707)2 .6

dB = 10 * Log101

* .707) { (Vp 2.4 }

2

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LINE OF SIGHT (LOS) RADIO LINKS

Extremely powerful transmitters may be rendered useless if the type of antenna chosen, height of antenna from ground, or path loss considerations are not taken into consideration. Due to the many variables within the early design of a system, the best approach is to perform a link analysis determining the overall margin of the link, and from this, decide where the cost effective tradeoffs may be made. Atten (decibels) = 36.6 + 20 * log F(MHz) + 20 Log D(miles) 4. Calculate the path margin using the following equation: Link Margin = [Transmitter Power] + [Transmit Antenna Gain] + [Receive Antenna Gain] - [Cable Loss at Transmitter] [Cable Loss at Receiver] - [Attenuation Loss] - [Fading Margin] [Receiver Sensitivity] Example: Using the following typical equipment specications coupled with the desired reliability of 99.9% over a 10 mile path: Radio Transmit Power (174MHz) 4 Watts (+36 dBm) Radio with Receiver Sensitivity -105 dBm Transmit Antenna Gain +7 dB Receive Antenna Gain +3 dB Tx Cable Loss (RG-8) .5 dB Rx Cable Loss (RG-8) 1.2 dB Attenuation over 10 Miles (above) 110.95 dB Desired Data Reliability 99.9% (Fading Margin = 30 dB) Link Margin = 36 + 7 + 3 - .5 - 1.2 - 110.95 - 30 - (-105) Link Margin = 8.35 dB

FINAL COMMENTS
1.

2.

Always use the lowest loss cable possible (or within budget) for antenna cables. Typically, remote sites have short cable lengths but base stations most often have over 100 feet of cable between the transceiver and antenna. In this common application, standard RG-8 cable is suitable for the remote antenna cables but the base station may benet from use of a low loss rigid antenna cable for the long distance between the antenna and the transmitter. Quite often, 3 dB of loss may be recovered through the use of low loss cable instead of increasing the transmitter output power by a factor of two. The above link analysis is calculated on the basis of a clear Line of Sight path meeting the above nomogram requirements. If dense foliage, trees, buildings, or other obstructions are between the transmitter and the receiver, then much more margin will be required to compensate for the poor weather conditions.

1.

2.

3.

Use the nomogram to determine the attenuation in decibels or use the equation: Atten (decibels) = 36.6 + 20 * F(MHz) + 20 Log D(miles) Example: A 30 mile radio line of sight distance at 174 MHz will equate to Atten = 36.6 + 20 * log(174) + 20 Log(30) = 110.95 dB Next, verify that the distance in miles between the transmit and the receive antennas is acceptable, given the installed height of the antenna on a tower at each end. This will conrm that the curvature of the earth will not interfere with the radio wave propagation. Each sight under consideration needs to be investigated for obstructions between the transmitting antenna and the receive antenna. For example, mountains, major buildings, heavy wooded forests, etc. all may have a substantial impact to the quality of the link especially when rain, ice, and snow are covering the above obstructions. Use the following nomogram to verify antenna height or distance in miles between stations. Determine the level of reliability desired within a communication link in terms of percent reliability and read the corresponding value of fading/multipath losses: Percent Reliability (%) 90 99 99.9 99.99 10 20 30 40 21300 RIDGETOP CIRCLE (703)406-2800 STERLING, VA 20166 (703)406-2801 FAX WWW.SUTRON.COM [email protected] Fading Margin (dB)

ASCII CHART
Key Stroke ^@ ^A ^B ^C ^D ^E ^F ^G ^H ^I ^J ^K ^L ^M ^N ^O ^P ^Q ^R ^S ^T ^U ^V ^W ^X ^Y ^Z ^[ ^\ ^] ^^ ^_ Space ! # $ % & ( ) * ASCII NULL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BELL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DLE DC1/Xon DC2 DC3/Xoff DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM EOF/SUB ESC FS GS RS US SPACE ! # $ % & ( ) * DEC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 HEX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 52 Key Stroke + , (comma) . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U ASCII + , . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U DEC 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 HEX 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 Octal 53 54 55 56 57 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 120 121 122 123 124 125 Key Stroke V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ Delete ASCII V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL DEC 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 HEX 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F Octal 126 127 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177

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POWER BUDGET, BATTERY LIFE, SOLAR PANEL SIZE

POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
POWER BUDGET CALCULATION NOTE Remember this equation: POWER = CURRENT * VOLTAGE Keep the units uniform. If current is in milliamps, then power is in milliwatts.
The power budget is an analysis of how much power a data collection site requires. Analysis is required to determine how long a data recorder or Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU) will operate from the battery without recharging and what size solar panel (or charging source) should be used. The Model 8200A Data Recorder is used in the following example. The 8200As power requirements vary with the task it is performing. A power budget is determined by calculating how much time the 8200A spends in each of its tasks and how much power is used. The following list shows the power used by the 8200A in some typical tasks. Please note power consumption is approximate: Quiescent (basic model): 0.25 mA Transmitting GOES: 3500 mA Quiescent GOES: 10 mA Transmitting LOS: 2500 mA Quiescent LOS: 30 mA Telephone OFF HOOK: 50 mA Measuring: 5-30 mA To determine the power needed by a site, sum the power required by each of the tasks, taking into account the relative % of time dedicated to each task. A convenient way to do this is to make a table (or spreadsheet) listing each of the tasks, current consumption, and times. Example: GOES 8200A collecting data every 15 minutes and transmitting once every 4 hours.
TASK COLLECTING TRANSMITTING QUIESCENT CURRENT 30mA * PERCENT TIME 5 sec/900 sec = 45 sec/14400 sec = 100% (always) = AV. CURRENT 0.2mA 10.9mA 10mA 21.1 mA 253 milliwatts

NOTE - ADD IN THE POWER REQUIRED BY SENSORS. It is necessary to estimate the amount of time spent collecting and transmitting data, as well as the power required for collecting data. It is best to obtain these numbers using actual measurements of power consumption for an operating 8200A. Once a value for the average consumption is determined, record it and use it as a reference when troubleshooting a station. A site that shows a marked change in power consumption warrants a closer look. Once a stations average power usage is determined, two other important calculations should be made: BATTERY LIFE AND SOLAR PANEL SIZE

BATTERY LIFE
Battery life is computed in two steps. 1. Compute the theoretical battery life. To do this, divide the battery capacity by the average power required by the 8200A, as follows: THEORETICAL BATTERY LIFE Battery Capacity / 8200 Average Current Example: Compute the theoretical battery life for a 24 amp-hr battery powering an 8200A with average power consumption of 50 mA. THEORETICAL BATTERY LIFE 24000mA-hr/50mA = 480 hrs 2. Compute the actual battery life. Since it is not possible to use 100% of any battery the actual life will be less. We recommend planning on using 75% of the capacity of a battery. This reduces the theoretical life by 25%. In our example, the 480 hrs duration would become 480 * 0.75 = 360 hours.

SOLAR PANEL SIZE

The size of the solar panel needed for the site depends on both the average power needed and the location of the site. Generally, use a panel that provides at least 10 times the average power needed. Example: Size a solar panel for a site with average current of 50 mA POWER NEEDED 10 * (current * voltage) = 10 * (50mA * 12 volts) = 6000 mWatts ( 6 Watts) The minimum size panel should have an output of at least 6 Watts. A standard 9-Watt panel will work great for this example site. Note that the internal charger in the 8200A has a maximum output of 0.75 amps or 9 Watts. If a panel larger than 9 watts is used with the 8200A an external regulator is required. The 8210 can accommodate panels up to 20 Watts. Sutron offers a Microsoft Excel Power Budget Spreadsheet that computes power consumption, 15 day reserve, and required solar panel size. Contact Customer Service for a copy. (703)406-2800.

(5 sec to collect data every 15 minutes) 2500mA * 10mA * (45 second transmission every 4 hours) TOTAL AVERAGE CURRENT = TOTAL AVERAGE POWER (current * 12VDC) =

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ANTENNA POINTING GUIDE TELEPHONE DEFINITIONS

TELEPHONE DEFINITIONS
dBm (600 OHM) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -50 Volts Peak-toPeak 6.93 6.18 5.50 4.91 4.37 3.90 3.47 3.10 2.76 2.46 2.19 1.95 1.74 1.55 1.38 1.23 1.10 0.98 0.87 0.78 0.69 0.62 0.55 0.49 0.44 0.39 0.35 0.22 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.01

ANTENNA POINTING GUIDE*

This guide determines the required azimuth and elevation angles to point an antenna at a geostationary satellite. It applies to uplink DCP antennas and receive site (DRGS) parabolic antennas. The following are needed: Latitude of Site Longitude of Site Equatorial Longitude of the Satellite (contact Satellite Agency for this value) 1. Subtract the site longitude from the satellite longitude to determine the relative ground longitude. If the result is negative, the site is West of the satellite. Remember this for step 3. Example: The satellite is positioned at 135 deg. longitude, and a site is located at 77 deg. longitude, 39 deg. latitude, then 135 - 77 = 58 degrees relative longitude. 2. Look at the nomogram above and nd the position that corresponds to the relative longitude and the site latitude. From this intersection, read the A curves for azimuth and read the e curves for elevation. Example: Find the point on the nomogram that corresponds to 58 degrees relative longitude (computed in step 1) and 39 degrees latitude. The values for the elevation and azimuth are: e = 16 deg A = 68 deg 3. Identify what quadrant the site is located in relative to the satellite and use the chart to adjust the Azimuth. Earth Quadrant True Azimuth Relative to Satellite Az NW 180 - A NE 180 + A SW A SE 360 - A The site is in the NE of the satellite because the latitude is North and the site is East of the satellite. Therefore, add 180 degrees to the A number to obtain the nal azimuth from true North. The nal values are: e = 16 deg Az = 248 deg If you use a compass for pointing the antenna, take into account the local site magnetic variation from true north. This value will vary by location of the site. Be careful when using a compass near metal structures or objects as the readings may be inaccurate causing poor antenna pointing.
*Reference : Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer, and Communications Seventh Edition; Edward C. Jordan, Editor in Chief, Howard W. Sams & Co. 1986.

0 dBm = 90 dBrn dBm = dBrn - 90 dBrn = dBm + 90 Reference Noise = 1 picowatt = - 90 dBm. Decibels above reference noise= dBrn Decibels above reference noise in a Cmessage weighting lter = dBrnc (tone 1000Hz at 0 dBm or 90 dBrn). Picowatts of noise psophometrically weighted (pWp) dBmp (tone 800 Hz at -90 dBm) dBmp = dBrnc - 90

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