DR.

AHMED ADEL
DR. AMR OSMAN HABIB
DR. MAHMOUD SALAH

o matter why you are taking general
chemistry, this course is designed to meet
the following objectives:

Introduce you to the language that

chemists use to describe the world around us-a
language that has been adopted by professionals
in such diverse fields as political science and
astronomy.
 Introduce you to concepts
and skills those are needed in
later courses in your major.
Help you improve problem-
solving skills that can be
transferred to your profession or to
life in general.
1 Introduction to Qualitative
Analysis
2 Acidic Radical (Groups
1,2, and 3 ions)
3 Basic Radicals (Groups
1,2, and 3 ions)
4 Basic Radicals (Groups
4,5, and 6 ions)
5 Identification of Complete
Salt
6 Revision for Identification of
Complete Salt
7 Introduction to Quantitative
Analysis
8 Acid-Base Titration
9 Total Alkalinity By Ph.Ph. &
M.O.
10 Total Alkalinity By
Bromocresol
11 Total Hardness
12 Oxidation Reduction Reactions
13 Precipitation Reactions
14 Petroleum Experiments 1
15 Petroleum Experiments 2
Ø Develop basic Chemistry lab skills,
and acquire a thorough training on
experimental techniques, in both
qualitative and quantitative chemical
determinations.
Ø Stress the quantitative aspects of the
Chemistry lab. Master the techniques of
basic chemical measurements.

Learn how to assess the precision of a

measurement, and thus report a given
measurement to the right degree of
precision.
Ø Learn how to establish the link
between theory and experiment. Study
basic calculation techniques for the
treatment of chemical data, and learn
how to draw conclusions and report final
results.
 Pipet filler
There are several
Pipette styles of fillers used to
For exact volume draw liquids into a
measurements of pipet.
liquids . Never draw a liquid into
a pipet with your
mouth .

Filter flask
Used in conjunction
Erlenmeyer flask
with a vacuum
Used to contain
connection to a
reaction solutions .
water faucet to
speed up filtration .
 Test Tube

Test tube holder

To hold test tubes
while heating .

Beaker
Used to contain chemical
reactions

Filter funnel
When lined with filter paper,
used to filter suspended solids from a liquid .
 ·

Ø Safety:
Please read carefully the safety
regulations and emergency
procedures, set by the instructor.
Ø Discipline:
It should be strict and rigorous. The
lab is a serious work place and could
be dangerous if not properly used.
Misbehavior will reflect automatically
on your evaluation.
Ø Absences:
Students are expected to attend all
laboratory sessions and perform all
experiments. Under very special
circumstances, a make-up experiment could
be permitted. Students who miss more than
one lab session should automatically
withdraw from the course.
Your final grade will be
determined from a weighted
average of the following
evaluation tools using the same
grading scale as in the lecture.
80% laboratory report and Lab
Exam.
10% quizzes (will be announce
one week in advance).
10% subjective evaluation of
your performance and
Participation
1. Pre-Laboratory Assignments are to be
completed before coming to the
laboratory.
2. Record data directly on the laboratory
data sheets in ink. Data is not to be
recorded on scratch paper. A single line
should be drawn through an erroneous
entry and the corrected number entered
above.
3. Reagent bottles are not to be taken to
your desk.

4. Do not take more reagent than required;

reagents are often very expensive and
disposal is also costly as well as
wasteful.
5. Never return excess liquid or solid reagents
to the reagent bottles. Share them or
dispose of them as directed by your
instructor. Certain chemicals must be
disposed of in designated containers.
Others may be flushed down the drain with
water, when so instructed.
6. Your work area as well as the areas around
the balances and reagent bottles should be
kept clean at all times. Spills should be
cleaned up immediately and reported to the
instructor.
7. Avoid contamination of reagent bottles;
do not interchange stoppers or droppers
from different bottles; use clean, dry
spatulas.

8. Distilled water should be used in

experiments unless otherwise
instructed.
9. Do not lock community or shared
equipment in your desk. It should
be cleaned and returned back when
the experiment is completed.
10. Before leaving, the student should
be certain that his/her work area is
clean, water and gas have been
turned off,
 Chemical Analysis

Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis

 Qualitative Analysis

It’s a series of chemical reactions

which carried out for the different
types of chemical compounds to
determine the main components of
the compound
 Qualitative Analysis

Analysis of Analysis of
organic inorganic
compounds compounds
 Analysis of
organic
compounds

To investigate the characteristic

functional groups such as (COOH),
(OH-), (NH2), and so on.
 Analysis of
inorganic
compounds

To identify the anions and cations

from which the inorganic salt
consists.
 Quantitative Analysis

Concerned with the methods by

which we can evaluate the
percentages of each element or
ion in the compound by weight
or by volume.
 Quantitative Analysis

Gravimetric Volumetric
analysis analysis
 Gravimetric
analysis

In which the required element or ion

can be precipitated as sparingly
soluble compound which can be
separated by filtration, then dried and
wieghted.
 Volumetric
analysis

Serves in determination of the quantity of

effective material present in the solution,
i.e. solution concentration.
That is achieved by reaction of solution of
unknown concentration with another
solution of known concentration (standard
solution)
In our course we will use the qualitative
analysis to identify the Simple Inorganic
Salts
Acid + Base Salt + Water

HCl +
aOH
aCl + H2O

HCl +
aOH

aOH
aCl

aCl + H2O

Acid

Base
Basic Radical

a + Cl-

Acidic Radical
 Acidic Radicals:

Acidic Radicals are grouped into three

groups depending on the reaction occurs
between the ion of the salt with a reagent
characteristic to this group.
(i.e.) Each group has its own reagent
which is characteristic for this group.
We have two types of tests
1- Principal Test:
Which is the test identifying the group, it
occurs on the Solid salt and we seek for
Effervescence or Gas Evolution.
2- Confirmatory Test:
Which is the test inside the group to confirm
the presence of the ions, it occurs on the salt
Solution and we seek for precipitation.

ote:
• First, we do Experiment

• Then, we see the Observation.

• Finally, we get the Results.

Group 1:

Solid Salt + dil HCl

Effervescence or Gas Evolution.

We have six acidic radicals in this groups

CO3-2 Carbonate
HCO3-1 Bicarbonate
S-2 Sulphide
SO3-2 Sulphite

S2O3-2 Thiosulphate

O3-1
itrite
 Observation Result
1. Effervesces with evolution CO2 from carbonate
of colourless gas. or bicarbonates
2. Colourless gas characteristic H2S from sulphide.
by odour of rotten eggs.
3. Colourless gas which has SO2 from sulphite.
suffocating odour.
4. The same gas as in 3 and SO2 from
colloidal sulpher is deposited thiosulphste
with yellow ppt.
5. Reddish brown fumes.
O2 from nitrite.

ote that,
After we know the ion from the
principle test, we must do the
confirmatory test for this ion.
Confirmatory Test of Sulphide
• Salt Soln + Ag
O3 gives Black ppt.
• Salt Soln + (CH3COO)2Pb gives Black ppt.

Confirmatory Test of Sulphite

• Salt Soln + Ag
O3 gives White ppt.
• Salt Soln + (CH3COO)2Pb givesWhite ppt.
Confirmatory Test of Thiosulphate
• Salt Soln + Ag
O3 gives white ppt
turns to Black ppt.
• Salt Soln + (CH3COO)2Pb gives
white ppt which turns Black ppt on
boiling.
Confirmatory Test of
itrite
• Salt Soln + Ag
O3 gives white ppt.
 To differentiate between
Carbonates and Bicarbonates

All HCO3-1 are soluble in water

whereas all CO3-2 are insoluble in
water except (ammonium, Sodium
and Potassium) carbonates
 HCO3-1 or CO3-2 (
H4+,
a+, K+)

Solid + Water

CO3-2
 White ppt CO3-2

Soln + MgSO4

o ppt HCO3-1

ame: Section:
Bench
umber: Program: Date: /10/2009

A) Physical Properties:
Solubility: Crystallinity: Colour:
B) Chemical Properties:

Experiment Observation Result

1) Solid + Dil.HCL

2) Solid + Conc.H2SO4

3) Soln. + BaCL2

4) Soln. + Ag
O3

5) Soln. +......

6) Soln. +......

The Acidic Radical is ( )

•Internet Project about the
identification of the three groups
of Acidic Radical.
• The project can be delivered
using word or powerpoint.
Thanks for your
Attention