Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Introduction - Suitable for implementation over a serial WAN switched connection.

- Can handle both synchronous and asynchronous communication. - Includes error detection & authentication process using either CHA or A . - Can be used on various media types! i.e. twisted pair! fiber optic lines! and satellite transmission. Serial Communication - WAN technologies are based on serial transmission at the physical layer. - "its of a frame are transmitted one at a time over the physical medium. - "its from the #ayer $ frame are signaled one at a time by physical layer processes onto the physical medium. - %he signaling methods & hysical #ayer 'ncoding Standards ( include Non )eturn to *ero #evel &N)*+#(! High ,ensity "inary - &H,"-( and Alternative .ar/ Inversion &A.I(. .anchester encoding is used for 'thernet. - Some serial communications standards are )S+$-$+'! 0.-1! High Speed Serial Interface &HSSI( etc. Time-division multiplexing (TDM) - %he transmission of several sources of information using one common channel. - )econstruction of the original streams at the remote end. - In %,.! the output timeslot is always present whether or not the %,. input has any information to transmit. - %,. is a physical layer concept. - Iit has no regard for the nature of the information that is being multiple2ed onto the output channel. - %,. is independent of the #ayer $ protocol that has been used by the input channels. - 3ne %,. e2ample is Integrated Services ,igital Networ/ &IS,N(. IS,N basic rate &")I( has three channels consisting of two 45 /bps "+channels &"6 and "$(! and a 64 /bps ,+channel. %he %,. has nine timeslots! which are repeated. Demarcation point, or demarc - %he point in the networ/ where the responsibility of the service provider ends. - In some cases the customer provides the active e7uipment such as the channel service unit8data service unit &CS98,S9( on which the local loop is terminated and in other the Service rovider provides. DTE & DCE - A serial connection has a data terminal e7uipment &,%'( device at one end of the connection and a data communications e7uipment &,C'( device at the other end. - %he connection between the two ,C's is the WAN service provider transmission networ/. - %he C '! which is generally a router! is the ,%'. - %he ,C'! commonly a modem or CS98,S9! is the device used to convert the user data from the ,%' into a form acceptable to the WAN service provider transmission lin/. %his signal is received at the remote ,C'! which decodes the signal bac/ into a se7uence of bits. %his se7uence is then signaled to the remote ,%'. - ,ifferent standards are there for ,%' : ,C' communication. - %he I%9+% refers to the ,C' as data circuit+terminating e7uipment. %he 'IA refers to the ,C' as data communication e7uipment. - %he ,%'8,C' interface for a particular standard defines the following specifications; < .echanical8physical + Number of pins and connector type < 'lectrical + ,efines voltage levels for = and 6 < >unctional + Specifies the functions that are performed by assigning meanings to each of the signaling lines in the interface
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< rocedural + Specifies the se7uence of events for transmitting data If two ,%'s must be connected together! li/e two computers or two routers in the lab! a special cable called a null+modem is necessary to eliminate the need for a ,C'. >or synchronous connections! where a cloc/ signal is needed! either an e2ternal device or one of the ,%'s must generate the cloc/ signal. %he synchronous serial port on a router can be configured as ,%' or ,C'. >or ,%' configured ports! e2ternal cloc/ing is re7uired from the CS98,S9 or other ,C' device. %he ,%' to ,C' connection cable is a shielded serial transition cable. %he router end of this cable is normally a ,"+4= connector and the other end depends on the CS98,S9 interface type. Cisco devices support the 'IA8%IA+$-$! 'IA8%IA+55?! 0.-1! @.$6! and 'IA8%IA+1-= serial standards. Cisco has introduced a Smart Serial cable. %he router interface end of the Smart Serial cable is a $4+ pin connector significantly more compact than the ,"+4= connector.

HD C Encapsulation - Initially! serial communications were based on character+oriented protocols. - "it+oriented protocols were more efficient but they were also proprietary. - In 6?A?! the IS3 agreed on H,#C as a standard bit+oriented data lin/ layer protocol that encapsulates data on synchronous serial data lin/s. - %he following e2amples of derivative protocols are called lin/ access protocols; #in/ Access rocedure! "alanced &LAPB( for @.$1 #in/ Access rocedure on the , channel &LAPD( for IS,N #in/ Access rocedure for .odems &LAPM( and for modems #in/ Access rocedure for >rame )elay &LAPF( for >rame )elay - H,#C uses synchronous serial transmission providing error+free communication between two points. - H,#C defines a #ayer $ framing structure that allows for flow control and error control using ac/nowledgments and a windowing scheme. 'ach frame has the same format! whether it is a data frame or a control frame. - Standard H,#C does not inherently support multiple protocols on a single lin/! as there is no type field. %he Cisco H,#C frame uses a proprietary BtypeB field that acts as a protocol field. %his field enables multiple networ/ layer protocols to share the same serial lin/. H,#C is the default #ayer $ protocol for Cisco router serial interfaces. H,#C defines the following three types of frames! each with a different control field format; - Information frames &I+frames( + Carry the data to be transmitted for the station. %here is additional flow and error control! and data may be piggybac/ed on an information frame. - Supervisory frames &S+frames( + rovide re7uest8response mechanisms when piggybac/ing is not used. - 9nnumbered frames &9+frames( + rovide supplemental lin/ control functions! such as connection setup. %he code field identifies the 9+frame type. Con!iguring HD C encapsulation - %he default encapsulation method used by Cisco devices on synchronous serial lines is Cisco H,#C. - It can be rechanged from other encapsulation methods by using the encapsulation hdlc command. - Cisco H,#C is a point+to+point protocol that can be used on leased lines between two Cisco devices. - >or communication with a non+Cisco device! synchronous is preferred. Trou"les#ooting a serial inter!ace - show interfaces serial command displays information specific to serial interfaces. - >or H,#C! C'ncapsulation H,#CC & for ! C'ncapsulation C is displayed . - >ive possible interface status line of the show interfaces serial display; Serial 2 is down! line protocol is down Serial 2 is up! line protocol is down Serial 2 is up! line protocol is up &looped( Serial 2 is up! line protocol is down &disabled(
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Serial 2 is administratively down! line protocol is down %he show controllers output indicates the state of the interface channels and whether a cable is attached to the interface. - If the electrical interface output is shown as 9NDN3WN! instead of 0.-1! 'IA8%IA+55?! or some other electrical interface type! an improperly connected cable is the li/ely problem.