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Small Perturbation Theory

1) The linearized compressible potential flow governing equation changes from elliptic to hyperbolic when the freestream Mach number (M∞) increases from below to above 1. Below M∞=1, it is the Laplace equation, above it is the wave equation. 2) For M∞>1, the linearized potential equation has a simple solution where the potential is constant along lines of η=x-λy, where λ=M∞-1. 3) For a flat plate at angle of attack in supersonic flow, the linearized theory can be used to calculate lift and drag coefficients in terms of the pressure coefficients determined from the boundary condition on the

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viviyanissac
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658 views

Small Perturbation Theory

1) The linearized compressible potential flow governing equation changes from elliptic to hyperbolic when the freestream Mach number (M∞) increases from below to above 1. Below M∞=1, it is the Laplace equation, above it is the wave equation. 2) For M∞>1, the linearized potential equation has a simple solution where the potential is constant along lines of η=x-λy, where λ=M∞-1. 3) For a flat plate at angle of attack in supersonic flow, the linearized theory can be used to calculate lift and drag coefficients in terms of the pressure coefficients determined from the boundary condition on the

Uploaded by

viviyanissac
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linearized Compressible Potential Flow Governing Equation Recall the 2-D full potential eqn is:

1 1 2 2 2 1 ( ) 1 ( ) x y xy = 0 + x xx y yy 2 2 a2 a a 1 2 Where a 2 = a o ( x ) 2 + ( y ) 2

As you saw, for small perturbations to a uniform flow, the linearized form of the equation was: = perturbation 2 =0 (1 M ) xx + yy potential Where v v u = u iv + u v v + v u = = u x xj yJ
= v y

perturbation velocity

This equation is valid for both M < 1 and M > 1 . Note, though, it is not correct for M 1 or for M large, say greater than about 2 or so. So what happens to the linearized potential equation for M > 1 : Subsonic Flow M < 1
2 1 M >0 Elliptic PDE (Laplaces eqn)

Supersonic M > 1
2 1 M <0 Hyperbolic PDE (wave eqn)

2 = 0 is much easier to solve when M > 1 . It also turns out that (1 M ) xx + yy


2 = M 1

Define

=0 2 xx yy

Then,

( x, y ) = ( ) where = x y
is a solution to the linearized potential. To see this:

Linearized Compressible Potential Flow Governing Equation

= = x x = = y y
Similarly, = xx

d d

= 2 2 2 xx yy ( ) is solution to linearized
potential!

= 0

= yy
2

is constant for lines described by = x y = const. For This means that example, consider an airfoil: = const.
M > 1 V

= x y = const
2 = M 1

dy = dx

1
2 M 1

will be determined by the boundary conditions on the So, the values of surface. Recall: v v u n = 0 on boundary v n For linearized flow, this b.c. reduces to: dy = V v
dx

Also, note that: = = u x = v = = u v y

V ) u=

on boundary

16.100 2002

Linearized Compressible Potential Flow Governing Equation

This is very useful because the linearized pressure coefficient is:


Cp = p p 2u = 1 V V 2 2

Cp =

2
2 M 1

on boundary!

C p > 0 for > 0 (i.e. a compression)

C p < 0 for < 0 (i.e. an expansion) Using linear potential theory, lets calculate the lift and drag coefficients for a flat plate at , M , C Ppu y

M > 1

C pl
Find Cl & Cd :

C pu = C pl =

2 u
2 M 1

= 2 M 1 Then, the result is a force in the y - direction: c 1 Fy = V2 C pl C pu dx o 2

2 l

1 Fy = V2 C C pl C pu 2 Fy C fy = C p l C pu 1 V2 c 2 Finally, we need to rotate this into lift and drag directions: C l = C f x sin + C f y cos C d = C f x cos = C f y sin
But, in our case, C f x = 0 & << 1

Cl C f y Cd C f y
3

16.100 2002

Linearized Compressible Potential Flow Governing Equation

Cd (linear potential theory)

0 0

16.100 2002

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