1

Plane Strain

Each strain is acting independent of one another
Due to normal strain x Due to normal strain

y






x
dx
du
=
dy
dv
y
=
dx
x
du = dy dv
y
=
xy
Due to shear strain








dx
du
1
dv
1
dv
2
x
y
du
2
dv
3
x
du
3
dy
x
Negligible
2
xy

2
xy

y
2



General Equations of Plane Strain Transformation








(1) Normal strains are + ve, if they cause elongations along x and y axes,
respectively.
Sign Conventions
(2) Normal strains are - ve, if they cause shortening along x and y axes,
respectively
(3) Shear strains are + ve, if the interior angle AOB becomes less than 90
0
(4) Shear strains are ve, if the interior angle AOB becomes greater than 90
.
0

.





x
2
xy

2
xy

y
dx
dy
du =
x
dx
dv =
y
dy
O
A
B
x
y
x
y



dy
dy
dx
dy
dx
O
3




From the figure

sin
cos
=

x d
dy
x d
dx

sin
cos ) (tan
cos
cos
=
=

y d
x d
y d
dx
y d
dy

Using the above orientations of axes, determine the strains along xoy axes due
to
Problem
xy y x
and , , defined w.r.t. xoy axes.
Effect of normal strain x

, along x axis










x
y
x
y



dy
dy
dx
dy
dx
dv
1

du
1

du
du
=
x
dx
4


Effect of normal strain y

, along x axis





Effect of shear strain xy, along x - axis








[Assume that dx remains fixed in position, and the shear strain xy

=
1 1
du du u d
is
represented by the change in angle of dy]
+du1
=

( ) ( ) ( ) cos sin cos dy dy dx
xy y x
+ +
( ) ( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|

+ |
.
|

\
|

+ |
.
|

\
|

x d
dy
x d
dy
x d
dx
x d
u d
xy y x x
cos sin cos
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) sin cos sin sin cos cos
xy y x
+ + =
x
y
x
y



dy
dx
dy
dx
du
1
=dv sin =
x
dysin
dv
1
=
y
dycos
dv =
y
dy
x
x
y


dy
dx
dx

xy
dv
1
=
xy
dysin
du
1
=
xy
dycos

xy
dy
5


cos sin sin cos
2 2
xy y x
+ + = (I)

=
1 1
dv dv v d +dv1
=

( ) ( ) ( ) sin cos sin dy dy dx
xy y x
+
( ) ( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

+ |
.
|

\
|

x d
dy
x d
dy
x d
dx
x d
v d
xy y x
sin cos sin
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) sin sin sin cos cos sin
xy y x
+ =

2
sin sin cos ) (
xy y x
+ =
= (the angle of shear distortion along x axis)
By rotating the angle through 90
0

, in the clockwise direction, the rotation of
elemental length dy can be obtained.
) 90 ( sin ) 90 sin( ) 90 cos( ) (
2
+ + + + =
xy y x

( )( )( ) ( )
2
cos cos sin
xy y x
+ =
( )
2
cos cos sin
xy y x
+ =
(-) = rotation of the right angle xoy
( ) ( )
2 2
sin cos cos sin 2 + + =
xy y x

( ) 2 cos 2 sin
xy y x
+ + =

y x
= (II)

From Equation I,
cos sin sin cos
2 2
xy y x x
+ + =

6



|
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
| +
=

2 sin
2 2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
xy
y x

2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
xy y x y x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= (III)
From Equation II,

2 cos
2
2 sin
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
xy y x y x
(IV)

y
can be obtained by introducing (90+) for in

x


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + + + + + + =

90 cos 90 sin 90 sin 90 cos

2 sin
2 2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
xy
y x
|
.
|

\
| +
+ |
.
|

\
|

=

2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
| +
xy y x y x


To find the principle strain
0 =

dx
d
x

i.e., ( ) 0 2 cos 2 sin = +
xy y x


y x
xy
p

= = 2 tan 2 tan

2 2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
xy y x


7





2 2
2 2
2
2 sin
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
xy y x
xy
p

( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 cos
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
xy y x
y x
p




2 2 2 2
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =

xy y x
xy xy
xy y x
y x y x
y x
x






=
2 2
2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
| +
xy y x y x


2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
| +
= =

xy y x
xy xy
xy y x
y x y x
y x
y






=
2 2
2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
| +
xy y x y x



2 2
2 1 max
2 2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|

xy y x
plane in



|
|
.
|

\
|
2
y x


|
|
.
|

\
|
2
xy

2
p
=
p
=
p
8








10


Similarity Between Stress and Strain Transformation Equations
Stresses at a point

Strains at a point
11


Principle Stresses
( ) 0 2 cos 2 2 sin 2
2
= +

xy
y x
x
d
d
Principle Strains

( ) 0 2 cos 2 sin = + =

xy y x
x
dx
d


( ) 2 /
2 tan
y x
xy
p

=
( ) 2 /
2 tan
y x
xy
p

=

for p1,
2
2
1
2
2 sin
xy
y x
xy
p

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
2
2
1
2
2
2 cos
xy
y x
y x
p

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=





12






Principal stress plane and
maximum shear stress planes
are inclined at 45
Maximum in-plane shear stress
0
Consequently,
.
twice the values of these
angles will be inclined at 90
0
( )( ) 1 2 tan 2 tan =
s p

.

( )
xy
y x
s

2 /
2 tan

=
As a result

2
2
max
2
xy
y x
plane in

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
y x
avg

+
=










Principal strain plane and
maximum (in-plane) shear stress
planes are inclined at 45
Maximum in-plane Shear
Strain
0
Consequently, twice the values of
these angles will be inclined at
90
to one
another.
0
( )( ) 1 2 tan 2 tan =
s p

.

( )
xy
y x
s

2 /
2 tan

=
As a result

13


2 2 2
2
max
xy y x plane in

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
y x
avg

+
=










14



Mohrs Circle
For Plane Stress For Plane Strain









2

1
15




Material Property Relationships

)] ( [
1
)] ( [
1
)] ( [
1
y x z z
x z y y
y x x x
E
E
E



+ =
+ =
+ =


16



When only shear stresses are acting

( )
( )
E E E E
xy xy
xy xy
xy
xy

= |
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
2 1
max 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2 2
,
,


( )
( )
G
E
xy xy
xy
2 2
1

= =
+
=

i.e.,
( )
G E 2
1 1
=
+

i.e., ( )G E + = 1 2 (A)
When a body is subjected to normal stresses , p
z y x
= = = the body
under goes only change in volume.
Volume change = V
z y x
+ + ) (

( )
( )
( )
E
p
p p p
E
E
p
p p p
E
E
p
p p p
E
z
y
x

2 1
)] ( [
1
2 1
)] ( [
1
2 1
)] ( [
1

= + =

= + =

= + =

( )
p
p p p
p
z y x
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
3
) (
3


(volume change)/unit volume = ) (
z y x
+ +
17




= e
E
p
p
E
=

= |
.
|

\
| ) 2 1 ( 3
3
2 1

p/e = bulk modulus = K =
p
E p
) 2 1 ( 3

=
) 2 1 ( 3
E


In the design of structural members, it becomes important to place an
upper limit on the state of stress that defines the material's failure.
Theories of Failure
Ductile Materials Brittle Materials
Stress

Stress
Y

- Yield stress (steel)
ult Ultimate stress ult
- Not used since strain is very
Ultimate
stress
high at this stress level
0.1% Proof stress
(stress at o.1% elongation)
(Aluminum)


18


Strain

Strain
y Yield strain (0.15 to 0.2 ult
for mild steel) 0.3% for CAST
IRON)
Ultimate
strain (0.2% to
ult
for mild steel)
Ultimate strain (20 to 25%
The material behaviour either ductile or brittle does not remain a
constant one for any material. It is dependent on:
Temperature
Rate of loading
Chemical environment
Forming/shaping methods
In order to apply the theories of failure:
(i) The state of stress in a structure, at a point where the
maximum stresses are expected -
zx yz z xy y x
, , , , , - are
determined first.
(ii) Thereafter, the principal stresses and maximum shear
stresses are determined -
3 2 1

( ) ( ) ( )
max 31 max 23 max 12
, ,


19


Failure Theories
For ductile materials
1. Maximum shear stress theory 1. Maximum normal
stress theory
For brittle
materials
Proposed by Tresca
2. Maximum distortion energy 2. Mohrs failure criterion
theory Proposed first by Huber - Proposed by
Otto Mohr
and refined later by Von Mises and
Hencky
- HuberMisesHencky theory

1.
Failure (by yielding) will occur in a material (at a point) when the
maximum shear stress in the material is equal to the maximum shear
stress that will occur when the material is subjected to an axial tensile
test.
Maximum Shear Stress Theory





20


P = (Y) A









For a two-dimensional stress system,

2
min max
max

= (I)


Under simple tension test,
2
0
0
max
min
max

=
=
=
Y
Y

max
2
. .

= |
.
|

\
|
Y
e i (II)
Using in Eqn. I

2 2
min max

=
Y

Governing criteria
Y
=
min max
(III)

45
0

Thin mild
steel strip Luders lines
21


Considering a three-dimensional element

(with two-dimensional
stress state)






Arranging the stresses in the order of decreasing magnitudes,
(i) Case (a): ) 0 (
3 2 1
=
Hence
1 max
=
) ( 0
3 min
= =
Failure will occur first in the
3 1
plane.

Y
= 0
1

i.e.,
Y
=
1
(IV)
Failure in shear will occur, when the maximum principal stress is
equal to Y
(ii) Case (b):
.
) ( ) 0 (
3 2 1
ve =
1 max
=
) (
3 min
ve =

Y
=
3 1
V (a)
1
3
2

3
=0

2
22


Failure will occur in the plane containing
3 1
, stresses
Generalizing this for a plane-stress failure wherein
2 1
, act along x-y
axes and 3

acts along z-axis, (zero stress), one can rewrite Equation (V
(a)) as
Y
=
2 1
V (b)













Failure envelope or Yield loci

1, -

2
+ve -ve
-
1, +

2
-ve +ve
2
2
2
1
Y
Y

=
+ =

2
2
2
1
Y
Y

+ =
=

Failure occurs in
(
1
,
2
) plane
Failure occurs in
(
1
,
2
) plane
(+ve)
(-ve)
(-ve)
(+ve)

2
=
Y
,
3
=0
-Failure in this
plane (
1
,
3
)

1
=
Y
(
3
=0)
-Failure in this
plane (
1
,
3
)
-Failure occurs in
plane (
1
,
3
)
23


2.
Failure (by yielding) will occur when the shear or distortion energy in
the material (at a point) reaches the equivalent value that will occur
when a material is subjected to uniaxial tensile test.
Maximum Distortion Energy Theory
Let us say that the principal stresses in an element, at a point, is
given by
3 2 1
, ,
Total strain energy stored in the given system = Total volumetric strain
energy + Total distortion strain
energy
ut = uv + ud

(VI)



=







+
1
3
2

3
1
3
2

1
3

1
1

2
1

3
1
2
24




1
3 3
1
2 2
1
1 1



+ =
+ =
+ =


3
3 2 1

+ +
= (VII)

( )
( )
( )
2 1 3
1
3
1
1
3 2 1 1
3 3
1 3 2
1
2
1
2
3 2 1 1
2 2
3 2 1
1
1
1
1
3 2 1 1
1 1
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
3

=
+ |
.
|

\
| + +
= + =
=
+ |
.
|

\
| + +
= + =
=
+ |
.
|

\
| + +
= + =

Also )] 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 [(
3
1
2 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 1
1
3
1
2
1
1
+ + = + +
= 0 (VIII)
Using the earlier stress-strain relationships
( )
( )
( )] [
1
] [
1
] [
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1



+ =
+ =
+ =
E
E
E


25


Considering the volumetric strains due to
1
3
1
2
1
1
, and

( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
( )
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
) 2 1 (
2
1
1

+ +

=
+ + + + =
+ + + + + + + =
+ + =
E
E
E
v

= 0 (IX) [Since 0
1
3
1
2
1
1
= + + according to Eqn.
(VIII)]
Equation (IX) states that no volumetric change occurs in the material
due to the stresses
1
3
1
2
1
1
, and (but it does produce a change of
shape). Due to the three stresses
1
3
1
2
1
1
, and ,
(Total strain energy)

=
=
+ + =
3
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
2
1
) (
2
1
i
i i
t
dv
dv u



Hence strain energy per unit volume
=

=
3
1 i
i i

Considering only and [the mean stresses and strains due to
(
3 2 1
, and ) and (
3 2 1
, and )],
26



( )
2
) 2 1 (
2
3
2 1
2
1
3
2
1
3
] [
2
1

E
E
u
v

=
(

)
`

= |
.
|

\
|
=
+ + =
| |

E
E
) 2 1 (
) (
1
3
3 2 1

=
+ =
+ +
=


( )
2
3 2 1
3
) (
2
2 1 3
(

+ +
=

E


2
3 2 1
] [
6
) 2 1 (

+ +

= (X)
Considering the normal (or principal) stresses and strains,
| |
( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) | |
(

)
`

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
)
`

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
)
`

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ + =
2 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 2 1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
1 1 1
2
1
2
1


E E E
u
t
( ) ( ) | |
2 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
+ + + + + + + =
E

( ) ( ) | |
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + + =
E
(XI)
Since
s v t
u u u + = ,
( ) ( ) | | ( )
( ) ( )
(

+ + + + + + + + +
=
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
=
3
) 2 2 2 )( 2 1 ( 6 3
2
1
6
2 1
2
2
1
1 3
2
3 3 2
2
2 2 1
2
1 1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1

E
E E
u u u
v t s
)] ( 2 ) 4 4 4 6 6 6 (
) ( 2 ) 3 3 3 [(
6
1
1 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1


+ + + +
+ + + + + =
E

27


)] ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 [
6
1
1 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + + + + + + + =
E

( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
6
) 1 (

+ +
+
=
E
(XII)
When the specimen is under uniaxial tension,

0
3 2
1
= =
=


y

From eqn. (XII),
| | | | ) 2 (
} ) 1 ( 2 { 6
) 1 (
2
6
1
0
6
1
2 2 2 2
Y Y Y Y s
G E E
u

+
+
= |
.
|

\
| +
= + + |
.
|

\
| +
=

G
u
Y
s
6
2

== (XIII)
For a general state of stress,
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
} ) 1 ( 2 { 6
) 1 (

+ +
+
+
=
G
u
s

= ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
12
1
+ + =
G
(XIV)
From Eqns. (XIII) and (XIV), equating the distortional energies due to an
uniaxial state of stress and that due to a multiaxial state of stresses,
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
Y
= + + (XV)
For a two-dimensional state of stresses,
0
3
=
Hence equation reduce to
( )
2
2
1
2
2
2
2 1
2
Y
= + +
28


i.e.,
2
2
2 2 1
2
1 Y
= + (XVI)
This is an equation to an inclined ellipse.











Plot of Eqn. (XVI) gives the failure envelope or yield loci for a system
subjected to a two-dimensional state of stress.

1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
3
,
3
Y Y


|
|
.
|

\
|

3
,
3
Y Y


Maximum
distortion-
energy theory Maximum
shear stress
theory
45
0

45
0

45
0

29


Applicable to cast iron that tends to fail suddenly by fracture, without
any warning.
Brittle Materials
1. Maximum normal stress Theory:
In a tension (or compression) test, brittle fracture occurs when the
normal stress reaches the ultimate stress ult
In a torsion test, brittle fracture occurs due to a maximum tensile stress
(in a plane 45
.
0
to the shear direction) when it reaches the ultimate stress
ult

.









Failure criteria or failure loci:



Compression
Tension
Torsional
shear

ult

ult

2

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When the maximum principal stress
Statement
) (
2 1
or in the material reaches a
limiting value that is equal to the ultimate normal stress the material can
sustain, failure by fracture occurs.

ult
ult


=
=
2
1

-Eg. Chalk: under tension, under bending and under torsion.

2.
For materials (brittle) those have different fracture properties in tension
and compression, this criterion holds good.
Mohrs Failure Criterion
-Specially for metals
-For nonmetals like concrete (Rock, concrete, soils)
another theory is applicable (we will briefly deal with
this later)

Three tests done to determine failure criteria
- Tension test that gives (ult)
- Compression test that gives (
t
ult)
- Torsion test that gives
c

ult


31














Mohrs circle for each test






Mohrs failure criteria
Failure occurs when the absolute value of either one of the principal
stresses reaches a value greater than (ult)t or (ult)c or in general, if the
stress at a point is defined by the stress coordinate (1, 2), which is
plotted on the boundary or outside the shaded area.
Circle A

1
=0

2
=0

3
=-(
ult
)
c
Circle B

1
=
ult

2
=0

3
=-
ult
Circle C

1
=(
ult
)
t

2
=0

3
=0

ult

(
ult
)
c
A
B
C
Failure
envelope

2
(
ult
)
t
(
ult
)
t
(
ult
)
c
(
ult
)
c
x (
1
,
2
) material
has failed
Material is
under limiting
condition
(
1
1
,
2
1
)