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13.differentiation and Integration of Power Series PDF

The document discusses power series and their properties. Some key points: - If a function f has a power series representation with radius of convergence R, then f is differentiable/integrable on the interval (a-R, a+R) and its derivative/integral can be obtained by term-by-term differentiation/integration of the power series. - Examples are given of power series representations of common functions like sin(x), cos(x), e^x and their term-by-term differentiation. - Techniques for constructing Maclaurin series representations are discussed, including substitution into known series, using convergent geometric series, and term-by-term integration.

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Atikah J
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883 views11 pages

13.differentiation and Integration of Power Series PDF

The document discusses power series and their properties. Some key points: - If a function f has a power series representation with radius of convergence R, then f is differentiable/integrable on the interval (a-R, a+R) and its derivative/integral can be obtained by term-by-term differentiation/integration of the power series. - Examples are given of power series representations of common functions like sin(x), cos(x), e^x and their term-by-term differentiation. - Techniques for constructing Maclaurin series representations are discussed, including substitution into known series, using convergent geometric series, and term-by-term integration.

Uploaded by

Atikah J
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Differentiation and Integration of


Power Series

If a function f is represented by a power
series,
f(x) =
n
n
n
a x c ) (
0

=

where the series has a nonzero radius of
convergence R, then

The function f is differentiable or
integratable on the interval (a - R, a + R)
and for every x in this interval
f(x) =
n
n
n
a x c
dx
d
) (
0

=
=
1
0
) (

n
n
n
a x nc

}f(x) dx = dx a x c
n
n
n
) (
0

=
=
1
0
) (
1
+

=

+

n
n
n
a x
n
c


have radius of convergence R.

(differentiate or integrate term by term on
any open interval within the interval of
convergence)

2
Eg1
Sin x = x -
! 3
3
x
+
! 5
5
x
-
! 7
7
x
...+
)! 1 2 (
) 1 (
1 2
+

+
n
x
n n
+ ... =

=
+
+

0
1 2
)! 1 2 (
) 1 (
n
n n
n
x
, xe (-, )

cos x = 1 -
! 2
2
x
+
! 4
4
x
-
! 6
6
x
...+
)! 2 (
) 1 (
2
n
x
n n

+ ... =

0
2
)! 2 (
) 1 (
n
n n
n
x
, xe (-, )

e
x
= 1 + x +
! 2
2
x
+ ...+
! n
x
n
+ ... =

=0
!
n
n
n
x
,
xe (-, )

dx
d
[sin x] =
dx
d
[x -
! 3
3
x
+
! 5
5
x
-
! 7
7
x
...]
= 1 -
! 2
2
x
+
! 4
4
x
-
! 6
6
x
...= cos x
or
dx
d
[sin x] =
dx
d
[

=
+
+

0
1 2
)! 1 2 (
) 1 (
n
n n
n
x
]
3
=

0
2
)! 2 (
) 1 (
n
n n
n
x
= cos x

dx
d
[cos x] =
dx
d
[1 -
! 2
2
x
+
! 4
4
x
-
! 6
6
x
...]
= - x +
! 3
3
x
-
! 5
5
x
+
! 7
7
x
... = - sin x
or
dx
d
[cos x] =
dx
d
[

0
2
)! 2 (
) 1 (
n
n n
n
x
]
=

0
2
)! 2 (
) 1 (
n
n n
n
x

*****
dx
d
[e
x
] =
dx
d
[1 + x +
! 2
2
x
+ ...+
! n
x
n
+ ...]
= 1 + x +
! 2
2
x
+ ...+
! n
x
n
+ ... = e
x

Or
dx
d
[e
x
] =
dx
d
[

=0
!
n
n
n
x
] *****
} cos x dx = }(1 -
! 2
2
x
+
! 4
4
x
-
! 6
6
x
...)dx
= x -
! 3
3
x
+
! 5
5
x
-
! 7
7
x
... + c
4
= sin x + c

Constructing Maclaurin Series by
substitution

Using the Maclaurin series
e
x
= 1 + x +
! 2
2
x
+
! 3
3
x
+
! 4
4
x
...+
! n
x
n
+ ... =

=0
!
n
n
n
x
,
-< x <

Find the Maclaurin series for
(a)e
-x
(b) cosh x. (c)
2
x
e


Sol
(a)
e
x
= 1 + x +
! 2
2
x
+
! 3
3
x
+
! 4
4
x
...+
! n
x
n
+ ... =

=0
!
n
n
n
x
,
,-< x < Eq#

e
-x
(substitute x by x in eq

#)
= 1 - x +
! 2
) (
2
x
+
! 3
) (
3
x
+
! 4
) (
4
x
+...
!
) (
n
x
n

+...
= 1 - x +
! 2
2
x
-
! 3
3
x
+
! 4
4
x
...
!
) (
n
x
n

+..., -< x <


Or
5
e
x
=

=0
!
n
n
n
x
, -< x <
e
-x
=

0
!
) (
n
n
n
x
,-< x <

(b)
e
x
= 1 + x +
! 2
2
x
+
! 3
3
x
+
! 4
4
x
...+
! n
x
n
+ ... =

=0
!
n
n
n
x
,
e
-x
=1 - x +
! 2
2
x
-
! 3
3
x
+
! 4
4
x
...
!
) (
n
x
n

+...=

0
!
) (
n
n
n
x

cosh x =
2
1
(e
x
+ e
-x
) = 1 +
! 2
2
x
+
! 4
4
x
+ ...
=

=0
2
)! 2 (
n
n
n
x
, -< x <

(c)
e
x
= 1 + x +
! 2
2
x
+
! 3
3
x
+
! 4
4
x
...+
! n
x
n
+ ... =

=0
!
n
n
n
x
,
-< x <, Eq #

2
x
e

(substitute x by x
2
eq #)
=
6
1 x
2
+
! 2
) (
2 2
x
+
! 3
) (
3 2
x
+
! 4
) (
4 2
x
...+
!
) (
2
n
x
n

+
...
= 1 x
2
+
! 2
4
x
-
! 3
6
x
+
! 4
8
x
...+ ...+
!
) (
2
n
x
n

+ ... , -
< x <

Or
e
x
=

=0
!
n
n
n
x
, -< x <
2
x
e

0
2
!
) (
n
n
n
x
=

0
2
!
) 1 (
n
n n
n
x
, -< x <

}
1
0
2
x
e

dx =
}
1
0
(1 x
2
+
! 2
4
x
-
! 3
6
x
+
! 4
8
x
-...)dx
=
1
0
(

... -
216
x
+
42
x
-
10
x
+
3
x
x -
9 7 5 3

=
(

... -
216
1
+
42
1
-
10
1
+
3
1
- 1
= 0.7474




7
Constructing Maclaurin Series by
Convergent Geometric Series

=0 n
n
ar =
r
a
1
= a + ar + ar
2
, |r| < 1

Eg1
Find the Maclaurin series for the
following functions:
a)
x 1
1
(b)
x + 1
1
(c)
2
1
1
x +


Sol
a)
x 1
1
(compare with convergent
geometric series,

=0 n
n
ar =
r
a
1
, -1 < r < 1
a = 1, r = x
=

=0 n
n
x
= 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+ ..., -1 < x < 1

(b)
8
x + 1
1
(compare with convergent geometric
series, ,

=0 n
n
ar =
r
a
1
, -1 < r < 1
a = 1, r = -x
=

=

0
) (
n
n
x
= 1 - x + x
2
- x
3
+ ..., -1 < x < 1

Or by substitution technique
x 1
1
=

=0 n
n
x = 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+ ...,
-1 < x < 1 ##
substitute x by -x in ##

x + 1
1
=

=

0
) (
n
n
x = 1 - x + (-x)
2
+ (-x)
3
+ ...
=

=

0
) 1 (
n
n n
x = 1 - x + x
2
-x
3
+... ,
-1 < x < 1###

(c)
2
1
1
x +

substitute x by x
2
in ###
9
=

=

0
2
) ( ) 1 (
n
n n
x = 1 x
2
+ (x
2
)
2
- (x
2
)
3
+...
=

=

0
2
) 1 (
n
n
n
x = 1 x
2
+ x
4
x
6
+...,
-1 < x < 1
Or
2
1
1
x +
(compare with convergent geometric
series, ,

=0 n
n
ar =
r
a
1
, -1 < r < 1
a = 1, r = -x
2
=

=

0
2
) (
n
n
x , -1 < x < 1

Eg2
Find the Maclaurin series for f(x) =
x
x
2 3
2 5
+

.
Sol
f(x) =
x
x
2 3
2 5
+


= -1 +
x 2 3
8
+

10
= -1 +
x
3
2
1
3
8
+

= -1 +
)
3
2
( 1
3
8
x

= -1 +
n
n
x
|
.
|

\
|

=
3
2
3
8
0
,
3
2x
<1
= -1 +
3
8
-
9
16
x +
27
32
x
2
-
81
64
x
3
+...

Constructing Maclaurin Series by
Integration
Eg1
Find the Maclaurin series for tan
-1
x.

Sol
Tan
-1
x = }
2
1
1
x +
dx
From previous eg
2
1
1
x +
= 1 x
2
+ x
4
x
6
+ ... =

=

0
2
) 1 (
n
n n
x ,
-1< x < 1
11
Tan
-1
x =
}(1 x
2
+ x
4
x
6
+ ... )dx
= x -
3
3
x
+
5
5
x
-
7
7
x
+ ... =

=
+
+

0
1 2
1 2
) 1 (
n
n n
n
x
,
-1< x < 1
or
Tan
-1
x = }

=

0
2
) 1 (
n
n n
x =

=
+
+

0
1 2
1 2
) 1 (
n
n n
n
x
,
-1< x < 1

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