D.B.R.

ARMY LISTS
For use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames Rules

BOOK 2
ARMI S OF T! "RO# A$ ARLY $ORT! R$ WARS% T!IRTY Y ARS WAR A$D &R AT R B LLIO$S A$D OF T! MO&!"L 'O$(" ST OF I$DIA

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WAR&AM S R S AR'! &RO"# S #T MB R -../

D.B.R. ARMY LISTS

BOOK 2
ARMI S OF T! "RO# A$ ARLY $ORT! R$ WARS% T!IRTY Y ARS WAR A$D &R AT R B LLIO$S A$D OF T! MO&!"L 'O$(" ST OF I$DIA

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All Rights Reser0e*. $o )art o1 this )u+li2ation ma, +e re)ro*u2e*% store* in a retrie0al s,stem or transmitte*% in an, 1orm or +, an, means% ele2troni2% me2hani2al% )hoto2o),ing% re2or*ing or otherwise% without )rior )ermission in writing 1rom the 2o),right hol*er. 324 Wargames Resear2h &rou) Se)tem+er -../. The Kee)% Le Mar2hant Barra25s% Lon*on Roa*% De0i6es% Wiltshire S$-7 2 R #rinte* in nglan*

WAR&AM S R S AR'! &RO"#

S #T MB R -../

D.B.R ARMY LISTS BOOK 2 These lists are intended for use with our "De Bellis Renationis" warga es rules for Renaissan!e "arfare# ore fa iliarl$ %nown as DBR. "hile ainl$ intended for !o &etition ga es# the$ also &ro'ide a general guide to ar ies( troo& !lassifi!ation# &ro&ortions and nu )ers for s!enario ga es and warga es !a &aigns# es&e!iall$ when used in !on*un!tion with ore detailed sour!es su!h as the ".R.+ ar $ hand)oo%s. The$ follow the general for of the DBM lists# e,!e&t that# instead of the ar ies )eing arranged in !hronologi!al order# ea!h is grou&ed together with its ain histori!al o&&onents. It is often a !riti!is of !o &etition ga ing that it ne!essaril$ en!ourages unhistori!al at!hes. Our ar $ grou&ing should ena)le !o &etition organisers to arrange that at least the first round of a "Swiss -hess" !o &etition at!hes ost ar ies with a !onte &orar$ fro the sa e grou&# while still &er itting enough eetings with unusual o&&onents to &ro'ide 'ariet$. The lists are &ri aril$ intended to &rodu!e .// A0 to 1// A0 ar ies whi!h !losel$ si ulate their real life &rotot$&es# while still allowing suffi!ient fle,i)ilit$ to !o'er histori!al 'ariations during the &eriod and inor differen!es of o&inion or &ersonal &referen!e. The$ are less &er issi'e than so e &re'ious Renaissan!e lists whi!h did not restri!t !hoi!e )$ $ear within a longer &eriod. A list usuall$ in!ludes a)out 2// A0 of !o &ulsor$ troo&s. 2nless otherwise s&e!ified# the total 'alue of troo&s listed as a)le to )e used together is nor all$ around 3// A0# e,!luding na'al ele ents# artifi!ial defen!es and allied !ontingents4 ore where histori!al ar ies were unusuall$ 'aried. This will usuall$ allow the ar $(s largest histori!al )attle to )e refought in !ondensed s!ale. If $ou wish to renght su!h )attles in nor al s!ale as a ulti5&la$er ga e# for instan!e as a &u)li! de onstration at a !on'ention# $ou ust ulti&l$ the listed ini a and a,i a )$ 6 for !a'alr$ and foot and )$ 2 for all other troo&s other than &ontooneers# then e,&e!t it to ta%e u!h longer to !o &lete. "here a histori!al ar $ was s all# its list s&e!ifies that onl$ nor al s!ale should )e used in histori!al refights and 7uotes the a,i u ar $ si8e &ro'ided for. .//56// A0 is a t$&i!al ar $ si8e for ga es with 9 &la$er on ea!h side. Larger ga es reall$ re7uire at least 2 &la$ers on ea!h side# ideall$ 9 &la$er &er !o and. :a!h ar $ ust in!lude a !o ander5in5!hief ;-5in5-< and usuall$ at least 9 other general# who a$ )e a lo$al su)ordinate or inde&endentl$ enough inded or so fra!tious as to )e !lassed as an all$. It ust also in!lude 2 )aggage ele ents &er !o and# all de&lo$ed with the sa e !o and. There is also &ro'ision for u!h s aller ga es using a single !o and and onl$ one general. =or these# hal'e the e,tra !ost of the general and di'ide all ini a and a,i a )$ .# rounding u& to the nearest whole ele ent. A 9// A0 !ondensed s!ale ar $ is 'er$ si ilar to a DBA ar $ and !an )e used for the sa e %ind of 7ui!% ga es on a s all )oard. ALLI:D -O>TI>+:>TS These are s&e!ified )$ referen!e to their own list. :a!h su!h !ontingent ust in!lude 9 general and 2 )aggage ele ents# loss of whi!h affe!ts onl$ the !ontingent and not the ar $ *oined. An allied !ontingent(s general !an )e his list(s -5in5- or an$ of its other generals# )ut is alwa$s !osted and )eha'es as an all$5general. 2nless stated otherwise in a &arti!ular list# he !o ands onl$ his own !ontingent and this !an in!lude onl$ !o &ulsor$ troo& t$&es. It ust ha'e at least a 9?6 of the nor al ini a for ea!h su!h t$&e and not e,!eed 9?g of the a,i a# or 9 ele ent# whi!he'er is greater. Onl$ 9 allied !ontingent of ea!h nationalit$ !an )e used. Allied !ontingents ust )e of the sa e $ear as the ar $ the$ *oin. >A@AL >a'al ele ents ea!h re&la!e a land ele ent of the t$&es that follow it in s7uare )ra!%ets and dise )ar% as that ele ent. The A0 7uoted is for the na'al ele ent# the land ele ent )eing &aid for se&aratel$. A0 s&ent on na'al ele ents are wasted if the$ ha'e no a!!ess to the ta)le. Their landing troo&s !an then still )e de&lo$ed# )eing assu ed to ha'e dise )ar%ed )efore the )attle. The ele ents allowed re&resent a s all s7uadron !o5o&erating with the ar $# not the ain fleet. -LIMAT:# A++R:SSIO># T:RRAI> A>D ARMY SIA: The 2nd line of ea!h list s&e!ifies the ar $(s ho e !li ate# its aggression fa!tor# !odes for the t$&es of terrain feature it !an !hoose fro if the defender# and a note of an$ unusual ar $ si8e. The terrain &er itted to a defending ar $ is )ased either on that of its nation(s heartland

or its !a&ital or on that of a foreign )ase of o&erations. Terrain !odes areB "aterwa$ suita)le for shi&s# su!h as the sea# la%es or great ri'ers. Ordinar$ ri'ers. Cill with so e or all slo&es stee&. Cill or lesser rise with onl$ gentie slo&es. "oods. Or!hards or oli'e or &al gro'es. @ine$ards. S all fields en!losed )$ hedges# walls or irrigation dit!hes. Rough going# su!h as oderatel$ )ogg$ or ro!%$ ground or )rash. Inland arsh not on a ri'er. >on5!oastal sand dunes. Roads or fre7uentl$ used tra!%s. Built5u& areas# su!h as 'illages or towns. I!e# if waterwa$s and ri'ers !an free8e solid enough to )ear troo&s. "" R' C;S< C;+< "d D @ : R+o M D Rd B2A I

If so e t$&es listed for an ar $ are underlined# this eans that the$ are !o &ulsor$. :'en if not listed# a single &at!h of !oastal dunes or arsh !an alwa$s )e used if in !onta!t with a waterwa$# or a single &at!h of arsh if in !onta!t with a ri'er. An$ notation of unusual ar $ si8e starts with "Ma,". This !an )e followed )$B ># eaning that the listed a,i a will re&rodu!e the largest histori!al ar $ in nor al s!ale# followed )$ the A0 of the largest warga es ar $ for whi!h it is !onsidered suita)le. E ulti&lied )$ a nu )er# whi!h eans that at !ondensed s!ale listed a,i a ust )e ulti&lied )$ that nu )er to re&rodu!e the largest re&orted histori!al ar $ and that those a,i a )efore ulti&li!ation will &ro'ide a 1// A0 warga es ar $ with so e argin for !hoi!e. >o notation eans that at !ondensed s!ale the a,i a will re&rodu!e the largest histori!al ar $ and that the a,i a will &ro'ide a 1// A0 warga es ar $ with so e argin for !hoi!e. =ORTI=I-ATIO>S An ar $ allowed a B2A !an &ro'ide it with artifi!ial defen!es. Otherwise# these !an onl$ )e used if s&e!ified )$ the ar $(s list. >ote that the !osts of defen!es for a B2A and the e,tra !osts of an$ gatewa$s# although not entioned in lists# ust still )e &aid. Defen!es s&e!ified as for !a &s ust rest )oth ends on a ta)le edge and 5!ontain all the ar $(s )aggage. An$ A0 s&ent on B2A defen!es are wasted if the terrain in!ludes no B2A or if $ou are the in'ader. Troo&s whi!h are s&e!ified )$ lists as to defend !a &s or B2A ust re ain within these. TROO0 TY0: ABBR:@IATIO>S The following a))re'iations are used for troo& t$&es in these listsB Ln 0i Si LC

Lan!ers. 0istols. Si&ahis. Light Corse. -a elr$. Dr 0% Sh Bd Bw S% ") Cd Dragoons. 0i%es. Shot. Blades. Bows. S%ir ishers. "ar)and. Cordes. Art F Artiller$. Sh& 0on F 0ontooneers. +al ""g F "ar "agons. Bts :l F :le&hants

0O F 0orta)le o)sta!le. =O = F =ortifi!ation. Shi&s. +alle$s. Boats.

F =i,ed o)sta!le.

ARMI S I$'L"D D ARMI:S O= TC: :ARLY >ORTC:R> "ARS

9. S!andina'ian 2nion. 2. :arl$ Danish. .. :arl$ @asa Swedish. 6. Russian Traditional. 1. Jagiellonian 0olish and Lithuanian. 3. Tartar. I. 0olish5Lithuanian R8e!8&os&olita. H. :arl$ +usta'ian Swedish. G. =ree -ossa!%. 9/. +eorgian or -ir!assian. 99. Si)erian Tri)es.
ARMI:S O= TC: TCIRTY Y:ARS "AR

96G6 AD to 912. AD 9126 AD to 91HI AD 9126 AD to 939I AD 96G6 AD to 936I AD 96G6 AD to 91I1 AD 96G6 AD to 9I// AD 91I3 AD to 93.9 AD 939H AD to 932G AD 911/ AD to 9I// AD 96G6 AD to 9I// AD 96G6 AD to 9I// AD

0age 3 I H G 9/ 99 92 9. 96 91 93

92. +er an -atholi!. 9.. +er an 0rotestant. 96. -hristian I@ Danish. 91. Swedish Thirt$ Years "ar. 93. =ren!h Thirt$ Years "ar.
ARMI:S O= TC: +R:AT R:B:LLIO>S

93/G AD to 936H AD 93/G AD to 936H AD 91HH AD to 936H AD 93./ AD to 936H AD 91GG AD to 936H AD

9I 9H 9G 2/ 29

9I. Bisho&s( "ar :nglish. 9H. Bisho&s( "ar S!ots Ro$alist. 9G. S!ots -o'enanter. 2/. S!ots Montrose Ro$alist. 29. :nglish -i'il "ar Ro$alist. 22. :nglish -i'il "ar 0arlia entarian. 2.. :nglish >ew Model Ar $. 26. Irish -onfederate. 21. Regen!$ and =ronde =ren!h.

93.G AD to 936/ AD 93.G AD 93.G AD to 9319 AD 9366 AD to 936I AD 9369 AD to 936I AD 9362 AD to 936H AD 9361 AD to 933/ AD 9369 AD to 9312 AD 936G AD to 933/ AD

22 22 2. 26 21 23 2I 2H 2G

ARMI:S O= TC: MO+C2L -O>K2:ST O= I>DIA

23. Moghul. 2I. Musli Indian. 2H. Cindu Indian. 2G. Maratha.
2/.

96G6 AD to 9I// AD 96G6 AD to 93HI AD 96G6 AD to 9I// AD 9363 AD to 9I// AD ARMI S OF T! ARLY $ORT! R$

./ .9 .2 ..

WARS 9. S-A>DI>A@IA> 2>IO> 96G6 AD 5 912. AD If 2nionB -old. Ag .. ""# R'# C;+<# "d# R+o# M# :# Rd# B2A# I. If SwedishB -old. Ag 9. ""# R'# C;S<# "d# R+o# M# Rd# B2A# I. -5in5- 5 Ln ;O< L .2 A0. Su)5general 5 Ln ;D< L .2 A0. =eudal !a'alr$ 5 Ln ;D< L 92 A0. S aas'ende 5 Ln ;I< L 9/ A0. S%$tter 5 LC ;S< L I A0. Re&la!e s%$tter with %*o)stads%$tter 5 LC ;I< L 6 A0. -ogs or hul%s 5 Sh& ;I< L . A0 MBwN. Onl$ Swedish ar iesB Leidang 5 9?2 Bd ;O< L I A0# 9?2 Bw ;D< L 1 A0. La&& or other s!outs 5 S% ;I< L 2 A0. 2&grade La&&s ounted on el% or reindeer to LC ;=< L 6 A0. Ti )er a)atis or )arri!ades 5 =O L 2 A0. Onl$ 2nion ar iesB O)udshaer 5 u& to 9?. Bw ;O< L 1 A0# rest Bd ;=< L 1 A0. Lande'aernet 5 Cd ;O< L 9 A0. Lands%ne!ht &i%e en 5 0% ;D< L 6 A0. Lands%ne!ht su&&orting ar7ue)usiers 5 S% ;O< L . A0. =ren!h er!enaries 5 S% ;O< L . A0 or 0% ;I< L . A0. S!ots er!enaries 5 ") ;O< L 6 A0 or 0% ;D< L 6 A0. Bo )ards 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. Light guns 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. :,!hange !ogs or hul%s for s%$tte)aade 5 Bts ;S< L . A0 MBwN. Lu)e!% or other >orth +er an allies 5 ListB +er an Minor States ;Boo% 9<. Swedish allies 5 ListB S!andina'ian 2nion. 9 952 6592 95. 253 An$ /56 9H513 /5. /59 /593 H526 /526 92526 9 &er 6 0% /51 /52 /59 /5. /52 /59I

This list !o'ers the ar ies of >orwa$# Den ar% and Sweden fro 96G6 until the end of the 2nion and the a!!ession of +usta'us @asa to the Swedish throne. Although the three %ingdo s had )een unified in 9.G/ AD# dissident Swedish rulers with &redo inantl$ leidang ar ies fought against the union(s ar ies# whi!h in turn !ould in!lude a Swedish !ontingent. =eudal !a'alr$ in!luded Cof aend ;no)les( !ontingents<# =relse aend ;!hur!h !ontingents< and Laenstro&&erne ;gentr$<. S aas'ende were ainl$ unar oured ounted attendants drawn u& se&aratel$ )ehind these as a reser'e. S%$tter were ar oured !a'alr$ ar ed with !ross)ows# now )eing re&la!ed )$ %*o)stads%$tter with ar7ue)us. Leidang were the Swedish ho e defen!e ilitia. -onte &orar$ de&i!tions of Swedish foot in )attle show the in %ettle hat or sallet# !ross)ow en in front with a se!ond ran% loading for the # and en with i,ed &ole ar s )ehind these. Of the &ole ar s# half rese )le Swiss hal)erds# the rest )eing a sword )lade with !ross guard on a 1 foot &ole !alled a "s'aerdsta'". So e# in!luding !ross)ow en# wear &late !orslets. Su!h Swedish &easant infantr$# es&e!iall$ those of Dalaraa# had a fearso e re&utation. O)udshaer were a Danish sele!t le'$ of single en for foreign ser'i!e# ostl$ ar ed with a hal)erd su&&le ented )$ a short flail &ushed through the )elt# )ut so e with !ross)ow# and !harging ra&idl$. Lande'aernet were a le'$ of all en !a&a)le of )earing ar s. The$ were no longer allowed to %ee& traditional wea&ons at ho e and were ostl$ ar ed with a short s&ear !alled a "s&iud". It is un!ertain whether Swedish rule $et e,tended to La&&land. La&&s were not warli%e and are in!luded onl$ for s!outing and lo!al !olour. Swedish leidang ade great use of felled trees as )arri!ades and a)atis# es&e!iall$ to )lo!% roads through woods or ga&s )etween woods. Mu!h of the Swedish !a &aigning was in winter# when fro8en ri'ers &ro'ided an e7ui'alent of rough roads. S%$tte)aade were oared 'essels with light guns whi!h s&e!ialised in the su&&ort of troo&s ashore. +er an allies need not in!lude !a'alr$ and !an field their -5in5- as Bd ;O< re&resenting the Burger eister and his hal)erdier guard. "hether the =ren!h er!enaries of 912/ were !ross)ow en or &i%e en or the S!ots were Cighlanders or lowlanders is un!lear.

2. :ARLY DA>ISC 9126 AD 5 91HI AD -old. Ag .. ""# R'# C;+<# "d# R+o# M# :# Rd# B2A# I. -5in5- 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0. Su)5general 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0. =eudal !a'alr$ 5 Ln ;=< L 99 A0. K*o)stads%$tter 5 LC ;I< L 6 A0. O)udshaer 5 u& to 9?. S% ;O< L . A0# rest Bd ;=< L 1 A0. Lande'aernet 5 Cd ;O< L 9 A0. Artiller$ of the train 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. Other artiller$ 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. Ledings%i)s 5 Sh& ;S< L 3 A0 MBd#S%N. Cul%s or fluiten 5 Sh& ;I< L . A0 MAn$N. S%$tte)aade 5 Bts ;S< L . A0 MBd#S%N. 0russian# Lu)e!% or other >orth +er an allies 5 ListB +er an Minor States ;Boo% 9<. Onl$ )efore 911/ ADB S aas'ende 5 Ln ;I< L 9/ A0. Lands%ne!ht &i%e en 5 0% ;D< L 6 A0. Lands%ne!ht su&&orting ar7ue)usiers 5 S% ;O< L . A0 or Sh ;I< L 6 A0. =ren!h er!enaries 5 S% ;O< L . A0# Sh ;I< L 6 A0 or 0% ;I< L . A0. S!ots er!enaries 5 ") ;O< L 6 A0 or 0% ;D< L 6 A0. Onl$ fro 911/ ADB Re5ar feudal !a'alr$ as reiter 5 0i ;D< L 9/ A0. Danish foot 5 9?. to 9?2 Sh ;I< L 6 A0# rest 0% ;D< L 6 A0. Downgrade o)udshaer to Cd ;O< L 9 A0. Onl$ 911G AD to 91I1 ADB 0olish allies 5 ListB Jagiellonian 0olish and Lithuanian. Onl$ after 91I/ ADB Re5ar generals and re aining lan!ers as 5 0i ;D< L ./ A0 if general# 9/ A0 if not. All 9 952 6592 253 /59H O 92526 952 /52 /52 /52 /52

95. 92526 9 &er 6 0% /51 /52 9?25.?6 9H56H An$

This list !o'ers the ar ies of Den ar% fro the end of the 2nion until the a!!ession of -hristian I@. =eudal !a'alr$ in!luded Cof aend ;no)les( !ontingents<# =relse aend ;!hur!h !ontingents< and Laenstro&&erne ;gentr$<. S aas'ende were unar oured ounted attendants usuall$ drawn u& se&aratel$ )ehind these as a reser'e. B$ 911/# ost of these had )een re&la!ed )$ &istoleers# who at A,torna in 9131 &ro'ed to )e u!h ore aggressi'e than o&&osing +er an reiters in Swedish ser'i!e. K*o)stads%$tter with ar7ue)us had re&la!ed the s%$tter. O)udshaer were a Danish sele!t le'$ of single en for foreign ser'i!e# ostl$ ar ed with a hal)erd su&&le ented )$ a short flail &ushed through the )elt# and !harging ra&idl$. The inorit$ for erl$ ar ed with !ross)ows now su)stituted ar7ue)uses. O)udshaer de!lined in utilit$ as the !entur$ &rogressed# )ut were still !alled out on !a &aign to &ro'ide shi& !rews# guards for the train# !annon fodder and &ioneers. Lande'aernet were a last resort le'$ of all en !a&a)le of )earing ar s. The$ were no longer allowed to %ee& traditional wea&ons at ho e and were ostl$ ar ed with a short s&ear !alled a "s&iud". The ini u ar%ed O a&&lies onl$ if an$ lande'aernet are used. +reater relian!e was &la!ed on foreign er!enaries &aid fro the King(s &ersonal fortune# at first ostl$ +er an lands%ne!hts hired fro !ontra!tors. =ren!h er!enaries were &ro)a)l$ ar7ue)usiers. "hether the S!ots were Cighlanders or lowlanders is un!lear# )ut the first see s slightl$ ore li%el$. The ter "Danish foot" in!ludes troo&s re!ruited dire!tl$ )$ the King(s agents# for instan!e Rant8au(s own regi ent of lands%ne!hts at A,torna. S%$tte)aade were oared 'essels with light guns s&e!ialising in the su&&ort of troo&s ashore. Ledings%i)s were )ig shi&s with large nu )ers of relati'el$ s all guns. A Lu)e!% allied !ontingent need not in!lude !a'alr$ and !an field its -5in5as Bd ;O< re&resenting the Burger eister and his hal)erdier guard. .. :ARLY @ASA S":DISC 9126 AD 5 939I AD -old. Ag 9. ""# R'# C;S<# "d# R+o# M# Rd# B2A# I. -5in5- 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0. Su)5general 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0. >o)le !a'alr$ 5 Ln ;=< L 99 A0. S%$tter 5 LC ;I< L 6 A0. =innish s%ir ishers with )ows# ar7ue)uses and !ross)ows 5 S%;O< L . A0. La&& or other s!outs 5 S% ;P< L 2 A0. Ma, >1// 9 952 25H /53 /5.

952 &er Ln

2&grade La&&s ounted on el% or reindeer to LC ;=< L 6 A0. Artiller$ 5 u& to 9?. Art ;S< L 21 A0# rest ;D< L 2/ A0. Ti )er a)atis or )arri!ades 5 =O L 2 A0. =luiten 5 Sh& ;I< L . A0 MBw#ShN. S%$tter)aade 5 Bts ;S< L . A0 MBw#ShN. Onl$ until 913/ ADB Ar7ue)usiers and !ross)ow en 5 9?6 to 9?2 Sh ;I< L 6 A0# rest Bw ;D< L 1 A0. Lands%ne!hts 5 6?1 0% ;O< L 6 A0# 9?1 S% ;D< L . A0. Onl$ after 913/ ADB -on'ert generals and lan!ers to landsr$ttare 5 0i ;I< L 2H A0 if general# H A0 if not. +alleons 5 Sh& ;S< L 3 A0 MShi. Onl$ 913/ AD to 91G2 ADB 0i%e regi ents 5 .?1 0% ;O< L 6 A0# 2?1 S% ;D< L . A0. -ross)ow en and ar7ue)usiers 5 u& to 9?6 Bw ;O< L 1 A0# rest Sh ;I< L 6 A0. Onl$ after 91G2 ADB Mus%eteers and !ali'er en 5 9?6 to 9?2 Sh ;O< L 3 A0# rest Sh ;I< L 6 A0. Onl$ after 93// ADB -on'ert -5in5- and landsr$ttare to !uirassiers 5 0i ;D< L ./ A0 if general# 9/ A0 if not. 2&grade s%$tter to landsr$ttare 5 0i ;I< L H A0. Swinesfeathers 5 0O L 9 A0. -arts ounted with organ gun or row of half &i%es 5 9?2 Art ;I< L 1 A0# 9?2 0O L 9 A0. Onl$ fro 93/3 ADB 0i%e en to su&&ort us%eteers and !ali'er en 5 0% ;D< L 6 A0.

/59 /53 /593 /56 /52 9H56H /59/ All /5. 9/591 H56H 9H513 /52 All /56 /53 /53

This !o'ers Swedish ar ies fro the a!!ession of +usta' @asa and the )rea%5u& of the Danish5do inated S!andina'ian 2nion until the ilitar$ refor s of +usta' II Adolf# )etter %nown as +usta'us Adol&hus. +usta' @asa for alised the ilitar$ o)ligations of the no)ilit$ who &ro'ided the !a'alr$. Calf of these were now to )e .?6 ar oured lan!ers and the re ainder unar oured and ar ed with an ar7ue)us. Ce also in!reased the &rodu!tion of !ross)ows and these ra&idl$ re&la!ed the &ole ar s that had &re'iousl$ ar ed half the foot le'ies and were now retained onl$ )$ a few indi'iduals. Cis efforts to si ilarl$ &o&ularise the &i%e were unsu!!essful# so that a t$&i!al infantr$ "fani%a" of 6//5I// en !ould ha'e )etween 9?H and 9?2 !ali'er en# the rest )eing !ross)ow en with a inor s&rin%ling of &ole ar s. Cis su!!essors :ri! QI@ ;913/5913H< and Johan III ;913H591G2< did raise so e regi ents# .?1 of ea!h of whi!h de&lo$ed as a &i%e !olu n fringed with shooters# while the re aining 2?1 went ahead as 2 forlorn ho&es. :ri% also re5ar ed the lan!er !a'alr$ as !ara!olling &istoleers. Johan(s su!!essor Sigis und ;91G2591GG< was also King of 0oland ;91HI593.2< as A$g unt III. After )eing de&osed# he sought to regain his throne with 0olish troo&s. The Swedes were !o anded )$ Karl of Soder anland# later Karl IQ ;93/I59399<. Karl re&la!ed the s%$tter with &istoleers# in!luding the Adelsfana no)le guard. The &i%e had disa&&eared and 'arious e,&edients were tried to !o &ensate. In 93/1# a Swedish ar $ re&orted to ha'e "not one &i%e" was ridden down )$ 0olish !a'alr$. The us%et was not introdu!ed until 91G2 and the lighter !ali'er re ained &o&ular. Swedish warshi&s had a large nu )er of guns# )ut ost of these were light an5%illers firing 2 &ound or s aller shot. The fluit was the new !argo shi& that had re&la!ed the hul%. S%$tter)aade were rowed gun)oats. 6. R2SSIA> TRADITIO>AL 96G6 AD 5 936I AD -old. Ag 9. R'# "d# M# B2A# I. -5in5- 5 Si ;O< L 2H A0. Su)5general 5 Si ;O< L 2H A0 or Si ;I< L 21 A0. D'or 5 Si ;G< L H A0. Bo$ars# their retainers and deti )o$ars%i$e 5 Si ;I< L 1 A0. -ossa!% light horse 5 LC ;=< L 6 A0. 0is!hali 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. +ula$ gorod 5 0O L 9 A0. Lur%ing &easants 5 Cd ;=< L 9 A0. -ossa!% foot 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0 or S% ;D< L . A0. -ossa!% !hai%a 5 Bts ;D< L 2 A0 MSh;=<#S%N. Onl$ )efore 911. ADB Ma, -,6 9 /52 6592 256 &er Si ;O< /53 /52 /592 /52 /56 /56

Tartars 5 LC ;S< L I A0. Town ilitia s&ear en 5 0% ;I< L . A0. Town ilitia )ow en 5 Bw ;I< L . A0. Town ilitia ar7ue)usiers 5 Sh ;I< L 6 A0 or S% ;D< L . A0. Mount town ilitia ar7ue)usiers on nags as 5 Dr ;I< L 3 A0. 0u!h%a 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. Onl$ fro 911. ADB Re!lassif$ -5in5- as 5 Bd ;I< L 26 A0 or LC ;D< L 21 A0. Re5ar -ossa!% light horse as 5 LC ;I< L 6 A0. ERSTUVWX 5 Sh ;S< L I A0. 0u!h%a 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. 2&grade -ossa!% S% ;O< to 5 S% ;S< L 6 A0. YZUV[Z \Z]UT 93./ ADB ^T_TW[`T `U` Sa]][`T ]ZUbcR][`T \ZU[` 5 .?I 0% ;O< L 6 A0# 6?I Sh ;D< L 3 A0. dTeRcSX 5 0i ;I< L H A0. fa]cSX 5 Ln ;=< L 99 A0. gSchaiX 5 Dr ;D< L I A0.

/53 /53 /53 /592 /59?2 /59 /59 An$ 6526 95. All I596 /56 /52 952

This !o'ers Russian ar ies fro 96G6 until Ale,ei Mi%hailo'it!h(s institution of !ons!ri&tion. The$ were still were &redo inantl$ !a'alr$. The usual for ation !onsisted of an ad'an!e guard# a strong !entre ;the ")olshoi &ol%"<# left ar # right ar and rearguard# the right ar )eing senior. Russians were sensiti'e to outflan%ing and li%ed to fight with a ri'er to their rear and woods or arsh on ea!h flan%. D'or were the &aid troo&s of the &rin!e. The$ and the )o$ars "no)les" wore Tur%ish5st$le la ellar and ail ar our# )ut ost figures of a )o$ar ele ent ight )etter )e retainers in 7uilted ar our. Corse ar our ade a )elated a&&earan!e after 93// as a rare status s$ )ol for ri!h indi'iduals. Deti )o$ars%i$e "sons of the )o$ars" were lesser en also on the ser'i!e rolls# in!luding so e ounted streltsi. The )ow was still the ain wea&on# )ut lan!es had largel$ )een re&la!ed )$ short "*id" *a'elins in a !ase. All rode s all a!ti'e horses )ought fro the >ogai Tartars. Infantr$ were at first al ost entirel$ &ro'ided )$ town ilitia in se&arate )odies of s&ear en# )ow en or ar7ue)usiers# and )$ -ossa!%s. Although we thin% of the latter as light horse# the$ also &ro'ided infantr$. The$ s&e!ialised in ri'erine )oat wor% in ./5oared !hai%a "seagulls". I'an I@ +ro8n$ "the Terri)le" re&la!ed the old town ilitia with a standing for!e of unifor ed streltsi ar ed with a long at!hlo!% and a )erdis!he a,e dou)ling as a us%et rest. The &ro'ision for the -5in5- to )e Bd ;I< or LC ;O< refle!ts the 'arious s all hal)erdier )od$guards and I'an(s hussar5winged "*intsi" lan!er )od$guard. I'an was also a great )elie'er in &u!h%a# )ig guns u& to .3 in!h !ali)rej The first western5 st$le troo&s were added in the 93./s )$ Mi%hail Ro ano' in the for of 6 new regi ents of +er an and 3 of nati'e soldats%i "soldier" foot# &lus so e dragoons and &ossi)l$ reiters and 0olish5st$le lan!e5ar ed hussars. The gula$ gorod "wal%ing fort" !annot )e !lassed as ""g sin!e it needed to )e set u&# its loo&holed wall se!tions ha'ing to )e re o'ed fro the wagons and fastened )etween the . It is first entioned in 9122. 0easants now rarel$ a&&eared in the )attle line# )ut when lur%ing in woods !ould )e a danger to isolated ene $ &arties.

1. JA+I:LLO>IA> 0OLISC A>D LITC2A>IA> 96G6 AD 5 91I1 AD -old. Ag 9. R'# C;+<# "d# R+o# M# Rd# B2A# I. -5in5- 5 Ln ;S< L .1 A0. Su)5general 5 Ln ;S< L .1 A0. Ko&i*ni!$ ;&ronoun!ed "%o&5ee5nee5ts$" 5 Ln ;D< L 92 A0. 2&grade %o&i*ni!$ to Ro$al Cousehold !urienses 5 Ln ;S< L 91 A0. Str8el!$ 5 Si ;O< L H A0. Lithuanian Tartars 5 LC ;S< L I A0. 0olish no)le le'$ 5 Si ;I< L 1 A0. Dra)$ 5 9?. Bd ;O< L I A0# 2?. Sh ;I< L 6 A0. Re&la!e dra)$ with war wagons 5 ""g ;D< L 9/ A0. =al!onets 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. =ortress or siege guns 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. Artiller$ )arges5Bts;O<L 2 A0MArt;S<l. Ta)or 5 =O L 2 A0. Onl$ fro 91/3 AD to 9123 ADB Ser)ian5st$le light hussars 5 LC ;D< L 1 A0. Onl$ fro 912I ADB -on'ert generals and %o&i*ni!$ to hussars 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0 if general# 99 A0 if not. Dra)ant and har!er8e hal)erdier )od$guards 5 Bd ;D< L I A0. Onl$ until 913G ADB Lithuanian slu8h)a 8he s%a 5 9?. Si ;S< L 9/ A0# 2?. Si ;I< L 1 A0. Onl$ fro 911I ADB -on'ert re aining %o&i*ni!$ to hussars 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0. "I J- ? -on'ert str8el!$ to 0olish !ossa!%s 5 9?25.?6 Si ;S< L 9/ A0# rest LC ;=< L 6 A0. +er an reiters 5 0i ;I< L H A0. Cungarian or 0olish haidu%s 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0. +er an er!enar$ &i%e en 5 0% ;D< L 6 A0. +er an su&&orting ar7ue)usiers 5 S% ;D< L . A0. Ma, -,. 9 952 65H /52

25. &er Ln

25. OG526 G526 /53 /52 /59 /59 /592 253

.?65all /52 OOG59H k All All /56 /56 /5H /59 &er 6 0%

0oland and Lithuania were ruled )$ a single %ing of the Jagiellonian d$nast$# )ut not for all$ united until 913G# )efore whi!h the two ar ies differed shar&l$ in !hara!ter. The 0olish ar $ was largel$ &rofessional and )ased on the %o&i*ni% "lan!er". Ce was su&&orted )$ the str8ele! "shooter"# at first ar ed with a !ross)ow# )ut after 9126 with a !o &osite )ow ore useful against Tartars. Dra)$ foot fought as 9 ran% of &art5ar oured &a'isiers# 9 of hea'il$ ar oured half5&i%es and hal)erds# and 3 of shooters. The latter ostl$ used 0olish5 ade handguns# with at first a few !ross)ows and later i &orted ar7ue)uses. The &os&&lite rus8enie "no)le le'$" was still !alled5u& in ti e of need. This undis!i&lined and argu entati'e ass of no)le en was hard to raise# al ost un anagea)le# &rone to &ani! and would ser'e onl$ under the %ing. The Lithuanian ar $ was now 'er$ Russian in a&&earan!e. It had few &rofessionals# ost troo&s )eing &ro'ided )$ )o$ars under the slu8h)a 8he s%a "land ser'i!e" s!he e. A few were %o&i*ni!$# )ut ost were worse ounted than the 0oles and u!h worse e7ui&&ed# ore wearing 7uilts than ail. Instead of s%ir ishing li%e their &rede!essors the$ tended to huddle in asses. In 91.H# King A$g unt I !o &lained that Lithuania was in!a&a)le of defending itself without 0olish aid. An e,!e&tion were the Tartars settled in Lithuania# who &ro'ided e,!ellent light !a'alr$ for )oth 0oland and Lithuania. =ro 913G# 0olish &ra!ti!es were ado&ted and the slu8h)a 8he s%a was a)sor)ed into the no)le le'$. Ite s ar%ed O or OO a&&l$ onl$ if 9 )ut not )oth are used. >o)le le'$ or dra)ants ust )e in the -5in5-(s !o and. The first hussars were Ser)ian er!enar$ light horse with lan!e and shield. 0oles soon filled the ran%s and )$ 912I the$ were ar oured lan!ers and the do inant !a'alr$ t$&e. After 9112# the str8el!$ were &rogressi'el$ transfor ed into 0olish "!ossa!%s"# so e with short lan!e# )ow and ar our# others unar oured. The standard artiller$ &ie!e was a lightl$5!rewed long 2&dr fal!onet drawn )$ 256 horses. 3. TARTAR 96G6 AD 5 9I// AD -old. AgB +olden Corde# Ka8an# Astra%han and Si)ir 9# -ri ean Khanate .. AllB R'# C;+<# R+o# B2A. +olden Corde# Ka8an and Si)ir onl$B "d. -ri ean onl$B "". -5in5- 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0. Su)5general 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0 or LC ;S< L 2I A0. Tartar hea'$ !a'alr$ 5 u& to 9?2 Si ;S< L 9/ A0# rest ;D< L H A0. Ma, -,6 9 952 3593

Tartar light !a'alr$ 5 LC ;S< L I A0. Onl$ +olden Corde or Khanate of Ka8anB Besser eni 5 Bw ;I< L . A0. Onl$ Khanate of Si)irB Re&la!e LC ;S< )$ Khant$ and Mansi 5 2& to 9?. ") ;I< L . A0# rest Bw ;I< L . A0. Onl$ +olden Corde or -ri ean Khanate )efore 9S13 ADB Ar en and "=r$a8ei" 5 Bw ;D< L 1 A0. Onl$ -ri ean KhanateB Otto an allies 5 ListB Otto an Tur% ;Boo% 9<. Onl$ -ri ean Khanate after 9113 ADB Downgrade hea'$ !a'alr$ other than generals to oghlan 5 LC ;S< L I A0. Downgrade light !a'alr$ to 5 u& to 9?2 LC ;O< L 1 A0# rest LC ;=< L 6 A0. 0et$horts$ 'assals 5 Si ;S< L 9/ A0. Seg)an 5 Dr ;I< L 3 A0. @olga +er ans 5 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. Linear earthwor%s 5 = L 6 A0. 0easant foot 5 Cd ;S< L 2 A0.

92516 /5H 9?. /56

All All /5. 359/ /5H O265./ /59 &er 2 =

This !o'ers the +olden Corde until its o'erthrow )$ the -ri ean Khanate in 91/2# the Khanates of Ka8an and Astra%han until the$ fell to the Russians under I'an the Terri)le in 9112 and 9113 res&e!ti'el$# the Khanate of Si)ir until its final defeat in 91GH and the -ri ean Khanate until )e$ond the end of our &eriod. Sig und Cor)erstein# an I &erial a )assador of the earl$ 93th !entur$# noted that the Russians !alled the Tartar )attle ta!ti! "%horo'od" ;dan!e<. It !onsisted of two "arrow stri%es" )$ light !a'alr$ followed )$ a !harge )$ ar oured !a'alr$# the )est of who rode )arded horses# and an$ of who !arried a lan!e. +olden Corde ar ies !ould in!lude large nu )ers of infantr$# ostl$ the inha)itants of Musli towns of the Corde# !alled "Besser eni" and rated )ra'e if unenthusiasti!# a lesser nu )er of "Ar en" or -ri ean Ar enians !onsidered s%ilful and fir and "=r$a8ei" !ross)ow en &ro'ided )$ the Italian !olonies of the -ri ea. The -ri ean Khanate was now an in'alua)le 'assal all$ to the Tur%s and the ain ene $ of the 0oles. It !ontrolled not onl$ the settled tri)es of the -ri ea# whi!h &ro'ided )oth foot and 2/ organised !o &anies of "seg)an" ounted ar7ue)usiers as well as !a'alr$# )ut also the no ads of the >ogai ste&&e to its north. After 9113# the su&&l$ of ar our was u!h redu!ed and the old dis!i&line was !onfined to the Khan(s regular "oghlan" !a'alr$ and the seg)an. These were su&&le ented )$ irregular horse en !o anded )$ tri)al aristo!rats. Oghlan "sons of the no)les" !arried a light lan!e and ins&ired the later "uhlan" lan!ers of later 0olish ar ies. Lan!es were in!reasingl$ attested in the 9Ith !entur$# a&&arentl$ re&la!ing the )ow. One foreign a!!ount of dou)tful date entions a -ri ean ar $ of who onl$ half had )ows# the rest )eing ar ed onl$ with "shee& )ones" tied to sti!%s# whi!h we !harita)l$ inter&ret as )one5headed s&ears. The @olga +er ans had an o)ligation to &ro'ide us%eteers. 0et$horts$ were a -ir!assian &eo&le fro e -au!asus ar ed with lan!e and )ow and wearing ail# red and gre$ !aftans and shagg$ !loa%s. The$ were u!h &ri8ed for their s!outing a)ilit$. -ri ean Tartars wore shee&s%ins turned flee!e5in in winter# )ut flee!e5out in su er# so that the$ were des!ri)ed as loo%ing li%e white )ears on horse)a!%. Other Tartars differed in wearing ostl$ )la!% shee& s%ins turned flee!e5out in winter and white !loth !aftans in su er. Ri!h no)les wore !oloured and e )roidered sil% gar ents of Tur%ish or 0ersian st$le li%e their ar our. Tartar )aggage was !arried on light 2 wheeled !arts unsuita)le for for ing a laager. The ini u ar%ed O a&&lies onl$ if an$ fortifi!ations are used other than for a B2A. Allied !ontingents fro this list need not in!lude seg)an.

I. 0OLISC5LITC2A>IA> RA:-A0OS0OLITA 91I3 AD 5 93.9 AD -old. Ag 9. R'# C;+<# "d# R+o# M# Rd# B2A# I. -5in5- 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0. Su)5general 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0. Cussars 5 Ln ;=< L 99 A0. 0olish ar oured !ossa!%s 5 Si ;D< L H A0. Re&la!e 0olish ar oured !ossa!%s )$ Lithuanian &et$horts$ 5 Si ;S< L 9/ A0. 0olish unar oured !ossa!%s 5 9?.59?2 LC ;=< L 6 A0# rest LC ;I< L 6 A0. +er an reiters 5 0i ;I< L H A0. Ma, -,2 9 952 35G 952 &er 2 Ln /59?. 25. &er 2 Ln /56

Lithuanian Tartars 5 LC ;S< L I A0. Caidu%s 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0. Mer!enar$ shot 5 u& to 9?2 Sh ;I< L 6 A0# rest Sh ;D< L 3 A0. Mer!enar$ su&&orting &i%e en 5 0% ;O< L 6 A0. Registered -ossa!%s 5 u& to 9?. Dr ;O< L I A0# rest Sh ;=< L 3 A0. "$)ranie!%a &easant infantr$ 5 Cd ;O< L 9 A0. =ield guns 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. >o)le le'$ 5 Si ;I< L 1 A0. =a%e hussars 5 Cd ;O< L 9 A0. Ta)or 5 =O L 2 A0. 2&grade ta)or to war wagons 5 ""g ;D< L 9/ A0. Onl$ after 939H ADB +er an or Li'onian !uirassiers 5 0i ;S< L 92 A0. Dragoons 5 Dr ;D< L I A0. 2nregistered 2%rainian -ossa!% allies 5 ListB =ree -ossa!%. Onl$ in 932G ADB I &erialist allies 5 ListB +er an -atholi!.

/5. 65H /592 /59 &er 6 Sh ;O< or ;9< /592 /56 952 OG526 /56 /592 /56 /52 952

This !o'ers ar ies of the 0olish5Lithuanian R8e!8&os&olita "-o onwealth" fro the ele!tion of Stefan Bator$ until the end of the 2nd 0olish5Swedish "ar. The standing Kuarter Ar $ ;fro the &ro&ortion of the %ing(s re'enue su&&orting it< was su&&le ented in e ergen!$ )$ large nu )ers of er!enaries# if the rust$ state a!hiner$ felt suffi!ientl$ threatened to a&&ro'e e,tra ta,ation. Onl$ when reall$ des&erate would the no)le le'$ )e !alled5u&. As one 0olish offi!er re ar%ed "I would rather herd swine than !o and the Le'$ in atta!%". The ini u ar%ed O a&&lies onl$ if an$ no)le le'$ are used. If so# the$ ust )e in the -5in5-(s !o and. The ain stri%ing for!e were now the fa ous winged hussars. Bator$ a)olished their as$ etri! shields and standardised their ar our and the$ )egan to wear wings atta!hed to their saddles. The$ were su&&orted )$ 0olish !ossa!%s# so e units ar oured# so e su!h as the Lisows%i regi ent not. Ar oured and ost unar oured units had re&la!ed lan!es with ar7ue)uses. Other unar oured units had )ow and usuall$ lan!e. Lithuanian &et$horts$# na ed fro the -ir!assian &eo&le# retained lan!es. The foot were now haidu%s# Cungarian5 st$le ar7ue)usiers useful to su&&ort artiller$ or atta!% fortifi!ations. "$)ranie!%a !ons!ri&ts were si ilarl$ ar ed and dressed# )ut so unenthusiasti! and ineffe!ti'e as to )e ainl$ used as &ioneers. >ati'e infantr$ were su&&le ented )$ ostl$ +er an er!enar$ regi ents# now al ost all shot. The Old 0olish Order ;of )attle< still used until at least 939/ had G !a'alr$ )lo!%s !alled "huf$" in . lines. The !entre of the 9st line was the huf !8eln$ "leading huf"# the flan%ing huf$ the wings or horns. The !entre of the 2nd line in!luded the )est and hea'iest troo&s and was !alled the huf waln$ "atta!% huf. Other huf$ were of worse or lighter troo&s and treated as reser'es. Caidu%s and artiller$ were &la!ed in the inter'als. As the nu )er of infantr$ in!reased# there was a shift towards western5st$le ulti5line de&lo$ ents. "ar wagons were used to &rote!t )oth flan%s or to )rea% the ene $ front. The rest of the "ta)or" wagon fortress were un odified 'ehi!les. The 0oles often used distant !a & ser'ants with s&are lan!es on )aggage ani als to i itate e,tra hussars. 0la$ers doing this ust swa& hussar for ser'ant ele ents if ene $ !o e within 2//& or when shot at. The -ossa!%s of the 2%raine were now no inall$ 0olish su)*e!ts and Bator$ instituted a register of those entitled to &a$ and o)liged to ser'e. These rose fro an initial 1// to H#/// in 93./. Mu!h larger nu )ers o!!asionall$ aided the 0oles under their own leaders. Registered -ossa!%s !annot )e used with -ossa!% allies. Men of -ossa!% ra!e are gi'en an initial !a&ital "-" to distinguish the fro 0oles !alled !ossa!%s.

H. :ARLY +2STA@IA> S":DISC 939H AD 5 932G AD -old. Ag 6. ""# R'# C;S<# "d# R+o# M# Rd# B2A# I. -5in5- 5 0i ;O< L ./ A0 or ;S< L .2 A0. Su)5general 5 0i ;O< L ./ A0 or ;I< L 2H A0. Swedish Adelsfana !uirassiers 5 0i ;D< L 9/ A0. Swedish landsr$ttare 5 0i ;I< L H A0. =innish "ha!%a&ells" 5 0i ;=< L 99 A0. Dragoons 5 Dr ;D< L I A0. Mounted *ager 5 Dr ;S< L H A0. Swedish and =innish us%eteers and !ali'ers 5 9?2 Sh ;O< L 3 A0# 9?2 Sh ;I< L 6 A0. 9 952 /59 65H 956 /5. /59 9652H

Swedish and =inish su&&orting &i%e en 5 0% ;D< L 6 A0. =innish s%ir ishers with )ows# !ali'ers and !ross)ows 5 S% ;D< L . A0. +er an and S!ots er!enar$ foot 5 2?1 0% ;O< L 6 A0# .?1 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. 26&dr siege and 92&dr field guns 5 u& to 9?. Art ;S< L 21 A0# rest ;D< L 2/ Onl$ after 9329 ADB Re&la!e Swedish landsr$ttare with latta r$ttare 5 0i ;D< L 9/ A0. Li'onian !uirassiers 5 0i ;S< L 92 A0. Onl$ 9326 AD to 932H ADB Swinesfeathers for us%eteers 5 0O L 9 A0. Onl$ after 9323 ADB +er an er!enar$ reiters 5 0i ;I< L H A0. +er an er!enar$ har7ue)usiers 5 LC ;I< L 6 A0. 2&grade Swedish and =innish &i%e en to 5 0% ;S< L 1 A0. 2&grade er!enar$ &i%e en as +er an "!oloured" regi ents 5 0% ;S< L 1 A0. Leather guns 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0.

A0.

6 &er I Sh /53 9/56/ /5. All /52 9 &er 2 Sh 25H /5. All 2& to 9?2 95.

This !o'ers Swedish ar ies fro +usta'us Adol&hus( first ar $ refor s until his ad'an!e into +er an$ )egan the Swedish &hase of the ./ Years "ar. The single regi ent of Swedish no)le !uirassiers rarel$ if e'er ser'ed a)road and )e!ause of its tin$ 96 hand horses !annot )e graded an$ higher than ;O<. The nati'e Swedish landsr$ttare rode e'en worse horses whi!h were not onl$ s aller still# )ut too slow for s%ir ishing ta!ti!s. In 9329 +usta'us too% awa$ their !ar)ines and in!reased the &ro'ision of &istols to turn the into sho!% !a'alr$ now !alled latta r$ttare ;light horse en<. These !harged 1 or 3 dee& at the trot in a tight for ation whose front ran% fired its &istols *ust &rior to !onta!t. >ot all !ould )e e7ui&&ed with !orslets. The fero!ious =innish ha!%a&ells ; ore &ro&erl$ ha%%a&elitta# fro the =innish for "Ca!% the downj"# a !r$ still used toda$ )$ i!e ho!%e$ fans< were gallo&ing !a'alr$ riding e7uall$ light )ut faster horses of eastern t$&e# owned little ar our and were short of &istols. There were 6 !o &anies at the start of the list# rising to 92 at the end# of whi!h onl$ 3 ser'ed a)road. =ro 9329# nati'e !a'alr$ were su&&le ented )$ +er an er!enaries. Li'onia &ro'ided good !uirassiers and there were so e light s%ir ishing har7ue)usiers# )ut ost were at first &oor 7ualit$ &istoleers who &refered firing )$ !ara!ole to !harging. The Swedish !ons!ri&t infantr$ had suffered )adl$ for want of &i%e en in the 9st 0olish "ar of 93//59399. This was re edied )$ +usta'us )efore the 2nd 0olish "ar of 93295932G and the shot te &oraril$ &ro'ided with "swinesfeathers" for e,tra &rote!tion against !a'alr$. 0i%e en still wore hel et# !orslet and tassets. At this ti e the us%ets were a hea'$ t$&e with rests and the lighter !ali'er was retained in ser'i!e until 93./. The +er an "!oloured" Yellow# Blue# Red and +reen regi ents were the elite of the er!enaries. S!ots were re!lothed and ar ed as soon as &ossi)le after arri'al# )ut the in!lusion of 9 or 2 %ilted )ow5!arr$ing re!ent re!ruits would )e a ni!e tou!h. +usta'us was e,&eri enting with 'arious wedge5sha&ed . to I )attalion infantr$ for ations# )ut had not $et hit u&on the future triangular "Swedish Brigade". Sur&lus shot were de&lo$ed in rear of the )rigade or !o anded off as su&&orts interlea'ed with the !a'alr$. =oot were now for ed 3 dee& instead of the for er 9/ dee&. The !a'alr$ were now initiall$ arranged in !he7uer5)oard for ation )ehind the foot# where the 0oles !ould not easil$ get at the .

G. =R:: -OSSA-K 911/ AD 5 9I// AD Si)erianB -old. Ag 6. R'# "d# C;+< M# R+o# B2A# I. OtherB -old. Ag 2. ""# R'# "d# M# R+o# B2A# I. -5in5- 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0# Si ;O< L 2H A0# LC ;=< L 26 A0 or Sh ;=< L 23 A0. Su)5general 5 as -5in5-. 2&grade light horse en to ar oured !a'alr$ 5 Si ;D< L H A0. Moloits$ 5 u& to 9?6 0% ;=< L 6 A0# rest Sh ;=< L 3 A0. Sni&ers 5 S% ;S< L 6 A0. -hai%a 5 Bts ;D< L 2 A0 MSh;=<#S%;S<#Bd;=<#0%;=<J. 0easants with i &ro'ised wea&ons 5 Cd ;S< L 2 A0. Ta)or 5 =O L 2 A0. S all )rass guns 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. Tartars 5 LC ;S< L I A0. Ma, >21/ Ma, -,2 9 952 /52 9253/ 25H /5H O 92526 OO92526 /52 /5.

An$ e,!e&t Don or Si)erian -ossa!%sB Light horse en 5 LC ;=< or ;I< L 6 A0. Onl$ Don -ossa!%sB Light horse en 5 LC ;=< or ;I< L 6 A0. Onl$ Si)erian -ossa!%s after 91H9 ADB Streltsi 5 Sh ;S< L I A0. Deti Bo$ars%i$e 5 Si ;I< L 1 A0. Ko i# Mansi# Khant$# Tungus or si ilar nati'e au,iliaries 5 Bw ;I< L . A0. Onl$ Aa&oro8hian or 2%rainian -ossa!%sB Mount foot generals or oloits$ on horses as 5 Dr ;D< L 2I A0 if general# I A0 if not. 0lashed wood edges 5 =O L 2 A0. Trans$l'anian allies 5 ListB Trans$l'anian ;Boo% 9<. Onl$ Kh elnits%$(s 2%rainian re)ellion fro 936H AD to 931I ADB -on'ert &easants into drilled -ossa!% su&&orting &i%e en 5 0% ;D< L 6 A0. Russian5su&&lied sled guns 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. -a&tured 0olish guns 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. -ri ean Tartar allies 5 ListB Tartar. Don -ossa!% allies 5 ListB =ree -ossa!%. Onl$ after 9319 ADB Re5ar re aining LC ;=< as 5 LC ;I< L 26 A0 if general# 6 A0 if not. =urther re5ar Don light horse with lan!es as 5 LC ;D< L 26"A0 if general# 1 A0 if not. Re&la!e 2%rainian Dr ;O< with LC ;I< L 6 A0. Re&la!e oloits$ half5&i%es 0% ;=< with )erdis!he as 5 Bd ;=< L 1 A0.

.592 9H5I1 /56 /5. /59/ /592 /5H

/56 /53 /52

All An$ 9?25all 9?25all

B$ 911/# the -ossa!%s had !oales!ed into free "hosts" settled on )orders in areas of un!ertain !ontrol. The 2 ain hosts were at first the Aa&oro8hian ")elow the ra&ids" -ossa!%s of the lower Dnie&er ;des!ri)ed as "&i!tures7ue and re&rehensi)le"< and the Don -ossa!%s of the Ri'er Don# who the Russians ainl$ relied on. The &er anent inha)itants of the Aa&oro8hian sie!h were at first su&&le ented )$ su er 'isitors fro the northern 2%raine# )ut fro 9321 these re ained at ho e as a .rd 2%rainian or "Little Russian" host ;unflatteringl$ des!ri)ed as "la!%ing )oth the 'i!es and the 'irtues of true !ossa!%s" and as "a s&iritless ass of horse"<. Cowe'er# the 0oles !onfusingl$ !ontinued to !all )oth grou&s Aa&oro8hians. Se'eral s aller grou&s in!luded the Tere% -ossa!%s who fended5off raiders fro the -au!asus. The Aa&oro8hians were no inall$ and the 2%rainians slightl$ less no inall$ su)*e!t to the 0oles# who tolerated their tur)ulen!e )e!ause of their 'alue as a )uffer against the Tartars. In 936H# the 2%rainians re)elled under Kh elnits%$ and re ained inde&endent until for!ed to a&&eal in 9316 for Russian &rote!tion. :arl$ in this re'olt the$ !a&tured u!h 0olish artiller$ and were sent ore )$ the -8ar. The$ were organised in units with standards# e'en in!luding a few !on'entional &i%e5and5shot regi ents. The !ollo7uial na e for -ossa!% foot was oloits$ or "lads". The$ were ostl$ ar ed with a sword and an ar7ue)us# or later a us%et# )ut &oor en su!h as new arri'als ight su)stitute a half5&i%e. A few en sni&ed with a!!urate firear s# often rifled. The first e'iden!e of the )erdis!he a,e is a single e,a &le fro a )attlefield of 9319# )ut )$ 933/ it was widel$ used in &la!e of the half5&i%e. -ossa!% foot were ade&t at )oat wor% in 6/5oar !hai%a "seagulls" and e'en atta!%ed Tur%ish galle$s. Allied !ontingents fro this list !an in!lude !hai%a. Onl$ the Don and Tere% -ossa!%s initiall$ used u!h !a'alr$. These )egan as horse ar!hers# )ut soon added firear s. The firelo!% "sa &ol$" was in use )$ 9321 alongside at!hlo!%s. The !hange to firear ta!ti!s was &ro)a)l$ )etween 91H1 and 93.1. In the 931/s the Russians ordered -ossa!%s to ha'e a sa)re# a &istol# a !ar)ine and if &ossi)le a light lan!e. 2%rainians then s%ir ished at long range unless greatl$ su&erior in nu )ers. Don -ossa!%s were less ti id# en'elo&ing the flan%s of ina!ti'e ene $ to s&ear and shoot at !lose range without !onta!t# )ut fleeing if atta!%ed 'igorousl$. Aa&oro8hians used horses ainl$ for trans&ort# !ountering ene $ !a'alr$ )$ fighting fro the &rote!tion of the ta)or. The largel$ -ossa!% !on7uest of Si)eria fro 91H9 in'ol'ed )itter fighting# )ut the ar ies rarel$ e,!eeded 9#/// en. The larger hosts !ould field 91#/// to 6/#/// warriors# )ut huge nu )ers of des&erate &easants of 'arious nations *oined in re)ellions su!h as those of Kh elnits%$ and Sten%a Ra8in. The ini u ar%ed O a&&lies onl$ if an$ troo&s of that t$&e are used# that ar%ed OO onl$ if no ore than 2 !hai%a are used. 9/. +:OR+IA> OR -IR-ASSIA> 96G6 AD 5 9I// AD +eorgianB "ar . Ag /. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# O# @# R+o# Rd# B2A. -ir!assian B -old. Ag 9. R'# lm<# "d# O# @# :# R+o# B2A. >1// >1//

-5in5- 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0. All$5general 5 Si ;S< L 2/ A0. Ar oured !a'alr$ 5 Si ;S< L 9/ A0. -u an5des!ended and other light !a'alr$ 5 LC ;=< L 6 A0. Ar!hers 5 u& to 9?2 S% ;I< L 2 A0# rest Bw ;D< L 1 A0. S&ear en 5 ") ;I< L . A0. Ja'elin en 5 S% ;I< L 2 A0. Onl$ +eorgia in 91G2 ADB Russian allies 5 ListB Russian Traditional. Onl$ after 9321 ADB Regrade all !a'alr$ as 5 Si ;=< L 2H A0# if -5in5-# 9H A0 if all$5general# H A0 if not. Re&la!e ar!hers with shar&shooters 5 S% ;S< L 6 A0. Swords en with shash%a 5 Bd ;=< L 1 A0. Re&la!e s&ear en with warriors with %ind*al# so e with *a'elins 5 ") ;D< L 6 A0. A3ul dr$5stone re!tangular redou)t on hill 5 = L I A0.

9 952 359H 92526 3593 925.3 /53

An$ All .5H All /5.

This !o'ers )oth the se'eral -hristian reli!t &rin!i&alities of fruitful +eorgia and the si ilarl$ dressed and ar ed Musli &eo&les of the hea'il$ forested hills of T!het!hnia and the *agged )are ountains of Daghestan who were loosel$ !alled -ir!assians. +eorgia was di'ided into Tur%ish and 0ersian 8ones of influen!e# whi!h !hiefl$ defined who the$ were re)elling against. 0art was ta%en under Russian &rote!tion in 91HG# with onl$ fleeting )enefit )efore 9H/9. The -ir!assians held their own against the 0ersians and raided into Russian territor$. A 0ersian &ro'er) went ""hen the Shah is a fool# he atta!%s Daghestan". Bows disa&&eared with the arri'al of firear s# )ut *a'elins were still in use in the 9Gth !entur$. The national wea&on was now the %ind*al# a 2 foot long dou)le5edged slashing dagger whi!h was worn in the waist)and of e'er$ an and# in a s aller 'ersion# of e'er$ wo an. Corse en and so e foot also used the shash%a# a huge slightl$5!ur'ed sa)re. A fa'ourite ta!ti! against the Russians was to sni&e at the fro !o'er# then when the$ de&lo$ed their own s%ir ishing &arties# to a )ush these with shash%a !harges. -a'alr$ !harged furiousl$ at 'er$ high s&eed# firing without !he!%ing at 2/ &a!es. Their Ka)arda horses were s all# )ut handso e and fier$. 0et$horts$ -ir!assians retained lan!e# )ow and ail and wore red and gre$ !aftans. Other en are des!ri)ed as wearing )la!% la )s%in !a&s and )la!% goat hair )our%a or if &oor "wret!hed felt" !loa%s and as "swaggering warriors &rowling !at5li%e in soft leather )oots" and the wo en as "doe5 e$ed )eauties". The garrisons of Aduls so eti es lashed the sel'es together with their sword )elts for a last stand.

99. SIB:RIA> TRIB:S 96G6 AD 5 9I// AD -old. Ag 9. AllB R'# "d# R+o# B2A# I. Ma, >21/ MansiB C;S<# "d. Khant$B M. Sa o$edsB ""# M# Rgo. Ya%uts n TungusB C;+<. Bur$atsB ""# C;+<# M. Yu%agirsB C;S<. -hu%!hisB ""# M# R+o. Kora%sB ""# C;S<# R+o. -5in5- 5 ") ;I< L 2. A0 or Bw ;I< L 2. A0. Su)5generals 5 ") ;I< L 2. A0 or Bw ;I< L 2. A0. "arriors with s&ears 5 ") ;I< L . A0. Ar!hers 5 Bw ;I< L . A0. Dug5out ;or if Ya%uts or Tungus )ir!h )ar%< !anoes L 9 A0 MBw#")#BdN. Onl$ if Khant$ or MansiB 2&grade ar oured generals to 5 Bw ;D< L 1 A0. Onl$ if Ya%uts or TungusB Reindeer riders 5 LC ;=< L 6 A0. Re5ar warriors with &al a 5 Bd ;=< L 21 A0 if general# 1 A0 if not. Bur$at allies 5 ListB Si)erian Tri)es. Onl$ if Bur$atsB 2&grade generals to 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0 or LC ;=< L 26 A0. Re&la!e warriors with ar oured !a'alr$ 5 Si ;D< L H A0. Re&la!e ar!hers with horse ar!hers 5 LC ;=< L 6 A0. Onl$ if Sa o$eds# Yu%agirs or Ya%utsB 9 /52 /52/ 9H53/ /53 An$ /52 All

95. All 9H56/

Re&la!e ar!hers with s%ir ishing )ow en 5 S% ;I< L 2 A0. Onl$ if Ya%utsB Re&la!e ar!hers with !a'alr$ 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0 if general# Si ;D< L 9/ A0 if not. Onl$ if -hu%!his or Kora%sB 2&grade ar!hers to 5 Bw ;S< L 2I A0 if general# I A0 if not. Re&la!e warriors with s%ir ishing )ow en 5 S% ;I< L 2 A0. 2&grade !anoes to large sea5going dug5outs 5 Bts ;D< L 2 A0 MBw#S%N.

An$ 3592 All All All

This !o'ers the tri)al &eo&les of Si)eria who the Russian -ossa!%s had to su)due on their wa$ to the 0a!ifi! O!ean after the destru!tion of the Khanate of Si)ir. These were so de!entralised that the an$ fier!e )attles in'ol'ed onl$ s all for!es on ea!h side. The first grou&s et were the Ko i ;or A$rians< west of the 2rals# then the Mansi ;or @oguls< and Khant$ ;or Ost$a%s< in and *ust east of the 2rals. These all fought on foot with )ows or s&ears and so e had ail and iron hel ets. The$ had )een su)dued )$ 93// and &ro'ided au,iliaries. >e,t en!ountered were the Sa o$eds of the Ar!ti! !oast# ar!hers ainl$ fighting fro a )ush li%e the :astern =orest A eri!ans. The$ had )een su)dued )$ 93./. >e,t !a e the Tungus# reindeer &astoralists of the o&en ste&&e# again ostl$ foot and fond of a )ushes# )ut whose s!outs rode reindeer. The$ were ar ed with a )ow or the glai'e5 li%e "&al a" and wore )one# horn and wooden ar our. The$ had )een su)dued )$ 9369. The$ were allied to the Bur$ats# a &artl$5sedentar$ Mongol &eo&le that had e igrated off the ste&&e to the La%e Bai%al region. The Yu%agirs who were et ne,t were se i5no adi! reindeer hunters and &ro'ed the easiest !on7uest $et# )ut re'olted o!!asionall$ until 93I/. >e,t !a e the Ya%ut# a Tur%i! horse5riding &eo&le who at so e ti e had igrated north fro the ste&&e and settled in the Lena 'alle$. :,!ellent iron wor%ers# their ain strength la$ in ar oured !a'alr$ with &al a and )ow# no)les adding horse ar our# )ut the$ had assi ilated an$ Tungus and Sa o$eds who should )e de&i!ted in their nati'e st$les. The$ were finall$ su)dued in 93H6. The last grou&s# who re ained un!on7uered until after our &eriod were the -hu%!his and Kora%s# so e of who were !oastal sea5hunters# the others reindeer &astoralists igrating )etween ountain tundra and lower &ine forest. Their &ri ar$ wea&on was a !o &osite )ow and the$ wore ar our of )one5&lated seals%in or so eti es iron la ellae# su&&le ented )$ !u )erso e wooden ar our dis!arded for !lose !o )at. The$ raided e,tensi'el$ )$ sea in large wooden !anoes as far as Alas%a and the ost northern Ja&anese islands. The$ were fanati!s who routinel$ died rather than surrender. Su er tundra !an )e re&resented as )ogg$ rough ground.

89:;; <9;=>8<;?@<A@B CDBAE 92. fodpq^Erso rqYDtsuoErso qdpss 93/G AD 5 936H AD -old. Ag 2. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# @# :# M# R+o# Rd# B2A. fUcv[Z_ 5 0i ;S< L .2 A0. fTiTScU 5 0i ;S< L .2 A0. r`Sc]`SX 5 0i ;S< L 92 A0. rcSc[ZU`Sawx`T STeRcSX 5 0i ;I< L H A0. rcScyTiX 5 LC ;I< L 6 A0. gSchaiX 5 Dr ;D< L I A0. paz[TRTSX 5 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. D]cbic{ ` \ZUTvc{ cSR`UUTS`{ 5 bZ 9?2 Art ;S< L 21 A0# \SZ|TT ;D< L 2/ A0. D[Z\X `U` RST}]RZSZii`T STbaRX 5 = L 6 A0 `U` 3 A0. EZw~i`[`B s]\ci`{ qS_U`]RB s]\ci][c{ UcibS][c{ cS_`{ Mri`hc 9N. YZUV[Z bU{ cS_`` `U` [ZiR`ihTiRc rcRZU`|T][Ze t`h`# vZ~hUcvU{T_X} ycvcSWc_`B cvcS][`T [`Sc]`SX 5 0i ;S< L 92 A0. YZUV[Z bU{ `_\TS][Ze cS_`` `U` [ZiR`ihTiRcB rSZcRX 5 LC ;S< L I A0. ZUV][`T [Z~c[` 5 LC ;I< L 6 A0. Targeteers 5 Bd ;D< L I A0. YZUV[Z bU{ `_\TS][Ze vZ]RZ|iZe hSci`WXB TihTS][`T ha]cSX 5 LC ;=< L 6 A0. fSci`|cSX 5 S% ;S< L 6 A0. Le'$ with orgenstern or hal)erd 5 Bd ;I< L 6 A0. Ma, -,i .1 9 952 253 .53 253 /52 6526 /56 /5.

65I 251 /5. /52 253 .53 /56

YZUV[Z bZ 93.2 ADB mc_Ti`RV hTiTScUZv?[`Sc]`S ic [Z\Tex`[Zv 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0# T]U` hTiTScU# 99 A0# T]U` iTR/52 `[`iTSX# \ZbbTS`vcwx`T _az[TRTSZv 5 0% ;D< L 6 A0. 25. ic 6 Sh YZUV[Z \Z]UT 9393 ADB mc_Ti`RV [cScyTiZv [cSc[ZU`Sawx`_` cS[Tya~`Sc_` 5 0i ;I< L H A0. YZUV[Z \Z]UT 93.2 ADB }abz`RV [`Sc]`S 5 0i ;D< L 9/ A0. Ua|z`RV cS[Tya~`SZv ` STeRcS 5 0i ;D< L 9/ A0. `[`iTSX# \ZbbTS`vcwx`T _az[TRTSZv 5 0% ;O< L 6 A0. Ev`ic{ xTR`ic `U` SZhcR[` 5 0O L 9 A0. ZU[ZvXT \az[` 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. 9?25v]T 2& to 9?2 2& to 2?. 952 ic 6 Sh /56 /56

RZR U`]R Z}vcRXvcTR cS_`` Ev{xTiiZe d`_][Ze `_\TS`` `?`U` cvcS`` ` rcRZU`|T][Ze t`h`# c Rc[T RT cS_``# [ZRZSXT ~cx`xcU` vZ]RZ|iXT hSci`WX s_\TS`` ZR RaSZ[ vZ vST_{ YS`bWcR`UTRiTe vZeiX. gZ ]_TSR` iTbZZWTiTiiZhZ Y`UU` v dceiT v 93.2# rcRZU`|T][c{ t`hc# vZ~hUcvU{T_c{ cvcS`Te# vX]RcvU{Uc PPT[R`viaw ZRbTUViaw cS_`w# iZ [Zhbc Zic yXvcUc ]ZTb`iTic ic \ZUT yZ{ ] `_\TS][`_` vZe][c_`# ZyT ]SccU`]V [c[ Tb`ic{ ]`Uc . cvcSWX ` ]c[]ZiWX ] 93.1 h. ` yScibTiyaSWX ] 93.I h. ]RcU` |c]RVw ]Zy]RvTiiZ `_\TS][Ze cS_`` \Zb ic|cUZ_ ]Zy]RvTiiX} hTiTScUZv. Ec_X_ `~vT]RiX_ `_\TS][`_ hTiTScUZ_ v 9326593./ ` v 93.25 93.6 hh. yXU qUVyST}R PZi cUUTizRTei# hTSWZh S`bUcib][`e. r`Sc]`SX yXU` }ZSZz`_` vZe][_`# ]\Z]ZyiX_` Z\SZ[`iaRV zvTb][aw [Zii`Wa# yZUTT UTh[aw ` \Zic|cUa ic }abz`} UZzcb{}. mc]RSTUVx`[Zv5[cScyTiZv yXUZ \S`[c~ciZ v 939I h. ~c_Ti`RV ic cS[Tya~`S# vZZSaTiiX} Rc[`_ T ZySc~Z_# iZ v [`Sc]c}# Zbic[Z \SZ`~ZzUZ U` ]`T RZ|iZ iT`~vT]RiZ. Z]UT twWTic v 93.2 h. cUTizRTei ZR_Ti`U v [cvcUTS`` [cScy`iX ` vvTU bU{ v]T} \`]RZUTRX ` [`Sc]X# ~c_TR`v# |RZ v ]ScTi`` yT~bZ]\Tzic{ [cvcUTS`{ yTcUc# v RZ vST_{ [c[ ~cx`xTiic{ [cvcUTS`{ ]RZ{Uc ` bScUc]V. s_\TS][`e hTiTScU pZiRT[a[[ZU` v][ZST \Z]UT RZhZ Z\`]XvcU bZ]\Tziaw [cvcUTS`w [c[ ic]RZ{x`} [`Sc]`S v UcRc} ` \ZUa5[`Sc]`S# iZ]{x`} U`zV [c][a ` [`Sc]a \Z zvTb][Z_a ZySc~Wa# iZ ZR_T|cU# |RZ T]U` ~c i`_` iT ]UTb`RV# iT[ZRZSXT yabaR [cSc[ZU`SZvcRV. \SZ|T_# Zi }ZRTU yX vZZSa`RV ThZ \ZUa5[`Sc]`S _az[TRZiZ_# |RZyX Zi` ]RSTU{U` \TSTb cRc[Ze. Z]UT 93.1 h. UcRX bTUcU`]V aT STb[Z. ob`i]RvTiiZT bZ]RZvTSiZT a\Z_`ici`T [Z\Tex`[Zv RZ hvcSb`{ cUUTizRTeic v 9326593./ hh. ` vZ~_ZiZ hvcSb`{ s~ZUciZ# hTiTScUc [SZcRZv v 93.9 h.# }ZR{ pZiRT[a[[ZU` \STbUchcU

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/53 956 /59 9652H 9 ic I Sh /5. /59

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RZR U`]R Z}vcRXvcTR zvTb][`T cS_`` ] vRZSTi`{ fa]Rcvc II qbZUVPc v fTS_ci`w ` bZ Z[Zi|ci`{ YS`bWcR`UTRiTe vZeiX. vTb][`T UTh[`T STeRcSX fa]Rcvc qbZUVPc# v ZRU`|`T ZR ZyxT\S`i{RZhZ _iTi`{# ic ]c_Z_ bTUT cRc[ZvcU` SX]Vw v \UZ]RiZ ]Z_[iaRZ_ ]RSZw# ]RSTU{{ `~ \`]RZUTRZv \TSTb ]Z\S`[Z]iZvTi`T_. ^T v]T \Zic|cUa `_TU` bZ]\T}` ` `} UZzcb` yXU` _TiVzT ` ]UcyTT |T_ a `_\TS][`} [`Sc]`S. `i][`T ha!%a&ellis RZ yZUTT b`[Z cRc[awxc{ [cvcUTS`{ ic UTh[`} yX]RSX} UZzcb{} vZ]RZ|iZhZ R`\c# \Z|R` yT~ bZ]\T}Zv ` \Z|R` yT~ \`]RZUTRZv. ^T_TW[c{ [cvcUTS`{# icySciic{ v fTS_ci``# }ZRV ` v[Uw|cUc iT[ZRZSZT [ZU`|T]RvZ }ZSZz`} [`Sc]`S ` cS[Tyax~`SZv# iZ v Z]iZviZe ]vZTe _c]]T ]Z]RZ{Uc `~ [cSc[ZU`Sawx`} \`]RZUVTSZv. r 93.1 h# \Z]UT ]_TSR` fa]Rcvc qbZUVPc# \Z _TiVzTe _TST iT_WX \Z yZUVzTe |c]R` `~ycv`U`]V ZR bZ]\T}Zv ` ]RcU` cRc[ZvcRV hcUZ\Z_# [c[ \S` STeRTiPTUVbT v 9362 h# `iZhbc \SZ`hSXvc{ `~5~c yZUTT Sc~Z_[iaRZhZ ]RSZ{. S` fa]RcvT cbZUVPT \T}ZRc yXUc }ZSZzZ ZbTRc# \`[`iTSX iZ]`U` zUT_X# [`Sc]X ` icyTbSTii`[`# c _az[TRTSX v]T TxT `_TU` ]Zz[`. Ev`ic{ xTR`ic yZUVzT iT `]\ZUV~ZvcUc]V. mbT]V iT ]bTUciZ Sc~U`|`e _Tba icW`ZicUViZe zvTb][Ze \T}ZRZe ` vTRTScic_` iT_TW[`} TURZhZ# ERcSZhZ E`iThZ# rSc]iZhZ `U` mTUTiZhZ \ZU[Zv `U` vTRTScic_` zZRUci][`T} \ZU[Zv. mic_Tic vTRTSciZv bZUiX yXRV \ZRST\ciiX_`. ZR{ zZRUcibWTv \TSTZbTvcU` ` ]icS{cU` \Z]UT `} \S`yXR`{# _ZiZ `]\ZUV~ZvcRV iT][ZUV[Z P`haSZ[# v ]TSX} [cPRcic} ` ]`i`} yTSTRc} `U` T v \UTbT ` ] Ua[c_`# [c[ iTbcvi`} ST[SaRZv# v RZ vST_{ [c[ iZvZicySciiXT ]_TzciiXT zZRUcib][Z5`SUcib][`T \ZU[` v ^`iTe Ec[]Zi`` v 93.2 h. Z\`]XvcU`]V [c[ ich`T# yT~ iZS_cUViZhZ vZZSaTi`{# cRc[awx`T [cvcUTS`w RZUV[Z ] [Z\V{_` ` z\chc_` `U` ]\c]cwx`_`]{ |TST~ yZUZRc. DyX|iX_ \Z]RSZTi`T_ yXUc RSTahZUVic{ zvTb][c{ yS`hcbc `~ RST} \ZU[ZvB \`[`iTSX v\TSTb`# ~c [ZRZSX_` ]UTbZvcUZ ScviZT |`]UZ _az[TRTS# ` ] RT_` \`[`iTSc_`# |RZ yXU` ]~cb`# Rc[ZT T |`]UZ _az[TRTS ]RZ{UZ ic `} viTzi`} PUcihc}. t`zi`T _az[TRTSX Sc]\ZUchcU`]V v RXUa yS`hcUX `U` T \TST_Tz`vcU`]V ] [cvcUTS`Te. rZciXT \az[` yXU` ~c_TiTiX UTh[`_` .} PaiRZvX_` \ZU[ZvX_` \az[c_`# Sc]\ZUZTiiX_` ic PUcihc} yS`hcb `U` \ZbbTS`vcwx`_` [Z_cib`SZvciiX} _az[TRTS. r 93.1 h.\`[`iTSX \SZ_Ti{U` bZ]\T}` ic yDUVzaw \Zbv`iZ]RV ` ]RcU` ]Z]RcvU{RV 9?. [cbZhZ \ZU[c# }ZR{ iT[ZRZSXT \ZU[` vZZyxT iT `_TU` \`[`iTS# ]Zz[` yXU` ZR_TiTiX# c ZbTbc ]RcUc yZUVzT \Z}Zc ic UZ}_ZRV{ . S`hcbX RZhbc T ]RcU` ]RSZ`RV]{ Tb`iX_ ]RSZT_ ] \`[`iTSc_` v WTiRST ` _az[TRTSc_` ic PUcihc}. rZ_cib`SZvciXT _az[TRTSX [cTR]{ yZUTT iT ]_Tz`vcwR]{ ] [cvcUTS`Te bU{ TT \ZbbTS[`. E 93.1 h |`]UZ [cvcUTS`e][`} UT_TiRZv bZUiZ \STvXzcRV |`]UZ \T}ZRiX}. D \S`yXR`` v RTRR`i Uc\UcibWTv ] ZUTi{_` ]ZZyxcTR]{ v 93.9 h. ` zvTb][`T \SZR`vi`[` \S`\`]XvcU` `_ _ch`|T][`T ]\Z]ZyiZ]R`.

93. dq^mErq qdps YdsgqYstoY^o D^ 91GG AD 5 936H AD -old. Ag .. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# O# @# R+o# Rd# B2A.

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9 952 3599 /53 256 /526 35./ /5. ]T} .51 /52

O9 O15l 9 O92526 /59 ]T} twyX} /56 ]T} 92526

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9I. BISCO0S "ARS :>+LISC 93.G AD 5 936/ AD -old. Ag .. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# Rgo# M# Rd# B2A. -5in5- 5 0i ;S< L .2 A0 or 0i ;I< L 2H A0. Su)5generals 5 0i ;I< L 2H A0. -uirassiers 5 0i ;S< L 92 A0. Car7ue)usiers 5 0i ;I< L H A0. Dragoons 5 u& to 9?2 Dr ;O< L I A0# rest Dr ;I< L 3 A0. >orthern ilitia horse 5 LC ;D< L 1 A0. Militia or raw le'$ us%eteers 5 all Sh ;O< L 3 A0 or all Sh ;I< L 6 A0. Militia or raw le'$ &i%e en with inferior short &i%es 5 0% ;I< L . A0. >orthern ilitia )ows and )ills 5 9?2 Bw ;S< L I A0# 9?2 Bd ;I< L 6 A0. Irish us%eteers 5 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. Irish &i%e en 5 0% ;O< L 6 A0. Irish er!hant shi&s 5 Sh& ;I< L . A0 MSh;O<#0%;O<#0i;IN. Antri long)oats 5 Bts ;D< L 2 A0 M")#0%;O<#Sh;O<#Irish LC;O<N. Antri redshan%s 5 ") ;D< L 6 A0. Irish light horse 5 LC ;D< L 1 A0. -ul'erins and sa%ers 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. Dra%es 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. :arthwor% . sided redou)ts 5 = L 3 A0. 9 /52 /59 .53 256 /52 H526 9 &er Sh ;I< /56 /592 6 &er 3 Sh ;O< /5. /56 /59 &er Bts /59 /5. /5. /52

The Bisho&s( "ars resulted fro -harles I atte &ting to for!e religious !onfor it$ on S!otland. Des&ite his total is anage ent and the a!tual disaster that ensued# he !ould ha'e won. In 93.G# he was out5)luffed# agreeing a treat$ *ust as the S!ots were running out of food. In 936/# the S!ots in'aded# )lasting their wa$ a!ross the T$ne with artiller$ and !ausing an :nglish de)a!le. -harles had !hosen to lea'e the trained ilitia un ustered and use untrained le'ies. O)solete long)ows# )ills and !ali'ers were sent to the )order !ounties as "the$ %new how to use the ". Most !a'alr$ were &ro'ided )$ the no)ilit$. Border horse were to turn out with lan!e and *a!%# )ut in the e'ent &ro'ided an$ dragoons. Arrange ents were ade to shi& o'er the well5trained Irish ar $# )ut -harles( fear of the &oliti!al fall5out dela$ed this until too late. >egotiations for S&anish and Danish troo&s failed# -harles refusing to &a$ the &ri!e de anded. An offer to )ring o'er foot and light horse fro Antri did not ature# )ut the )oats were )uilt# so it is in!luded. Redshan%s were )are5legged S!ots fro Antri and the "estern Isles with sword and targe. 9H. BISCO0S "AR S-OTS ROYALIST 93.G AD -old. Ag /. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# Rgo# M# Rd# B2A. -5in5- 5 0% ;O< L 26 A0. # All$5generals 5 0i ;I< L 2H A0. ?3Af 2&grade all$5general to su)5general 5 0i ;S< L .2 A0. Downgrade all$5general to 5 ") ;D< L 26 A0. ( f k M 0 * Car7ue)usiers 5 0i ;I< L H A0. 0i%e en with &ots and !orslets 5 0% ;D< L 6 A0. Mus%eteers 5 Sh ;D< L y A0. Cighlanders with )ows and firelo!%s 5 ") ;D< L 6 A0. S all )rass field &ie!es without draught ani als 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. Ma, >21/ 9 952 /59 /59 952 253 2 &er 0% 95G /59

This !o'ers the Ro$alist ar ies of >orth5:ast S!otland. These were unusuall$ well5e7ui&&ed with ar s and ar our o)tained )$ the Mar7uis of Cuntl$. Cuntl$ ha'ing )een !a&tured )$ Montrose# at that ti e a -o'enanter# the 9st )attle was &re!eded )$ a 92 hour de)ate on who should )e in !harge# hen!e the !lassifi!ation of all$5generals. Cuntl$(s son arri'ed )efore the ne,t# sol'ing the &ro)le . The total nu )er of 0istols ele ents in!luding generals ust )e )etween 9 and .. All highlanders e,!e&t 9 ele ent re&resenting +rant(s !o &an$ ust )e !o anded )$ a highland all$5general !ontrolling no other troo&s# sin!e the$ all ran awa$ as one when fired on )$ artiller$.

9G. S-OTS -O@:>A>T:R 93.G AD 5 9319 AD

-old. Ag .. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# Rgo# M# Rd# B2A -5in5- 5 0i ;I< L 2H A0. Su)5general 5 0i ;I< L 2H A0. Corse 5 0i ;I< L H A0. Re&la!e horse other than generals with lan!ers 5 Ln ;I< L 9/ A0. Moss troo&ers 5 LC ;D< L 1 A0. Dragoons 5 Dr ;D< L I A0. Mus%eteers 5 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. 0i%e en 5 0% ;I< L . A0. Cighlanders if undrilled or all5 us%et 5 ") ;O< L 6 A0 or Sh ;=< L 3 A0. Onl$ during the 9st Bisho&s "ar in 93.G ADB Men on wor% horses with sword and hag)ut 5 Dr ;I< L 3 A0. Downgrade us%eteers to hag)ut en 5 Sh ;I< L 6 A0. Su)stitute &i%e en for us%eteers 5 0% ;I< L . A0. Swinefeathers 5 0O L 9 A0. :,!e&t :ngagers in 936H ADB =ra es 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. De i5!ul'erins and sa%ers 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. -ul'erins and de i5!annon 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. Onl$ :ngagers in 936H ADB Sir Mar adu%e Langdale(s :nglish allies 5 ListB :nglish -i'il "ar Ro$alist. Onl$ fro 931/ ADB Re5ar generals and horse as lan!ers 5 Ln ;I< L ./ A0 if general# 9/ A0 if not. 9 952 259/ /59?2 /59 /52 92562 6 &er 3 Sh /56 35H 9?25all /59?2 /5H 953 /51 /59 H593 All

This !o'ers S!ottish go'ern ent ar ies fro the signing of the >ational -o'enant until the :nglish !on7uest of 9312. Originall$ for ed to defend &res)$terianis against interferen!e )$ -harles I# it was later sent to inter'ene in the :nglish -i'il war in return for the :nglish 0arlia ent(s &ro ise to i &ose &res)$terianis on :ngland. This &ro ise )eing )ro%en# in 936H a a*orit$ fa!tion of the S!ottish go'ern ent# the ":ngagers"# ade an identi!al agree ent with the !a&ti'e -harles I# des&ite )itter o&&osition fro the Kir% and its su&&orters. Retreating into S!otland after defeat in a running )attle at 0reston# the ":ngager" ar $ was e )roiled in a !i'il war with ri'al ""higga ore" for!es# halted onl$ )$ the arri'al of -ro well(s ar $ and an i &osed &ea!e. Angered )$ the e,e!ution of -harles I ne,t $ear# the S!ots re!ognised his son as -harles II and &re&ared to in'ade :ngland. After defeat at Dun)ar )$ -ro well(s &re5e &ti'e in'asion# the S!ots ar $ retreated into :ngland to )e !aught and destro$ed at "or!ester in 9319. The ar $ of 93.G de&ended hea'il$ on the !ontents of &arish ar ouries# ostl$ lan!es# &i%es# *a!%s and swinefeathers# and on &ri'ate firear s# ostl$ hag)uts. In the e'ent# the :nglish ar $ was out5)luffed and i &orts had i &ro'ed the situation )$ 936/. S!ottish !a'alr$ were wea%ened )$ &oor horses. Their &referred wea&on was the &istol# with whi!h the$ )urned u!h &owder at long range with little result. Those una)le to afford &istols were ordered to !arr$ lan!es# whi!h &ro'ed ore effe!ti'e. B$ Marston Moor ea!h regi ent was half lan!ers and onl$ lan!ers were !alled for in 931/. Moss troo&ers were )orderers intent on re'i'ing the old tradition of )anditr$# the largest grou& re!orded )eing onl$ 2//. The a&&ro&riate warga e use for the is atta!%ing ene $ )aggage. :,!e&t for the an$ ounted hag)uts of 932G# S!ottish dragoons were ar ed with at!hlo!% us%ets. S!ots &i%e en in Ireland were defeated )$ Irish &i%e en )e!ause their own &i%es were signifi!antl$ shorter. The$ a$ ha'e )een an es&e!iall$ )ad o'erseas &ur!hase# )ut the re'erses infli!ted )$ Ro$alist !a'alr$ at Marston Moor and )$ >ew Model &i%e en at Dun)ar i &l$ &i%e shortening was ende i!. =ew regi ents of foot a!hie'ed a ratio e,!eeding . us%ets to 2 &i%es. =ra es were light guns reinfor!ed with leather and !arried on a &a!% horse. Calf the :nglish fleet )riefl$ went o'er to -harles II in 936H# )ut did not influen!e an$ fighting# so are not in!luded. :le ent nu )ers suit )oth the largest )attles in !ondensed s!ale and the s all )attles against S!ots Ro$alist or Irish ar ies in nor al s!ale. In Ireland u& to 6?9/ of the foot and all the horse were lo!all$ raised# )ut to S!ottish standard.

2/. S-OTS MO>TROS: ROYALIST 9366 AD 5 936I AD -old. Ag /. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# Rgo# M# Rd# B2A. Ma, >.//

-5in5- 5 ") ;O< L 26 A0 or Sh ;=< L 23 A0. Su)5general 5 0% ;I< L 2. A0# 0% ;=< L 26 A0 or Sh ;=< L 23 A0. Irish us%eteers 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0. 2ndrilled Cighlanders 5 ") ;D< L 6 A0. =orlorn ho&e 5 S% ;O< L 6 A0. ;1 A ? Dra%es or fra es 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. Onl$ in 9366 ADB Irish &i%es 5 0% ;I< L . A0. Militia us%eteers 5 Sh ;I< L 6 qd. Militia &i%es 5 0% ;I< L . qd. Moss troo&ers 5 LC ;D< L 5 A0. :,tra fra es 5 Art ;I< L 5 A0. Onl$ 9366 AD to 9361 ADB Cighland us%eteers 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0. Cighland &i%e en 5 0% ;=< L 6 A0. Lowland and i,ed regi ent us%eteers 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0. Lowland and i,ed regi ent &i%e en 5 0% ;=< L 6 A0. Onl$ in 9361 ADB Lan!ers 5 Ln ;I< L 9/ A0. Onl$ 9361 AD to 936I ADB 2&grade -5in5- or su)5general to 0i ;I< L 2H A0. 0istoleers 5 0i ;I< L H A0. Dragoons 5 Dr ;D< L I A0. -on'ert Irish us%eteers to &i%e en 5 0% ;=< L 6 A0. Onl$ in 9363 ADB Lan!ers 5 Ln ;I< L 9/ A0.

9 952 3592 /596 /59 /59 /56 D or 6 D or 2 /59 /52 /56 /59 &er Sh /56 /59 &er 2 Sh 952 9 95. /5. /59?. 959/

This !o'ers the ar ies of Montrose and his asso!iates until the end of his first e,&edition. The Irish regulars on who Montrose ainl$ de&ended started with a few short &i%es or none at all# so were initiall$ 'er$ 'ulnera)le to !a'alr$. The us%eteers were inade7uatel$ &ro'ided with a unition# re7uiring the to fire )$ sal'ee# then i ediatel$ fall on a!!o &anied )$ their &i%e en. Regular !a'alr$ su!h as the +ordon horse were &istol5ar ed and &referred to fire at a distan!e# )ut so e lan!ers were &resent at the end of 9361 and the raw re!ruits that fled at 0hili&haugh in 9363 had &ro)a)l$ )een gi'en !hea& lan!es for la!% of e,&ensi'e &istols. Those Cighlanders not !on'entionall$ trained and e7ui&&ed with &i%es and us%ets were less regarded )$ !onte &orar$ soldiers than )$ ro anti! writers# )ut effe!ti'e on so e o!!asions# if &ro'iding gre$ hairs on others. Although Montrose was aO one ti e re&lete with !a&tured light artiller$# he )uried it for safe %ee&ing in a )og fro whi!h it was then &urloined# getting onl$ a !ou&le of )rass &ie!es )a!%. The ilitia unengaged at Ti&&er uir in 9366 were not onl$ raw# )ut had also )een enlisted for the ene $ )efore their !olonel !hanged sides and were later to urder hi . This ust !ast enough dou)t on their relia)ilit$ to *ustif$ grading the as ;I<. Militia us%eteers !annot )e used with !a'alr$ or artiller$# or without ilitia &i%e en. Montrose(s ain talents as a !o ander were his )oldness and his s%ill in e,&loiting the strengths of his Cighlanders while ini ising their wea%nesses# his !riti!al short!o ing an a&&arent !hroni! ina)ilit$ to s!out.

29. :>+LISC -I@IL "AR ROYALIST 9369 AD 5 936I AD In :ngland or "alesB -old. Ag 9. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# R+o# M# Rd# B2A. In IrelandB -old. Ag O. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# R+o# M# Rd# B2A. Ma, >.1/

-5in5- 5 0i ;S< L .2 A0 or 0i ;=< L .9 A0 or 0i ;I< L 2H A0. Su)5general 5 0i ;=< L .9 A0 or 0i ;I< L 2H A0. Re!lassif$ -5in5- or su)5general fighting on foot as 5 0% ;D< L 26 A0. -a'aliers 5 0i ;=< L 99 A0. Dragoons 5 u& to 9?. Dr ;S< L H A0# rest Dr ;O< L I A0 or Dr ;I< L 3 A0. Mus%eteers 5 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. Re&la!e &i%e en with )ill en to defend B2A 5 Bd ;I< L 6 A0. Dra%es# )arri!ades or )linders for us%ets and leather guns 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. 2&grade dra%es to gallo&er guns 5 Art ;=< L 9/ A0. De i5!ul'erins and sa%ers 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. Turn&i%e to )lo!% road 5 =O L 2 A0. Onl$ until 936. ADB 0i%e en 5 0% ;O< L 6 A0. =irelo!%s 5 Sh ;S< L I A0. -ountr$ en ar ed onl$ with far

9 952 /59 352I /56 352H /56 Ol52 /59 /52 /59 O 9 &er Sh ;O< /59 /59 3592 /593 O 9 &er .53 Sh ;O< /56 /59 /59 /52

tools or !udgels 5 Cd ;O< L 9 A0.

Onl$ in Ireland fro 9369 AD to 936. ADB Redu!e and downgrade !a'aliers to 5 0i ;I< L H A0. Onl$ in :ngland and "ales in 936. ADB 2&grade -ornish general and &i%e en to 5 0% ;S< L 21 A0 if general# 1 A0 if not. Onl$ in :ngland and "ales after 936. ADB 0i%e en 5 0% ;O< L 6 A0. =irelo!%s 5 Sh ;S< L I A0. 2&grade an$ artiller$ to siege guns 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. 0ontooneers 5 0on ;D< L 1 A0. Mer!hant shi&s 5 Sh& ;I< L . A0 MSh#0%N. Onl$ fro 9363 ADB Irish allies 5 ListB Irish -onfederate.

This !o'ers the King(s ar ies in :ngland and "ales fro the raising of his standard in late 9362 until his surrender to the S!ots and also those in Ireland under Or onde fro the out)rea% of the Irish re'olt in 9369 until the -essation of 936.. It !an also )e used to &ro'ide Langdale(s allied !ontingent to the S!ots in 936H. -uirassiers were !onfined to the King(s )od$guard if used at all. =ro 9362# other !a'alr$ usuall$ !harged at the gallo& sword in hand in the st$le 0rin!e Ru&ert had learned fro Turenne and &ra!tised su!!essfull$ sin!e 93.H at Rheine. 0istols were in an$ !ase in short su&&l$# as were us%ets# the foot at first ha'ing onl$ the o)solete 9 to 9 ratio of us%ets to &i%es and so e dragoons ha'ing !ar)ines. "hen the ar $ left Shrews)ur$ in 9362# so e re!ruits la!%ed an$ )ut i &ro'ised wea&ons. These shortages were full$ re edied onl$ when the !a&ture of Bristol i &ro'ed a!!ess to anufa!tures and i &orts. The &ro&ortion of us%ets then in!reased until in 9361 the 'arious lifeguard regi ents had 2 us%ets to ea!h &i%e and an$# &ossi)l$ all# other units had no &i%es. The ini a ar%ed O a&&l$ onl$ if ore than H ele ents of us%eteers are used. This si ulates the use of !o anded shot to su&&ort an otherwise ounted for!e. -ornish &i%e en had a re&utation for sa'ager$ and fanati! )ra'er$# )ut were ta ed )$ hea'$ !asualties and loss of leaders at Lansdown and Bristol in 936.. Barri!ados were organ guns with ulti&le s all !ali)re )arrels. In 9363# the Irish -onfederates agreed to send 9/#/// en to assist the King# )ut )$ that ti e no suita)le sea &ort re ained in his &ossession to re!ei'e the . The fleet de!lared for 0arlia ent in 9362# lea'ing onl$ er!hant en and a few i &ro'ised s all warshi&s a'aila)le. Although Ru&ert is !on'entionall$ !riti!ised as rash and &rone to wild &ursuit# it should )e re e )ered that he gained an$ 'i!tories )$ his )oldness and 7ui!% a&&re!iation and )$ the s&eed of his ar!hes. If he &ressed &ursuits too far# at least his defeated o&&onents were not gi'en ti e to rall$# as so e of -ro well(s o!!asionall$ were.

22. :>+LISC -I@IL "AR 0ARLIAM:>TARIA> 9362 AD 5 936H AD -old. Ag 9. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# R+o# M# Rd# B2A. -5in5- 5 0i ;I< L 2H A0 or 0% ;O< L 26 A0. Su)5general 5 0i ;I< L 2H A0. 9 952

Corse 5 0i ;I< L H A0. Dragoons 5 Dr ;S< L H A0. Mus%eteers 5 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. 0i%es 5 0% ;O< L 6 A0. Dra%es# )arri!ades and leather guns 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. 2&grade leather guns to gallo&ers 5 Art ;=< L 9/ A0. De i5!ul'erins and sa%ers 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. =irelo!%s 5 Sh ;S< L I A0. 0ontooneers 5 0on ;D< L 1 A0. "arshi&s 5 Sh& ;D< L 1 A0 MSh;=<#");O<#Art;S<N. Sailors 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0 or ") ;D< L 6 A0. Onl$ until 9366 ADB 2&grade 9 general and?or horse to !uirassiers 5 0i ;S< L .2 A0. Onl$ in 936. ADB 2&grade horse to Ironsides 5 0i ;D< L 9/ A0. Ill5ar ed foot 5 Cd ;O< L 9 A0. Onl$ in 9366 ADB 2&grade general to 0i ;O< L ./ A0. 2&grade horse to :astern Asso!iation 5 0i ;D< L 9/ A0. 2&grade an$ artiller$ to siege guns 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. S!ots allies 5 ListB S!ots -o'enanter.

659H /52 3526 O9 &er 2 Sh Ol5. /59 /5. /59 /59 /56 /59 &er Sh& /52 /56 OO/52 ***\-2 /52?. /59

This !o'ers the ar ies of 0arlia ent fro the out)rea% of war until the de o)ilisation of the "estern and >orthern Asso!iations. -uirassiers were used onl$ )$ the lifeguard and Balfour(s troo& in :sse,(s ar $ and )$ Sir Arthur Ceselrig(s "lo)sters". It was said )$ the King after Sir Arthur had sur'i'ed a nu )er of shots and )lows due to his !o &lete ar our that "Cad he )een 'i!tualled as well as fortified# he ight ha'e endured a siege of I $ears". The lo)sters( defeat at Roundwa$ Down in 936. is ore often !o ented on toda$ than their se'eral su!!esses. Other 0arlia entarian !a'alr$ relied on distant fire until the :astern Asso!iation too% u& the tightl$ !ontrolled trotting !harge reser'ing &istols until !onta!t that was &ioneered )$ -ro well with his "Ironsides". -ro well re ained a relati'el$ inor figure until he !o anded a !a'alr$ wing at Marston Moor in 9366. The senior 0arlia entar$ general was the :arl of :sse, "Old Ro)in"# &o&ular with his en# )ut a 'er$ ordinar$ ta!ti!ian. The general ost res&e!ted )$ o&&onents was Sir "illia "aller# who had an al ost un!ann$ e$e for a good &osition. 0arlia entar$ dragoons all had firelo!%s. The foot had a ratio of 9 &i%e to 2 us%ets e,!e&t in Lord =erdinando =airfa,( northern for!es or when shot were !o anded5off to su&&ort !a'alr$. Cowe'er# this does not ean that ea!h regi ent of foot ne!essaril$ fought as a )lo!% of &i%es flan%ed )$ 2 wings of shot. Kuite often# the &i%es re ained in reser'e with a s aller &ro&ortion of shot# while ost of the shot for ed a firing line in front. This was es&e!iall$ !o on in en!losed far land and 0arlia entar$ us%eteers had a high re&utation as "hedge fighters". The ini a ar%ed O a&&l$ onl$ if ore than 9/ ele ents of us%eteers are used. So e of =airfa,( foot in 936. la!%ed e'en us%ets# hen!e the ite ar%ed OO# whi!h !annot )e used with !uirassiers or ore than 2 &i%e ele ents. The ini u ar%ed OOO a&&lies onl$ if an$ 0i ;O< are used. The raising of the >ew Model Ar $ in 9361 did not i ediatel$ affe!t the s aller field ar ies or lo!al for!es. Li%e Ro$alist foot# 0arlia entar$ foot were issued with !oats in a regi ental !olour# )ut differential fading and looting !ould &ro'ide te &orar$ 'ariet$ for a 'eteran regi ent. Cowe'er# 0arlia ent(s &i%e en were u!h ore li%el$ to ha'e hel ets and )od$ ar our# if less li%el$ to ha'e )een issued at!hing# or indeed an$# )ree!hes# sto!%ings or hats. A %nitted on outh !a& was the usual headwear. Offi!ers and horse did not wear unifor s. Corse usuall$ had suffi!ient hel ets# !orslets and &istols and so eti es e'en !ar)ines. The :nglish fleet had o&ted for 0arlia ent and o!!asionall$ assisted land for!es. S!ots allied troo&s !an )e in :nglish !o ands and 'i!e 'ersa.

2.. :>+LISC >:" MOD:L ARMY 9361 AD 5 933/ AD If "est IndiesB Tro&i!al. Ag 6. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# O# Rd# B2A. If notB -old. Ag .. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# R+o# M# Rd# B2A. -5in5- 5 0i ;O< L ./ A0. Su)5general 5 0i ;O< L ./ A0 or 0% ;D< L 26 A0. Corse 5 0i ;D< L 9/ A0. Dragoons 5 Dr ;S< L H A0. Ma, >1// 9 952 9/522 /52

Mus%eteers 5 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. 0i%es 5 0% ;O< L 6 A0. Dra%es 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. De i5!ul'erins and sa%ers 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. 2&grade an$ artiller$ to siege guns 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. =irelo!%s 5 Sh ;S< L I A0. 0ontooneers 5 0on ;D< L 1 A0. "arshi&s 5 Sh& ;D< L 1 A0 MSh;=<#");O<#Art;S<N. Sailors 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0 or ") ;D< L 6 A0. Onl$ fro 936H ADB Downgrade warshi&s to frigates 5 Sh& ;=< L 6 A0 MSh;=<#");O<#Art;S<N. Onl$ 936H AD to 9312 ADB Irish 0rotestant or :nglish !ount$ Onl$ fro 9312 ADB +renadiers 5 S% ;Q< L H A0. =ireshi&s 5 Sh& ;Q< L 6 A0. Onl$ in "est Indies 9316 AD to 9311 ADB Redu!e horse to 5 In!rease firelo!%s to 5 Downgrade all &i%es to half5&i%es 5 0% ;=< L 26 A0 if general# 6 A0 if not. Sni&ers with fowling &ie!es 5 S% ;S< L 6 A0.

6526 O9 &er 2 Sh ;O< /5. /5. /59 /59 /52 /56 /59 &er Sh& 9?65.?6 /592 /59 /59 9 9 &er . Sh ;O< 951 &er 6 Sh /59

, ilitia 5 9?. 0% ;I< L . A0# 2?. Sh ;I< L 1 A0. 46?9

This !o'ers the ain ar $ of 0arlia ent fro the !reation of the ">ew Model Ar $" until the de o)ilisation of the >orthern Asso!iation and then the ar ies of 0arlia ent and -o onwealth until the restoration of the onar!h$ in 933/. It therefore !o'ers the last &art of the :nglish -i'il "ar# the "or!ester !a &aign# the -ro wellian in'asions of S!otland and Ireland# the 9st Dut!h "ar of 93125 9316 and the Cis&aniola !a &aign of 931659311. The >ew Model was for ed )$ a alga ating the ar ies of the :arl of :sse,# of "aller and of Man!hester(s :astern Asso!iation under the !o and of Sir Tho as =airfa,# a $oung general with no &oliti!al a,e to grind who was not onl$ a good organiser and ta!ti!ian# )ut a su&er)l$ energeti! !o ander in )attle. All other &re'ious generals were su&&osed to retire# )ut no ade7uate su)stitute !ould )e found for -ro well as o'erall !o ander of the !a'alr$ and he su!!eeded =airfa, as -5in5- when the latter retired into &ri'ate life in 931/. The )a!%)one of the >ew Model !a'alr$ was &ro'ided )$ the Ironsides of the :astern Asso!iation and the re ainder were 7ui!%l$ )rought u& to the sa e e,a!ting standard. The infantr$ were far ore ordinar$ and in!luded an$ e,5Ro$alists. Inferior troo&s in!luded the lo!al 0rotestant for!es in Ireland and the !ount$ ilitia. The ini u ar%ed O a&&lies onl$ if ore than H ele ents of us%eteers are used. >ew Model foot and dragoons were issued red !oats e,!e&t for the s all original nu )er of firelo!%s# whose !oats were tawn$. Bree!hes were to )e "gre$ or so e other good !olour". Ceadwear was a %nitted on outh !a&. The &i%e en were not issued with ar our and it is unli%el$ that it was retained fro &re'ious ser'i!e with "aller or Man!hester. Most offi!ers are unli%el$ to ha'e worn unifor . -a'alr$ were not issued with unifor # whi!h would ha'e )een largel$ !o'ered )$ their long5slee'ed )uff leather !oats. The$ retained hel et and !orslet# &ro)a)l$ )la!%ened. -ar)ines were not on general issue. Asso!iations of rural "!lu) en" aided neither side in )attle# so are disregarded. An atte &t in 9316 to sei8e Cis&aniola fro the S&anish failed# )ut Ja ai!a was !a&tured instead.

26. IRISC -O>=:D:RAT: 9369 AD 5 9312 AD -old. Ag 9. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# R+o# M# Rd# B2A. -5in5- 5 0i ;I< L 2H A0. All$5generals 5 0i ;I< L 2H A0. 4' -?%Ap) Corse 5 0i ;I< L H A0. Dragoons 5 Dr ;S< L H A0. Mus%eteers 5 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. 0i%e en 5 0% ;O< L 6 A0. S%ir ishers with us%ets or fowling &ie!es 5 S% ;S< L 6 A0. Ma, >1// 9 952 953 /59 H56/ /56

9 &er Sh ;O<

Antri redshan%s 5 ") ;D< L 6 A0. De i5!ul'erins 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. Onl$ 2lster ar ies )efore 9363 ADB Re&la!e &i%e en )$ %erns with darts or s%ean 5 S% ;I< L 2 A0. Onl$ 2lster ar iesB -on'ert general or horse to lan!ers 5 Ln ;I< L ./ A0 if general# 9/ A0 if not. Onl$ Munster ar $ in 936I ADB Su)5general 5 ") ;D< L 26 A0. Onl$ Or onde(s ar $ fro 936H ADB 2&grade -5in5- to :nglish Ro$alist 5 0i ;=< L .9 A0. :nglish Ro$alist horse 5 0i ;=< L 99 A0. :nglish Ro$alist us%eteers 5 Sh ;D< L 3 A0. :nglish Ro$alist &i%e en 5 0% ;O< L 6 A0. :nglish Ro$alist firelo!%s 5 Sh ;S< L I A0. =rigates 5 Sh& ;=< L 6 A0 M0%.ShN.

/596 /52 All .53 /59 O9 /56 O65H /52 /52

/52 &er 6 :nglish Sh ;O<

This !o'ers Irish -atholi! ar ies fro the re'olt of 9369 until the final surrenders to -ro well. Ireland was !ontented under Strafford as Lord De&ut$# )ut after his e,e!ution# the large effi!ient ar $ he had re!ruited was dis)anded# its ar s stored in Du)lin !astle and the &enal laws against -atholi!s rigorousl$ enfor!ed. The re)ellion !o en!ed with an atte &t to sei8e the !astle whi!h was )etra$ed and &re'ented )$ lo!al for!es. This left the 2lster re)els in &arti!ular la!%ing wea&ons until 2#/// ea!h of us%ets and &i%es and 6// &airs of &istols were )rought )$ the 0a&al nun!io in 9363. The -onfederation of Kil%enn$ !o )ined an e,tre e "Old Irish" ;+aeli!< fa!tion# ainl$ )ased in 2lster under the !o and of the &rudent and !raft$ Owen Roe O(>eill# with the Old :nglish ;so !alled )e!ause# although -atholi!# the$ had onl$ )een in Ireland 1// $ears< under the !o and of the )ra'e and &o&ular Tho as 0reston. Although )oth 'eterans of the S&anish ar $# these disli%ed and distrusted ea!h other 'er$ nearl$ as u!h as the$ did the ene $. O&&osition was initiall$ &ro'ided )$ the Ro$alist garrison of the 0ale and )$ S!ots settlers in 2lster# with who guerrilla war was waged with !old5)looded !ruelt$ on )oth sides. It in!reased when a S!ots -o'enanter ar $ landed in 9362 to &rote!t their !o5religionists. At the end of the :nglish -i'il "ar in 936I# the Ro$alist !o ander Or onde surrendered the 0ale to 0arlia ent# sa$ing he "&referred :nglish re)els to Irish ones". This was a )lunder# sin!e the King had !o e to an agree ent )ehind his )a!% with the -onfederates# who he was sent )a!% to lead in 936H as Lord Lieutenant. Ce was *oined )$ other e,5 Ro$alist :nglish# so e of who )ro%e their &aroles in so doing. =or instan!e# the defenders " assa!red" at the stor ing of Drogheda were ostl$ :nglish. Mini a ar%ed O a&&l$ onl$ if an$ :nglish Ro$alists are used. Li%e S!ots !a'alr$# Irish !a'alr$ were handi!a&&ed )$ s all wea% horses. The$ were originall$ unar oured &istoleers and refused to !harge S!ots lan!ers unless the$ !ould )e &ro'ided with !orslets. Owen Roe O(>eill instead re5ar ed at least so e of his horse as lan!ers. Sin!e he de!lined to a!!e&t Or onde(s authorit$# lan!ers !annot )e used with :nglish Ro$alists. The few Irish dragoons had firelo!%s. Irish &i%es were of full length# whi!h ga'e the a de!isi'e ad'antage o'er S!ots &i%e en. Redshan%s were )are5legged -atholi! S!ots fro Antri and the "estern Isles ar ed with sword and targe. The$ were !o anded at Kno!%nanuss in 936I )$ Montrose(s for er su)ordinate Alasdair Ma!-olla. +uns were drawn )$ o,en for la!% of )ig horses. Irish frigates are entioned at Rosslare and at "e,ford# where ore were )eing )uilt at its !a&ture.

21. R:+:>-Y A>D =RO>D: =R:>-C 936G AD 5 933/ AD -old. Ag .. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# O# @# R+o# Rd# B2A. -5in5- 5 0i ;=< L .9 A0. Su)5general 5 s ;=< L .9 A0# ;O< L ./ A0 or ;I< L 2H A0. -he'au, legers 5 0i ;=< L 99 A0. Downgrade !ara!oling !he'au, legers to 5 0i ;I< L H A0. -ara)ins 5 LC ;I< L 6 A0. Dragoons 5 Dr ;D< L I A0. >ew foot 5 9?3 to 9?. 0% ;=< L 6 A0# rest Sh ;=< L 3 A0. Siege and field guns 5 u& to 9?6 Art ;S< L 21 A0# rest ;D< L 2/ A0. Onl$ =ronde until 9312 ADB 9 952 359. /56 /5. /56 3526 /56

Lorrainer horse 5 0i ;I< L H A0. +er an foot 5 u& to 9?. 0% ;O< L 6 A0# rest Sh ;D< L 3 A0. Light guns 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. S&anish allies 5 ListB Low -ountries S&anish ;Boo% 9<. Onl$ Ro$al Ar $B Maison du Roi 5 0i ;D< L 9/ A0. +endar erie de =ran!e 5 0i ;=< L 99 A0. +ardes 5 9?. 0% ;O< L 6 A0# 2?. Sh ;D< L 3 A0. @ieu, !or&s 5 9?. 0% ;=< L 6 A0# 2?. Sh ;=< L 3 A0. 0ontooneers 5 0on ;D< L 1 A0. Onl$ Ro$al Ar $ in 931H ADB :nglish >ew Model foot 5 9?. 0% ;O< L 6 A0# 2?. Sh ;D< L 3 A0. :nglish warshi&s 5 Sh& ;O< L 1 A0 MSh;=<#");O<N. :nglish frigates 5 Sh& ;=< L 6 A0 MSh;=<#");ON. :nglish sailors 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0 or ") ;D< L 6 A0.

65H /592 /52

/53 956 /526 35./ /59 /59H /5. /59 9 &er Sh&

This !o'ers =ren!h annies fro the end of the ./ Years "ar until Louis QI@ )e!a e undis&uted auto!rati! ruler after the death of -ardinal Ma8arin. It in!ludes )oth the ro$al and re)el ar ies during the re)ellion of the =ronde and then the ro$al ar ies that afterwards fought the re)ellion(s S&anish e,5 allies. -5in5-s are !lassed as 0istols ;=< )e!ause )oth Turenne# the ost &ro inent !o ander on the Ro$alist side# and -ondd# the leader of the =ronde# )elie'ed in !harging at the gallo& sword in hand. Cowe'er# Mare!hal de 0u$segur thought that the !ara!ole had lingered in so e regi ents until around 93I/. The Maison du Roi at this ti e in!luded . !o &anies ea!h of gendar es and !he'au, legers and see to ha'e fa'oured firear s. The re'i'ed +endar erie de =ran!e originated as 'olunteer gentr$# )ut )e!a e a &er anent &art of later ar ies. The$ were ta!ti!all$ indistinguisha)le fro the !he'au, legers. -ara)ins were still s%ir ishers. +ardes are the +ardes5=ran!aises and the +ardes5Suisses. The 'ieu, !or&s are the old infantr$ regi ents of 0i!ardie# -ha &agne# 0ie ont# >a'arre and >or andie. ">ew" regi ents are those added during the ./ Years "ar or raised )$ the re)els. Man$ of the had no &i%es or had re&la!ed so e of their &i%es with firelo!% fusils. +ardes &i%e en had retained their !orslets# )ut other &i%e en had dis!arded the . The fa'ourite =ren!h infantr$ ta!ti! was an i &etuous atta!% !o )ining &i%e en with us%eteers ad'an!ing sword in hand. All :nglish ust )e in the sa e !o and.

ARMI S OF T! MO&!"L 'O$(" ST OF I$DIA 23. MO+C2L 96G6 AD 5 9I// AD 2ntil 9123 ADB Dr$. Ag 2. R'# C;S<# C;+<# O# R+o# M# D# Rd# B2A. After 9123 ADB Tro&i!al. Ag .. ""# R'# C;+<# "d# R+o# M# Rd# B2A. Ma, >1// Ma, -,. 9 952 9/5.2 /53 /53 2592 /5I

-5in5- 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0. Su)5general 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0. Ti urid !a'alr$ 5 u& to 9?2 Si ;S< L 9/ A0# rest Si ;D< L H A0. Afghan or Balu!hi ar!hers 5 S% ;I< L 2 A0 or Bw ;D< L 1 A0. Afghan s&ear en or other hill en 5 ") ;D< L 6 A0. Bundu7!his 5 Sh ;I< L 6 A0. Ara)a or rah%ala firear wagons 5 ""g ;D< L 9/ A0. 0a'ises for )undu7!his or ro&es !onne!ting ara)a 5 0O L 9 A0. /59 &er Sh ;I<

Bo )ards 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. "agon laager# thorn 8ari)a and?or dit!h to &rote!t !a & 5 =O L 2 A0. Onl$ until 91/I ADB Tur%o an horse ar!hers 5 LC ;S< L I A0. 0ersian and?or Ta*i% ilitia 5 Bw ;I< L . A0. Onl$ after 9113 ADB Mount -5in5- on ele&hant or as Ra*&ut &rin!e 5 :l ;S< L 66 A0 or Ln ;=< L .9 A0. Mount other generals on ele&hant as 5 :l ;S< L 66 A0. :le&hants 5 :l ;S< L 26 A0 or :l ;I< L 93 A0. Re&la!e Ti urid !a'alr$ with ansa)dar !a'alr$ 5 Si ;S< L 9/ A0. Aa indar !a'alr$ 5 u& to 9?2 Ln ;I< L 9/ A0# rest LC ;D< L 1 A0. Re&la!e 8a indar Ln ;I< with Ra*&uts 5 Ln ;=< L 99 A0. Artiller$ of the stirru& 5 Art ;D< L 2/ A0. Je8aila!his 5 S% ;S< L 6 A0. Cindu dhali swords e n 5 B d ; = < L 1 A 0. / 5 9 C i n d u a r ! h e r s 5 B w ; I < L . A 0. 9 5 . & e r S h Cindu le'$ s&ear en and ar ed !a &5followers 5 Cd ;O< L 9 A0. Ahgun organ guns 5 Art ;I< L 1 A0. Ro!%eteers 5 Art ;Q< L 9/ A0. +renadiers and firewor%5throwers 5 S% ;Q< L H A0. Aa )ura% !a el guns 5 Art ;=< L 9/ A0. Raft )uilders 5 0on ;D< L 1 A0. Shi&s 5 Sh& ;I< L . A0 MBw#ShN. Onl$ in 9331 ADB Maratha allies 5 ListB Maratha.

956 /592 /5H /592 9 An$ 256 All /526 /59?2 /52 /52 &er Sh 959/ /52 956 /52 /53 /59 /5.

This list !o'ers the ar ies of the heirs of Ti ur5i5len% fro the a!!ession of Ba)ur. Transo,iana was finall$ lost in 91/3# )ut )$ then Ba)ur had a new )ase in Afghanistan for his in'asion of India. Ce too% Delhi in 9123# )ut it was lost )$ his su!!essor Cu a$un in 916/ and re!o'ered onl$ in 9111. A%)ar su!!eeded Cu a$un in 9113 and in!reased &arti!i&ation )$ Indians. Ce set u& a )reeding &rogra e for ele&hants and trained the to a!!e&t riders with firear s. So e wore e,tensi'e etal ar our. The$ )e!a e the usual ount of the -5in5- who rode in a seat with high ar oured sides and a s!arlet !ano&$# a%ing hi self# as a 0ersian &ut it# "a target for e'er$)od$". Regular ansa)dar !a'alr$ were su&&le ented )$ irregulars of i,ed 7ualit$ led )$ !hieftains su!h as Cindu 8a indars. Mansa)dar !a'alr$ t$&i!all$ !arried lan!e and )ow# wore etal ar our and rode )arded horses. Cindu 8a indar !a'alr$ la!%ed )ows# relied on lan!e or *a'elin and used te,tile or no ar our for an and horse. Moghul artiller$ outshot Cindu ro!%ets and was aided )$ firingis "foreign guns"# &ro)a)l$ hand firear s. Of these# )undu7!his were ar ed with at!hlo!%s li%e :uro&ean !ali'ers. A longer sni&ing wea&on also in use was later !alled a *e8ail. The ruler(s &ersonal horse5drawn "Artiller$ of the stirru&" ust )e in the -5in5-(s !o and. Other o)ile artiller$ and war !arts were hauled )$ o,en. "ar !arts !ould ad'an!e inters&ersed with )undu7!his !arr$ing &a'ises. Baggage was !arried on !a els and o,5!arts.

2I. M2SLIM I>DIA> 96G6 AD 5 93HI AD Tro&i!al. Ag 2. ""# R'# C;+<# "d# :# R+o# M# D# Rd# B2A. -5in5- 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0. Su)5general 5 Si ;S< L ./ A0. +uard# ro$al a lu%s and *agir !a'alr$ 5 Si ;S< L 9/ A0. Corse ar!hers 5 LC ;=< L 6 A0. :le&hants and es!orts 5 :l ;D< L 2/ A0. 2&grade ele&hants !arr$ing ar7ue)usiers to 5 :l ;S< L 26 A0. Cindu dhali swords en 5 Bd ;=< L 1 A0. Cindu &ai% *a'elin en 5 S% ;I< L 2 A0. Cindu ar!hers 5 Bw ;I< L . A0. Je8aila!his 5 S% ;S< L 6 A0. Bo )ards 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. Ro!%eteers 5 Art ;Q< L 9/ A0. Ma, -,lO 9 952 I526 /5. 256 /59 /56 /56 /52/ /52 /52 /56

+renadiers and firewor% throwers 5 S% ;Q< L H A0. -a & followers 5 Cd ;O< L 9 A0. Onl$ Sher Shah fro 91.9 AD to 9161 ADB 0i!%ed ar!hers and )undu7!his 5 u& to 9?2 Bw ;O< L 1 A0# rest Sh ;I< L 6 A0. :arthen ra &arts to defend !a & 5 =O L 2 A0. Ri'er fleet 5 Bts ;O< L 2 A0 MBw;I<N. Onl$ after 9363 ADB Bundu7!his 5 Sh ;I< L 6 A0. Maratha allies 5 ListB Maratha.

/5. 959/ /5H /592 /53 /53

This list !o'ers the Sultanate of Delhi until 9123# the ar $ of Sher Shah 91.9561# the Bah ani Sultanate until 912I and the latter(s su!!essor De!!an sultanates until 93HI. 2nli%e Cindu ar ies# Musli ar ies had !a'alr$ as their ain ar . :le&hants !arr$ing their fighting !rew in howdahs ad'an!ed in the !entre of the ar $ in front of the Sultan to disru&t ene $ !a'alr$. The$ were a!!o &anied )$ es!ort infantr$ to &re'ent ene $ foot interfering. A inorit$ of the ele&hants of the Bah ani Sultanate were ar oured and !arried 6 at!hlo!% en. Most infantr$ were Cindu ar!hers. Although ost of the !a'alr$ were of Afghan des!ent# unassi ilated Afghans were no longer re!ruited. Sher Shah had a &arti!ular distrust of the . Sher Shah was the first to organise assed )odies of firear infantr$# ins&ired )$ those he had seen in Moghul ser'i!e. 2H. CI>D2 I>DIA> 96G6 AD 5 9I// AD Ra*&utsB Tro&i!al. Ag 9. R'# C;+<# "d# :# R+o# M# D# B2A. OthersB Tro&i!al. Ag /. ""# R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# :# R+o# M# Rd# B2A. -5in5- on ele&hant 5 :l ;I< L .3 A0. Su)5general 5 :l ;I< L .3 A0. All$5general 5 :l ;I< L 23 A0. :le&hants 5 :l ;I< L 93 A0. 2&grade ele&hants to 5 :l ;O< L ./ A0 if all$5# 6/ A0 if other general# 2/ A0 if not. +uard !a'alr$ 5 Ln ;I< L 9/ A0. S!out !a'alr$ 5 LC ;=< L 6 A0. Other !a'alr$ 5 LC ;D< L 1 A0. 2&grade non5guard !a'alr$ to Musli er!enaries 5 Si ;S< L 9/ A0. Dhali swords en 5 Bd ;=< L 1 A0. Ar!hers 5 u& to 9?. Bw ;O< L 1 A0# rest Bw ;I< L . A0. 0ai% *a'elin en 5 S% ;I< L 2 A0. +renadiers and firewor% throwers 5 S% ;Q< L H A0. Ro!%eteers 5 Art ;Q< L 9/ A0. Bo )ards 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. Le'$ s&ear en or ar ed !a & followers 5 Cd ;O< L 9 A0. ./ Onl$ if @i*a$anagar after 919/ AD or other states after 916/ ADB Ar7ue)usiers 5 Sh ;I< L 6 A0. Onl$ if Ra*&utsB Re!lassif$ -5in5- as 5 Ln ;=< L .9 A0. Re&la!e su)5general with Ra*&ut all$5general 5 Ln ;=< L 29 A0 or :l ;I< L 23 A0. Re&la!e ele&hants other than generals( with Ra*&ut lan!ers 5 Ln ;=< L 99 A0. Re&la!e all !a'alr$ e,!e&t s!outs with Ra*&ut lan!ers 5 Ln ;=< L 99 A0. Ma, -,H 9 /52 /52 65I All?/ 95. /59 2592 /56 25G 925./ /5H 956 .53 /59 2592

/56 /59 All All All

This !o'ers large inde&endent Cindu states not su)*e!t to the Sultanate of Delhi or the Moghuls# in the south es&e!iall$ Orissa until 913H and @i*a$anagar# and in the north# the Ra*&uts. +ood horses were diffi!ult to o)tain in southern India# )ut ele&hants &lentiful# so ar ies relied ostl$ on these# foot ar!her$ and s%ir ishing. @i*a$anagar(s ele&hants are des!ri)ed )oth as ha'ing a howdah !rew of . and as ha'ing 6 en fighting to ea!h side. Onl$ s!outing Cindu !a'alr$ used )ows and e'en the )est Cindu !a'alr$ had ostl$ 7uilted ar our for an and horse. Man$ are de&i!ted !o &letel$ unar oured. Indian ro!%ets had e,&losi'e heads and were either laun!hed )$ hand as if throwing a s&ear# or in the !ase of the largest# fired along the ground. The Ra*&uts were !on7uered )$ the Moghuls after a titani! )attle at Khanua in 912I# )ut then gi'en &ri'ileged status# all their &rin!es )eing !lassed as ansa)dars and so e !o anding Moghul ar ies. The$ re ained generall$ lo$al until

Aurang8e)(s !entralising &oli!ies &ro'o%ed re)ellions fro 93IG onward. Their greatest strength la$ in lan!er !a'alr$ who !harged fier!el$ !alling on Kali ;the goddess of death< and wearing $ellow ;the !olour of death and of ro$alt$<. The$ wore e,tensi'e etal ar our. -lan ri'alr$ was ende i!# hen!e the !lassifi!ation of all$5generals. 2G. MARATCA 9363 AD 5 9I// AD Tro&i!al. Ag 9. R'# C;S<# C;+<# "d# R+o# D# B2A. -5in5- 5 :l ;I< L .3 A0 or Si ;=< L 2H A0. Su)5general 5 Si ;=< L 2H A0# Si ;I< L 21 A0 or LC ;D< L 21 A0. 0aga 5 Si ;=< L H A0. Silhadars 5 all Si ;I< L 1 A0 or all LC ;D< L 1 A0. :%as and &indaris 5 LC ;D< L 1 A0. Ma'le guards 5 Sh ;=< L 3 A0. S%ir ishing at!hlo!% en 5 S% ;S< L 6 A0. S%ir ishing slingers and ar!hers 5 S% ;I< L 2 A0. S&ear en 5 0% ;I< L . A0 or Cd ;O< L 9 A0. 0athans 5 ") ;O< L 6 A0 or S% ;S< L 6 A0. Ro!%eteers 5 Art ;Q< L 9/ A0. Shutarnal !a el guns 5 Art ;=< L 9/ A0. Bo )ards 5 Art ;S< L 21 A0. Ma, -,3 9 952 .52. ore than &aga 65H /56 /56 O253 O3593 /52 O253 956 /59

This !o'ers the Maratha ;or Mahratta< !onfedera!$ of the De!!an fro Shi'a*i(s re'olt. Ce !ould initiall$ wage onl$ guerilla war# )ut su!!ess )rought rewards and )$ the 933/(s he was a sought5 after all$. =or al ta,es &artl$ re&la!ed de&enden!e on !hauth ;tri)ute?)la!% ail< fro 9331 and he had hi self !rowned in 93I6. The Marathas were fa ous for their swift !a'alr$. 0aga were &aid and ar ed )$ the state# )old# )ut faster than Moghul ansa)dars. Silhadars were &aid and offi!ered# )ut self5e7ui&&ed# and e%as were 'olunteers. Both were ar ed with swords# &lus a wild i, of lan!es# )ows or at!hlo!%s. The$ were des!ri)ed as )eing rag5a5 uffins on ill5fa'oured s!rawn$ horses# wearing tur)an# shorts or loin !loth# antle and so eti es a shirt. Offi!ers were arginall$ neater. Their sole &rote!tion was a s oothl$ la!7uered !oni!al shield a)le to turn a &istol )all. 0indaris were )rigands under hereditar$ leaders who &illaged !ruell$ far )e$ond the )orders and o'ed fast to a'oid infuriated &ursuers who i &aled# fla$ed or )urned the few the$ !aught. The$ attended )attles for the looting. -a el guns were o)ile# )ut not 'er$ dangerous. A few enor ous )o )ards were %e&t in fortresses and others a!!o &anied the ar $ drawn )$ ele&hants. Shi'a*i did not use war ele&hants# instead sa$ing of his foot "These are $ ele&hants". The )est were Ma'le fro his ho e hills# so e hasha ilitia !alled u& for the !a &aigning season. Maratha at!hlo!%s "!arried u!h further and infinitel$ truer" than :uro&ean firelo!%s. Mini a ar%ed O a&&l$ onl$ if an$ foot or train e,!e&t !a el guns are used.

I$D F =or details of other "R+ warga es rules# ar $ lists and referen!e )oo%s# send $our sta &ed addressed en'elo&e or International Re&l$ -ou&ons toB ".R.+# The Kee&# Le Mar!hant Barra!%s# London Road# De'i8es# "ilts S>9/ 2 :R# 2K. 0hone !redit !ard orders for air or surfa!e ail deli'er$ to /9.H/ I2611H. 0hone list suggestions or !o ents to 0hil Bar%er on /92956I2532/I. S&e!ial than%s are due to Ri!hard Br8e8ins%i# Ian +ra$ and Dun!an Cead for indis&ensa)le hel&. Astra%han. Khanate of# 0age 9/ Baden. 9I Bah ani Sultanate. ./ Ba'arian. 93 Bisho&s( "ar :nglish. 29 Bisho&s( "ar S!ots Ro$alist. 29 Bohe ian. 9I Branden)urg. 9I Brunswi!%. 9I Bur$at. 91 -atholi! League. 93 -hu%!hi. 91 -ir!assian. 96

-ossa!%. -o'enanter. S!ots# -hristian I@ Danish. -onfederate. Irish# -hu%!hi. -ri ean Tartar. Danish. :arl$# Danish. -hristian I@# De!!an Sultanates. Delhi. Sultanate of# Don -ossa!%. :arl$ Danish. :arl$ +usta'ian Swedish. :arl$ @asa Swedish. :nglish# Bisho&s( "ar. :nglish -i'il "ar 0arlia entarian. :nglish -i'il "ar Ro$alist. :nglish >ew Model Ar $. =ree -ossa!%. =ren!h Thirt$ Years "ar. =ren!h. Regen!$ and =ronde. =ronde. +eorgian. +er an -atholi!. +er an 0rotestant. +olden Corde. Cesse5Kassel. Cindu Indian. Jagiellonian 0olish and Lithuanian. Ka8an. Khanate of# Khanate of Astra%han Khanate of the -ri ea. Khanate of Ka8an. Khanate of Si)ir. Khant$. Kh elnits%$(s 2%rainian re)ellion. Ko i. Kora%. I &erialist. Indian. Cindu# Indian. Musli # Irish -onfederate. Lithuanian. Jagiellonian 0olish and# Mansi. Mahratta. Maratha. Moghul. Montrose Ro$alist. S!ots# Musli Indian. >ew Model Ar $. >ogai Tartar. Orissa. Ost$a%. 0alatinate. 0arlia entarian. :nglish -i'il "ar# 0olish and Lithuanian. Jagiellonian# 0olish5Lithuanian R8e!8&os&olita. Ra*&ut. Ro$alist. Bisho&s( "ar S!ots# Ro$alist. :nglish -i'il "ar# Ro$alist. Montrose S!ots# Russian Traditional. R8e!8&os&olita. 0olish5Lithuanian# Sa o$ed. Sa,on.

9. 22 9H 2I 91 9/ 3 9H ./ ./ 9. 3 92 I 29 21 26 23 9. 2/ 2H 2H 96 93 9I 9/ 9I ./ G 9/ 9/ 9/ 9/ 9/ 91 9. 91 91 0age 93 ./ ./ 2I G 91 .9 .9 2G 2. ./ 23 9/ ./ 91 9I 21 G 99 ./ 29 26 2. H 99 91 9I

Sa,e5"ei ar. S!andina'ian 2nion. S!ots Ro$alist. Bisho&s("ars# S!ots -o'enanter. S!ots. Montrose Ro$alist# Si)ir. Khanate of# Si)erian Tri)es Si)erian -ossa!%. Sultanate of Delhi. Swedish. :arl$ +usta'an# Swedish. :arl$ @asa# Swedish Thirt$ Years "ar. Tartar. Tere% -ossa!%. Tungus 2%rainian -ossa!%. 2nion. 0rotestant# 2nion. S!andina'ian# @i*a$anagar. @ogul. Ya%ut. Yu%agir. Aa&oro8hian -ossa!%.

9I 1 29 22 2. 9/ 91 9. ./ 92 I 9G 9/ 9. 91 9. 9I 1 ./ 91 91 91 9. A$rian. 91