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CRITICAL HEAT FLUX

Manufactured by: - $UPERSONIC ETECTRONICS

C-13, MIDC, Mira$, Dist. Sangli (MAH)
Phone '- (0233'} 2ffi"4427,642;,5'913

Fax: - (02331 26' 4427

Web:

$rur:ffi*lrlpgeonicelee$roflicg.cqm [email protected],sonigelecfr ics*gom

[email protected]"in

Email: -

MANUAT

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FLUX APPARATUS

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The phenomenon of boiling is characterized by different regimes. tte 'SlIFSSOlltrt' rnahe {RfnC*L IIIAT fl,UX AFfSRA"nff tpnsists of a$st *rtion {n which tests wire surrounded by water of constant temperature. The surface by pesslq5 cunent thraugh iL lhre ta the bmperaturc tempcrahrre of test wire is difference between the wire surface and surroundings, the different regimes are observed till the burn out point

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SPECTFIC.ATIONS

1) Testwire 4A gauge; Length = 10 cm. 2) Nichrome heater - 1 Kw capacity. 3) Glass trough of sufficient capacity. 4) Table lightto observe the testwire. 5) Voltmeter & Ammeter to measure input to the test wire. 5) Dimmerstat to adjust the voltage.

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220 V, 15 Amp. Stabilized, single phase supply. 2) Floor surface - 1 m x 1 m atworkingheigltt T1IEORY:.
TYPES OF BOILING:

While heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface which is at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature of the liquid, it is usual for a part of
the liquid to change phase. This change of phase is cdled boiling. Boiling is of various tJpes, the qpe being dependent on the temperature difference between the surface and the liquid. The differenttypes are indicated in Fig 8.3 which illustrates atypical

experimental boiling curye obtained in a saturated pool of liquid.

The heat flux supplied to the surface is plotted against (Tw - Ts), the difference between the temperature of the surface and the saturation temperature of the liquid.
is seen that the boiling curve can be dMded into three regions: (I) natural convection

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region, (lI) nucleate boiling region, and

(IIf

film boiling region. The region of natural

convection occurs at low temperature differences (of the order of 10o C or less). Heat

transfer from tlre heated surface to the liquid in its vicinity causes the liquid to be superheated. This superheated liquid rises to the free liquid surface by naturd
convection, where vapour is produced byevaporation.

As the temperature difference (Tw - Ts) is increase4 nucleate

boiling

commences. In this region bubbles begrn to form at certain locations on the heated

surface, Region II consists of tvvo parts. In the first part IIa, the bubbles formed are very few in number. These bubbles grow in size, separate from the heated surface and
rise to the free surface. In the second par[ IIb, the rate of bubble formation as well as

the number of locations where theyare formed increase.

With increasing temperature difference, a stage is finally reached when the high
bubble formation rate causes them to coalesce and blanket the surface with a vapour

film. This is the beginning of region III, namely, film boiling. In the first part of this
region, IIIa, the vapour film is unstable; film boiling may be occurring on a portion of the heated surface area, while nucleate boiling may be occurring on the remaining area. In the second part,IIIb, a stable film covers the entire surface. The temperature difference

in this region is of the order of 10000

and consequently radioactive heat transfer

across t}le vapour film is also significanl

It will be observed from Fig. 8.3 that the heat flux does not increase in a regular

mannerwith the temperature difference. In region I, the heatflux is proportional to (Tw

- Ts)

where n is sliglrtly greater than unity (approximately 1-3). When the transition

from natural convection to nucleate boiling occurs, the heat flux starts to increase more

rapidlywith temperature difference, the value of n increasingto about 3. Atthe end of

region II, the boiling curye reaches a peak (PointA). Beyond this, in region IIIa, in spite
of the increasing temperature difference, the head flux decreases because the thermal

resistance to heat flow increases with the formation of a vapour film. The heat flux
passes through a

minimum (point B) at the end of region IIIa. It starts to increase again

with (Tw - Ts) onlywhen stable film boiling begins and radiation becomes increasingly
significant
It is of interest to note how the temperature of the heating surface changes as the heat flux steadily increased from zero. Up to the pointAn naturd convection boilingand then
nucleate boiling occur and the temperature of the heating surface is obained by reading

offthe value (Tw - Ts) from the boiling curve and adding to it the value of Ts. If the heat
flux is increased a little beyond the value at

the temperature of the surface shoots up

to the value corresponding to ttre point C. It is apparent from Fig. 8.3 that ttte surface

temperature corresponding to point

cause the material to

C is

high. For some surfaces, it is high enough to

melt. Thus in many practical situations, it is undesirable to exceed

the value of heat flux corresponding to point

A This value is therefore

of considerable

significance in engineering and is called the critical or peak heat flux. AIso it is called as

'Burn-out point'.
PROCEDURE:

1) Fill up the glass trough with clean &pure water. 2) Clamp the test wire

witlin

the test bolts.

3) Close the glass bowl with the test section dipped in the water.

4)

Before switching on the main switch; see that,

(a) Both the heaters are well submerged under water. & (b) The dimmerstat is at'0'position.
5) Now, switch 'ON' the main switch. Put the toggle switch to the 'bulk heater' position. (This will only raise the water temp. in the bowl.) Heat the water till 40oc. 5) Now, Put the toggle switch to the 'test wire ' position.(This will g[ow the lamp & keeps the test wire ready for testing.) Now, slowly rotate the dimmer in clockwise

direction (about 10 degrees). This increases t}re current in the testwire &
correspondingly increases the wire surface temperature. Observe the test wire. Again
increase the dimmer current and go on observingthe testwire surface, till the burn-out

point reaches. The pool boiling phases are observed on the wire surface till the burnout point reaches. Note down the voltage & current at the instant of the burn-out point
Repeat t}re process by increasing the bulk temperature.(Do not increase tlte bulk

temperature above 80oc)

OBSERVATION TABTE
Sr" no.
:

Bulk Temperature ("c)

Voltage ( volt)

Current (Ampere)

1 2

40 60

CALCULATIONS:

An approximate empirical equation given for the peak heat flux is given by;

Q/A = 0.18 . he. IPr,v. B. (Pu - Pr.)]o'zs [ (Pv - Pr") / (P" - P1)
Where,
Q

1o's

= V.t watts

A = surface area of the

wire.

p2

hts=Latent heat of evaporation f/Kg

= Densityof vapour. Kg/ m3 Pr = Densrty of liquid. Kg/ m3

Pv

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Do not increase the bulk temperature above 80oc. 2) Handle the controls & switches gently.

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