Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 528 (2004) 5661

The stability of electron orbits due to the wiggler eld

amplitude in free-electron laser
S.-K. Nam*, K.-B. Kim, E.-K. Paik
Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Republic of Korea
Abstract
The relativistic electron orbits have been studied in the helicalwiggler eld, which included self-eld effect in free-
electron laser. The equations of motion are derived from the Hamiltonian which includes self-eld, and the steady-state
orbit solutions were found from the equations of motion. We have analyzed the stability of electron orbits due to the
wiggler eld amplitude by numerical simulations. We have estimated the maximal Lyapunov exponents, which required
estimation of the threshold value of the wiggler eld amplitude for the onset of chaos in electron orbits.
r 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PACS: 41.60.Cr
Keywords: Free-electron lasers; Self-eld; Chaotic motion
1. Introduction
The free-electron laser (FEL) has several re-
markable properties, such as frequency tunability,
high power, and high efciency. When the FEL
operates at a high-current regime and an intense
wiggler eld regime to obtain a sufciently large
gain, the electron motion can be altered by a self-
eld.
We studied the chaotic behavior of the relati-
vistic electron orbits in a magnetic eld, which
consists of a helicalwiggler eld and a self-eld.
The equations of motion are derived from the
Hamiltonian which includes self-eld, and the
steady-state orbit solutions were obtained from
the equations of motion. We analyzed the stability
of electron orbits, induced by the wiggler eld
amplitude, through the numerical simulation.
Poincar" e maps have been generated to demon-
strate the chaos phenomena in the vicinity of the
steady-state orbit. The results were conrmed by
estimating the maximal Lyapunov exponents
required to nd the threshold value of the wiggler
eld amplitude for the onset of chaos in electron
orbits.
2. Theoretical model
The helicalwiggler eld can be dened as
B
w
2
B
w
k
w
~
rrI
1
k
w
r cosk
w
z y 1
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*Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-33-250-8463; fax: +82-
33-257-9689.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S.-K. Nam).
0168-9002/$ - see front matter r 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.nima.2004.04.018
and the vector potential of the helicalwiggler eld
in cylindrical coordinate system is given by
B
w
r A
w
where
A
w

mc
2
a
w
e
fI
0
k
w
r cosk
w
z y I
2
k
w
r
cosk
w
z y# e
r
I
0
k
w
r sink
w
z y
I
2
k
w
r sink
w
z y# e
y
g: 2
Assuming that k
2
w
r
2
o1; the vector potential can
be expanded as A
w
A
0
w
A
2
w
Ok
4
w
r
4

A
w
D
mc
2
a
w
e
1
k
2
w
r
2
8
_ _ _ _
cosk
w
z y# e
r
1
3k
2
w
r
2
8
_ _
sink
w
z y# e
y
_
; 3
where wiggler period l
w
2p=k
w
; y tan
1
y=x;
and r x
2
y
2

1=2
:
Considering a relativistic electron beam in the
externally applied magnetic eld; the electron
beam can be assumed to have a uniform density.
n
0
b

n
b
const for 0pror
b;
0 for r > r
b
:
_
4
This assumption is valid if the strength of self-
eld is not considered. However, the results of
simulation yield identical patterns for uniform
density and Gaussian density distribution even
when the self-eld was included. It is readily
shown from the steady-state Maxwell equa-
tions that the beam space charge and current
generate both self-electric and self-magnetic elds.
When the equilibrium eld can be conveniently
represented as a scalar potential E
s
rF
s
; the
electrostatic potential becomes F
s
mo
2
pb
r
2
=4e
for 0pror
b
: In such a case, the vector potential of
the self-magnetic eld [1,2] is given by
B
s
r A
s
where
A
s

mo
2
p
b
b
r
2
4e# e
z
b
b
F
s
# e
z
: 5
In Eq. (5), o
p
4pn
b
e
2
=m
e

1=2
is the plasma
frequency of the electron beam, m is the electron
rest mass, and e is the electron charge.
It is useful to introduce the dimensionless
parameter k
s
o
2
p
=c
2
k
2
w
; which is the strength
of the self-eld. For uniform density prole and
uniform energy, the total beam current is esti-
mated by
I 2pe
_
r
b
0
rn
b
v
z
dr pcen
b
r
2
b
b
z
I
A
r
b
2d
_ _
2
; 6
where d

g
b
c=o
p
_
is the collisionless skin
depth, and the Alfven current is estimated by
I
A

b
b
g
b
mc
3
e
:
The total vector potential and the canonical
momentum can be expressed as A A
w
A
s
and
P P
r
# e
r
P
y
=k
w
r# e
y
P
z
# e
z
; respectively. The
equations of motion for a test electron within the
beam (0oror
b
) can be derived from the Hamil-
tonian
H

cP eA
2
m
2
c
4
_
eF
s
gmc
2
eF
s
: 7
The generalized Hamiltonian with the self-eld
effects and the expanded vector potential can be
expressed as
%
H

1
%
P
%
A
2
_

%
F
s
f
%
P
r
a
w
1 % r
2
=8 cosy % zg
2
f
%
P
y
=% r a
w
1 % r
2
=8 siny % zg
2
f
%
P
z
b
b
%
F
s
g
2

1=2
k
s
% r
2
=4; 8
where
%
H H=mc
2
;
%
F
s
eF
s
=mc
2
;
%
P
P=mc; % r k
w
r; and % z k
w
z:
a
w
eB
w
=mc
2
k
w
is the usual dimensionless
measure of the wiggler eld amplitude.
3. Steady-state orbits analysis
It is useful to perform the canonical transforma-
tion due to the combination of siny % z and
cosy % z terms in Eq. (8). The new variables
% r; c; % z
0
;
%
P
r
;
%
P
c
;
%
P
z
0 are obtained from the generat-
ing function F
2

%
P
c
;
%
P
z
0 ; c; % z y % z
%
P
c
% z
%
P
z
0
c
@F
2
@
%
P
c
y % z; % z
0

@F
2
@
%
P
z
0
% z;
%
P
y

@F
2
@y

%
P
c
;
%
P
z

@F
2
@% z

%
P
z
0
%
P
c
: 9
ARTICLE IN PRESS
S.-K. Nam et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 528 (2004) 5661 57
The equations of motion are derived from the
Hamiltonian. If the equations of motion are
independent of time, i.e.,
d% r
dt

dc
dt

d
%
P
r
dt

d
%
P
c
dt
0;
we could nd a steady-state solution as shown in
Eq. (10).
%
P
r0
0; c
0

3p
2
;
%
P
c0

% r
0
4b
b
k
s % r
0
8a
w
3a
w% r
2
0
z
16
;
%
P
z
0
4b
b
k
s
% r
0
a
w
8 % r
2
0
3% r
4
0
z1 % r
2
0

16% r
0
; 10
where
z
2
16k
s
b
2
b
k
s
8g% r
2
0
8a
w
b
b
k
s
% r
0
8 9% r
2
0

a
2
w
8 9% r
2
0

2
:
Substituting the steady-state solution obtained
from Eq. (10) into new Hamiltonian, we obtained
g
%
H
%
F
s

1
16

256 w
2
w=% r
2
_
; 11
where
w 8a
w
z 4b
zb
k
s % r
0
9a
w% r
2
0
:
The wiggler parameter can be deduced from
Eq. (11)
a
w

4% r
0
8 9% r
2
0
g
0
k
s
2g
0
k
s % r
2
0
2

1 % r
2
0
1 g
2
0

_ b
zb
k
s
_

_
_

_:
12
If the self-eld is negligibly small, the wiggler
parameter has a maximum a
c
w
E0:37

g
2
1
_
at
% r
0
E0:68: This result agrees with that obtained by
Chen [3].
4. Numerical analysis
It is useful to introduce the dimensionless
parameter, as it helps us analyze
Z a
w
=

2g
2
1 a
2
w

_
13
the gyro-radius % r
gy
of the helical orbit in the steady
state. Eq. (13) can have two real solutions when the
value of Z is in the range 0pZoZ
c
: Fig. 1 shows the
dimensionless parameter Z versus initial electron
radius % r
0
; and Z
c
which is the critical value of Z gets
altered by the self-eld. The Z
c
and % r
peak
0
are
increased monotonically by increasing the self-eld
parameter by Z
c
E0:28 0:006k
s
at % r
peak
0
E0:68
0:017k
s
: Poincar" e maps have been generated to
demonstrate the chaoticity in the vicinity of the
steady-state orbit with % r
0
% r
o
; where % r
o
is the
smaller of the two solutions obtained from
Eq. (13). The equation of motion derived from
Hamiltonian is numerically solved with the initial
conditions of Eq. (10) and % r
0
% r
gy0
% r
gc0
: The
% r
gy0
% r
gc0
is an initial value of the normailzed gyro-
radius (guiding-center radius) of the steady state
orbits. Fig. 2 shows the Poincar" e maps in the
c;
%
P
c
plane without self-eld for different values
of Z: The contour size increased on increasing Z;
which suggests that the amplitude of the betatron
oscillation increases, and the coupling between the
helical motion and the betatron oscillation also
becomes stronger, leading to chaos. Moreover, as Z
increases, the electron orbits become easily un-
stable on increasing the guiding-center radius % r
gc
:
In our simulation, we choose the parameters
l
w
=4 cm, r
b
=4 mm, g=10, and observed that
the threshold value of Z was independent of the
electron energy up to g 100: The dependency of
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0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3

s
= 0

s
= 1.5

s
= 3
r
0

4
2
Fig. 1. Plot of Z versus % r
0
for various k
s
.
S.-K. Nam et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 528 (2004) 5661 58
self-eld strength k
s
is shown in Fig. 3. We found
that the contour size decreased and stable region
increased on increasing the self-eld parameter k
s
.
We estimated the maximal Lyapunov exponent
from the time series data [4,5], which are based on
the method of delays [6]. Fig. 4 shows the maximal
Lyapunov exponent for various values of k
s
at Z
0:22: This result shows that the critical guiding-
center radius, which represents the onset of chaos,
is increased by increasing self-eld parameter k
s
.
The Fourier transformation without self-eld
is shown in Fig. 5. The periodic motions
disappeared at the onset of chaos as shown in
Fig. 4(a).
Fig. 6 shows the onset of chaos in the electron
orbit for various strengths of self-eld k
s
. The
regular regime of electron orbits broadened on
increasing the self-eld parameter. For % r
gc
o0:2
regime, the critical parameter Z
c
B0.281 corre-
sponds to the critical wiggler parameter, a
c
w
3:59
and the critical wiggler eld amplitude, B
c
w

0:962 T in the case of without self-eld (k
s
=0).
On the other hand, k
s
=1 (2) corresponds to the
beam current I=1.67 kA (3.34 kA) and Z
c
B0:285
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Fig. 3. Poincar" e maps with (a) k
s
=1 and (b) k
s
=2 for Z=0.22.
Fig. 2. Poincar" e maps without self-eld (k
s
=0) for (a) Z=0.18 and (b) Z=0.22.
S.-K. Nam et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 528 (2004) 5661 59
(0.292) corresponds to a
c
w
3:63 (3.71) and B
c
w

0:974 T (0.994 T) in Fig. 6. The value of 285 (0.292)
corresponds to a
c
w
3:63 (3.71) and B
c
w
0:974 T
(0.994T) in Fig. 6. A stable region was observed up
to magnetic eld of 0.962 T and guiding-center
radius r
gc
0:127 cm; which suggests that this
region was the maximum stable region of electron
orbits. However, an unstable region appeared when
the gyro-radius was greater than the critical
guiding-center radius of r
gc
0:127 cm:
5. Conclusion
We have investigated the effects of the self-eld
of electron orbits in a helicalwiggler. In order to
investigate the stability of a dynamical system, we
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
(c)

s
= 2

s
= 1

s
= 0
M
a
x
i
m
a
l

L
y
a
p
u
n
o
v

E
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
r
gc
(b)
(a)
Fig. 4. The maximal Lyapunov exponent for k
s
=0,1,2. Dotted
lines indicate that the maximal Lyapunov exponent is zero.
Fig. 6. The onset of chaos in electron orbits for k
s
=0 (solid
line), 1 (dashed line), and 2 (dotted line).
Fig. 5. Fourier transformation for various % r
gc
:
S.-K. Nam et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 528 (2004) 5661 60
used Poincar" e maps. We estimated the maximal
Lyapunov exponents in order to nd the critical
value of the wiggler eld amplitude for the onset of
chaos in the electron orbits. The regular regime of
the electron orbits broadened on increasing self-
eld parameters.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from the
Korea Research Foundation.
References
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[3] C. Chen, R.C. Davidson, Phys. Rev. A 43 (1991)
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[4] H. Kantz, T. Schreiber, Nonlinear Time Series Analysis,
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(1993) 117.
[6] N.H. Packard, J.P. Crutcheld, J.D. Farmer, R.S. Shaw,
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S.-K. Nam et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 528 (2004) 5661 61