Theory of Guided Waves

Ruey-Beei Wu Rm. 340, Dept. Electrical Engineering E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~rbwu

Main Focus
to give a theoretical treatment of wave-guiding structures and related phenomenon along with the development of analytical methods for the solution of important engineering problems. to deal with three basic guides structures, including transmission lines, metallic waveguides, (and dielectric waveguides). to address various guiding characteristics, including propagation, excitation, discontinuities, and periodical structures. why we revisit these topics?
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Introduction to Waves
Unguided waves:
Propagation, scattering, radiation (antennas) IEEE Antennas and Propagation Inverse scattering, remote sensing IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing

Guided waves:
Waveguides, discontinuities, circuit components IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Interconnections, packaging, transients IEEE Advanced Packaging

Interactions between guided/unguided waves

IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility
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Applications
Power transmission:
Low frequencies (50 or 60Hz)

Communications:
High frequencies
Microwave (0.1-1000GHz) Optical Spectrum (m)

Radar Remote sensing Microelectronics

VLSI, Computers, Consumer Electgonics

Electro-Optics

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Waveguides

Guided Waves
Transverse electromagnetics (TEM) waves,
E z = Hz = 0

Transverse electric (TE) waves,

Ez = 0, Hz 0

Transverse magnetic (TM) waves,

Hz = 0, Ez 0

Hybrid (HB) waves,

Ez 0, Hz 0

Cutoff frequency fc
TEM: fc = 0 TE, TM, fc 0 HB

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Waveguides -1
A) Transmission lines (No. of conductors 2)
Non-planar structures
Two-wire or multi-wire lines Coaxial lines (circular, rectangular) TEM, fc =0, 0 ~ GHz HB, fc 0

Quasi-planar structures
Finline

Planar structures
Strip lines, TEM Microstrip lines (MS), HB

Stripline

w
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Metallic Waveguides -2
Uni-planar structures
Coplanar waveguides (CPW)

Slotlines (SL), Cohn 1969 Coplanar striplines (CPS), 1975

(C. P. Wen), 1969, Microwave Application Award 1995

w1 w2

Notes
Planar ~ uni-planar structures Hybrid ~ Quasi TEM Microwave

Microwave integrated circuit (MIC)

B) Hollow Cylindrical Waveguides

Rectangular waveguides Circular waveguides Elliptical waveguides TE, TM, HB: fc 0 Microwave

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Waveguides -3
C) Dielectric Waveguides
Planar (slab) dielectric waveguides Optical integrated circuits Rectangular dielectric waveguides Circular dielectric waveguides
Optical fibers

Notes
TE, TM, HB Optical spectrum

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Periodic Structures
Floquets Theorem Example 1: Lossless Microwave Quadrupoles
Propagation in an Infinite Periodic Structure Terminated Periodic Structure

Example 2: Capacitive Loaded Rectangular W/G

Power flow and Bandgap

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Why Revisit?

Solution Spheres Level & Influence

Simulation by Software Solution with parametric study Solution with analytic aide
Introduction Richard Mellitz

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#1: Solution Paradigms

Point Solution
Applies to a given instance of a structure or specimen

Parametric Solution
Applies to any single given structure Encompasses a locus of specific solutions. Ex.: filter design by microstrip coupled lines structure

General Solution
Applies to many structures of a given type Encompasses an explanation with analytic solutions Ex: locus of all solutions for a filter with any desired specification.
Introduction Richard Mellitz

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#2: Train of Analytical Thinking

Statement of Problems
Identify structure features for desired performance Ex. Wave guides -> infinitely long structures of identical cross section

Problem Abstraction
Find mathematically simplest structure but it still keeps key features -> Canonical problem Ex. TEM wave in Tx-line -> Parallel plate line

Formulation & Derivation

Express problem into mathematical description

Analytical Solutions

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# 3: Canonical Problems Repeat

LTCC Multilayer Structure

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NTU-NCTU NCTU-ITRI

Vertically Stacked LTCC Filters

SIW Miniature mmWave Passives
SIW Concept
Traditional hollow waveguide

4-pole quasi-elliptic fully stacked-cavity filter short-ckt CPW feed lines to realize cross coupling for non-adjacent resonators 27-33GHz with 20dB return loss at pass band 0.72 0.47 0.16g

multilayer construction + Stacked cavities

Resonator 1 Resonator 2 Resonator 3 Resonator 4

National Taiwan University T.-M. Shen, C.-F. Chen, T.-Y. Huang, and R.-B. Wu, Design of vertically stacked waveguide filters in LTCC, IEEE MTT-55, pp. 1771-1779, Aug 2007

Transition from MS to SIW

C. K. Yau, T. Y. Huang, T. M. Shen, H. Y. Chien, and R. B. Wu, Design of 30GHz transition between microstrip line and substrate integrated waveguide, APMC, Dec. 2007.

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Long-Period-Coplanar EBG P/G Planes

Wide-band suppression of P/GBN and radiated emission
Geometry

Power integrity performance

Reference

EMI performance
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T.-L. Wu, Y.-H. Lin, T.-K. Wang, C.-C. Wang, and S.-T. Chen, Electromagnetic bandgap power/ground planes for wideband suppression of ground bounce noise and radiated emission in high-speed circuits, IEEE MTT-53, No. 9, pp. 2935 - 2942, Sept. 2005

Course Contents

Course Organization EM Group

T-AP, T-MTT

T-AdvP
T-EMC

T-MTT

T-AP

T-LT

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Purpose
Propagation
TEM wave TE/TM wave

Excitation
TE/TM wave excited by Tx-line

Discontinuities
Circuit components

Periodical structures

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Outline
Basic Theory (2 weeks)
Introduction and Basics, Equivalence, Reciprocity, and Greens Functions

Transmission Lines (2 weeks)

Basics, Parameter Extraction

Waveguides (4 weeks)
Metallic Waveguide, Modal Orthogonality, inhomogeneously filled waveguides

Waveguide Excitation (3 weeks)

Probe, Loop, Aperture Coupling

Waveguide Discontinuities (2 weeks)

Variational Methods, Capacitive Diaphragm

Periodic Structures (1 weeks)

Floquets Thm, Periodic loaded waveguides
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References & Scores

Textbook:
R. E. Collins, Field Theory of Guided Waves, 2nd ed., IEEE Press, 1991. ()

Scores & evaluation

Mid-Term Exam., 40% Final Exam., 40% Exercise, 20%

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Basics
A. Time Harmonic Fields B. Maxwell Equations C. Poynting Vector D. Solution of Helmholtz Eq. E. Equivalence Principle F. Duality & Babinets Principle G. Reciprocity Theorem

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TEM Waves and Transmission Lines

1.1 TEM Waves 1.2 Transmission Lines 1.3 Circuit theory for Lossy Lines 1.4 Field Theory for Lossless Transmission Lines 1.5 Power Loss in Planar Conductors 1.6 Field Theory for Lossy Lines 1.7 General Two-Conductor Lines 1.8 Transmission Line Parameters 1.9 Conformal Mapping Method 1.10 Variational Method 1.11 Problems
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Cylindrical Waveguides
2.0 Introduction (0-1) 2.1 Auxiliary Potential Functions (1-9) 2.2 General Properties of Cylindrical Waveguides (2-11) 2.3 Orthogonal Properties of Modes (3-9) 2.4 Complex Poynting Theorem (4-3) 2.5 Power (5-6) 2.6 Energy (6-6) 2.7 Lossy Waveguides (7-6) 2.8 Problems

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Excitation of Waveguides -1
3.0 Introduction 3.1 Greens Functions (1-4) 3.2 Greens Functions for Hn0 Modes in Rectangular Guide (2-4) 3.3 Dyadics (3-5) 3.4 Dyadic Greens Functions (4-3) 3.5 Infinity-Space Dyadic Greens Functions (5-5) 3.6 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem (6-3) 3.7 Loves Field Equivalence Principle (7-2) 3.8 Probe Antenna (8-22) 3.9 Radiation in Cylindrical Waveguides (9-10) 3.10 Antenna Input Impedance (10-5) 3.11 Image Theory (11-1)
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Excitation of Waveguides -2
3.12 Vector Potentials (12-10) 3.13 Fields of Magnetic Dipole Sources (13-2) 3.14 Loop Antenna (14-17) 3.15 Field Equivalence Principle (15-5) 3.16 Coupling by Small Apertures (16-31)
3.16.1 Original Aperture Coupling Problem 16-1) 3.16.2 Auxiliary Problems 16-2 3.16.3 Equivalent Problem 16-16 3.16.4 Original Aperture Coupling Problem 16-19 3.16.5 Dipole Moments of Elliptic Disk 16-25 3.16.6 Aperture Coupling in Rectangular Waveguides 16-28

3.17 General Aperture Coupling Problems (17-7) 3.18 Problems

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Waveguide Discontinuities
4.0 Introduction (0-2) 4.1 Inhomogeneously Filled Waveguides (1-6) 4.2 Variational Methods (2-22)
4.2.1 Junction Problem 2-1 4.2.2 Input Admittance of Junction 2-11

4.3 Capacitive Diaphragm (3-21)

4.3.1 Formulation 3-2 4.3 2 Variational Expression for Shunt Susceptance B 3-9 4.3.3 Approximate Evaluation of B 3-14
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Periodic Structures
5.1 Floquets theorem 5.2 Lossless microwave quadrupoles 5.3 Propagation in an infinite periodic structures 5.4 Terminated periodic structure 5.5 Capacitively loaded rectangular waveguides 5.6 Energy and power flow

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