[Ahmed, 3(1): January, 2014]

ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852

IJESRT
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY

Microcontroller Based Advanced Triggering Circuit for Converters/Inverters

*1,2

Zameer Ahmad*1, S.N. Singh2 M.Tech Student, Senior Scientific Officer Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand, India Abstract

This paper presents an advanced method of generating triggering pulse using Microcontroller (8051) whose delay angle is controlled by the feedback signal given by Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) to Microcontroller (8051). The use of microcontroller based control circuit provides us large number of advantages. It reduces size and cost of controller significantly. The efficient control of delay angle is the main advantage. Besides this it provide more versality and greater scope for further improvement just by changing the program but not hardware configuration. Its long life and no fatigue are the most appreciated characteristics. The generated triggering pulse is synchronised with supply frequency and recorded for various delay angle. Zero Crossing detector (ZCD) is used to detect the zero crossing of the supply. The performance of controller is found satisfactory. In general switching control mode as well as specific application mode. Keywords: Triggering pulse, Microcontroller, ZCD, driver and buffer and synchronization

I. Introduction
The present day electronics world is moving power with the help of power semiconductor devices, towards miniaturization and low priced equipments. At wherein these devices operate as switches. Advent of the risk of making trite observation, the last two decade silicon controlled rectifier led to the development of new of advances in microcontroller, processor and area of applications. programmable logic have opened up tremendously Simple triggering circuit can be realised by R or exciting possibilities for enhancing the performance RC network. They are cheap and consume little power. applicability and economy of power electronics However the control and hence the load output voltage appliances[1]Implementation of microcontroller chip susceptible to device temperature variations. Moreover makes the size of the converter circuits smaller and feedback control cannot easily be incorporated. Although cheaper as well. The microcontroller has multiple RC trigger circuits are simple and economical they features which prompted us to take into consideration depend on gate trigger characteristics of thyristers used, among many such microcontrollers available in market and they cannot be used easily in self-programmed, [2]. automatic or feedback controlled systems. In a controller In modern contest the world is moving from a group of thyristers or power semiconductor devices are conventional energy sources to the renewable one. It is required to be switched at different switching instants for due to its greater abundance and environment friendly different duration and in a particular sequence. Different Characteristics [3]. Power electronic is working as an three phase converters, for example dual converters, interface between grid and solar power output. Power cycloconverters, and regenerative reversible drive, may electronics refers to control and conversion of electrical require 12 to 36 such devices. Thus switching a large power with the help of power semiconductor devices, number of these power devices with different control which used as switch [4]. Advent of silicon controlled strategy by a simple triggering circuit is almost rectifier led to the development of new area of impossible. Moreover incorporation of feedback and/or applications. Simple triggering circuit can be realised by different control approaches for same load drive system R or Resistance and Capacitance network. They are not requires an intelligent controller. Therefore the advanced expensive and little power required for its operation. triggering circuits become necessary [5]-[8]. However the control and hence the load output voltage In this we have made a successful effort to susceptible to device temperature variations. Moreover generate triggering pulses for various delay angles using feedback control incorporation is not easy. Power only one microcontroller. Using programming teqniques electronics refers to control and conversion of electrical one could also make a universal chip as a base for all http: // www.ijesrt.com(C)International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology [88-93]

[Ahmed, 3(1): January, 2014]

ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852

types of converters. Synchronization of the pulses with the supply system, interfacing of microcontroller with the incoming signals from supply giving output signal to converters circuit incorporating feedback. In this we have used 8255 inbuilt on the advanced microcontroller development kit .the use of 8255 programmable peripheral interface makes the task of interfacing easier.

II. System Descriptions

The experimental setup shown in figure 1 is divided into two units: A. control unit B. single phase bridge converter

(b) Fig 2: Circuit diagram of ADC (a) circuit diagram, (b) photograph

(iii) Zero crossing detectors: The proposed circuit of zero crossing detectors is shown in Fig.3. ZCD is used to sense the zero crossing of supply voltage. It acts as a reference signal for control pulse. The output of the zero crossing detector is given figure 4.

(a) Fig. 1: complete experimental setup[2]

The control unit which generates control pulses of desired delay to control the flow of power are comprised of the following components: (i) 8051 advanced microcontroller kit, which consists of an 8 bit, 12 MHz, 8051 microcontroller, 32 kB EPROM, 32 kB DATA RAM and two 8255 parallel I/O interface. (ii) Analog to digital converter (ADC) is most widely used device for data acquisition. In physical world everything is analog so we need ADC to convert analog signal into digital for processing through microcontroller. Circuit diagram of ADC is shown in Figure 2.

(b) Fig.3: Zero crossing detector (a) circuit diagram, (b) photograph

Fig.4: Output of zero crossing detector

(iv) Driver and buffer circuit: In most of the circuits, there is a potential difference between the gates of the various thyristers, as well as between the control circuit and thyristers. The setup will consist of linear ICs (OPAM) and digital IC microcontroller, PPI. Basically these are low voltage and low power circuits. The power circuits which consist of thyristor is high power circuit. Therefore it becomes necessary for the output channel of the gate pulse generating circuit to be isolated from one http: // www.ijesrt.com(C)International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology [88-93]
(a)

[Ahmed, 3(1): January, 2014]

ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852

supply system.ADC is most widely used device for data acquisition. In physical world everything is analog so we need ADC to convert analog signal into digital for processing through microcontroller. In this paper we have interfaced ADC through 8255ppi for feedback and to control the delay angle of the triggering pulses. Synchronization of the pulses with the supply system, interfacing of microcontroller with the incoming signals from supply giving output signal to converters circuit incorporating feedback. In this we have used 8255 inbuilt on the advanced microcontroller development kit .the use of 8255 programmable peripheral interface makes the task of interfacing easier. The topology of inverter used in the proposed work is fully controlled full wave inverter as shown in figure 6. This topology of converter has bridge of four thyristers. Four triggering pulses are required to trigger the thyristors of this topology. The thyristers T1 and T2 are triggered simultaneously with same type of gate pulse G1 and G2 and other two thyristers T13 and T4 required gate pulse G3 and G4 complementary to the gate pulses of thyristers T1 and T2.

another as well as from thyristers. The isolation can be provided either by a small high frequency transformer or by an opt-coupler ICs. Similarly control electronics which control the conduction period of each thyristor, gives as output of very low power. In general in most of cases output power is not sufficient to drive the gate directly. Therefore an amplifier circuit is required. For isolation between control and power circuit, use of pulse transformer is common. Figure 5 shows a driver and buffer circuit. A high frequency positive pulse from an oscillator is applied to an AND gate continuously. These pulses are enabled to reach the base of transistor only when the input drive control signal is high. Transistor basically acts as a switch to energize the primary winding of the pulse transformer corresponding to each pulse. In secondary winding pulses of almost same strength are produced due to transformer action.

(a)

Fig. 6: Single Phase Fully Controlled Converter

III. Delay Time Calculation

Timer clock frequency = 1/12 of the XTAL frequency; (b) And XTAL frequency=11.0592 MHz Fig. 5: Driver and Buffer circuit (a) circuit diagram, (b) Therefore, we have timer frequency= 11.0592 MHz / 12 photograph = 921.6 kHz. As a result, each clock has a period of T = 1/921.6 kHz = Interfacing enables the electronic chip to work 1.085us. In other words, Timer 0 counts up each 1.085 intelligently and work accordingly as program is made. micro sec. 8051mic can be interfaced in many ways such as by Resulting in, means of interrupts, by means of ports of 8051 or by Delay = number of counts 1.085us. means of 8255 PPI in which the chip 8255 is first To calculate the values to be loaded into the TL and TH interfaced and physical quantities are interfaced by registers: means of the ports. This teqniques is used in this paper. XTAL F = 11.0592 MHz, we can use the following Using this technique as several advantages such as steps for finding the TH, TL registers values multiple handling of output and input is possible. Every 1. Divide the desired time delay by 1.085 us data used as an input has to be in digital form and output 2. Perform 65536 n, where n is the decimal value we has to be processed before giving it to the desired place. got in Step1 Since in our case the input is supply signal and output is 3. Convert the result of Step2 to hex, where yyxx is the square wave so we do not need A/D converter rather a initial hex value to be loaded into the timers register zero crossing detector to sense the zero crossing of 4. Set TL = xx and TH = yy http: // www.ijesrt.com(C)International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology [88-93]

[Ahmed, 3(1): January, 2014]

ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852 V. Experimental Results

Triggering pulse generated by the microcontroller must be synchronized with supply. If Triggering pulse is not synchronized with supply frequency the power circuit triggered wrongly. It is clear from the output shown in figure 9 that pulse generated by microcontroller is synchronized with supply frequency. Triggering pulse obtained from the microcontroller 8051 according to dc feedback given to it by ADC and output of zero crossing detector is shown in figures 10, 11, 12and13.

IV. Flowcharts
Flowchart of the programmes feed to the microcontroller 8051are as follows: 1. Flowchart for synchronization is shown in fig 7. 3. Flowchart for triggering pulse and its subroutine flowchart are shown in fig.8.

TRIGGERING PULSE

(a)

OUPUT OF ZCD

(b) Fig.9: synchronized pulse (a) synchronized with +ve cycle (b) synchronized with -ve cycle Fig.7: Flowchart of the synchronization

Fig.10: triggering pulse with 0 degree delay angle

Fig.8: Flowchart of Triggering pulses

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[Ahmed, 3(1): January, 2014]

ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852

Fig.11: triggering pulse with less than 90 degree delay angle

(b) Fig.13: triggering pulse with more than 90 degree delay angle (a) generated by controller for G1 and G2 (b) generated by controller for G3 and G4

Converter output wave form for different delay angles are shown in fig. 14, 15 and 16 respectively.

(a)

Fig.14 output voltage waveform for 0 degree delay angle

(b) Fig.12: triggering pulse with 90 degree delay angle (a) generated by controller for G1 and G2 (b) generated by controller for G3 and G4

Fig.15 output voltage waveform for less than 90 degree delay angle

(a)

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[Ahmed, 3(1): January, 2014]

ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852

Module by developing Matlab / Simulink Based Model International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.7 No.11 (2012). Mazidi, Muhammad Ali & Mazidi, Janice Gillispie, the 8051 microcontroller and embedded system, Pearson education, 7th Indian reprint, 2004. M.H.Rashid, Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Application, Delhi, Prentice H. India, 3rd Edition, 2004. Hirotaka Koizumi, Mizuno, Takashi, Yukihisa, Norio, Manabu Kawasaki, Ken Nagasaka, and Kurokawa, A Novel Microcontroller for GridConnected Photovoltaic Systems, IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, Volume 53, Number 6, December 2006. P. HUYNH and B. H. CHO, Design and Analysis of a Microprocessor-Controlled PPT System, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Volume 32, Number 1, JANUARY 1996.

[5]

[6]

[7]
Fig.16 output voltage waveform for more than 90 degree delay angle

VI. Conclusion
The use of Microcontroller (8051) based triggering circuit provides us a large number of advantages. The efficient control of delay angle and incorporation of feedback signal from ADC is main advantage. There is a greater scope for further improvement just by changing the program but not hardware configuration. Its long life and no fatigue are the most appreciated characteristics. The generated triggering pulse is synchronised with supply frequency and recorded for various delay angle. Zero Crossing detector (ZCD) is used to detect the zero crossing of the supply. The performance of controller is found satisfactory. In general switching control mode as well as specific application. The wave form records shows accuracy of delay of control pulse and also show the satisfactory performance of whole setup.

[8]

VII.

References

[1] Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, William P. Robbins, Power Electronics Converters, applications, and design, 3rd Edition. John Wiley & sons (Asia) PTE. Ltd., Singapore, 2005. [2] Zameer Ahmad and S.N. Singh, Design and Generation of Control Pulses by Microcontroller Based Controller for Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic System International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 10, October 2013 ISSN: 2278-0181. [3] Asghar,M.S. power electronics, New Delhi, prentice hall of India, 2004. [4] Zameer Ahmad and S.N. Singh, Extraction of the Internal Parameters of Solar photovoltaic http: // www.ijesrt.com(C)International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology [88-93]