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P-Value 0.001 (Two-Tailed) P-Value 0.05 (Two-Tailed)

The document presents results from a regression analysis examining the impact of various land reform policies on proxies for agricultural modernization in Indian states. Key findings include: 1. Tenancy reform had a positive association with the percentage of arable land under high-yielding variety cultivation and nitrogen fertilizer use. 2. The abolition of intermediaries and imposition of ceilings on landholdings were negatively associated with nitrogen fertilizer use. 3. The consolidation of landholdings was negatively associated with the percentage of arable land under high-yielding cultivation and nitrogen fertilizer use.

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Amy Basu
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views

P-Value 0.001 (Two-Tailed) P-Value 0.05 (Two-Tailed)

The document presents results from a regression analysis examining the impact of various land reform policies on proxies for agricultural modernization in Indian states. Key findings include: 1. Tenancy reform had a positive association with the percentage of arable land under high-yielding variety cultivation and nitrogen fertilizer use. 2. The abolition of intermediaries and imposition of ceilings on landholdings were negatively associated with nitrogen fertilizer use. 3. The consolidation of landholdings was negatively associated with the percentage of arable land under high-yielding cultivation and nitrogen fertilizer use.

Uploaded by

Amy Basu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Table

Independent
Variables

Proxy for Agricultural Modernization


Nitrogen
Percent of arable
Number of
fertilizer (kg)
land under HYV
tractors per
per 1000
Cultivation
1000 hectares
hectares
1.139484
4.660054**
-.0916144
(.776446)
(1.525484)
(.3147248)
-4.034008
-1.710285
.2591109
(3.7391)
(5.134924)
(1.111094)
1.136373
-5.534797*
-1.064813**
(2.667843)
2.920228
(.3835498)

Tenancy
Reform
Abolition of
Intermediaries
Ceilings on
Landholdings
Consolidation
-8.650829***
of
(2.612729)
Landholdings
1.495907
Adult male
(1.219394)
literacy rate
.1071346**
Population
(.0425151)
Density
2
0.8800
R
State Effects
Yes
Year Effects
Yes
Number of observations

-17.00343***
(4.025669)

-2.29378***
(.6694838)

2.958581
(2.028591)
.1041055
(.0596598)
0.8243
Yes
Yes

.6174414*
(.3377893)
.0056983
(.0127185)
0.7197
Yes
Yes
324

***p-value<0.001(two-tailed)
** p-value<0.05(two-tailed)
Note: Standard errors are robust.

Variable
Tenancy Reform
Abolition of
Intermediaries
Ceilings on
Landholdings
Consolidation of
Landholdings
Percent of arable land
under HYV
Cultivation
Nitrogen fertilizer
(kg) per 1000 hectares

Mean
(Standard deviation)
1.666667
(1.659945)
.3919753
( .5542382)
.8765432
( .7731199)
.2746914
( .6643334)
19.99648
(19.15639)

Minimum

Maximum

91.70684

20.6589
(23.70937)

.228425

133.9037

Number of tractors
per 1000 hectares
Proportion of literate
rural males
Population Density
(per sq. km)

2.147644
(3.711034 )
35.35007
(8.786237)
272.9791
(172.3785)
Number of observations

.0419692

25.16483

17.76923

55.4544

66.42815

865.8168
324

Table 1
Proxy for Agricultural Modernization
Independent
Variables

Percent of arable land under


HYV Cultivation

Nitrogen fertilizer (kg) per


1000 hectares

Number of tractors per 1000


hectares

All States

Omitting
MP, Orissa,
WB

All States

Omitting MP,
Orissa, WB

All States

Omitting MP,
Orissa, WB

Tenancy
Reform

2.731227**
(.9965158)

2.638172*
(1.486803)

6.038071**
(2.260687)

5.32444*
(2.908418)

-.0672538
(.345463)

-.224608
(..4122168)

Abolition of
Intermediaries

-4.14677
(3.798178)

-7.740847
(5.926433)

-1.108887
(5.188541)

-4.376183
(9.227699)

-.5072153
(.1.039666)

.026069
(1.823019)

Ceilings on
Landholdings

-1.499518
(3.736585)

-3.66649
(7.038187)

-9.684163*
(4.619922)

-11.31054
(8.493224)

-1.772564**
(.8375836)

-2.079403*
(.1.636797)

Consolidation
of
Landholdings

-5.380466**
(1.58391)

omitted

-11.4155**
(3.243907)

omitted

-1.258487**
(.5256525)

omitted

State Effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year Effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

0.5690

0.6251

324

243

R
0.8337
0.8304
0.7256
0.7471
Number of
324
243
324
243
observations
***p-value<0.001(two-tailed) ** p-value<0.05(two-tailed) * p-value<0.1(two-tailed)
Lagged four years.

Table 1.

State
Andhra
Pradesh

Percent of
arable land
under HYV
Cultivation

Nitrogen
fertilizer (kg)
per 1000
hectares

Number of
tractors per
1000
hectares

Tenancy
Reform

Abolition of
Intermediaries

19.053169
27.793905
1.0633035
.37037037
1
(16.315945)
(20.199216)
(1.024952)
(.49210288)
(0)
24.509714
14.268772
.81157473
2.2592593
0
Bihar
(18.972208)
(12.165498)
(.57683199)
(.71212535)
(0)
14.199909
18.039617
2.079343
1.2962963
.55555556
Gujarat
(10.346581)
(14.811307)
(2.4558831)
(.66880001)
(.50636968)
12.789075
18.078991
2.184997
1.2222222
0
Karnataka
(9.8767424)
(12.849226)
(2.2509023)
(.69798244)
(0)
Madhya
11.620803
5.9298494
.79235581
.92592593
0
Pradesh
(10.094911)
(5.1273828)
(.61090118)
(.26688026)
(0)
15.970057
11.405334
.75625008
.96296296
0
Maharashtra
(13.497238)
(7.7956703)
(.60146222)
(.19245009)
(0)
12.686467
7.0247693
.23813162
1.5925926
.44444444
Orissa
11.913483
(4.4366636)
(.11900719)
(1.0473138)
(.50636968)
47.485476
59.334956
10.079244
.44444444
0
Punjab
(32.442446)
(43.911096)
(7.244011)
(.50636968)
(0)
9.0619182
4.8583491
2.5466465
0
.92592593
Rajasthan
(7.0503934)
(3.5324745)
(3.2740307)
(0)
(.26688026)
31.847075
38.254184
1.2869367
3.3703704
0
Tamil Nadu
20.776005
(23.959779)
(1.3329949)
(2.3558136)
(0)
22.093067
25.731485
3.5140315
1.2222222
1.2222222
Uttar Pradesh
(16.054211)
(20.570406)
(3.2783384)
(.50636968)
(.50636968)
18.641023
17.186603
.41891555
2.4074074
0
West Bengal
(13.900322)
(14.436051)
(.21431779)
(2.7632097)
(0)
19.99648
20.6589
1.3395062
1.666667
.34567901
Total
(19.15639)
(23.70937)
(1.4749239)
(1.659945)
(.5198355)
Standard deviations are in parentheses. See Data Appendix for details on construction of variables.

Ceilings on
Landholdings

Consolidation
of
Landholdings

Proportion of
literate rural
males

Population
Density (per
sq. km)

0
(0)
1.2222222
(.80064077)
.88888889
(.32025631)
1.2222222
(.69798244)
.88888889
(.32025631)
.85185185
(.36201399)
1.5925926
(1.0473138)
0
(0)
0
(0)
.85185185
(.36201399)
.88888889
(.32025631)
.11111111
(.32025631)
.70987654
(.71413936)

0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
.92592593
(.26688026)
0
(0)
.44444444
(.50636968)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1.2592593
(1.3182912)
.2345679
(.60486377)

28.164522
(3.2731545)
30.838983
(3.8840515)
41.060082
(6.4735359)
37.989863
(4.9525696)
28.581912
(4.476078)
44.979555
(6.1669395)
37.428746
(5.2800976)
39.130229
(9.1056205)
24.094587
(4.2346769)
46.727777
(4.5706332)
30.715685
(5.1523956)
34.488889
(8.0296673)
35.35007
(8.786237)

184.08622
(32.512427)
406.37135
(77.36175)
183.31339
(37.01367)
172.28676
(34.439575)
111.72809
(21.472792)
181.27454
(32.771194)
163.13633
(24.940058)
310.51623
(54.849542)
105.44194
(23.820186)
378.96908
(67.044567)
384.61256
(71.985333)
694.01281
(104.89631)
272.9791
(172.3785)

Table 3
Independent
Variables

Tenancy
Reform
Abolition of
Intermediarie
s
Ceilings on
Landholding
s
Consolidatio
n of
Landholding
s
Adult male
literacy rate
Population
Density

Proxy for Agricultural Modernization


Percent of arable land under
Nitrogen fertilizer (kg) per
Number of tractors per 1000
HYV Cultivation
1000 hectares
hectares
All States
Omitting
All States
Omitting
All States
Omitting
MP, Orissa,
MP, Orissa,
MP, Orissa,
WB
WB
WB
1.139484
.331197
4.660054**
3.471373**
-.0916144
-.3322558
(.776446)
(.9060717)
(1.525484)
(1.764394)
(.3147248)
(.3146611)
-4.034008
(3.7391)

-11.09688**
(2.677914)

-1.710285
(5.134924)

-8.698281
(5.285053)

-.2591109
(1.111094)

-.6210846
(1.181468)

1.136373
(2.667843)

-5.3162
(3.048873)

-5.534797*
2.920228

-11.24285*
(4.942161)

-1.064813**
(.3835498)

-1.736276
(.9186354)

8.650829***
(2.612729)

omitted

17.00343***
(4.025669)

omitted

-2.29378***
(.6694838)

omitted

1.495907
(1.219394)

2.02137*
(.8603692)

2.958581
(2.028591)

3.953444*
(1.56779)

.6174414*
(.3377893)

.7970405**
(.2236366)

.1071346**
(.0425151)

.2392438**
(.0528617)

.1041055
(.0596598)

.2330222**
(.0831195)

.0056983
(.0127185)

.0234851
(.0177729)

State Effects
Year Effects
Number of
Observations

Yes
Yes
324

***p-value<0.001(two-tailed)
** p-value<0.05(two-tailed)
Lagged four years.

Yes
Yes
243

324

Yes
Yes
243

324

243

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