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Introduction To Engineering Calculations

This chapter discusses key concepts in engineering calculations including: - Chemical engineering profession and the roles of chemical engineers in areas like developing new products and processes. - Units and dimensions, and how to convert between different units using conversion factors. Common systems of units like SI, American, and CGS are also introduced. - The difference between force and weight, where weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity. Commonly used units for force, pressure, energy and power are also defined.

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Chinmay
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
136 views

Introduction To Engineering Calculations

This chapter discusses key concepts in engineering calculations including: - Chemical engineering profession and the roles of chemical engineers in areas like developing new products and processes. - Units and dimensions, and how to convert between different units using conversion factors. Common systems of units like SI, American, and CGS are also introduced. - The difference between force and weight, where weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity. Commonly used units for force, pressure, energy and power are also defined.

Uploaded by

Chinmay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

Whats in this chapter? Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Calculations


Chemical Engineering Profession Units and Dimension Conversions of Unit Systems of Units Force, Weight and Mass

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2005/2006 I

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DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

Introduction
Describe the basic techniques for the handling of units and dimensions in calculations. Describe the basic techniques for expressing the values of process variables and for setting up and solving equations that relate these variables. Develop an ability to analyze and work engineering problems by practice.

Chemical Engineering Profession


CHEMIST VS CHEMICAL ENGINEER

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DKK2313: Chapter 1

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Role of Chemical Engineering


exploit advances in chemistry to create new products design chemical processes & operate plants develop energy resources, protect the environment. Develop new, environmentally benign, and safer processes to make the chemical products that people depend on. Work in research and development laboratories, creating polymeric materials with improved performance and durability. Work in manufacturing, making vaccines and antibiotics. Invent new ways to keep our food and water supplies safe.

CHEMICAL PROCESS
RAW MATERIALS SEPARATION PROCESS INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT REACTION PROCESS INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT SEPARATION PROCESS

FINAL PRODUCT
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DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

Chemical Engineer Task


You need to: Minimize production of unwanted byproducts Separate the good (product) from the bad (byproducts) Recover the unused reactants Maximize profit, minimize energy consumption, minimize impact on the environment
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OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS


petroleum and petrochemical pharmaceuticals polymers energy food consumer products biotechnology electronic and optical materials.
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DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

Units and Dimensions


Objectives: Convert one set of units in a function or equation into another equivalent set for mass, length, area, volume, time, energy and force Specify the basic and derived units in the SI and American engineering system for mass, length, volume, density, time, and their equivalence. Explain the difference between weight and mass Apply the concepts of dimensional consistency to determine the units of any term in a function

Units and Dimensions


Dimensions are: properties that can be measured such as length, time, mass, temperature, properties that can calculated by multiplying or dividing other dimensions, such as velocity (length/time), volume, density Units are used for expressing the dimensions such as feet or meter for length, hours/seconds for time. Every valid equation must be dimensionally homogeneous: that is, all additive terms on both sides of the equation must have the same unit
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2005/2006 I

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DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

Conversion of Units
A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any units having the appropriate dimension To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to equivalent in terms of another unit, multiply the given quantity by the conversion factor Conversion factor a ratio of equivalent values of a quantity expressed in different units Let say to convert 36 mg to gram

Dimensional Equation
1. Write the given quantity and units on left 2. Write the units of conversion factors that cancel the old unit and replace them with the desired unit 3. Fill the value of the conversion factors 4. Carry out the arithmetic value

36 mg

1g 1000 mg

0.036 g
Conversion factor
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DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

Dimensional Equation
Convert 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2
1 cm s2 s2 h2 h2 day2 day2 yr2 m cm km m

Systems of Units
Components of a system of units: Base units - units for the dimensions of mass, length, time, temperature, electrical current, and light intensity. Multiple units- multiple or fractions of base unit E.g.: for time can be hours, millisecond, year, etc. Derived units - units that are obtained in one or two ways;

1 cm s2

36002 s2 1 2 h2

242 h2 12 day2

3652 day2 12 yr2

1m 100 cm

1 km 1000 m

a) By multiplying and dividing base units; also referred to as compound units Example: ft/min (velocity), cm2(area), kg.m/s2 (force) b) As defined equivalent of compound unit (Newton = 1 kg.m/s2)

(3600 x 24 x 365) 100 x 1000

km yr2

9.95 x 109 km/ yr

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DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

Systems of Units
3 systems of unit:
Quantity SI meter

Base Units
Base Units Symbol m kg mole s American foot pound mass pound mole second Symbol ft lbm lbmole s CGS centimeter gram gram-mole second Symbol cm g mole s

a) SI system b) American engineering system c) CGS system

Length Mass Moles Time

kilogram grammole second

Temperature

Kelvin

Rankine

Kelvin

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DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

Multiple SI Units
Multiple Unit Preferences tera (T) = 10 giga (G) = 10 mega (M) = 10 kilo (k) = 10
12 9 6 12

Derivatives SI Units
Derived SI Units Quantity
-2 -3 -6 -9

Unit Liter Newton (SI) Dyne (CGS) Pascal Joule Calorie Watt

Symbol L N

Equivalent to the Base Unit 0.001m3 = 1000 cm3 1 kg.m/s2 1 g.cm/s2

centi (c) = 10 milli (m) = 10 micro () = 10 nano (n) = 10

Volume Force

Pressure Energy/ Work Power

Pa J cal W

1 N/m2 1 N.m = 1 kg.m2/s2 4.184 J =4.184 kg.m2/2 1 J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3

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DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

DKK2313: Chapter 1

FKKSA, KUKTEM

Force and Weight


Force is proportional to product of mass and acceleration Usually defined using derived units ; 1 Newton (N) 1 dyne 1 Ibf = = = 1 kg.m/s2 1 g.cm/s2 32.174 Ibm.ft/s2

Force and Weight


gc is used to denote the conversion factor from a natural force unit to a derived force unit.

Weight of an object is force exerted on the object by gravitational attraction of the earth i.e. force of gravity, g. Value of gravitational acceleration: g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2

gc

1 kg.m/s2 1N

= 32.174 lbm.ft/s2 1 lbf

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ANY QUESTION?
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