Intro to Calculus: Comprehensive Review

Interval Notation
x 1 (-, 1] Unbounded
x 1 [1, ) Unbounded
-1 x 1 [-1, 1] Closed
-1 < x 1 (-1, 1] Hal !"en
-1 x < 1 [-1, 1) Hal !"en
-1 < x < 1 (-1, 1) !"en
#x"onents
x
$
% 1
x
&N
% 1'x
N
x
('n
%
n
)(x
(
)
x
(
(x
n
) % x
( * n
x
(
'x
n
% x
( & n
(x+)
n
% x
n
+
n
(x'+)
n
% x
n
'+
n
(x
(
)
n
% x
(n
,usiness -roble(s
x % nu(ber o units
- ("roit) % . & C
. (revenue) % -x
C % /ost0 avera1e /ost % C ' x
,rea2-even "oint3
- % $
4uadrati/ 5or(ula
ax
6
* bx * / % $ 7
x % (-b *'- )(b
6
& 8a/)) ' 6a
9"e/ial -roble(s
(a * b)(a & b) % a
6
& b
6
(a * b)
6
% a
6
* 6ab * b
6
(a & b)
6
% a
6
- 6ab * b
6
a
:
* b
:
% (a * b)(a
6
& ab * b
6
)
a
:
& b
:
% (a & b)(a
6
* ab * b
6
)
a
8
& b
8
% (a; * b;)(a & b)(a * b)
9+nt<eti/ =ivision
- -ut t<e "ol+no(ial in des/endin1 order (i a "o>er is (issin1 substitute a ?ero)
- @et t<e -As (a/tors o t<e /onstant ter() B 4As (a/tors o t<e leadin1 /oei/ient)
- @et t<e -.CAs (D t<e -As divided b+ t<e 4As)
- Ea2e a /<art >it< all o t<e /oei/ients on to" and -.CAs on t<e side
- Eulti"l+ ea/< /oei/ient b+ t<e -.C and add t<e next
o F<e -.C is a ?ero i t<e result is ?ero
Cir/les
@eneral 5or(3
Gx
6
* G+
6
* =x * #+ * 5 % $
9tandard 5or(3
(x & <)
6
* (+ & 2)
6
% r
6
(<, 2) is t<e /enter o t<e /ir/le
r is t<e radius o t<e /ir/le
Convertin1 ro( @eneral to 9tandard3
- divide b+ t<e /oei/ient o t<e sHuares
- 1rou" t<e sHuares >it< x and +
- subtra/t t<e /onstant ter( ro( bot< sides o t<e eHuation
- add (/oei/ient o x'+ ' 6)
6
to bot< sides o t<e eHuation
- a/tor in 1rou"s
9lo"e
( % I+ ' Ix
-er"endi/ular lines3 (
1
% - 1'(
6
-arallel lines3 (
1
% (
6
Jerti/al line3 x % a
Hori?ontal line3 + % a
9lo"e-inter/e"t or(3 + % (x * b
-oint-slo"e or(3
+ & +
1iven
% ((x & x
1iven
)
Ki(its
- =ire/t 9ubstitution
- .ationali?e t<e Nu(erator
- Ki(it Fable
- Note3 $'$ is t<e indeter(inate or(0 t<e li(it (a+ or (a+ not exist
Continuit+ and =is/ontinuit+
L-ol+no(ial un/tions are al>a+s /ontinuous
5ine t<e ?eros o t<e deno(inator
=is/ontinuous3
- Hole in t<e 1ra"<
- #nd"oint o a line'/urve
F+"es o =is/ontinuit+3
- F<e li(it M t<e un/tion
- F<e li(it =N#
- F<e un/tion is undeined
- Note3 G un/tion is al>a+s dis/ontinuous at an end"oint
.e(ovable i t<e li(it exists
Non-re(ovable i t<e li(it =N# (deno(inator % $)
=erivatives
N+
O
P, N(
tan
P, N
O
(x)P, Nd+'dxP
=erivative .ules3
Constant .ule3
Q(/onstant) % $
9u('=ieren/e .ule3
d'dx((x) *'- 1(x)) % Q(x) *'- 1 Q(x)
Constant Eulti"le .ule3
+ % /((x)) 7 +A % /( Q(x))
9i("le -o>er .ule3
x
N
7 Nx
(n-1)
Hori?ontal Fan1ents3 Q(x) % $
Eulti"le .ule3
G, 7 G,A * GA,
4uotient .ule3
G', 7 (GA, & G,A) ' (,
6
)
@eneral -o>er .ule3
u
N
7 Nu
(N-1)
(du'dx)
C<ain .ule3
(x
N
& 1)
U
7 U(x
6
& 2)
U-1
(Nx
N-1
)
Jolu(e 5or(ulas
- C+linder3 J % R r
6
<
- 9"<ere3 J %
8
'
:
R r
:
- Cone3 J %
1
'
:
R r
6
<
- .e/tan1ular 9olids3 J % b < d
9ura/e Grea 5or(ulas
- 9"<ere3 9G % 8 R r
6
- C+linder3 9G % 6 R r (r * <)
- .e/tan1ular 9olid3
9G % 6(bd * b< * <d)
5our 9te" Ki(it -ro/ess
E
tan
% Ki(
Ix 7 $
(x & Ix) & (x)
'
Ix
, -K#
.ates o C<an1e
I.C % (use dire/t substitution)
G.C % ((lar1er) & (s(aller)) ' (lar1er &
s(aller)
S error % ((I.C & G.C) ' I.C)
< TS - @ood0 U 1$S - ,ad
-<+si/s -roble(s
-osition un/tion3 < % -1Vt
6
* v
o
t * <
o
5reeall3 v
o
% $
@round Kevel3 <
o
% $
Jelo/it+ un/tion3 s % -:6t * v
o
G//eleration un/tion % s % -:6
.elated .ates
- =ierentiate t<e ne/essar+ or(ula
- 9ubstitute in t<e 1iven variable in order to 1et t<e value o t<e desired variable
In/reasin1'=e/reasin1
- 9et t<e irst derivative o t<e un/tion to ?ero and a/tor to 1et t<e /riti/al nu(bers
- Use test values >it<in ea/< interval in order deter(ine t<e si1n o
1
(x)
I t<e si1n is "ositive, t<e un/tion is in/reasin1
I t<e si1n is ne1ative, t<e un/tion is de/reasin1
#xtre(a
- 9et t<e irst derivative o t<e un/tion to ?ero and a/tor to 1et t<e /riti/al nu(bers
- W<ere (x) is ne1ative to t<e let o x % n and "ositive to t<e ri1<t o x % n, n is t<e
relative (ini(u(
- W<ere (x) is "ositive to t<e let o x % n and ne1ative to t<e ri1<t o x % n, n is t<e
relative (axi(u(
- Gbsolute extre(a are t<e <i1<est'lo>est a(on1 t<e extre(a on t<e interval
Con/avit+ and Inle/tion -oints
- Con/ave U">ard3
1
(x) is in/reasin1 and
11
(x) is "ositive
- Con/ave =o>n>ard3
1
(x) is de/reasin1 and
11
(x) is ne1ative
- Inle/tion -oints3 tan1ent line at ><i/< t<ere is a /<an1e in /on/avit+
=eter(ine ><ere
11
(x) % $ or undeined
!"ti(i?ation
- -ri(ar+ #Huation3 or t<e Huantit+ bein1 (ax'(ini(i?ed
- 9e/ondar+ #Huation3 redu/e t<e "ri(ar+ eHuation into ter(s o one variable
- =eter(ine t<e do(ain o t<e "ri(ar+ eHuation
- 5ind t<e desired (ax'(in t<rou1< t<e tests or extre(a
Gs+("totes
- i t<e de1ree o t<e nu(erator is
1reater t<an t<at o t<e deno(inator3 + % $
less t<an t<at o t<e deno(inator3 None
Inte1ration .ules
9i("le -o>er3 X x
N
dx ((x
N*1
)'(N*1)) * C, N M -1
Constant3 X Y dx Yx * C
Constant Eulti"le3 X Y((x)) dx Y X (x) dx
9u('=ieren/e3 X [(x) D 1(x)] dx (X (x) dx) D (X 1(x) dx)
@eneral -o>er3 X u
N

du
'
dx
dx ((x
N*1
)'(N*1)) * C, N M -1
Ko1 * e Inte1ration .ules
9i("le -o>er (e)3 X e
Z
dx e
Z
* C
@eneral -o>er (e)3 X e
U du
'
dx
dx e
u
* C
9i("le -o>er (ln)3 X
1
'
Z
dx ln [x[ * C
@eneral -o>er (ln)3 X
U
'
U
dx ln [u[ * C
#ven'!dd 5un/tions
I #ven3 X
a
-a
(x) dx 7 6 X
a
$
(x) dx
I !dd3 X
a
-a
(x) dx % $
Gvera1e Jalue o a 5un/tion
Gvera1e value o un/tion (x) on t<e interval [a,b] (><ere a U b)3 ( X
b
a
(x) dx ) ' (b & a)
Grea bet>een F>o Curves
Grea % X
b
a
(x) & X
b
a
1(x) \\\ ><ere, on t<e interval [a,b], (x) is a <i1<er un/tion t<an 1(x)
9te"s3
- 9et (x) eHual to 1(x) to ind t<e "oints o interse/tion a and b
- =eter(ine ><i/< un/tion is <i1<er
o 9ubstitute a test value n on t<e interval [a,b] in ea/< un/tion
- 9ubtra/t t<e lo>er un/tion ro( t<e <i1<er un/tion and inte1rate ro( b to a
Consu(er'-rodu/er 9ur"lus
Consu(er 9ur"lus3
X
b
a
( de(and un/tion & "ri/e ) dx
-rodu/er 9ur"lus3
X
b
a
( "ri/e & su""l+ un/tion ) dx
Consu(er
9ur"lus
#Huilibriu( -oint
-rodu/er
9ur"lus
Jolu(e o 9olids
=is/ Eet<od3 R X
b
a
[(x)]
6
dx
Was<er Eet<od3 R X
b
a
[(x)]
6
& [1(x)]
6
dx
b a & de(and un/tion
a b & /ost un/tion
/ & revenue un/tion
/ d & "roit un/tion
d
I <o"e t<is <el"s\\\ 1ood lu/2\\\
-lease "ra+ or t<e re"ose o (+ soul