Challenges in Sustainability | 2013 | Volume 1 | Issue 2 | Pages 8293

DOI: 101292!"#is201301020082
$e%ie&
Knowledge Governance for Sustainable Development:
A Review
'o((ae %an )e(*ho++
,enne( S#hool o+ -n%i(onment an. So#iety/ 0he 1ust(alian 2ational 3ni%e(sity/ 4uil.ing !8 'innaeus 5ay/
Canbe((a 1C0 0200/ 1ust(alia6 -78ail: lo((ae%an*e(*ho++9anue.uau6 0el :;1 2;12<2=!8
Submitte.: < Se>tembe( 2013 | In (e%ise. +o(m: = ?anua(y 201! | 1##e>te.: 2; ,eb(ua(y 201! |
Publishe.: 12 8a(#h 201!
Abstract: Sustainable .e%elo>ment is a *no&le.ge intensi%e >(o#ess/ but >lague. by
>e(sistent #on#e(ns o%e( ou( a>>a(ent inability to #onne#t &hat &e *no& &ith mo(e sustainable
>(a#ti#es an. out#omes 5hile #onsi.e(able attention has been gi%en to &ays &e may bette(
un.e(stan. an. enhan#e the *no&le.ge7base. >(o#esses that su>>o(t the go%e(nan#e o+
so#ial7e#ologi#al systems/ (elati%ely +e& ha%e e@amine. the go%e(nan#e o+ *no&le.ge itsel+ 0he
institutionsA(ules an. no(msAthat go%e(n *no&le.ge may she. light on the >e(sisten#e o+
Bga>sB bet&een *no&le.ge an. a#tion In this (e%ie& I see* to ans&e( the Cuestion: #an
inte(.is#i>lina(y *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e lite(atu(e #ont(ibute to un.e(stan.ing an. analysing the
institutional *no&le.ge7base. .imensions o+ sustainable .e%elo>mentD I >(esent an. analyse
the #on#e>t o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e as it is eme(ging in a (ange o+ .is#i>lines an. >(a#ti#e
a(eas/ in#lu.ing >(i%ate se#to( management lite(atu(e an. >ubli# (egulation theo(y an. >(a#ti#e
I then integ(ate the +in.ings +(om this (e%ie& into a mo.el o+ sustainable .e%elo>ment
>(o>ose. by 2ilsson et al E1F I sho& that *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e Gas a s#ale abo%e *no&le.ge
managementH #an in+o(m 2ilsson et alBs th(ee Ineste.I .imensions o+ sustainability: human
&ellbeing Gth(ough a##ess to *no&le.ge an. +(ee.om to e@e(#ise in+o(me. #hoi#eH6 (esou(#e7
base management Gthough enhan#ing (egulation an. inno%ation an. t(ansitions +(om e@#lusi%e
to in#lusi%e *no&le.ge systemsH6 an. global >ubli# goo.s Gby balan#ing >ubli# an. >(i%ate
inte(ests an. +oste(ing global inno%ation systemsH 0his (e%ie& #on#lu.es by >(esenting a
+(ame&o(* that >la#es sustainable .e%elo>ment in the #onte@t o+ b(oa.e( so#io7>oliti#al
st(uggles to&a(.s mo(e o>en/ in#lusi%e *no&le.ge systems
Keywords: global >ubli# goo.s6 inno%ation6 *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e6 *no&le.ge systems6
sustainable .e%elo>ment
J 201! by the autho(s6 li#ensee 'ib(ello/ S&itKe(lan. 0his o>en a##ess a(ti#le &as >ublishe.
un.e( a C(eati%e Commons 1tt(ibution 'i#ense Ghtt>:""#(eati%e#ommonso(g"li#enses"by"30"H
1. Introduction
Publi# .ebates an. >oliti#al st(uggles o%e( ho& to
a#hie%e sustainability/ +(om #limate #hange an.
bio.i%e(sity #onse(%ation to geneti#ally mo.i+ie.
o(ganisms an. +oo. se#u(ity/ ha%e been #ha(a#te(ise.
by #lashes an. #ont(o%e(sies o%e( *no&le.ge E2/3FA
&hat .o &e nee. to *no& to meet sustainability
#hallengesD 5ho shoul. *no& itD 5he(e shoul. that
*no&le.ge #ome +(omD 5ho has autho(ity o( shoul.
be belie%e.D Lo& #an .i++e(ent +o(ms o+ *no&le.ge be
ha(nesse. mo(e e++e#ti%ely +o( a#tion to&a(.s sus7
tainabilityD Met .es>ite substantial &o(* in these a(eas
E310F the(e (emains a %ie& that e++o(ts to im>(o%e
the a>>li#ation o+ *no&le.ge to in+o(m sustainable .e7
%elo>ment ha%e +allen sho(t o+ the u(gent an.
#om>elling nee. 0his is >a(ti#ula(ly so in (elation to
s#ien#e6 +o( e@am>le/ a 3nite. 2ations -n%i(onment
P(og(am ,o(esight (e>o(t (elease. in 2012 (an*e.
I$e#onne#ting S#ien#e an. Poli#yI as the +ou(th
highest >(io(ity o+ 21 to> #hallenges +o( sustainability
in the 21st #entu(y 0hey state. that INou( so#iety
nee.s st(ategies an. >oli#ies that a(e un.e(>inne. by
a st(ong s#ien#e an. e%i.en#e base 4ut many belie%e
the lin*age bet&een the >oli#y an. s#ien#e #om7
munities is ina.eCuate o( e%en .ete(io(ating/ an. that
this Bb(o*en b(i.geB is hin.e(ing the .e%elo>ment o+
solutions to global en%i(onmental #hange 0his >(oblem
(eCui(es a ne& loo* at the &ay s#ien#e is o(ganiKe.
an. ho& the s#ien#e7>oli#y inte(+a#e #an be im>(o%e.I
E11F Simila(ly/ a (e>o(t by the Inte(national Coun#il +o(
S#ien#e &(ote Ithe(e a>>ea(s to be a se(ious .is#on7
ne#t bet&een s#ienti+i# *no&le.ge an. the &ay that
>oli#y is +o(mulate./ lea.ing to #alls +o( im>(o%ements
in the s#ien#e7>oli#y inte(+a#eI E12F 1 (e#ent (e%ie& o+
the usability o+ #limate s#ien#e +o( >oli#y/ in#lu.ing
>(o#esses an. te#hniCues +o( enhan#ing the (ole o+
s#ienti+i# *no&le.ge in .e#ision7ma*ing/ #on#lu.e.
that: Iin s>ite o+ these e++o(ts to (ethin* an. (est(u#7
tu(e s#ien#e >(o.u#tion/ #u((ent a>>(oa#hes ha%e not
been able to su(mount the usability ga>I E9F 4eyon.
the s#ien#e .omain/ a(guments +o( mo(e +ully in#o(7
>o(ating t(a.itional e#ologi#al an. in.igenous *no&7
le.ge into sustainability7(elate. .e#ision7ma*ing ha%e
long stan.ing E13/1!F &ith a(guably in#(easing (ele7
%an#e in the #onte@t o+ global en%i(onmental #hange
E1<F Othe( autho(s ha%e highlighte. the nee. +o( a
(ange o+ *no&le.ges to be b(ought togethe( to
a..(ess #om>le@ sustainability #hallenges/ in#lu.ing
#ont(ibutions +(om lo#al sta*ehol.e(s G+o( a (e%ie&/
see $ee. E1;FH/ an. .ynami# an. B>oly#ent(i#B
go%e(nan#e a((angements to su>>o(t a.a>ti%e man7
agement o+ Iso#io7e#ologi#al systemsI E1=/18F Met the
.i++i#ulties o+ o>e(ationalising e++e#ti%e >a(ti#i>ation
an. a.a>ti%e go%e(nan#e a((angements ha%e also
been note./ suggesting that *no&le.ge7o(iente./
lea(ning7base. a>>(oa#hes +a#e substantial #hallenges
in >(a#ti#e E1;/19/20F 0a*en togethe(/ the o%e(all
>i#tu(e is that bette( un.e(stan.ing an. enhan#ing
the (ole o+ *no&le.ge in sustainable .e%elo>ment
.e#ision7ma*ing is &i.ely hel. to be im>o(tant/ but
the(e is a nee. +o( +(esh insights an. ne& i.eas to
Bb(i.ge the ga>sB bet&een *no&le.ge an. a#tion E21F
In this a(ti#le I (e%ie& the #ont(ibution one s>e#i+i#
#on#e>t/ I*no&le.ge go%e(nan#eI/ may ma*e to this
b(oa.e( tas* o+ un.e(stan.ing an. enhan#ing the (ole
o+ *no&le.ge in sustainability .e#ision7ma*ing 0he
o(igins o+ this (e%ie& #ame about +(om a sustainability
s#ien#e >(oOe#t that (an in 200!200;/ title. I)no&7
le.ge systems +o( sustainable .e%elo>mentI 0his
>(oOe#t &as ma.e u> o+ 9 #ase stu.ies +(om a(oun. the
&o(l./ &he(e my #olleagues an. I sought to .e%elo> a
systemi#/ a#to(7base. un.e(stan.ing o+ *no&le.ge
>(o#esses in sustainable .e%elo>ment >(oOe#ts E</22
2=F 5hile &e .e%elo>e. a (ange o+ theo(eti#al an.
>(a#ti#al insights +(om these >(oOe#ts/ it be#ame #lea(
that the B*no&le.ge systemsB &e &e(e i.enti+ying an.
.es#(ibing eme(ge. +(om #om>le@ go%e(nan#e a(7
(angements that eithe( su>>o(te. o( un.e(mine.
e++o(ts to buil. *no&le.ge >(o#esses that #oul.
e++e#ti%ely su>>o(t t(ansitions to&a(.s mo(e sustain7
able >(a#ti#es E23F In othe( &o(.s/ &hile &e #oul.
.es#(ibe the *no&le.ge systems o+ ou( #ase stu.ies/ it
&as only by loo*ing at the go%e(nan#e o+ these
*no&le.ge systems that &e #oul. sta(t to e@>lain ho&
they a#tually #ame about o( &hy they &o(*e. in the
&ays that they .i. 0he(e seeme. to be a mi..le laye(/
in bet&een >(oOe#t7base. *no&le.ge management
(e#ommen.ations +o( im>(o%ing #ommuni#ation an.
lea(ning E28F o( o(ganisational (e#ommen.ations (e7
ga(.ing the im>o(tan#e o+ boun.a(y o(ganisations E2=F6
an. analyses that a..(ess b(oa.e( so#ial/ #ultu(al an.
>oliti#al as>e#ts o+ *no&le.ge E;/29F/ that &as
(elati%ely un7.e%elo>e. 0his mi..le laye( &as
#on#e(ne. &ith the institutional B(ules o+ the gameB E30F
that sha>e. the >ossibilities an. #hoi#es a%ailable to
.e#ision7ma*e(s at o(ganisational an. >(oOe#t s#ales
5ithin that >(oOe#t/ &e ha. limite. s#o>e to .e%elo>
these i.eas +u(the( In the inte(%ening yea(s/ ho&e%e(/
the te(m I*no&le.ge go%e(nan#eI has eme(ge. in a
(ange o+ #onte@ts an. a#a.emi# lite(atu(es to a..(ess
this institutional laye(Abut not/ by an. la(ge/ in sus7
tainable .e%elo>ment Galthough othe( simila( #on#e>ts
ha%e been use./ &hi#h I &ill .is#uss sho(tlyH Pe(ha>s
#on#e>ts that a(e gaining t(a#tion outsi.e the sustain7
ability .omain #an hel> to she. light on the >e(sisten#e
o+ the *no&le.ge7a#tion ga>s i.enti+ie. ea(lie(
In this (e%ie& I aim to see &hethe( &o(* #on.u#te.
un.e( the aus>i#es o+ the te(m *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e
#an o++e( ne& insights into the institutional an.
o(ganisational #hallenges o+ sustainability/ &ith (ega(.
to st(engthening (elationshi>s bet&een *no&le.ge
83
an. a#tion I see* to ans&e( the Cuestion: #an inte(7
.is#i>lina(y lite(atu(e on *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e #on7
t(ibute to un.e(stan.ing an. analysing the insti7
tutional *no&le.ge7base. .imensions o+ sustainable
.e%elo>mentD I &ill +i(st outline &hat is meant by
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e/ an. ho& it (elates to othe(
*no&le.ge7base. #on#e>ts that ha%e #u((en#y in
sustainable .e%elo>ment lite(atu(e I &ill then >(esent
a mo.el o+ sustainability that highlights the +oun7
.ational (ole o+ *no&le.ge as >(o>ose. by 2ilsson et
al E1F/ as a +(ame&o(* +o( analysing the lite(atu(e I
&ill then (e%ie& lite(atu(e that .is#usses an. .e%elo>s
the #on#e>t o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e in (elation to
>(i%ate se#to( management an. >ubli# se#to( (eg7
ulation an. legal +(ame&o(*s ,(om this (e%ie& I &ill
(etu(n to 2ilsson et alBs mo.el an. suggest &ays in
&hi#h the *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e lite(atu(e may #on7
t(ibute to un.e(stan.ing an. analysing the (elationshi>s
bet&een go%e(nan#e an. *no&le.ge +o( sustainable
.e%elo>ment
. !"at is Knowledge Governance#
)no&le.ge an. go%e(nan#e a(e both #onteste. te(ms
&ith %a(ious .e+initions Le(e/ +ollo&ing ou( o(iginal
>(oOe#t/ I .e+ine *no&le.ge sim>ly as Ousti+iable belie+
G&he(e .i++e(ent +o(ms o+ *no&le.ge (e+le#t .i++e(ent
Ousti+i#ationsH E8F/ an. go%e(nan#e as a Isystem o+
+o(mal an. in+o(mal (ules/ (ule7ma*ing systems/ an.
a#to(7net&o(*s at all le%els o+ human so#iety G+(om
lo#al to globalH that a(e set u> to stee( so#ietiesNI
E31F 0he essential >(o>osition o+ *no&le.ge go%e(7
nan#e is that the &ays &e #on.u#t o( engage in
*no&le.ge >(o#esses Gsu#h as #(eating/ sha(ing/ a#7
#essing/ an. usingH a(e subOe#t to +o(mal an. in+o(mal
(ules an. #on%entions that sha>e ou( .e#isions an.
a#tions/ an. that these #an be mani>ulate. to&a(.s
.e+ine. goals E32F
0he .i++e(ent .is#i>lina(y #onte@ts in &hi#h the
s>e#i+i# #on#e>t o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e has been
.e%elo>e. o++e( %a(ious .e+initions o( inte(>(etations
o+ this b(oa. i.ea In the #onte@t o+ o(ganisational
e#onomi#s/ ,oss E33F .e+ines his I*no&le.ge go%e(7
nan#e a>>(oa#hI as see*ing to mat#h *no&le.ge
t(ansa#tions Go( >(o#essesH &ith go%e(nan#e me#h7
anisms/ &ith a %ie& to ma@imising e#onomi# e++i7
#ien#y In (elation to >ubli# >(oblem7sol%ing/ Pe((itsen
GE3!F > ;0<H .e+ines *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e as INthe
intentional a#hie%ement o+ so#ietal an. >oli#y #hange
th(ough the >u(>ose+ul >(o.u#tion an. .issemination
o+ *no&le.geI Simila(ly/ 4u(lamaCui .es#(ibes *no&7
le.ge go%e(nan#e as an a>>(oa#h that see*s INto
un.e(stan. the inte(a#tion among *no&le.ge >(o7
.u#tion/ a>>(o>(iation an. .i++usion an./ +(om a >ubli#
>oli#y">ubli# inte(est >oint o+ %ie&/ to o>en u> the
s>a#e +o( a set o+ (ules/ (egulato(y (e.esign an.
institutional #oo(.ination &hi#h &oul. +a%o( the
#ommitment to .ist(ibute G.isseminateH o%e( the (ight
to e@#lu.eI GE3<F >> !<H 0hese .e+initions >oint to
t&o .istin#t sets o+ #on#e(ns that sit (athe( un#om7
+o(tably un.e( the banne( o+ I*no&le.ge go%e(nan#eIA
+(om the e#onomi# %ie&/ a means to im>(o%ing e++i#ien#y
an. ma@imising (etu(n th(ough un.e(stan.ing/ .esigning
an. .e>loying *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e me#hanisms an.
tools6 an. +(om the >ubli# >oli#y >oint o+ %ie&/ as a base
+o( (e7#on#e>tualising the >ubli# inte(est an. >(omoting
so#ietal t(ans+o(mations
0he im>li#ations an. limitations o+ these >e(s>e#7
ti%es &ill be e@amine. in the ne@t se#tions ,o( no&/
ho&e%e(/ the(e a(e t&o *ey >oints to be ma.e ,i(st/
im>o(tantly +o( the >u(>oses o+ this (e%ie&/ *no&7
le.ge go%e(nan#e (elates to the Binstitutional laye(B
mentione. ea(lie( It is b(oa.e( in s#o>e than *no&7
le.ge management E32F/ &hi#h sits &ithin the .omain
o+ >(oOe#ts an. o(ganisations/ an. is #on#e(ne. &ith
the institutional st(u#tu(es/ (ules an. no(ms that enable
o( #onst(ain *no&le.ge management .e#isions 1s
Pe((itson et al GE3!F > ;0<H ha%e &(itten/ I&he(eas
*no&le.ge management +o#uses on the management
o+ the s>e#i+i# >(o#esses o+ *no&le.ge >(o.u#tion/ li*e
ma*ing *no&le.ge Cuestions e@>li#it/ o(ganiKing
+un.ing o( sha(ing *no&le.ge in &o(*sho>s/ *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e is about engaging a#to(s in inno%ati%e
&ays o+ sol%ing so#ietal issuesI 1n illust(ation o+ the
.istin#tion is the o+ten7hea(. tension bet&een (e7
sea(#he(s un.e(stan.ing the im>o(tan#e o+ #ollab7
o(ati%e (esea(#h agen.a7setting &ith #ommunities an.
#o7>(o.u#tion o+ *no&le.ge Ga &ay o+ o(ganising an.
managing *no&le.ge >(o#essesH6 but sitting &ithin
a#a.emi# institutions that (e&a(. .is#i>lina(y +o#us
an. >ubli#ation in a#a.emi# Oou(nals Ginstitutional
(ules an. no(ms that .e%alue an. .i%e(t e++o(t +(om
#ollabo(ation an. #o7>(o.u#tionH Gsee/ +o( e@am>le/
5ie* et al E3;FH )no&le.ge go%e(nan#e as #on#e>7
tualise. he(e is #on#e(ne. >(ima(ily &ith the b(oa.e(
s#ale o+ institutional (ules an. no(ms Se#on./ *no&7
le.ge go%e(nan#e is (ega(.e. he(e as both a noun an.
a %e(b 1s a noun/ it is a .es#(i>tion o+ e@isting >he7
nomena/ see*ing to shine an analyti#al s>otlight on the
(ange o+ go%e(nan#e st(u#tu(es that al(ea.y sha>e ou(
*no&le.ge >(o#esses in (elation to sustainability/ but
a(e o+ten obs#u(e. o( subsume. by mo(e tangible
#on#e(ns 1s a %e(b/ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e is a suite
o+ a#tions that may (e7.esign o( (e7+o(mulate these
>(o#esses/ to&a(.s sustainability7(elate. goals
)no&le.ge go%e(nan#e as a s>e#i+i# #on#e>t has
not be &i.ely use. in sustainability7(elate. .omains/
but has st(ong (esonan#e &ith a numbe( o+ a(eas
su#h as >ost7no(mal s#ien#e E3=F/ sustainability
s#ien#e E10/!F 8o.e72 *no&le.ge >(o.u#tion E38/39F/
a.a>ti%e go%e(nan#e E18/20F an. so#ial7e#ologi#al
systems analysis E1=F -a#h o+ these a(eas em>hasises
the im>o(tan#e o+ #ollabo(ati%e *no&le.ge #onst(u#tion
+o( a..(essing #om>le@ >(oblems/ the #(u#ial (ole o+
(e+le@i%ity an. lea(ning in the +a#e o+ un#e(tainty/ an.
the nee. +o( t(ans.is#i>lina(y/ >(oblem7+o#use. *no&7
le.ge st(ategies 0he o(igins o+ this &o(*/ as outline.
in the int(o.u#tion/ #ame +(om a stu.y that &as
8!
situate. in the .omain o+ sustainability s#ien#e 1
#ent(al #on#e(n o+ sustainability s#ien#e has been to
o%e(#ome the >e(#ei%e. Bga>B bet&een *no&le.ge an.
a#tion E!F 0he a>>a(ent int(a#tability o+ shi+ting
*no&le.ge7base. >(o#esses to mo.els an. >(a#ti#es
that a(e bette( suite. to ta#*ling #om>le@ sustain7
ability >(oblems E9/12/!0F is the a(ea this (e%ie& is
inten.ing to in+o(m 0he *ey >oint he(e is that this
(e%ie& +o#uses solely on the go%e(nan#e o+ *no&le.ge
>(o#esses/ not on the (ole o+ *no&le.ge in the go%e(7
nan#e o+ othe( issues (elate. to sustainability Gsu#h as
&ate(/ +o(ests/ ene(gy et#H 4y .(a&ing on lite(atu(es
outsi.e the mo(e #ommon sustainability >a(amete(s/ I
ho>e to #om>lement the &o(* that a..(esses
*no&le.ge >(o#esses (elate. to sustainability s#ien#e
$. Sustainable Development: Knowledge
%oundations
0he >otential #onne#tion bet&een *no&le.ge go%e(7
nan#e an. sustainability #an be +(ame. in many &ays
0he(e a(e many .e+initions an. #onst(u#ts o+ sustainable
.e%elo>ment that ha%e eme(ge. sin#e the >o>ula(isation
o+ the te(m in 198=/ an. it is not >ossible to outline them
he(e Gbut see/ +o( e@am>le/ Lo>&oo. et al E!1FH In this
(e%ie& I .(a& on a mo.el o+ sustainability >(o>ose. by
2ilsson et al E1F that &as >(esente. as a +(ame&o(* +o(
sustainable .e%elo>ment goals It is >a(ti#ula(ly &ell
suite. to the >u(>oses o+ this (e%ie& as it s>e#i+i#ally
>la#es both *no&le.ge an. go%e(nan#e as +oun7
.ations +o( sustainable .e%elo>ment In the Blaye(
#a*eB .iag(am .e%elo>e. by 2ilsson et al Gsee ,igu(e
1H/ they >(esent th(ee neste. Itie(sI o+ the sustain7
ability agen.aAhuman &ellbeing/ (esou(#e base
management/ an. global >ubli# goo.sAthat (e>(esent
the ultimate goals o+ sustainable .e%elo>ment 0hese
tie(s a(e a>>lie. a#(oss multi>le Ienabling goalsI/ o+
&hi#h #a>a#ity an. *no&le.ge +o(m the base laye(/ an.
institutions an. go%e(nan#e +o(m the laye( abo%e Gsee
,igu(e 1H 1nalysis #an then be #on.u#te. +o( a (ange o+
se#to(s GIsli#esIH/ (elating ea#h o+ the th(ee neste. tie(s/
a#(oss all +ou( laye(s/ in (elation to the s>e#i+i# se#to( Gin
thei( >a>e( they illust(ate &ith the ene(gy se#to(H
I &ill use this +(ame&o(* to analyse the *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e lite(atu(e >(esente. in the ne@t se#tions
S>e#i+i#ally/ I &ill .(a& out &hethe( an. ho& the
>e(s>e#ti%es #o%e(e. o++e( insights (ele%ant to the tie(s
o+ human &ell7being/ (esou(#e7base management6 an.
global >ubli# goo.s 2ilsson et alBs #on#e>tualisation
o++e(s a #lea( (ole +o( analysing the go%e(nan#e
.imensions o+ #a>a#ity an. *no&le.geAessentially/ the
inte(>lay bet&een the t&o base laye(s/ in.i#ate. by the
.ashe. line in ,igu(e 1 I .o not a(gue that *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e is the only (esou(#e nee.e. +o( su#h a tas*
Aa +ull un.e(stan.ing o+ the #a>a#ity an. *no&le.ge
.imensions o+ sustainable .e%elo>ment an. thei(
(elations to go%e(nan#e &ill (eCui(e a b(oa.e( s#o>e
than this It is/ ho&e%e(/ a use+ul &ay to st(u#tu(e the
+ollo&ing (e%ie& that ma*es a (ea.y #onne#tion to a
(ele%ant sustainability +(ame&o(*
%igure 1. Sustainable .e%elo>ment +(ame&o(*: th(ee tie(s o+ ultimate goals an. +ou( laye(s o+ enabling goals
)no&le.ge go%e(nan#e sits at the .ashe. line bet&een the t&o base laye(s 1.a>te. +(om 2ilsson et al E1F
&. Review 'et"odology
0he metho.ology +o( the (e%ie& &as to #on.u#t a
*ey&o(. te@t sea(#h +o( the st(ing I*no&le.ge
go%e(nan#eI in the a#a.emi# .atabase SCOP3S/ an.
the boo* #atalogues o+ the 2ational 'ib(a(y o+ 1ust(alia
an. the 1ust(alian 2ational 3ni%e(sity/ #(oss #he#*e.
against the 3S 'ib(a(y o+ Cong(ess 0itles/ *ey&o(.s
an. abst(a#ts &e(e in#lu.e. 0he (e%ie& +o#use.
e@#lusi%ely on the use o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e as a
single >h(ase/ so all (etu(ns that &e(e (e%eale. as
I*no&le.ge/ go%e(nan#eI o( simila( &e(e (eOe#te.
Com>ute( s#ien#e lite(atu(e/ &he(e *no&le.ge go%e(7
nan#e has a te#hni#al meaning/ &as also (eOe#te. ,o(
8<
a#a.emi# >ubli#ations/ only >ee(7(e%ie&e. mate(ial &as
in#lu.e. 5he(e *ey&o(.s in.i#ate. *no&le.ge go%e(7
nan#e but the >h(ase &as not use. in the title o( the
abst(a#t o+ an a(ti#le/ it &as (eOe#te. 4oo*s &ith
I*no&le.ge go%e(nan#eI in the title &e(e in#lu.e./
those &ithout &e(e e@amine. +o( (ele%an#e in .es#(i>7
tions >(o%i.e. an."o( table o+ #ontents
0his sea(#h st(ategy gene(ate. != a(ti#les an. 3
boo*s 0hey &e(e g(ou>e. into >(i%ate se#to(
>e(s>e#ti%es G31 a(ti#les an. 1 boo*H6 >ubli# se#to(
>e(s>e#ti%es/ in#lu.ing legal/ >oli#y an. so#io7>oliti#al
a(eas G1< a(ti#les an. 3 boo*sH 1(ti#les a>>ea( to
.emonst(ate a g(o&ing inte(est an. use o+ the te(m
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e/ +(om 1 a(ti#le in 2001 an.
2002/ to 13 a(ti#les in 2013 Inte(estingly/ +o( all the
o%e(la>s bet&een &ell7establishe. sustainability7(elate.
a(eas o+ inCui(y .es#(ibe. in the >(e%ious se#tion/ only
t&o a(ti#les +(om this sam>le s>e#i+i#ally (elate. the
te(m I*no&le.ge go%e(nan#eI to sustainability One o+
these E23F &as .e%elo>e. +(om the o(iginal *no&le.ge
systems >(oOe#t mentione. in the int(o.u#tion
-a#h o+ these a(ti#les an. boo*s &e(e analyse.
&ith a %ie& to ho& they may in+o(m the th(ee neste.
sustainability goals o+ human &ell7being/ (esou(#e
base management/ an. global >ubli# goo.s 0hey
&e(e g(ou>e. into >(i%ate an. >ubli# se#to( >e(7
s>e#ti%es6 as in.i#te. in the se#tion outlining .e+initions
o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e/ these t&o lite(atu(es &e(e
Cuite .istin#t in thei( +un.amental a>>(oa#h to *no&7
le.ge go%e(nan#e/ an. so &e(e best a..(esse.
se>a(ately
(. )rivate Sector )erspectives
1s in.i#ate. in the >(e%ious se#tion/ *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e has (e#ei%e. #onsi.e(able a#a.emi#
attention in the >(i%ate se#to( #onte@t -a(ly &o(* by
P(an.o(i E!2F .(e& lin*ages bet&een *no&le.ge an.
go%e(nan#e/ &ith a >a(ti#ula( em>hasis on me#h7
anisms +o( go%e(ning Gsetting institutional (ules/ in#en7
ti%es an. >(o#essesH *no&le.ge management a#ti%7
ities 0his &as +ollo&e. u> by ,oss an. #olleagues in
the o(ganisational e#onomi#s #onte@t E32/33/!3F
,ossBs .e%elo>ment o+ the #on#e>t E33F is tie. to the
>(i%ate se#to( #onte@t/ most #lea(ly by using e#onomi#
e++i#ien#y as the #(ite(ion by &hi#h to e@amine an.
assess *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e ,oss >(esents an
analyti#al a>>(oa#h that a(ti#ulates ho& to go about
in%estigating an. analysing *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e
Le &(ites that *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e Ista(ts +(om the
hy>othesis that *no&le.ge >(o#esses Gie the #(eation/
(etention an. sha(ing o+ *no&le.geNH #an be
in+luen#e. an. .i(e#te. th(ough the .e>loyment o+
go%e(nan#e me#hanisms/ in >a(ti#ula( the +o(mal
as>e#ts o+ o(ganiKation that #an be mani>ulate. by
management/ su#h as o(ganiKation st(u#tu(e/ Oob
.esign/ (e&a(. systems/ in+o(mation systems/ stan.a(.
o>e(ating >(o#e.u(es/ a##ounting systems an. othe(
#oo(.ination me#hanismsI E33F 0hese a(e .es#(ibe.
as #(iti#al ante#e.ents to the #on.u#t o+ *no&le.ge
management >(o#esses Lo&e%e(/ the >(ima(y #on#e(n
o+ the *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e a>>(oa#h >(o>ose. by
,oss is to e@amine these o(ganiKational o( institutional
#ha(a#te(isti#s in (elation to thei( e++e#ts on in.i%i.ualsB
beha%iou( an. #hoi#es In ,ossBs &o(.s: Igo%e(nan#e
me#hanisms a(e/ o+ #ou(se/ .e>loye. in the belie+ that
in+luen#ing the #on.itions o+ a#tionsNin a #e(tain
manne( &ill lea. em>loyees to ta*e those .e#isionsN
that/ &hen agg(egate.Nlea. to +a%ou(able o(gani7
Kational out#omesI GE33F > 3;H Im>o(tant to note
he(e is that these go%e(nan#e me#hanisms a(e seen
as the >(o.u#t o+ .elibe(ate I.e>loymentI/ in othe(
&o(.s/ they a(e not ta*en as gi%en +eatu(es o+ an
institutional en%i(onment/ but as st(u#tu(es an. (ules
>ut in >la#e to a#hie%e #e(tain goals
8i#hailo%a an. ,ossBs &o(* E32F/ #ombine. &ith
that o+ P(an.o(i E!2F/ lai. the +oun.ations +o( a (ange
o+ #ases that .e%elo>e. the #on#e>t o+ I*no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e me#hanisms G)P8sHI 0his &o(* a>>lie.
the *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e #on#e>t to lea(n ho&
.i++e(ent a>>(oa#hes to *no&le.ge7base. >(o#esses
an. (elationshi>s enhan#e. Go( .i.nBt enhan#eH +i(m
#(eati%ity/ inno%ation an. ultimately/ >(o+itability One
#ase sho&e. that me#hanisms to enhan#e *no&le.ge
sha(ing base. on a #on#e>t o+ t(ansa#tions #an
a#tually in#(ease in.i%i.ualsB hostility to&a(.s *no&7
le.ge sha(ing/ &hile those base. on #ommitment
&e(e mo(e su##ess+ul E!!F 1nothe( E!<F highlighte.
ho& *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e #an hel> +i(ms o(ganise to
i.enti+y B%aluableB >(oblems an. sea(#h e++i#iently +o(
thei( solutions 0hey a(gue. that #om>le@/ ill7
st(u#tu(e. >(oblems (eCui(e %e(y .i++e(ent go%e(nan#e
a((angements than #om>a(ati%ely sim>le >(oblems/
&he(e autho(ity7base. hie(a(#hies be#ome less e++i#ient
at +in.ing solutions/ the mo(e #om>le@ the >(oblems
be#ome Simila(ly/ a #ase stu.y o+ a la(ge/ #om>le@
ae(os>a#e $QD #ollabo(ation E!;F #on#lu.e. that in
#om>le@ #ases *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e may be mo(e
e++e#ti%e the mo(e +le@ible it is $athe( than see*ing the
BbestB *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e me#hanisms/ the autho(s
suggest *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e shoul. a.a>t as the
inno%ation >(o#ess >(o#ee.s 0his (esonates st(ongly
&ith a.a>ti%e go%e(nan#e a>>(oa#hes to #om>le@
so#ial7e#ologi#al systems
$esea(#h in China has e@amine. *no&le.ge go%e(7
nan#e in (elation to the guan@i e++e#t/ the #om>le@
net&o(*s o+ inte(>e(sonal obligations an. #ommitments
that #ha(a#te(ise Chinese business (elations E!=F 0he
autho(s +oun. that guan@i >a(tly me.iate. the (elations
bet&een *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e st(ategies an. *no&7
le.ge sha(ing a#tions 0his highlights that #ultu(al no(ms
#an >lay an im>o(tant (ole in *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e
0he >(i%ate se#to( lite(atu(e sho&s that a#ti%e
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e is (elati%ely ne&/ &ith only a
small amount o+ em>i(i#al testing an. theo(y .e%el7
o>ment It .oes/ ho&e%e(/ highlight some *ey +eatu(es
o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e in (elation to the 3 tie(s o+
sustainability goals ,i(st/ e%en at the s#ale o+ +i(ms
8;
an. businesses/ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e o>e(ates
&ithin so#ially an. #ultu(ally sha>e. #onte@ts 0he (ole
o+ inte(>e(sonal net&o(*s an. in.i%i.ual agen#y
(emains im>o(tant/ but embe..e. &ithin b(oa.e(
institutional no(ms Se#on./ the >(i%ate se#to( inte(est
in *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e stems +(om see*ing &ays to
enhan#e *no&le.ge #(eation an. to best #a>italise on
it In the o(ganisational e#onomi#s #onte@t/ this is
.(i%en by enhan#ing e++i#ien#y an. #om>a(ati%e a.7
%antage6 in the sustainability #onte@t/ it #an hel> to
+oste( ne& solutions to natu(al (esou(#e7base #hal7
lenges 0he >(i%ate se#to( lite(atu(e suggests that
a#ti%ely .e>loying *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e me#hanisms
#an hel> +oste( *no&le.ge #(eation an. inno%ation
0hi(./ the >(i%ate se#to( *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e
>e(s>e#ti%e has sta(te. to ma*e in(oa.s on +(ame7
&o(*s an. analysis to hel> >(a#titione(s #hoose
bet&een .i++e(ent *no&le.ge7base. >(o#esses/ base.
on .i++e(ent *in.s o+ >(oblems 8o(e #om>le@ >(oblems
o+ sustainability may (eCui(e Cuite .i++e(ent *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e +(om sim>le >(oblems
*. )ublic Sector )erspectives
0he >ubli# se#to(/ legal an. so#io7>oliti#al >e(s>e#ti%es
ta*e a mo(e #(iti#al a>>(oa#h to un.e(stan.ing an.
in+luen#ing *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e than the >(i%ate
se#to( 5hile the >(i%ate se#to( em>hasis &as la(gely
on Ime#hanismsI to enhan#e *no&le.ge >(o#esses
an. >(a#ti#es/ the >ubli# se#to( >e(s>e#ti%e mo(e
#ommonly e@amines e@isting legal an. so#io7>oliti#al
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e th(ough a #(iti#al lens 0he
>ubli# se#to( a>>(oa#h loo*s >(e.ominantly at the
>ubli# (egulation o+ >(i%ate se#to( a#ti%ity/ +(om a
>e(s>e#ti%e o+ >(ote#ting the >ubli# inte(est
)no&le.ge go%e(nan#e in this #onte@t e@amines
the tensions inhe(ent in the nee. to >(ote#t B>(i%ateB
*no&le.ge as an asset to en#ou(age inno%ation/
alongsi.e the >ubli# inte(est in a##essible *no&le.ge
an. the bene+its +(om su#h inno%ations In a maOo(
stu.y o+ >atent la&/ D(ahos .emonst(ates the ine7
Cuality o+ the BglobalB *no&le.ge system that is
.ominate. by a small numbe( o+ la(ge >atent o++i#es
E!8F Le a(gues that thei( ability to #(eate a *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e system that +a%ou(s the inte(ests o+
t(ansnational #o(>o(ations is [email protected]. th(ough Bte#h7
no#(ati# t(ustB/ assisting .e%elo>ing #ount(ies to
establish (ules an. >(o#e.u(es that +a%ou( the same
g(ou>s
In anothe( maOo( #ont(ibution .(a&ing +(om e%o7
lutiona(y e#onomi#s/ >atent la& an. othe( intelle#tual
>(o>e(ty (egulation/ the e.ite. %olume by 4u(lamaCui
et al/ 4u(lamaCui E3<F >la#es *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e
as an a>>(oa#h +o( (e7thin*ing inno%ation an.
#(eati%ity/ an. ho& it may best be +oste(e. in so#ieties
in#(easingly #ha(a#te(ise. by o>en sou(#e/ in#lusi%e
*no&le.ge >(a#ti#es 0hey a(e #on#e(ne. &ith the
Cuestion Iho& shoul. go%e(nment7issue. intelle#tual
>(o>e(ty (ules an. (egulations inte(a#t &ith #om7
>etition >oli#ies/ >ubli#ly +un.e. $QD an. othe( +o(ms
o+ te#hnology >oli#y in o(.e( to hel> #(a+t an. go%e(n
so#ially in#lusi%e .e%elo>ment st(ategiesDI GE3<F > ;H
0hey highlight the Itension an. >otential t(a.e7o++
bet&een >(i%ate inte(ests an. the #on#e>tion o+
*no&le.ge as a global >ubli# goo.I GE3<F > 10H 0his
t(a.e7o++ (elates .i(e#tly to the sustainability +(ame7
&o(* an. &ill be (etu(ne. to late( In a late( #ha>te( in
the same %olume/ 5ilban*s an. $ossini E!9F use
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e to she. light on &hy a#a.emia
has been (elati%ely slo& to emb(a#e .ist(ibute.
inno%ation su#h as o>en sou(#e >ublishing an. &i*i7
style #ommuni#ations: I(e&a(.s/ in#enti%es an.
met(i#s +o( a#a.emi# >(o+essionals a(e .ee>ly tie. to
>(int7base. met(i#s li*e #itations/ (e+e(en#es an.
im>a#t +a#to(s 0he e@isting systems o+ *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e an. #(e.it allo#ation a(e not &ell aligne.
&ith a .ist(ibute. *no&le.ge #(eation en%i(onment/
an. the *in. o+ autho(ity (e&a(.e. in a#a.emia
Gty>i#ally (esulting +(om a&a(. o+ a.%an#e. .eg(eesH
is not al&ays the same *in. o+ autho(ity (e&a(.e. in a
.ist(ibute. *no&le.ge systemI 0hese stu.ies >oint to
the .i(e#t inte(>lay bet&een *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e
an. #(eati%ity/ inno%ation/ a##ess an. sha(ing
'emmens E<0F &o(*s th(ough these issues in a
#(iti#al analysis o+ ho& (egulato(y an. legal st(u#tu(es
sha>e the *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e lan.s#a>e in
.e%elo>ment an. >(o%ision o+ ne& >ha(ma#euti#al
.(ugs She a(gues that the #u((ent *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e a((angements +a%ou( in.ust(y to the
.et(iment o+ >o>ulations &ho a(e e@#lu.e. +(om the
bene+its o+ >ha(ma#euti#al .is#o%e(ies .ue to >(o7
>(ieta(y la& an. (egulation She goes on to suggest
that human (ights obligations may be le%e(age. to
#hallenge the e@isting go%e(nan#e o+ >ha(ma#euti#al
*no&le.ge/ .(a&ing >a(ti#ula(ly on the +o(malise.
human (ight to bene+it +(om s#ienti+i# >(og(ess In an
a(gument highly (ele%ant to the sustainability
+(ame&o(*/ she #onten.s that >ha(ma#euti#al *no&7
le.ge shoul. be (ega(.e. as a*in to a >ubli# goo./
but that the global natu(e o+ *no&le.ge >(o.u#tion
limits national #a>a#ities to (egulate ho& that
*no&le.ge is sha(e. o( a>>lie. 0a*ing a human
(ights >e(s>e#ti%e highlights the (ights o+ in.i%i.uals
to be able to e@e(#ise in+o(me. #hoi#e in (elation to
thei( health/ an. the (ole o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e in
allo&ing o( >(e%enting su#h in+o(me. #hoi#e
1t the less legalisti# en. o+ the so#io7>oliti#al
s>e#t(um *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e is (elate. to the
#on#e>t o+ I*no&le.ge >oliti#sI .es#(ibe. by Steh( as
Ist(ategi# e++o(ts to mo%e ne& s#ienti+i# an. te#hni#al
*no&le.ge/ an. the(eby the +utu(e/ into the #ent(e o+
the #ultu(al/ e#onomi# an. >oliti#al mat(i@ o+ so#ietyI
GE<1F > RH 0his e.ite. %olume analyses *no&le.ge7
(elate. legal an. >oli#y >(o#esses +(om the >e(7
s>e#ti%e o+ b(oa.e( so#ial/ >oliti#al an. >hiloso>hi#al
agen.as ,o( e@am>le/ ,ulle( a(gues that the th(ust o+
the #on#e>t o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e Gas o>>ose. to
*no&le.ge management o( go%e(nmentH in.i#ates a
8=
#olle#ti%e an. #ons#ious en.ea%ou( that has autonomy
+(om management an. go%e(nment/ an. hen#e that
B*no&le.ge7bea(ing institutionsB su#h as uni%e(sities
>lay a s>e#ial (ole in sel+7(egulating the go%e(nan#e o+
*no&le.ge E<2F 0his has in.ee. >laye. out in
#ont(o%e(sies o%e( s#ien#e/ su#h as the so7#alle.
I#limategateI s#an.al/ &he(e uni%e(sities an. (elate.
a#a.emi# institutions sought to both .e+en. an.
(e+o(m the go%e(nan#e o+ a#a.emi# *no&le.ge in
(es>onse to e@te(nal #hallenges E<3F
0a*ing a less (egulato(y a>>(oa#h/ Pe((itsen et al
>(o>ose *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e #an be (ega(.e. as a
+o(m o+ go%e(nan#e/ li*e Bnet&o(* go%e(nan#eB o(
Ba.a>ti%e go%e(nan#eB/ (athe( than the go%e(nan#e o+
*no&le.ge E3!F 0hese autho(s see *no&le.ge go%e(7
nan#e as an a%enue +o( so#ial #hange Gsee .e+inition
ea(lie(H 0his lea.s them to i.enti+y a set o+ >(in#i>les
+o( *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e su#h as sel+7o(ganisation/
t(ans.is#i>lina(y *no&le.ge >(o.u#tion/ so#ial lea(ning/
(e+le@i%ity an. boun.a(y management Inte(estingly/
these >(in#i>les sha(e many #ha(a#te(isti#s &ith
a>>(oa#hes to sustainability s#ien#e E<!<;F/ although
this #onne#tion is not ma.e e@>li#itly by Pe((itsen et al
0hei( a>>(oa#h highlights the im>o(tan#e o+ lea(ning as
a +un.amental B*no&le.ge >(o#essB/ a >oint that &as
(a(e in the >(e%ious stu.ies that +a%ou(e. te(ms li*e
B*no&le.ge #(eation an. sha(ingB/ but (elates to the
substantial sustainability lite(atu(e on so#ial lea(ning
E<=F In thei( a>>li#ation o+ thei( #on#e>tion o+ *no&7
le.ge go%e(nan#e to a #ase stu.y o+ Dut#h +a(me(s/ they
highlight the im>o(tan#e o+ a #ollabo(ati%e a>>(oa#h to
inno%ation an. #hange/ but also that they en#ounte(e.
(esistan#e to so#ial #hange base. on ent(en#he. %ie&s
an. habits o+ the #ommunities in%ol%e.
In the +i(st o+ the t&o stu.ies in this (e%ie& to
.i(e#tly (elate *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e to sustainability/
8anuel72a%a(ette an. Pallo>Sn E23F a>>ly the #on#e>t
analyti#ally to ag(i#ultu(al (esea(#h in 1(gentina 0hey
.o#ument ho& a >a(ti#ula( (esea(#h agen#y t(ans7
+o(me. its *no&le.ge7base. >(o#esses +(om a sim>le/
linea( mo.el o+ te#hnology t(ans+e( to mo(e #om>le@
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e a((angements that .(e& on a
net&o(* o+ >ubli# an. >(i%ate a#to(s/ in#lu.ing
uni%e(sities an. +a(me(sB o(ganisations 0his net&o(*
su>>o(te. a highly e++e#ti%e st(ategy to >(omote no7till
ag(i#ultu(al >(a#ti#es/ an. #ont(ibute. to the (a>i.
a.o>tion o+ this metho./ +(om 2T to ;;T o+
#ulti%ate. a(ea bet&een 198! an. 200; Gin 200; the
&o(l. a%e(age a(ea o+ no7till #ulti%ation &as ;TH
0hey highlight the &ays in &hi#h a shi+t +(om a
B%e(ti#alB *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e st(u#tu(e to a mo(e
Bho(iKontalB net&o(* a((angement in#(ease. the *no&7
le.ge +lo&s a(oun. no7till ag(i#ultu(e/ an. suggest
that the .e%elo>ment o+ e++e#ti%e >ubli#7>(i%ate
>a(tne(shi>s to +a#ilitate these *no&le.ge +lo&s &e(e
#(u#ial 0he se#on. sustainability7(elate. stu.y E<8F
e@amine. ho& #ollabo(ati%e sustainability (esea(#h
a>>(oa#hes sought to in#lu.e lo#al *no&le.ge on
&ate( management/ but >(e%ailing a#a.emi# #on%en7
tions le. to that *no&le.ge being agg(egate. an.
stan.a(.ise. to #on+o(m to #on%entional stan.a(.s o+
Ie>istemi# autho(ityI/ the(eby losing its #om>le@ity
an. nuan#e
0he %a(iety o+ >e(s>e#ti%es/ theo(eti#al .e%el7
o>ments an. a>>li#ations sho&s that *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e as a #on#e>t (e+le#ts its multi>le o(igins/
but also in.i#ates a #o(e set o+ i.eas that (emain
(easonably #onsistentAenthusiasm +o( o>>o(tunities
to .esign an. mani>ulate *no&le.ge >(o#esses +o(
.esi(e. out#omes/ #ou>le. &ith an un.e(stan.ing o+
the b(oa.e( #onst(aints o+ the so#io7>oliti#al *no&7
le.ge go%e(nan#e lan.s#a>e 4oth >ubli# an. >(i%ate
se#to( >e(s>e#ti%es .emonst(ate that e@isting *no&7
le.ge go%e(nan#e a((angements/ &hi#h a(e o+ten
embe..e. in b(oa.e( institutional +(ame&o(*s su#h as
>e(+o(man#e (e&a(. systems/ e#onomi# im>e(ati%es/
#omme(#ial la&/ o( s#ienti+i# no(ms/ #an im>e.e o(
hin.e( the a#hie%ement o+ those goals 3n.e(stan.ing
e@isting #onst(aints im>ose. on *no&le.ge >(o#esses/
as &ell as st(ategies an. institutional inte(%entions +o(
im>(o%ing them/ may hol. #onsi.e(able >(omise +o(
a..(essing the I>e(sistent ga>I bet&een *no&le.ge
an. a#tion +o( sustainability 0his is &he(e &e no&
tu(n
+. Implications of Knowledge Governance for
Sustainable Development
In this se#tion I &ill analyse the >oints that eme(ge.
+(om the >(e%ious (e%ie& in (elation to the th(ee tie(s
>(o>ose. by 2ilsson et al: human &ell7being/ (e7
sou(#e7base management an. global >ubli# goo.s
=1 Luman 5ellbeing
Lo& might *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e #ont(ibute to
human &ellbeingD In >(esenting &ell7being in thei(
+(ame&o(*/ 2ilsson et al e@>(ess the im>o(tan#e o+
&ellbeing as an in.i%i.ual/ (athe( than an agg(egate
>u(suit: Io>>o(tunity +o( ea#h in.i%i.ual to >u(sue
&ellbeing an. +(ee.omI Dasgu>ta/ #ite. in 2ilsson et
al E1F/ in#lu.e. B*no&le.geB as one o+ the .ete(7
minants o+ &ellbeing 0he (ole o+ *no&le.ge go%e(7
nan#e &ith (ega(. to human &ell7being #an the(e+o(e
be (ega(.e. as +a#ilitating o>>o(tunity an. a##ess to
the *no&le.ge7base. >(o#esses that enable &ellbeing
0he lite(atu(e (e%ie&e. he(e o++e(s some insights
into the (elations bet&een institutions an. go%e(nan#e
an. *no&le.ge in the #onte@t o+ in.i%i.ual human
&ellbeing 0he(e a(e #lea( &ellbeing bene+its +(om
ensu(ing eCuitable a##ess to the >(o.u#ts gene(ate.
by *no&le.ge intensi%e >(a#ti#es su#h as (esea(#h
'emmensB E<0F a(gument in (elation to a##ess to
>ha(ma#euti#als G*no&le.ge7intensi%e >(o.u#tsH is
that a##ess to these >(o.u#ts enhan#es &ellbeing
th(ough health Lo&e%e( (e#ognising the (ight to
*no&le.ge itsel+/ as a .i(e#t .ete(minant o+ &ellbeing/
suggests that o>>o(tunities to lea(n an. ma*e
88
in+o(me. .e#isions is a b(oa. #on#e(n o+ sustainability
in its o&n (ight 0he t(a.e7o++s bet&een >(o>(ieta(y
*no&le.ge an. >ubli# a##ess s>ea* .i(e#tly to the (ole
o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e in ensu(ing #itiKens ha%e
the +(ee.om an. o>>o(tunity to >u(sue &ellbeing
th(ough a##ess to *no&le.ge 0he e@am>le o+ no7till
+a(ming u>ta*e .emonst(ates the s>e#i+i# o>>o(tunities
that #an be o>ene. u> by (e+o(ming *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e institutions to su>>o(t #ollabo(ations an.
#onne#tions bet&een +a(me( asso#iations/ (esea(#h
institutions an. >(o.u#e(s -%aluating &hethe( an. ho&
a##ess to *no&le.ge #ont(ibutes to &ellbeing may be a
>(omising a(ea +o( sustainability (esea(#h an. >(a#ti#e
=2 $esou(#e7base 8anagement
1s it be#omes mo(e u(gently (e#ognise. that #om>le@
sustainability #hallenges (eCui(e #(eati%e solutions E<9F/
it &oul. seem that *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e to +a#ilitate
#(eati%ity an. inno%ation in (esou(#e7use e++i#ien#y an.
t(ansitions a&ay +(om (esou(#e7intensi%e .e%elo>ment
is nee.e. E21F 0he lite(atu(e #on+i(ms the sustain7
ability s#ien#e %ie& that *no&le.ge7base. a>>(oa#hes
that su>>o(t #ollabo(ation/ #onne#tions an. lea(ning
a>>ea( to be bette( suite. to a..(essing #om>le@
>(oblems 8o(e o>en/ net&o(*e./ ho(iKontal a>7
>(oa#hes to o(ganising *no&le.ge >(o#esses +a#ilitate
#ollabo(ation an. lea(ning a#(oss inte(#onne#te.
g(ou>s 5ithin both >ubli# an. >(i%ate se#to( a>>li7
#ations o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e/ the(e &as a (e#7
ognition that >(ote#ti%e a>>(oa#hes to *no&le.ge that
a(e BhostileB to sha(ing sti+le the .e%elo>ment o+ mo(e
e++i#ient out#omes 0he >(i%ate se#to( lite(atu(e
highlighte. that *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e #an be use. at
o(ganisational s#ales to en#ou(age inno%ation an.
*no&le.ge sha(ing/ although em>i(i#al &o(* in this
a(ea is in ea(ly stages
1t a b(oa.e( s#ale/ the >ubli# se#to( analyses
sho&e. *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e sha>es in#enti%es o(
.isin#enti%es +o( #(eati%ity an. inno%ation Met it also
>la#e. *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e a#tions &ithin a b(oa.e(
so#ial an. institutional #onte@t that (emains la(gely
hostile to *no&le.ge sha(ing ,in.ing the most
>(o.u#ti%e balan#e bet&een o>enness +o( inno%ation
an. #(eati%ity an. the >(i%atisation o+ *no&le.ge +o(
>(o+it GBin#lusi%eB %e(sus Be@#lusi%eB/ to use 4u(lamaCuiBs
E3<F te(msH is a #o(e *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e #hallenge
that +lo&s th(ough legal an. so#io7#ultu(al a%enues to
>e(meate sustainability ,(om (esistan#e to #ollabo(ati%e
a>>(oa#hes by #ommunities #ultu(ally embe..e. in
e@isting *no&le.ge >(a#ti#es to >a>e(7boun. a#a.emi#
(e&a(. systems an. t(ansnational #o(>o(ations that
e@e(#ise so>histi#ate. st(ategies to ma@imise thei( gain
+(om intelle#tual >(o>e(ty/ the b(oa. #onte@t #ontinues to
+a%ou( e@#lusion o%e( in#lusion Sustainability e++o(ts to
+oste( inno%ation an. #(eati%ity th(ough #ollabo(ation
an. o>enness shoul. be un.e(stoo. to be st(uggling
against these la(ge( +o(#es
=3 Plobal Publi# Poo.s
,inally/ in (elation to global >ubli# goo.s/ the #on#e>t o+
*no&le.ge as a global >ubli# goo. a>>ea(e. in the
lite(atu(e both .i(e#tly an. in.i(e#tly 1s note. in the
Publi# Se#to( Pe(s>e#ti%es se#tion/ 4u(lamaCui .es#(ibe.
the tension bet&een *no&le.ge +o( >(i%ate gain an.
*no&le.ge as a global >ubli# goo. 0he o%e(all st(uggle
to (easse(t *no&le.ge in the >ubli# inte(est a#(oss a
&i.e (ange o+ so#ial issues note. abo%e/ >la#es sustain7
ability e++o(ts to su>>o(t mo(e #ollabo(ati%e a>>(oa#hes
in a #onte@t o+ mu#h b(oa.e( >oliti#al tension o%e( &hat
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e shoul. be aiming +o(
0his issue has (e#ei%e. attention in (elation to
sustainability In thei( e@amination o+ &hethe( #u((ent
intelle#tual >(o>e(ty (ights hel> o( hin.e( the >(o7
.u#tion an. .issemination o+ *no&le.ge to a..(ess
global sustainability #hallenges/ Clau.e Len(y an.
2obel P(iKe7&inning e#onomist ?ose>h StiglitK #on#lu.e
that Ithe #u((ent global intelle#tual >(o>e(ty (egime/ as
&ell as se(%ing the inte(ests o+ the inte(national
ele#t(oni# an. >ha(ma#euti#al #om>anies/ is an im7
>e.iment to the *in. o+ global #oo>e(ation ne#essa(y in
so many a(enas/ es>e#ially in .e%elo>ment/ global
health/ an. e%en a..(essing the >(oblems o+ global
&a(ming 2o( is it goo. +o( global s#ien#eI GE<9F >
2!<H 5hile they .o not use the >h(ase I*no&le.ge
go%e(nan#eI Gan. hen#e &e(e e@#lu.e. +(om the
>(e%ious se#tions o+ this (e%ie&H thei( a(guments (elate
st(ongly to those o+ the >ubli# se#to( *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e >e(s>e#ti%e outline. ea(lie( 0hey a(gue +o(
a mo(e holisti# %ie& o+ inno%ation systems that (e+o(m
intelle#tual >(o>e(ty la&s an. o>en u> to othe( ty>es o+
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e that stimulate an. su>>o(t
inno%ati%e solutions to global sustainable .e%elo>ment
#hallenges
0he +in.ings +(om this (e%ie& in (elation to the
th(ee tie(s o+ 2ilsson et alBs mo.el o+ sustainable
.e%elo>ment a(e summa(ise. in ,igu(e 2
89
%igure . )no&le.ge go%e(nan#e +o( sustainable .e%elo>mentAa +(ame&o(* +o( +utu(e (esea(#h
1nalysing the +in.ings o+ the (e%ie& in (elation to
the laye( #a*e +(ame&o(* .emonst(ates not only that
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e is (ele%ant to sustainable
.e%elo>ment/ but also that it (elates a#(oss the th(ee
s#ales o+ 2ilsson et alBs E1F mo.el ,(om in.i%i.ual
&ellbeing an. (ights to o(ganisational an. institutional
st(u#tu(es/ th(ough to global s#ale inno%ation systems/
the *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e lite(atu(e >(esents a multi7
s#ala( suite o+ issues It hel>s to e@>lain the
B>e(sisten#eB o+ s#ien#e7>oli#y ga>s E9F/ as e++o(ts to
o%e(#ome these ga>s at >(oOe#t o( o(ganisational
s#ales #ome into #onta#t &ith b(oa.e( so#ial/ #ultu(al
an. legal systems that +a%ou( e@#lusion an. >(i%ate
gain o%e( in#lusion an. #ollabo(ation 0his +(ame&o(*
o++e(s gui.an#e to +u(the( e@amine this b(oa.e( #onte@t
o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e in (elation to sustainability
,. -imitations and Adaptations
In te(ms o+ the metho.ology o+ the (e%ie&/ the(e a(e
imme.iate limitations in the s#o>e o+ the mate(ial ,o(
e@am>le boo* #ha>te(s that sit &ithin %olumes that
.i. not ha%e B*no&le.ge go%e(nan#eB in the title &e(e
not (e%eale. th(ough the sea(#h st(ategy 8ate(ial
that &as #on#e>tually (elate. but .i. not use the
s>e#i+i# te(m o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e &as also
e@#lu.e./ &hi#h hel>e. to +o#us the stu.y but meant
that a &i.e (ange o+ asso#iate. to>i#s &e(e not
#o%e(e. P(ey lite(atu(e &as also e@#lu.e.
Con#e>tually/ this (e%ie& &as .elibe(ately limite. to
#onsi.e(ation o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e as a stan.7
alone #on#e>t 0he(e a(e/ o+ #ou(se/ many o%e(la>s
&ith .omains o+ sustainability7(elate. (esea(#h that
a(e #lose but only summa(ily allu.e. to/ su#h as
a.a>ti%e go%e(nan#e an. s#ien#e an. te#hnology
stu.ies Simila(ly/ the(e is a +uKKy line bet&een
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e an. *no&le.ge management/
&hi#h &as >a(ti#ula(ly e%i.ent in the >(i%ate se#to(
lite(atu(e Len#e one might a(gue that the(e a(e >lenty
o+ eCui%alent st(ategies o( >(a#ti#es in the sustainability
.omain that s>ea* to this +uKKy boun.a(y 0his is not
.enie. he(eAas a (esea(#he( in%ol%e. in s#ien#e7
go%e(nan#e #onne#tions I am a&a(e o+ many insti7
tutional an. o(ganisational inno%ations that ha%e been
ma.e to +a#ilitate bette( (elationshi>s bet&een *no&7
le.ge an. >(a#ti#e E8/22F Met these a(e ty>i#ally not
>(esente. as *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e inte(%entions o(
st(ategies 0he >oint o+ this (e%ie& &as to e@amine
s>e#i+i#ally &hat *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e as a #on#e>t
might a.. to these a(eas o+ s#hola(shi> an. >(a#ti#e
0he(e a(e li*e&ise othe( (elate. issues that (ea.e(s
may +eel shoul. be in#o(>o(ate. into the mo.el
>(esente. in ,igu(e 2 Ge.u#ation/ em>o&e(ment an.
>a(ti#i>ation/ .e7#ou>ling/ a.a>tation #ome to min./
an. the(e a(e no .oubt many mo(eH In#o(>o(ating
these in any meaning+ul &ay &oul. ha%e been #ounte(
to the aim o+ *ee>ing the go%e(nan#e o+ *no&le.ge
+(ont an. #ent(e Lo>e+ully/ this (e%ie& may en#ou(age
othe(s to e@amine mo(e s>e#i+i# #onne#tions bet&een
establishe. sustainability #on#e>ts an. issues an. the
go%e(nan#e o+ *no&le.ge >(o#esses
.. /onclusion
0he aim o+ this (e%ie& &as to ans&e( the Cuestion:
I#an inte(.is#i>lina(y *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e lite(atu(e
#ont(ibute to un.e(stan.ing an. analysing the insti7
tutional *no&le.ge7base. .imensions o+ sustainable
.e%elo>mentDI 4y analysing the e@isting *no&le.ge
go%e(nan#e lite(atu(e th(ough the #onst(u#t o+ 2ilsson
et alBs sustainability mo.el E1F/ I ha%e sho&n that
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e o++e(s a #on#e>tual basis +(om
&hi#h to thin* #(iti#ally about *no&le.ge >(o#esses as
+oun.ational to sustainable .e%elo>ment/ an. to
#onsi.e( ho& they a(e sha>e. an. in+luen#e. by
+o(mal an. in+o(mal institutions 4y b(inging the go%e(7
nan#e o+ *no&le.ge to the +o(e G(athe( than (ega(.ing
*no&le.ge as an in>ut to othe( go%e(nan#e goalsH/ a
(ange o+ o>>o(tunities an. #onst(aints ha%e eme(ge.
,a( +(om the(e being a Bga>B bet&een *no&le.ge an.
a#tion/ this (e%ie& suggests that this s>a#e is thi#* &ith
institutional a((angements that ha%e little to .o &ith
90
sustainability/ but still st(ongly sha>e the *no&le.ge7
a#tion lan.s#a>e 0his in#lu.es #u((ent +o(mal an.
in+o(mal (ules that ten. to +a%ou( e@#lusion o%e(
in#lusion/ #on%ention o%e( inno%ation/ an. *no&le.ge as
a >(i%ate asset (athe( than a human (ight
0he o>>o(tunities +o( enhan#ing sustainability out7
#omes th(ough the *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e .omain a(e
many E<9F ,(om the .e>loyment o+ *no&le.ge go%e(7
nan#e me#hanisms +o( g(eate( e++i#ien#ies/ to o(gani7
sational an. institutional (e+o(ms +o( enhan#e.
inno%ation/ to #onsi.e(ations o+ a##ess to *no&le.ge as
a human (ight o( a global >ubli# goo./ it b(ings the
many (ules sha>ing the .ynami#s o+ *no&le.ge #(eation/
sha(ing/ a##ess an. use into #onsi.e(ation as a +un.a7
mental issue in sustainable .e%elo>ment It .emon7
st(ates that (esea(#he(s may be able to .e%elo>
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e st(ategies that a..(ess >e(sistent
#hallenges in sustainability/ es>e#ially a(oun. a##ess/
inno%ation/ an. the (e7#on#e>tualisation o+ *no&le.ge as
a global >ubli# goo. 4ut mo(e im>o(tantly/ it >la#es the
#hallenges o+ .oing so in a b(oa.e( go%e(nan#e #onte@t
3ltimately/ the use+ulness o( othe(&ise o+ the
#on#e>t o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e &ill be .emonst(ate.
in its a>>li#ation as gui.ing theo(eti#al +(ame&o(* +o(
sustainability (esea(#h an. im>lementation Uuan7
titati%e (esea(#h #oul. .esign met(i#s +o( assessing an.
#om>a(ing the sustainability im>a#ts o+ .i++e(ent
*no&le.ge go%e(nan#e a((angements/ as has been
.one in the >(i%ate se#to( E!=F -m>i(i#al #ase stu.ies
#oul. test the e++e#ts o+ ne& institutional a((ange7
ments on *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e/ an. gathe( an.
#om>a(e .i++e(ent st(ategies +o( b(o*e(ing o(
.esigning *no&le.ge >(o#esses in the light o+ e@isting
go%e(nan#e a((angements Uualitati%e (esea(#h #oul.
i.enti+y *ey #onst(aints an. +a#ilitato(s to the e++e#ti%e
a>>li#ation o+ *no&le.ge eithe( &ithin o( a#(oss
o(ganisations o( se#to(s/ #onsi.e(ing the &i.e (ange
o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e a((angements that a++e#t
>(a#ti#e Su#h (esea(#h &oul. nee. to em>hasise the
>(a#ti#al utility o+ *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e: has it
hel>e. (esea(#he(s an. >(a#titione(s to i.enti+y ne&
inte(%entions to&a(.s sustainabilityD Las it hel>e. to
enhan#e thei( +un#tionality o( >e(+o(man#eD Las it
hel>e. >eo>le to na%igate the .i++i#ult te((ain that
#onne#ts *no&le.ge an. a#tion/ an. to gene(ate ne&
o>tions +o( (e#on+igu(ing that lan.s#a>eD Positi%e
ans&e(s to these Cuestions &oul. su>>o(t the (ationale
+o( %ie&ing *no&le.ge go%e(nan#e as un.e(>inning
e++o(ts to a#hie%e sustainable .e%elo>ment/ an. sta(t to
buil. theo(eti#al an. >(a#ti#al tools to enhan#e these
>(o#esses
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2ational 1#a.emy o+ S#ien#es o+ the 3S1
20036100G1!H:80<980;1
< Cash D5/ Cla(* 5C/ 1l#o#* ,/ Di#*son 28/
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