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625 views

Ap Models Review

Uploaded by

api-237599891
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AP Human Geography

Theories and Models Review


Demographic Transition Model
Stage One High CBR High CDR
Stage Two High CBR decreasing CDR
Rapid population growth
Stage Three Decreasing CBR, decreasing CDR
High life expectancy
Slower population growth
Stage Four Plateauing of CBR and CDR
High life expectancy
Constant or decreasing NIR (population growth)
Stage Five(?) Post-industrial service based societies
Negative population growth
Demographic Transition Model

Epidemiological Transition Model
States that with development comes health
improvements
Health becomes less of a factor as development
increases
Flaws heart disease in MDCs, AIDS/HIV (in
both LDCs and MDCs), obesity in U.S.
impacting the rich
Epidemiological Transition Model
Gravity Model
Rates the pull of the
relationship between 2 places
Size of location takes
precedent over distance
The gravity model can be
used to estimate:
Traffic Flows
Migration between two areas
The number of people likely
to use one central place
Von Thunen
Agricultural land use model
Assumptions
All areas are equally fertile
No intervening physical environment
All areas around the world are similar
Uses BID RENT (OR LAND RENT) to figure out how
much land will cost by calculating market value of good,
cost of transportation to market, and production costs
This can determine how much land will cost in each ring
based on the each of the stated costs

Rostows Stages of
Developmental
Stages
Traditional
Transitional (pre-conditional takeoff)
Takeoff
Drive to maturity
Mass consumption


Rostows Development
Core-Periphery Model
Friedmann (1966)
World can be divided into:
Core: industrialized cities and areas around the world that are
hubs for social and economic activity
Transitional: developing areas that strive to reach core status,
but can be left out by the power of the core
Periphery: locations and countries that are at the mercy of
core countries and often support the economic success of
these areas
Most are trying to get to transitional, but are forced to remain
periphery
Weber Least Cost Theroy
Industries will naturally locate themselves in places
where they can have the least cost of
production/manufacturing
Distance to market
Labor costs
Access to resources
Transportation
Based on this theory, some parts of the world are likely
to industrialize much more rapidly than others
Some areas are likely to never industrialize
Central Place Theory
The central place theory, originally coined by
Walter Christaller, proposes that all settlements
will be located near central places
Rivers, government buildings, physical features, or
places of interest
The people that utilize services in this place
are called the market
Hinterland
The areas that surround urban areas and that
support urban markets/activities
Farmland, smaller rural manufacturing, etc.


Latin America City Model
Earnest Ravenstein (1885)
1) Most migrants only travel short distances to higher
populated areas
2) Migrants created gaps through the flow towards the
higher populated areas filling up space between origin and
destination
3) Counter-current of migration at destination
4) Long distance migrants flock towards world cities or
large industrial areas
5) The natives of towns are less migratory than those of the
rural parts of the country
6) Females were migratory than males until recently
Men, or couples w/o children, young adult or senior citizens, no dependents
Thomas Malthus
Population increases geometrically
Food production increases arithmetically
Population growth will create a food shortage
and this cannot keep up with the NIR
Criticisms technology not included, no
mention of who controls food
Mackinders Heartland Rimland
Theory

Heartland/Rimland
Heartland core of a location or continent
Originally the core of Eurasia (Eastern Europe)
The one who controls this region can control the world
All heartlands share similarities (U.S. heartland vs.
Eastern Europe vs. Central India)
Rimland areas surrounding heartlands
Usually have limited access to the heartlands and
cultures are very different
Border sealands and/or maritime regions
Enclave and Exclave
Exclave a bounded (non-island) piece of
territory that is part of a particular state but
lies separated from it by the territory of
another state
Enclave a piece of territory that is
surrounded by another political unit of
which it is not a part
Wallersteins World Systems Theory
The redistribution of resources (natural or
human) from periphery to transitional and core
areas
World Systems theories can help explain slow
development, migratory patterns, economic
advantages, etc.
Colonialism vs. Neocolonialism
Colonialism sovereign state takes control over an
uninhabited or uncontrolled parcel of land and claims it as
their own
Imperialism sovereign state takes control over another
sovereign state or group of people to impose political, cultural,
and economic values on the people (Africa, Southeast Asia,
United States)
Neocolonialism current dependence of former colonies on
the previous colonizer (sub-Saharan Africa). Also based on
globalization and capitalist claims to resources around the
world

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