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Humidity Unit Conversions-General PDF

This document provides definitions and formulas for calculating various humidity parameters including: 1. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of water vapor pressure to saturation vapor pressure. Formulas are provided to calculate saturation vapor pressure from 0-200°C. 2. Dewpoint can be calculated from relative humidity and temperature using saturation vapor pressure formulas. Dewpoint at different pressures can also be calculated. 3. Psychrometric calculations to determine relative humidity from dry and wet bulb temperatures are described. Formulas are given for mixing ratio, enthalpy, absolute humidity, and parts per million concentration. 4. Enhancement factors that increase saturation vapor pressure at pressures above ambient are defined, with a proposed equation provided

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248 views

Humidity Unit Conversions-General PDF

This document provides definitions and formulas for calculating various humidity parameters including: 1. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of water vapor pressure to saturation vapor pressure. Formulas are provided to calculate saturation vapor pressure from 0-200°C. 2. Dewpoint can be calculated from relative humidity and temperature using saturation vapor pressure formulas. Dewpoint at different pressures can also be calculated. 3. Psychrometric calculations to determine relative humidity from dry and wet bulb temperatures are described. Formulas are given for mixing ratio, enthalpy, absolute humidity, and parts per million concentration. 4. Enhancement factors that increase saturation vapor pressure at pressures above ambient are defined, with a proposed equation provided

Uploaded by

Machineryeng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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[email protected]

1.Relative humidity definitions:.....................................................................................................1


2. Water vapour saturation pressure:...........................................................................................1
3. Calculation of dewpoint from RH:.............................................................................................3
3.1 Calculation of dewpoint at different pressure
3.2 Calculation of RH from dewpoint and ambient temperature
4. Using psychrometers: ..............................................................................................................4
5. Mixing ratio: ..............................................................................................................................5
6. Enthalpy....................................................................................................................................6
7.Absolute humidity ......................................................................................................................7
8. Parts per million (ppm) .............................................................................................................8
9. Enhancement factor .................................................................................................................9

1.Relative humidity definitions:


Relative humidity is at all temperatures and pressures defined as the ratio
of the water vapour pressure to the saturation water vapour pressure (over
water) at the gas temperature:
RH=Pw/Pws*100%

(1)

The total pressure does not enter the definition. Above 100C the same
definition is valid. But as the saturation vapour pressure Pws is greater than
1013 hPa (normal ambient pressure) the RH cant reach 100% in an
unpressurised system.
Below 0C the definition is also valid. Here 100%RH is also impossible
because condensation will occur at a lower humidity than 100% (when the
vapour is saturated against ice)

2. Water vapour saturation pressure:


The following formula gives the water vapour saturation pressure to
sufficient accuracy between 0C and 200C
(Hyland,R.,Wexler,A.:"Formulations of the Thermodynamic Properties of
the Saturated Phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K",Ashrae
transactions 1983, Part 2A. pp 500-513 ):
1. Calculate the virtual temperature:
3

=T -

i=0CiTi

T=temperature in K
Ci=coefficients,
C0=0.4931358
C1=-0.46094296*10-2
C2=0.13746454*10-4
C3=-0.12743214*10-7

,where

(2)

2. Calculate the vapour pressure :


3

ln Pws = bi i + b4 ln

(Pa)

,where

i =1

(3)

bi=coefficients,
b-1=-0.58002206*104
b0=0.13914993*101
b1=-0.48640239*10-1
b2=0.41764768*10-4
b3=-0.14452093*10-7
b4=6.5459673
Correspondingly the saturation water vapour pressure over ice at
temperatures between -100 and 0.01C can be calculated using:
5

ln Pwi = ai T i 1 + a6 ln T

(Pa)

,where

(4)

i=0

ai=coefficients,
a0 = -5674.5359
a1 = 6.3925247
a2 = -9.677843*10-3
a3 = 6.2215701*10-7
a4 = 2.0747825*10-9
a5 = -9.484024*10-13
a6 = 4.1635019
If lower accuracy can be tolerated a simpler formula can be used for the
water vapour saturation pressure over water (and over ice):
Pws=A*10(m*T/(T+Tn))

(hPa)

,where

(5)

A,m,Tn=constants see table 1


T=temperature (C)

Temperature range(C)
over water:
0...60
0....200
-20 ... 50
over ice:
-70...0

Tn

max error

6.1078
6.0964
6.1162

7.5
7.33354
7.5892

237.3
230.5
240.71

0.06%
0.38%
0.09%

6.1134

9.7911

273.47

0.05%

Table 1. Constants for formula 5.


(see paragraph 9 for information on the enhancement factor for the
saturation vapour pressure)

3. Calculation of dewpoint from RH:


Calculate Pws using formula (3) or (5)
Calculate Pw=Pws*RH/100 (in hPa!)
Calculate Dewpoint using formula (6):

Td =

Tn

1
10 Pw
log A

(6)

The constants in formula (6) are the same as for formula (5).
Example:
The ambient temperature is 40 C and the RH is 50%. Calculate Td:
Pw=Pws(40C)*50/100=36.88 hPa
Td=237.3/(7.5/10log(36.88/6.1078)-1)=27.6 C

3.1 Calculation of dewpoint at different pressure


1. Calculate Pws using formula (3) or (5)
2. Calculate measured vapor pressure (at measurement pressure

Pwmeas = Pws

RH
100

3. Multiply with pressure ratio:

Pw pres =

Ppres
Pmeas

Pwmeas

4. Calculate Dewpoint at process pressure:

Td pres =

Tn

Pw pres
10 log
A

3.2 Calculation of RH from dewpoint and ambient temperature


RH = 100%

Pws (Td )
Pws (Tambient )

Pws may be calculated using formulas (3) or (5). If the simplified formula
(5) is used the expression for RH may be further simplified to:
Td

Tambient

4. Using psychrometers:
The drybulb-temperature Tdry and the wetbulb-temperature Twet can be
converted into Pw using formula (7):
Pw=Pws(Twet) - Ptot*K*(Tdry - Twet)

,where

(7)

Pws= water vapour saturation pressure from formula (6)


Ptot= total ambient pressure
K=psychrometer constant 0.000662 C-1
When Pw is known RH can be calculated using (1) or Td can be calculated
using (6)
Example:
Twet is 38.5C, Tdry=40.0C and the ambient pressure is 1013 hPa
.Calculate RH and Td:
Pws(38.5C)=68.05 hPa
Pws(40.0C)=73.75 hPa
Pw=68.05 - 1013*0.000662*(40.0-38.5)=67.04 (hPa)
RH=67.04/73.75*100 =90.9%
Td=237.3/(7.5/10log(67.04/6.1078)-1=38.22 C

5. Mixing ratio:
The mixing ratio (mass of water vapour/mass of dry gas) is calculated using
(8):
X=B*Pw/(Ptot-Pw)
(8)

[g/kg]

,where

B=621.9907 g/kg
The value of B depends on the gas. 621.9907 g/kg is valid for air.
In general the constant can be calculated using:
B=M(h2o)/M(gas)*1000

[g/kg] ,where

M(h2o)=molecular weight of water


M(gas)=molecular weigth of gas
For instance for hydrogen we get
B=18.015/2.016*1000=8936 g/kg
Example:
The dewpoint Td is 40C and the total ambient pressure Ptot is 998 hPa.
Calculate mixing ratio:
Pw=Pws(40C)=73.75 hPa
X=621.9907*73.75/(998-73.75)=49.63 g/kg
(To obtain the mixing ratio in units of grains/pound use B=4354
[grains/pound])

6. Enthalpy
Enthalpy can be calculated from mixing ratio using (9):
h=T*(1.01 + 0.00189X) + 2.5X

(kJ/kg) ,where

(9)

T=temperature (C)
X=mixing ratio (g/kg)
To convert to BTU/LB divide by 2.324
Example:
The ambient temperature is 20C and the relative humidity is 50%.
Calculate enthalpy:
Pw=Pws(20C)*50/100=11.69 hPa
X=621.9907*11.69/(1013-11.69)=7.26 g/kg
h=20*(1.01 + 0.00189*7.26) + 2.5*7.26=38.62 kJ/kg

7.Absolute humidity
Absolute humidity is defined as the mass of water vapour in a certain
volume. If ideal gas behaviour is assumed the absolute humidity can be
calculated using (10):
A=C*Pw/T

(g/m3),where

(10)

C=constant 216.679 gK/J


Pw=vapour pressure in hPa
T=temperature i K
Example:
The ambient temperature is 20C and the relative humidity is 80%.
Calculate absolute humidity:
Pw=Pws(20C)*80/100=18.7 hPa
A=216.679 *18.7/(273.16+20)=13.82 g/m3

8. Parts per million (ppm)


Parts per million values are usually given vs. the amount of dry air:
I: Volume/volume PPMv(dry):

PPMv =

Pw
106
(Ptot Pw )

(11)

Where
Pw=water vapour pressure
Ptot=total pressure
II: Mass/mass PPMm(dry)

PPMm =

MwPw
106
Md (Ptot Pw )

Mw
= 0. 62199
Md

(12)

Where
Pw=water vapour pressure
Ptot=total pressure
Mw=molecular mass of water
Md=molecular mass of dry air
From wet air:
III: Volume/volume PPMv(wet):

PPMv =

Pw 6
10
Ptot

(13)

IV: Mass/mass PPMm(wet)

PPMm =

MwPw 6
10
MdPtot

Mw
= 0. 62199
Md

(14)

example:
The dewpoint is 7C and the total pressure is 998 hPa calculate PPMv(dry).
By using formula (4) we get Pws(7C)=10.02 hPa. Now

PPMv =

10. 02
106 = 10142
(998 10. 02)

9. Enhancement factor
The water vapour saturation pressures described in paragraph 2 are
exactly valid only in vacuum (water vapour is the only gas present). If other
gases are present the real saturation vapour pressure Pws will increase.
For ambient pressure and lower pressures this effect is typically ignored.
But at pressures significantly above ambient it has to be taken into account.
The enhancement factor f has been defined as follows:

f =

xw * P
Pws

where,
xw=the mole fraction of water vapour in the gas phase
P=total pressure
Pws=the saturation water vapour pressure (from paragraph 2)
xw*P is in effect the water vapour pressure at saturation at pressure P
For CO2-free air the following equation for f has been proposed
(Greenspan:J.of Research of the NBS vol 80A, No. 1 p 41-44)

f =e

P
1 ws
P

P
+
1
P

ws

The parameters and depend on the temperature as follows:


4

= Ai t (i 1)
i =1

= e

Bi t (i 1)

i =1

t=temperature in C

the parameters Ai and Bi are listed below:


A1
A2
A3
A4
B1
B2
B3
B4

water -50 to 0C
3.62183X10-4
2.60553X10-5
3.86501X10-7
3.82449X10-9
-10.7604
6.39725X10-2
-2.63416X10-4
1.67254X10-6

water 0 to 100C
3.53624X10-4
2.93228X10-5
2.61474X10-7
8.57538X10-9
-10.7588
6.32529X10-2
-2.53591X10-4
6.33784X10-7

ice -100 to 0C
3.64449X10-4
2.93631X10-5
4.88635X10-7
4.36543X10-9
-10.7271
7.61989X10-2
-1.74771X10-4
2.46721X10-6

The formulas above are fitted for the pressure range 1 ... 20 atm.
for instance at 20 C and 10 bars f=1.0312

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