CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Hydrobiological

Analysis of Karamtoli Talab submitted by Ms. Uma Chatterjee,
Roll No. 13MP0724, Regd. No. 0867730 embodies the results of project
work carried out by her in the Department of Zoology, Ranchi
University.
I further certify that the contents of this project or part thereof have not
been presented for any other degree to her or to anybody else.






Amitabh Hore M. K. Jamuar
HOD, Zoology Dept. Supervisor
Ranchi University


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With limitless humility, I would like to thank God, the Almighty, who
shapes over ends because He is the cause of every cause.
I feel ecstatically delighted and overwhelming sense of obligation in
expressing sincere thanks to Dr. M. K. Jamuar, who is my mentor and
Amitabh Hore, HOD, PG Department of Zoology, Ranchi University,
Ranchi who gave me this opportunity and provided me with good and
useful assistance and suggestions.
The assistance of my friends and individuals who in any way have been
associated with the completion of this work not been mentioned so far
are sincerely acknowledged.
Last but not the least, I am highly indebted to my parents and well
wishers whose kind blessings made this task possible for me.



Uma Chatterjee
INTRODUCTION
Water is a necessity for all living beings; without it there would be no
life. Life originated in water and the the ultimate basis of it, the
protoplasm, is a colloidal solution complex organic molecules in a
watery medium (70 to 90% water). Most of the biological phenomena
take place in water medium. Moreover, wherever water exists in nature
it always holds life. So the early study of a water body is the study of life
as well. Water is essential at all levels of life, cellular to ecosystem. It is
essential in circulation of body fluids in plants and animals and it stands
as the key substance for the existence and continuity of life through
reproduction and different cyclic process in nature; it plays the central
role in mediating global scale ecosystem processes.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful.
Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational
and environmental activities. The majority of humans use requires fresh
water. 97% of water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is
fresh water. Slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and
polar ice caps (US Geological survey 2009). The remaining unfrozen
fresh water is found mainly as ground water, with only a small fraction
present above ground or in the air (Scientific facts on water: state of the
resources, 2008). Sources of fresh water include:
a. Surface Water: Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh
water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by
precipitation.

b. Under River Flow: Throughout the course of a river, the total
volume of water transported downstream will often be a
combination of the visible free water flow together with a
substantial sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river.

c. Ground Water: Sub-surface water or ground water is located in
the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water is flowing
within aquifers below the water table.

d. Frozen Water: Icebergs are water resources. Glacier runoff is
considered to be surface water.

POND A RESOURCE
A pond is a body of water standing water, either natural or man-made
that is usually smaller than a lake. They may naturally in flood
plains as part of a river system or they may be somewhat isolated
depressions. Usually they contain shallow water with marsh and
aquatic plants and animals (John Clegg, 1986). The type of life in a
pond is generally determined by a combination of factors including
water regime and nutrient levels, but other factors may also be
important including presence or absence of shading by trees,
presence or absence of streams, effects of grazing animals and
salinity. Some organizations and researchers have settled on
technical definitions of pond and lake which rely on size alone
(Jeremy Biggs et al, 2005). The International Ramsar Wetland
Convention sets the upper limit for pond size as 8 hectares (20
acres), (Ramsar Convention, 2013) but biologists have not
universally adopted this convention. Researchers for the British
Charity pond convention have defined a pond to be a man made or
natural water body which is between 1 M
2
and 20,000 M
2
in area
(2 hectares), which holds water for four months of the year or more
(Jeremy Biggs et al, 2005). Other European biologists have set the
upper size limit at 5 Ha (12 acres), (Jeremy Biggs et al, 2008).
Ponds can result from a wide variety of natural processes. Any
depression in the ground collects and retains sufficient precipitation can
be considered as pond. Rivers often leave behind ponds in flood plains
after spring flooding (RoMC Connel, 1975). Retreating glaciers can
leave behind landscapes filled with small depressions developing into a
pond (Amoud Van der Valk, 1989). Many areas contain small
depressions which form temporary ponds during rainy season and may
be important sits for amphibious breeding (Calbroun & Maynadier,
2008). Some ponds are created by animals like beavers, alligators (Paul
A Keddy, 2010).
In landscapes with organic coils, fires can also create depressions
during periods of drought. These become open to water and normal
level returns (Steven M Davis, 1994).
USES OF WATER
Pond is a fresh water source.
In general water is used basically for three purposes i.e. agriculture,
industrial and household purposes. Therefore, the quantity of water
should be checked before use. It is estimated that 59% of worldwide
water is used for irrigation with 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals being
unsustainable (WBCSD water facts and trends, 2009). It takes around
2000 3000 liters of waters to produce enough food to satisfy one
persons daily dietary needs (UN Water Coping with water scarcity,
2007). Presence of toxic substances in water makes water unfit for
consumption causing several disorders. If used for agricultural
purposes, the toxic chemicals in water increases salinity of soil causing
damage to the crops and thus a reduction in yield.
To minimize the adverse impact of toxic water on human health, crops
and industrial production, the assessment of water body should be done
from time to time. The assessment of water quality can be done by three
ways, i.e Physical, chemical and biological methods.
The physical characteristics of water include temperature, colour,
odour, turbidity, etc.
The chemical characteristics include the presence of inorganic anions,
cations, pH, hardness, TDS, conductivity, DO etc.
The biological characteristics include the principal groups of micro
organisms in water.
Temperature is a measure of the intensity of (not the amount). Heat is
measured in calories and is the product of the weight of the substance
(in grams),, temperature (in Celcius) and the specific heat (cal g c
-1
)
(Wetzel 1975). When the density of particulate materials suspended in
the water becomes great, a seston colour (a collective term for all
particulate material present in water) can be imparted to the water in
spite of the relatively non-selective scattering properties of the particles.
Suspension of large amounts of inorganic materials such as clay and ash
can yield a yellow to brownish red colourization.
Seston colour, however is usually associated with large concentrations
of suspended algae on pigmented bacteria. Turbidity is also a visual
property of water and implies a reduction or lack of clarity that results
from the presence of suspended particles or suspensoids. Inorganic
turbidity tends to be higher in resources than in natural lakes (kirk
1994).
The chemical characteristics of water can be analyzed by measuring pH,
hardness, TDS, dissolved anions and cations, DO in water. pH refers to
the logarithms of the reciprocal of the concentration of free hydrogen
ions. The pH of the natural waters is governed to a large extent by the
interaction of H
2
CO
3
and from OH
-
ions produced during the hydrolysis
of bicarbonates. The pH of natural waters ranges between the extremes
of <2-12 (Wetzel 1975). The hardness of water is governed by the
content of calcium and magnesium salts largely combined with
bicarbonates and carbonate and with sulfates, chlorides and other anions
of mineral acids. The ionic composition of fresh water is dominated by
the dilute solutions of alkalis and alkaline earth compounds, particularly
bicarbonates, carbonates, sulfates and chlorides (Wetzel, 1975).
Dissolved oxygen is essential to the respiratory metabolism of most
aquatic organisms. Oxygen distribution is important for the direct needs
of many organisms and affects the solubility and availability of many
nutrients and therefore the productivity of aquatic ecosystems.
Solubility of oxygen in water decreases as temperature increases
(Wetzel, 1975). Because diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere into
and within water is a relatively slow process, turbulent mixing of water
is required for dissolved oxygen to be distributed in equilibrium with
that of atmosphere. Fish and aquatic insects may die when oxygen is
depleted by microbial metabolism (Goldman and Horne, 1983).
Biological oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for
microbial metabolism of organic compounds in water. This demand
occurs over some variable period at time depending on temperature,
nutrient concentration and the enzymes available to indigenous
microbial populations. The amount of oxygen required to completely
oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water through
generations of microbial growth, decay and cannibalization is total
biochemical demand (total BOD). This BOD is of more significance to
food webs than to water quality. Dissolved oxygen depletion is most
likely to become evident during the initial aquatic microbial population
explosion in response to a large amount of organic material. If the
microbial population deoxygenates the water, however, that lack of
oxygen imposes a limit on population growth of aerobic aquatic
microbial organisms resulting in a longer term food surplus and oxygen
deficit (Reid and George K, 1961).
A standard temperature at which BOD testing should be carried out was
first proposed by the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal in its
eighth report in 1912.

The water quality standards (WQS) program is one of the corner stones
of the clean water Act (CWA). Through this program, the states and
india tribes set water quality standards for waters within this
jurisdictions. Water quality standards define uses for water bodies and
identify specific water quality criteria to achieve those uses (clean water
Act, 1972)
A water quality standard consists of three basic elements.
1. Designated uses that describe- the enisting and lor hotential uses of a
water body (eg. Recreation, drinking water supply, aquatic life
protection)
2. Water quality criteria to hrobct the designated uses (typically
expressed in terms of allowable numeric pollutant concentration on
narratime rewuirements), and
3. An qutidegradation policy to maintain and protect cristing water
quality and erushing uses, whether as not such uses have been
designated.

WATER QUALITY
water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological chara
cteristics of water (diersing and nancy (2003). It is a measure of the
condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic
species and or to for management of water and human need or
purpose to hnsonetal, 1997)
quality of a water body , one has to define the water quality
requirements or water quality goal for that water boady. As
mentioned alone , each water was has specibic water quality need.
Therefore for setting water quality objectives of a water body. In
India, the central pollution control board (CPCB), an apex body in
the field of water quality management, has developed a concept of
designated best uses the CPCB has identified 5 such designated
best uses all those water bodies , which are used for drinking
without any treatment, but with disinfection are termed as A class
water, those which are used for outdoor bathing are termed as B
class water, those which are used for drinking after.
Conventional treatment are termed as C class water .

Those whicj are used for propogation of wildlife and fesheries are
termed as D class water and those which are used for irrigation
cooling and controlled waste disposal are temed as E class water
for each class the CPCB has identified water quality requirements in
terms of few chemical characteristics . known as prim any water
quality criteria. The designated best uses along with respective
water quality criteria is given below.

Designated best use Class of water Criteria
Drinking water source without
conventional treatment
A 1.total coliforms organism
MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less
2. PH between 6.5 and 8.5
3. Do- 6 mg lt on more
4. BOD 5 days at 20c
2mgltorless
Outdoor bathing (organised) B 1.total coliforms organism
MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less
2. PH between 6.5 and 8.5
3. Do- 5 mg lt on more
4. BOD 5 days at 20c
2mgltorless
Drinking water source after C 1.total coliforms organilm
conventional treatment and
disinfection
MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less
2. PH between 6 and 9
3. Do- 4 mg lt on more
4. BOD 5 days at 20c 3
mgltorless
Propagation of wildlife and
tishesies
D 1. PH between 6.5 to 8.5
2. DO 4 mg lt on more.
3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mglt
Irigation, Industrial cooling,
controlled waste disposal
E 1. PH between 6.0 to 8.5
2. electrical conductivity at 25c
micro mhos/ cm Max. 2250
3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max
26.
4. Boron Max 2 mg lt

Significance of the study
The investigation ennobled a comprehensive and systematic analysis ot
the physio chemical and biological characteristics of karamtoli pond.
This enaleles to account for the variations in water quality parameters
are well as planktons in relation to difference in the degree of human
colisturbance the data generated may help in conservation and
management of the freshwater resource.
Designated values of certain physic chemical parameters .
Parameters Desirable Permissible
PH 7 8.2
DO (ppm) 5 10
BOD (ppm) - -
Hardness (mg/l) 300 600
TDS mg/l 500 2000
Chlorides (mg/l)
Total alkali nity (mg/l) 80 150
Iron mglr 0.3 1.0
Calcium mg /l