Version March 2009

2
Framework
Interfaces (ADT, Abstract Data Types)
Implementations (of ADT)
Algorithms (sort)
java.util.*
Java 5 released!
Lots of changes about collections
3
Interfaces
Collection<E>
Set<E> List<E>
Map<K,V>
SortedSet<E>
SortedMap<K,V>
Group containers
Associative containers
Queue<E>
Iterable<E>
4
Implementations
TreeSet
TreeMap Array
List
Linked
List
HashMap
Linked
HashMap
Linked
HashSet
HashSet
Map<K,V>
Sorted
Map<K,V>
Collection<E>
Set<E> List<E>
Sorted
Set<E>
Queue<E>
Priority
Queue
5
Internals
LinkedList
Linked list
LinkedHashMap TreeMap HashMap Map
ArrayList List
LinkedHashSet TreeSet HashSet Set
Hash table
Linked list
Balanced
tree
Resizable
array
Hash
table
interface
data structure
classes
6
Collection
Group of elements (references to objects)
It is not specified whether they are
Ordered / not ordered
Duplicated / not duplicated
Following constructors are common to all
classes implementing Collection
T()
T(Collection c)
7
Collection interface
int size()
boolean isEmpty()
boolean contains(Object element)
boolean containsAll(Collection c)
boolean add(Object element)
boolean addAll(Collection c)
boolean remove(Object element)
boolean removeAll(Collection c)
void clear()
Object[] toArray()
Iterator iterator()
8
Collection example
Collection<Person> persons =
new LinkedList<Person>();
persons.add( new Person(Alice) );
System.out.println( persons.size() );
Collection<Person> copy =
new TreeSet<Person>();
copy.addAll(persons);//new TreeSet(persons)
Person[] array = copy.toArray();
System.out.println( array[0] );
9
Map
An object that associates keys to values
(e.g., SSN Person)
Keys and values must be objects
Keys must be unique
Only one value per key
Following constructors are common to all
collection implementers
T()
T(Map m)
10
Map interface
Object put(Object key, Object value)
Object get(Object key)
Object remove(Object key)
boolean containsKey(Object key)
boolean containsValue(Object value)
public Set keySet()
public Collection values()
int size()
boolean isEmpty()
void clear()
11
Map example
Map<String,Person> people =
new HashMap<String,Person>();
people.put( ALCSMT, //ssn
new Person(Alice, Smith) );
people.put( RBTGRN, //ssn
new Person(Robert, Green) );
Person bob = people.get(RBTGRN);
if( bob == null )
System.out.println( Not found );
int populationSize = people.size();
12
Generic collections
From Java 5, all collection interfaces
and classes have been redefined as
Generics
Use of generics lead to code that is
safer
more compact
easier to understand
equally performing
13
Generic list - excerpt
public interface List<E>{
void add(E x);
Iterator<E> iterator();
}
public interface Iterator<E>{
E next();
boolean hasNext();
}
14
Example
Using a list of Integers
Without generics ( ArrayList list )
list.add(0, new Integer(42));
int n= ((Integer)(list.get(0))).intValue();
With generics ( ArrayList<Integer> list )
list.add(0, new Integer(42));
int n= ((Integer)(list.get(0))).intValue();
+ autoboxing ( ArrayList<Integer> list )
list.add(0,new Integer(42));
int total = list.get(0).intValue();
Collection<E>
Set<E> List<E>
SortedSet<E>
Queue<E>
16
List
Can contain duplicate elements
Insertion order is preserved
User can define insertion point
Elements can be accessed by position
Augments Collection interface
17
List additional methods
Object get(int index)
Object set(int index, Object element)
void add(int index, Object element)
Object remove(int index)
boolean addAll(int index, Collection c)
int indexOf(Object o)
int lastIndexOf(Object o)
List subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)
18
List implementations
ArrayList
get(n)
Constant time
Insert (beginning)
and delete while
iterating
Linear
LinkedList
get(n)
Linear time
Insert (beginning)
and delete while
iterating
Constant
19
List implementations
ArrayList
ArrayList()
ArrayList(int initialCapacity)
ArrayList(Collection c)
void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)
LinkedList
void addFirst(Object o)
void addLast(Object o)
Object getFirst()
Object getLast()
Object removeFirst()
Object removeLast()
20
Example I
LinkedList<Integer> ll =
new LinkedList<Integer>();
ll.add(new Integer(10));
ll.add(new Integer(11));
ll.addLast(new Integer(13));
ll.addFirst(new Integer(20));
//20, 10, 11, 13
21
Example II
Car[] garage = new Car[20];
garage[0] = new Car();
garage[1] = new ElectricCar();
garage[2] = new ElectricCar();
garage[3] = new Car();
for(int i=0; i<garage.length; i++){
garage[i].turnOn();
}
Null pointer error
List<Car> garage = new ArrayList<Car>(20);
garage.set( 0, new Car() );
garage.set( 1, new ElectricCar() );
garage.set( 2, new ElectricCar() );
garage.set( 3, new Car());
for(int i; i<garage.size(); i++){
Car c = garage.get(i);
c.turnOn();
}
22
Example III
List l = new ArrayList(2); // 2 refs to null
l.add(new Integer(11)); // 11 in position 0
l.add(0, new Integer(13)); // 11 in position 1
l.set(0, new Integer(20)); // 13 replaced by 20
l.add(9, new Integer(30)); // NO: out of
bounds
l.add(new Integer(30)); // OK, size
extended
23
Queue
Collection whose elements have an
order (
not and ordered collection though
Defines a head position where is the
first element that can be accessed
peek()
poll()
24
Queue implementations
LinkedList
head is the first element of the list
FIFO: Fist-In-First-Out
PriorityQueue
head is the smallest element
25
Queue example
Queue<Integer> fifo =
new LinkedList<Integer>();
Queue<Integer> pq =
new PriorityQueue<Integer>();
fifo.add(3); pq.add(3);
fifo.add(1); pq.add(1);
fifo.add(2); pq.add(2);
System.out.println(fifo.peek()); // 3
System.out.println(pq.peek()); // 1
26
Set
Contains no methods other than those
inherited from Collection
add()has restriction that no duplicate
elements are allowed
e1.equals(e2) == false e1,e2
Iterator
The elements are traversed in no
particular order
The equals() Contract
It is reflexive: x.equals(x) == true
It is symmetric: x.equals(y) == y.equals(x)
It is transitive: for any reference values x, y, and z,
if x.equals(y) == true AND y.equals(z) == true
=> x.equals(z) == true
It is consistent: for any reference values x and y,
multiple invocations of x.equals(y) consistently return
true (or false), provided that no information used in
equals comparisons on the object is modified.
x.equals(null) == false
hashCode
The hashCode() contract
The hashCode() method must consistently
return the same int, if no information used in
equals() comparisons on the object is modified.
If two objects are equal for equals() method,
then calling the hashCode() method on the two
objects must produce the same integer result.
If two objects are unequal for equals() method,
then calling the hashCode() method on the two
objects MAY produce distinct integer results.
producing distinct int results for unequal objects
may improve the performance of hashtables
HashCode()
equals() and hashcode()
equals() and hashCode() are bound together by
a joint contract that specifies if two objects are
considered equal using the equals() method,
then they must have identical hashcode values.
To be truly safe:
If override equals(), override hashCode()
Objects that are equals have to return identical
hashcodes.
32
SortedSet
No duplicate elements
Iterator
The elements are traversed according to the
natural ordering (ascending)
Augments Set interface
Object first()
Object last()
SortedSet headSet(Object toElement)
SortedSet tailSet(Object fromElement)
SortedSet subSet(Object from, Object to)
33
Set implementations
HashSet implements Set
Hash tables as internal data structure
(faster)
LinkedHashSet extends HashSet
Elements are traversed by iterator
according to the insertion order
TreeSet implements SortedSet
R-B trees as internal data structure
(computationally expensive)
34
Note on sorted collections
Depending on the constructor used
they require different implementation
of the custom ordering
TreeSet()
Natural ordering (elements must be
implementations of Comparable)
TreeSet(Comparator c)
Ordering is according to the comparator
rules, instead of natural ordering
Map<K,V>
SortedMap<K,V>
36
SortedMap
The elements are traversed according
to the keys natural ordering
(ascending)
Augments Map interface
SortedMap subMap(K fromKey, K toKey)
SortedMap headMap(K toKey)
SortedMap tailMap(K fromKey)
K firstKey()
K lastKey()
37
Map implementations
Analogous of Set
HashMap implements Map
No order
LinkedHashMap extends HashMap
Insertion order
TreeMap implements SortedMap
Ascending key order
38
HashMap
Get/set takes constant time (in case of
no collisions)
Automatic re-allocation when load
factor reached
Constructor optional arguments
load factor (default = .75)
initial capacity (default = 16)
39
Using HashMap
Map<String,Student> students =
new HashMap<String,Student>();
students.put(123,
new Student(123,Joe Smith));
Student s = students.get(123);
for(Student si: students.values()){
}
41
Iterators and iteration
A common operation with collections
is to iterate over their elements
Interface Iterator provides a
transparent means to cycle through all
elements of a Collection
Keeps track of last visited element of
the related collection
Each time the current element is
queried, it moves on automatically
42
Iterator interface
boolean hasNext()
Object next()
void remove()
43
Iterator examples
Collection<Person> persons =
new LinkedList<Person>();

for(Iterator<Person> i = persons.iterator();
i.hasNext(); ) {
Person p = i.next();

System.out.println(p);
}
Print all objects in a list
44
Iterator examples
Collection<Person> persons =
new LinkedList<Person>();

for(Person p: persons) {

System.out.println(p);
}
The for-each syntax avoids
using iterator directly
45
Iteration examples
Map<String,Person> people =
new HashMap<String,Person>();

Collection<Person> values = people.values();

for(Person p: values) {
System.out.println(p);
}
Print all values in a map
(variant using while)
46
Iteration examples
Map<String,Person> people =
new HashMap<String,Person>();

Collection<String> keys = people.keySet();

for(String ssn: keys) {
Person p = people.get(ssn);
System.out.println(ssn + " - " + p);
}
Print all keys AND values in a map
47
Iterator examples (until Java 1.4)
Collection persons = new LinkedList();

for(Iterator i= persons.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {

Person p = (Person)i.next();

}
Print all objects in a list
48
Iteration examples (until Java 1.4)
Map people = new HashMap();

Collection values = people.values();

Iterator i = values.iterator();
while( i.hasNext() ) {
Person p = (Person)i.next();

}
Print all values in a map
(variant using while)
49
Iteration examples (until Java 1.4)
Map people = new HashMap();

Collection keys = people.keySet();

for(Iterator i= keys.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
String ssn = (String)i.next();
Person p = (Person)people.get(ssn);

}
Print all keys AND values in a map
50
Note well
It is unsafe to iterate over a collection
you are modifying (add/del) at the
same time
Unless you are using the iterator
methods
Iterator.remove()
ListIterator.add()
51
Delete
List<Integer> lst=new LinkedList<Integer>();
lst.add(new Integer(10));
lst.add(new Integer(11));
lst.add(new Integer(13));
lst.add(new Integer(20));
int count = 0;
for (Iterator<?> itr = lst.iterator();
itr.hasNext(); ) {
itr.next();
if (count==1)
lst.remove(count); // wrong
count++;
}
ConcurrentModificationException
52
Delete (contd)
List<Integer> lst=new LinkedList<Integer>();
lst.add(new Integer(10));
lst.add(new Integer(11));
lst.add(new Integer(13));
lst.add(new Integer(20));
int count = 0;
for (Iterator<?> itr = lst.iterator();
itr.hasNext(); ) {
itr.next();
if (count==1)
itr.remove(); // ok
count++;
}
Correct
53
Add
List lst = new LinkedList();
lst.add(new Integer(10));
lst.add(new Integer(11));
lst.add(new Integer(13));
lst.add(new Integer(20));
int count = 0;
for (Iterator itr = lst.iterator();
itr.hasNext(); ) {
itr.next();
if (count==2)
lst.add(count, new Integer(22));//wrong
count++;
}
ConcurrentModificationException
54
Add (contd)
List<Integer> lst=new LinkedList<Integer>();
lst.add(new Integer(10));
lst.add(new Integer(11));
lst.add(new Integer(13));
lst.add(new Integer(20));
int count = 0;
for (ListIterator<Integer> itr =
lst.listIterator(); itr.hasNext();){
itr.next();
if (count==2)
itr.add(new Integer(22)); // ok
count++;
}
Correct
56
Comparable interface
Compares the receiving object with the
specified object.
Return value must be:
<0 if this precedes obj
==0 if this has the same order as obj
>0 if this follows obj
public interface Comparable<T> {
public int compareTo(T obj);
}
57
Comparable
The interface is implemented by language
common types in packages java.lang and
java.util
String objects are lexicographically
ordered
Date objects are chronologically ordered
Number and sub-classes are ordered
numerically
58
Custom ordering
How to define an ordering upon
Student objects according to the
natural alphabetic order
public class Student
implements Comparable<Student>{
private String first;
private String last;
public int compareTo(Student o){
...
}
}
59
Custom ordering
public int compareTo(Student o){
int cmp = lastName.compareTo(s.lastName);
if(cmp!=0)
return cmp;
else
return firstName.compareTo(s.firstName);
}
60
Ordering the old way
In pre Java 5 code we had:
public int compareTo(Object obj)
No control on types
A cast had to be performed within the
method
Possible ClassCastException when
comparing objects of unrelated types
61
Ordering the old way
public int compareTo(Object obj){
Student s = (Student)obj;
int cmp = lastName.compareTo(s.lastName);
if(cmp!=0)
return cmp;
else
return firstName.compareTo(s.firstName);
}
possible
run-time error
62
Custom ordering (alternative)
java.util
Compares its two arguments
Return value must be
<0 if o1 precedes o2
==0 if o1 has the same ordering as o2
>0 if o1 follows o2
public interface Comparator<T> {
public int compare(T o1, T o2);
}
63
Custom ordering (alternative)
class StudentIDComparator
implements Comparator<Student> {
public int compare(Student s1, Student s2){
return s1.getID() - s2.getID();
}
}
Usually used to define alternative orderings
to Comparable
The old way version compares two Object
references
65
Algorithms
Static methods of java.util.Collections class
Work on lists
sort() - merge sort, n log(n)
binarySearch() requires ordered sequence
shuffle() unsort
reverse() - requires ordered sequence
rotate() of given a distance
min(), max() in a Collection
66
Sort method
Two generic overloads:
on Comparable objects:
public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>>
void sort(List<T> list)
using a Comparator object:
public static <T>
void sort(List<T> list, Comparator<? super T>)
67
Sort generic
Why <? super T> instead of just <T> ?
Suppose you define
MasterStudent extends Student { }
Intending to inherit the Student ordering
It does not implement
Comparable<MasterStudent>
But MasterStudent extends (indirectly)
Comparable<Student>
T extends Comparable<? super T>
Student
MasterStudent
MasterStudent
68
Custom ordering (alternative)
List students = new LinkedList();
students.add(new Student(Mary,Smith,34621));
students.add(new Student(Alice,Knight,13985));
students.add(new Student(Joe,Smith,95635));
Collections.sort(students); // sort by name
Collections.sort(students,
new StudentIDComparator()); // sort by ID
69
Search
<T> int binarySearch(List<? extends
Comparable<? super T>> l, T key)
Searches the specified object
List must be sorted into ascending order
according to natural ordering
<T> int binarySearch(List<? extends T> l,
T key, Comparator<? super T> c)
Searches the specified object
List must be sorted into ascending order
according to the specified comparator
70
Algorithms - Arrays
Static methods of java.util.Arrays class
Work on object arrays
sort()
binarySearch()
71
Search - Arrays
int binarySearch(Object[] a, Object key)
Searches the specified object
Array must be sorted into ascending
order according to natural ordering
int binarySearch(Object[] a, Object key,
Comparator c)
Searches the specified object
Array must be sorted into ascending
order according to the specified
comparator