Button Input:

On/off state change

Desktop fan project
EAS 199A, Fall 2011
EAS 199A: Button Input
User input features of the fan
Potentiometer for speed control
!
Continually variable input makes sense for speed control
!
Previously discussed
Start/stop
!
Could use a conventional power switch
!
Push button (momentary) switch
Lock or limit rotation angle
!
Button click to hold/release fan in one position
!
Potentiometer to set range limit
2
EAS 199A: Button Input
Conventional on/off switch
Basic light switch or rocker switch
!
Makes or breaks connection to power
!
Switch stays in position: On or Off
!
Toggle position indicates the state
!
NOT in the Arduino Inventors Kit
3
Image from lowes.com Image from sparkfun.com
EAS 199A: Button Input
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EAS 199A: Button Input
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EAS 199A: Button Input
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EAS 199A: Button Input
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Normally Open Normally Closed
EAS 199A: Button Input
Normally open
!
electrical contact is made when button is pressed
Normally closed
!
electrical contact is broken when button is pressed
Internal spring returns button to its un-pressed state
Momentary or push-button switches
8
Image from sparkfun.com
Open Closed
EAS 199A: Button Input
Putting buttons into action
1. Build the circuit: same one is used for all examples
Test with LED on/off
LED is only controlled by the button, not by Arduino code
2. Create a wait to start button
Simplest button implementation
Execution is blocked while waiting for a button click
3. Use an interrupt handler
Most sophisticated: Dont block execution while waiting for
button input
Most sophisticated: Requires good understanding of coding
Requires de-bouncing
Not too hard to use as a black box
9
EAS 199A: Button Input
Digital input with a pull-down resistor
!
When switch is open (button not pressed):
! Digital input pin is tied to ground
! No current ows, so there is no voltage
difference from input pin to ground
! Reading on digital input is LOW
!
When switch is closed (button is pressed):
! Current ows from 5V to ground, causing LED
to light up.
! The 10k resistor limits the current draw by
the input pin.
! The 330" resistor causes a large voltage drop
between 5V and ground, which causes the
digital input pin to be closer to 5V.
! Reading on digital input is HIGH
Momentary Button and LED Circuit
10
LED
10 k
330
5V
Digital
input pin
Push-button
switch
EAS 199A: Button Input
Programs for the LED/Button Circuit
1. Continuous monitor of button state
!
Program is completely occupied by monitoring the button
!
Used as a demonstration not practically useful
2. Wait for button input
3. Interrupt Handler
All three programs use the same electrical circuit
11
EAS 199A: Button Input
Continuous monitor of button state
12
int button_pin = 4; // pin used to read the button
void setup() {
pinMode( button_pin, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); // Button state is sent to host
}
void loop() {
int button;

button = digitalRead( button_pin );
if ( button == HIGH ) {
Serial.println("on");
} else {
Serial.println("off");
}
}
Serial monitor shows
a continuous stream
of on or off
This program does not control the LED
LED
10 k
330
5V
Digital
input pin
Push-button
switch
EAS 199A: Button Input
Programs for the LED/Button Circuit
1. Continuous monitor of button state
!
Program is completely occupied by monitoring the button
!
Used as a demonstration not practically useful
2. Wait for button input
!
Blocks execution while waiting
!
May be useful as a start button
3. Interrupt Handler
All three programs use the same electrical circuit
13
EAS 199A: Button Input
Wait for button input
14
int button_pin = 4; // pin used to read the button
void setup() {
int start_click = LOW; // Initial state: no click yet

pinMode( button_pin, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
while ( !start_click ) {
start_click = digitalRead( button_pin );
Serial.println("Waiting for button press");
}
}
void loop() {
int button;

button = digitalRead( button_pin );
if ( button == HIGH ) {
Serial.println("on");
} else {
Serial.println("off");
}
}
Same loop()
function as
before
while loop continues
as long as start_click
is FALSE
LED
10 k
330
5V
Digital
input pin
Push-button
switch
EAS 199A: Button Input
Programs for the LED/Button Circuit
1. Continuous monitor of button state
!
Program is completely occupied by monitoring the button
!
Used as a demonstration not practically useful
2. Wait for button input
!
Blocks execution while waiting
!
May be useful as a start button
3. Interrupt Handler
!
Most versatile
!
Does not block execution
!
Interrupt is used to change a ag that indicates state
!
Regular code in loop function checks the sate of the ag
All three programs use the same electrical circuit
15
EAS 199A: Button Input
Interrupt handler for button input
16
int button_interrupt = 0; // Interrupt 0 is on pin 2 !!
int toggle_on = false; // Button click switches state
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
attachInterrupt( button_interrupt, handle_click, RISING); // Register handler
}
void loop() {
if ( toggle_on ) {
Serial.println("on");
} else {
Serial.println("off");
}
}
void handle_click()
{
static unsigned long last_interrupt_time = 0; // Zero only at start

unsigned long interrupt_time = millis(); // Read the clock
if ( interrupt_time - last_interrupt_time > 200 ) { // Ignore when < 200 msec
toggle_on = !toggle_on;
}
last_interrupt_time = interrupt_time;
}
LED
10 k
330
5V
Digital
input pin
Push-button
switch
EAS 199A: Button Input
Interrupt handler for button input
17
int button_interrupt = 0; // Interrupt 0 is on pin 2 !!
int toggle_on = false; // Button click switches state
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
attachInterrupt( button_interrupt, handle_click, RISING); // Register handler
}
void loop() {
if ( toggle_on ) {
Serial.println("on");
} else {
Serial.println("off");
}
}
void handle_click()
{
static unsigned long last_interrupt_time = 0; // Zero only at start

unsigned long interrupt_time = millis(); // Read the clock
if ( interrupt_time - last_interrupt_time > 200 ) { // Ignore when < 200 msec
toggle_on = !toggle_on;
}
last_interrupt_time = interrupt_time;
}
Interrupt handler must be registered when program starts
The interrupt handler, handle_click,
is a user-written function that is
called when an interrupt is detected
button_interrupt is the ID
or number of the interrupt.
It must be 0 or 1
A RISING interrupt occurs when the
pin changes from LOW to HIGH
EAS 199A: Button Input
Interrupt handler for button input
18
int button_interrupt = 0; // Interrupt 0 is on pin 2 !!
int toggle_on = false; // Button click switches state
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
attachInterrupt( button_interrupt, handle_click, RISING); // Register handler
}
void loop() {
if ( toggle_on ) {
Serial.println("on");
} else {
Serial.println("off");
}
}
void handle_click()
{
static unsigned long last_interrupt_time = 0; // Zero only at start

unsigned long interrupt_time = millis(); // Read the clock
if ( interrupt_time - last_interrupt_time > 200 ) { // Ignore when < 200 msec
toggle_on = !toggle_on;
}
last_interrupt_time = interrupt_time;
}
toggle_on is a global variable that remembers
the state. It is either true or false (1 or 0).
The loop() function only checks the state
of toggle_on. The value of toggle_on is
set in the interrupt handler, handle_click.
The value of toggle_on is ipped only
when a true interrupt even occurs. De-
bouncing is described in the next slide.
EAS 199A: Button Input
Interrupt handler for button input
19
int button_interrupt = 0; // Interrupt 0 is on pin 2 !!
int toggle_on = false; // Button click switches state
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
attachInterrupt( button_interrupt, handle_click, RISING); // Register handler
}
void loop() {
if ( toggle_on ) {
Serial.println("on");
} else {
Serial.println("off");
}
}
void handle_click()
{
static unsigned long last_interrupt_time = 0; // Zero only at start

unsigned long interrupt_time = millis(); // Read the clock
if ( interrupt_time - last_interrupt_time > 200 ) { // Ignore when < 200 msec
toggle_on = !toggle_on;
}
last_interrupt_time = interrupt_time;
}
Value of a static variable is always retained
Ignore events that occur in less than
200 msec from each other. These are
likely to be mechanical bounces.
Use long: the time value in
milliseconds can become large
Clock time when current interrupt occurs
Save current time as the new last time
EAS 199A: Button Input
Other references
Ladyada tutorial
!
Excellent and detailed
!
http://www.ladyada.net/learn/arduino/lesson5.html
Arduino reference
!
Minimal explanation
! http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Button
!
Using interrupts
! http://www.uchobby.com/index.php/2007/11/24/arduino-interrupts/
! http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/AttachInterrupt
20