Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research

Vol. 35, March 2010, pp. 21-30

Effect of spinning conditions on mechanical and performance characteristics of
cotton ring- and compact-spun yarns
G K Tyagi
a
, Manik Bhowmick, S Bhattacharyya & R Kumar
The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani 127 021, India
Received 1 May 2009; accepted 15 June 2009
The effect of spinning conditions on the structural, mechanical and low -stress response of cotton ring- and compact-
spun yarns has been studied. Spinning conditions include spinning draft, twist factor, yarn tex and spindle speed. Generally,
the compact- spun yarns display higher mean migration intensity and lower values of mean fibre position, helix angle and
helix diameter. It is also observed that the yarn structures produced under various spinning conditions yield different
performance characteristics and the differences are quite meaningful; however, using appropriate twist factor and varying
spindle speed, one can successfully spun yarns with less hairiness, better abrasion resistance, and quite sufficient structural
integrity and compressional energy. An optimal spinning draft is required if the optimum level of structural integrity,
compressional energy, compressional resilience and abrasion resistance of a yarn needs to be achieved for a specific end-
use. The behaviour of compact-spun yarns is noticeably better in respect of tensile strength, work of rupture, abrasion
resistance, hairiness and mass irregularity.
Keywords: Abrasion resistance, Compressional energy, Compact-spun yarn, Cotton, Ring-spun yarn, Structural integrity
1 Introduction
The mechanical characteristics of staple yarns are
decisively influenced by the yarn structure
characterized by the arrangement of individual fibres in
yarn cross-section. The yarn structure can be modified
by changing physical and technological parameters of
the spinning process. Many yarn characteristics such as
tenacity, breaking elongation, appearance and
uniformity depend on fibre distribution along the yarn
cross-section. Hence, numerous studies have been
carried out on yarn structure and related properties
1-3
.
In contrast to the availability of vast amount of
literature on fibre arrangement in ring-, rotor- and jet-
spun yarns
4-7
, relatively little attention has been given
to the structural features of compact-spun yarns. Most
of the studies on compact-spun yarns have been
focused on the application of compact spinning to
short-to-medium cottons and are concerned with the
properties of yarns produced by different systems
8-11
.
There are occasional references to the fibre
arrangement in compact yarns
12,13
, but none has so far
addressed the question of the extent to which the
spinning parameters influence structural features and
quality characteristics. This paper highlights the
structural and characteristic variations in cotton ring-
and compact-spun yarns caused by spinning draft, twist
factor and twisting speed. Besides, the performance
characteristics of these yarns are also examined.

2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Preparation of Yarn Samples
The yarns used for the study were made from J-34
cotton (2.5% span length, 26.8mm; fineness, 1.8dtex;
tenacity, 26.7 g/tex; and breaking extension, 6.5%) on
ring and compact spinning machines with different
twist factors ranging from 33.56 to 38.36. Lap was
made on Lakshmi Rieters blow room line and carded
on Texmaco Howa card. The conversion to combed
sliver was carried out by using Rieters sliver lapper
LE2/4a, Rieters ribbon lapper LE4/7a and Rieters
comber E 7/4. The stock from the combing unit was
drawn twice on a Lakshmi Rieters draw frame
DO/2S and converted into 2.5 Ne rove using an O K
K fly frame, which was used to produce 14.7 tex yarn
on Rieters G 5/1 ring frame using conventional and
rotorcraft compact spinning mode (RoCoS)
14
. The
spindle speed and spinning draft were changed, while
other production parameters were kept constant. Six
sets of 29.5 tex yarns were also spun at two different
speeds with three twist factors.

2.2 Test Methods
Prior to processing, 0.5% of cotton fibres dyed in
red colour was added to the grey fibres during mixing
__________________
a
To whom all the correspondence should be addressed.

E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 2010


22
and the lot was spun into yarns in a normal way. The
yarns were then immersed in methyl salicylate having
the same refractive index as the fibres so that the dyed
fibres could be readily observed through an image
analyzer. The yarn structural parameters, namely
mean fibre position, mean migration intensity, helix
angle and helix diameter, were measured using a
Lieca Q 500 MC, image analyzer. Eighty observations
with both ends shown on the screen were made for
each yarn sample. Tensile properties of all the yarns
were measured on an Instron using 500mm test
specimen and 200mm/min cross-head speed. The
mean yarn tenacity and breaking extension were
averaged from 50 observations for each yarn sample.
Zweigles hairiness meter (Model G 565) was used to
record yarn hairiness and an uster evenness tester to
assess mass irregularity of the yarns. Abrasion
resistance of yarns was determined by CSI abrasion
tester according to ASTM D3885-99; the number of
abrasion cycles required to rupture the specimen was
noted. The structural integrity was determined on
Instron tensile tester using 200 mm gauge length and
20mm/min cross-head speed. The upper limit was
fixed at 2% strain and twenty cycles were fixed on the
Instron universal tester. The yarn performance was
assessed in terms of percentage decay using the
following expression:

% Decay= [(A
1
-A
20
)/A
I
] 100

where A
1
and A
20
are the areas under the curves for
first and twentieth cycles. The yarns were tested for
compressional energy on the Instron universal tester
according to the method described by Basu and
Chellamani
15
. A parallel array of yarn was
compressed between two parallel compression plates
to a pressure of 2.5 g/m
2
with the anvil and foot
diameters of 120mm and 40mm respectively. The
initial separation between the plates was kept as
10mm and cross-head speed as 0.5 mm/min. The
compressional resiliency was calculated by expressing
unloading curve area as percentage of loading curve.
Twenty observations were made for each yarn
sample.

3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Structural Features
The relationships between structural characteristics
and spinning conditions of the ring- and compact-
spun yarns are shown in Figs 1-2. The results show

Fig.1Variation in mean fibre position and mean migration intensity with spinning parameters [S1compact yarn, 250 rps; S2ring yarn,
250 rps; S3compact yarn, 291.66 rps, and S4ring yarn, 291.66rps]
TYAGI et al.: MECHANICAL & PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON RING & COMPACT YARNS


23
that the different spinning systems deliver yarns with
distinct structural features, and their variance depends
on the spinning conditions used. In general, compact-
spun yarns have lower mean fibre position, higher
mean migration intensity, and smaller helix angle and
helix diameter. Mean migration intensity increases
with the increase in twist factor and spindle speed. An
increase in spindle speed causes a regular decrease in
mean fibre position and helix diameter; the latter
further reduces with the increase in twist factor. For
both types of yarn structures, helix angle increases
with twist factor and decreases with spindle speed. No
specific relationship between structural parameters
and spinning draft for ring- and compact-spun yarns
has been observed; however, yarns spun with a large
spinning draft exhibit larger values of mean fibre
position, mean migration intensity, helix angle and
helix diameter.

3.2 Tensile Properties
The influence of four experimental factors, viz.
spinning mode, twist factor, level of spinning draft and
twisting speed, on the yarn characteristics was assessed
for significance using ANOVA analysis (Table 1); the
confidence level used was 99%. Table 2 shows the
results of tensile test. The differences between tenacity

Fig.2Variation in helix angle and diameter with spinning parameters [S1compact yarn, 250 rps; S2ring yarn, 250 rps; S3compact
yarn, 291.66 rps, and S4ring yarn, 291.66rps]

Table 1 ANOVA test results
F-ratio Process
parameter
Tenacity Breaking
extension
Work of
rupture
Unevenness Packing
density
Abrasion
resistance
Hairiness Structural
Integrity
Compressional
energy
Compressional
resiliency

Spinning
mode
924.1
(34.1)
400.0
(34.1)
424.8
(34.1)
81.6
(21.2)
98.0
(34.1)
69.2
(21.2)
864.7
(34.1)
261.5
(34.1)
3249.0
(98.4)
182.6
(34.1)
Spinning
draft
216.0
(34.1)
324.0
(34.1)
198.8
(34.1)
160.0
(21.2)
84.5
(34.1)
24.0
(21.2)
529.0
(34.1)
56.6
(34.1)
4225.0
(98.4)
104.1
(34.1)
Twist
factor
100.1
(34.1)
171.9
(34.1)
336.3
(34.1)
106.1
(21.2)
69.4
(34.1)
174.0
(21.2)
93.3
(34.1)
63.8
(34.1)
739.6
(98.4)
581.8
(34.1)
Spindle
speed
118.8
(34.1)
25.0
(34.1)
115.1
(34.1)
91.2
(21.2)
38.0
(34.1)
14.2
(21.2)
121.0
(34.1)
42.3
(34.1)
961.0
(98.4)
73.0
(34.1)
Figures in parentheses indicate table values.
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 2010


24
indices for ring- and compact-spun yarns are
significant at 99% confidence level, and in all cases,
compact-spun yarns have substantially higher values
than those of conventional ring-spun yarns. These
results obviously indicate that the compact spinning
leads to better integration of fibres, resulting in
effective and better utilization of fibre characteristics in
these yarns. Besides, improved fibre binding caused by
lateral condensation of fibres by pneumatic forces also
contributes to the higher tenacity. With spinning draft,
tenacity exhibits distinct trends. In general, the tenacity
of all yarns initially increases with spinning draft and
then drops at increasing draft of 50. The increase in
yarn tenacity at low spinning drafts is expected to be
due to the reduction in mean fibre position and
improved equivalent migration frequency. Indeed,
mean fibre positions in ring- and compact-spun yarns
reduce from 0.3568 and 0.3958 to 0.3286 and 0.3680
respectively with the increase in spinning draft from 30
to 40. Increasing the spindle speed from 233.33 rps to
266.66 rps has a strong influence on yarn tenacity,
which can further be enhanced by increasing tex twist
factor. This coincides with the change in yarn packing
density at the higher twist factor. The packing density
of 14.7 tex compact yarns spun at 250 rps with 33.56
and 38.36 twist factors are 0.44 and 0.47 respectively.
Analysis of variance results of the breaking
elongation (Table 1) show that the differences in
breaking elongation of normal ring- and compact-
spun yarns are statistically significant at 99%
confidence level and that the breaking elongation of
compact yarn is generally higher than that of normal
ring-spun yarn for all experimental combinations. The
significant improvement in yarn breaking elongation
for the compact- spun yarns is due to the fact that the
fibres are better integrated and uniformly arranged
16
to
effectively contribute to yarn breaking elongation.
Differences become apparent in breaking elongation
values of yarns differing in twist. The yarns spun with
38.56 twist factor are considerably more extensible
than the yarns twisted with 33.36 twist factor. This
implies that the helical arrangement of fibres
influences yarn elongation. On the other hand, a
remarkable dependence of the breaking elongation on
spindle speed can be seen in Table 2. As is generally
known, higher spindle speed produces less extensible
yarns obviously due to increased spinning tension,
causing the removal of original curliness of fibres in
the yarn structure.

The data for work of rupture for different cotton
yarns in respect of spinning draft, twist factor and
spindle speed are presented in Table 2. Expectedly,
compact spinning produces yarns of remarkably
higher work of rupture. In regards to twist factor,
work of rupture reflects a similar trend as yarn
tenacity and breaking elongation. However, if spindle
Table 2 Effect of spinning conditions on tenacity, breaking elongation and work of rupture of ring- and compact-spun yarns
[Yarn linear density, 14.7 tex]
Tenacity, mN/tex Breaking elongation, % Work of rupture10
-3
, g/den Yarn type Spinning
draft
Tex twist
factor
250
a
291.66
a
250
a
291.66
a
250
a
291.66
a

Compact 30 33.56 158.9 161.8 5.6 5.3 50.4 48.5
Compact 30 35.96 169.7 182.4 5.9 5.4 56.7 54.7
Compact 30 38.36 181.4 189.3 6.4 6.0 65.7 64.3
Compact 40 33.56 176.5 178.5 6.4 6.1 64.0 61.6
Compact 40 35.96 186.3 189.3 6.7 6.5 70.7 69.6
Compact 40 38.36 192.2 194.2 7.1 6.9 77.3 75.9
Compact 50 33.56 168.7 176.5 5.8 5.3 55.4 53.5
Compact 50 35.96 177.5 178.5 6.3 6.1 63.3 61.1
Compact 50 38.36 186.3 188.3 6.8 6.4 71.7 68.2
Ring 30 33.56 140.2 143.2 4.5 4.3 35.7 34.8
Ring 30 35.96 154.0 157.9 4.9 4.6 42.7 41.1
Ring 30 38.36 166.7 174.6 5.2 5.0 49.1 49.4
Ring 40 33.56 152.0 155.9 5.1 4.8 43.9 42.4
Ring 40 35.96 162.8 166.7 5.6 5.4 51.6 51.0
Ring 40 38.36 175.5 179.5 6.2 6.0 61.6 61.0
Ring 50 33.56 141.2 145.1 4.8 4.6 38.4 37.8
Ring 50 35.96 162.8 167.7 5.3 5.0 48.8 46.6
Ring 50 38.36 172.6 174.6 5.8 5.6 56.7 55.3
a
Spindle speed, rps.

TYAGI et al.: MECHANICAL & PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON RING & COMPACT YARNS


25
speed is increased from 250 rps to 291.66 rps, the
work of rupture shows a noticeable decrease,
regardless of the spinning mode. Spinning draft is also
a very important parameter, which correlates well to
the spun yarn properties. Table 2 reveals that when
yarn is spun at a given spindle speed, work of rupture
is best according to the medium spinning draft of
about 40, clearly indicating an optimum spinning
draft for compact spinning to obtain the best yarn
quality.

3.3 Mass Irregularity and Imperfections
Analysis of variance performed on the yarn
evenness and imperfections such as thin places (-
50%), thick places (+50%), and neps(+200%) reveals
that for all experimental conditions, the differences
between the mass irregularity values of ring- and
compact-spun yarns are statistically significant at
99% confidence level; the evenness of conventional
ring-spun yarns is not as good as that of the compact
yarns (Table 3). This result is quite surprising because
yarn regularity is largely governed by the average
number of fibres in yarn cross-section. Since the
number of fibres in yarn cross-section should remain
the same for a given fibre and yarn linear density, the
better regularity of the compact- spun yarns is the
expected consequence of the improved integration of
fibres at twisting triangle and reduction in fibre loss
from the yarn body. When a comparison of the
evenness test data of the yarns produced with
different spinning drafts is made, the mass irregularity
and imperfection indices of the yarns spun using
higher spinning draft is appreciably higher due to
increased drafting wave
17
. It is also worth noting that
evenness of both types of yarns deteriorates
significantly with increasing twist factor, most likely
due to obstruction in fibre movement at the nip of
front roller. Moreover, yarns with better uniformity
could be produced using lower spindle speed.
Analysis of variance results verify that the effect of
twist factor and spindle speed on the number of
imperfections is significant.

3.4 Performance Characteristics
3.4.1 Packing Density
Figure 3 shows the packing density of various
yarns. The fact that different systems deliver different
yarn diameters also holds true for this investigation.
Generally, compact-spun yarns possess higher
packing density than the ring-spun yarns, and its
Table 3 Effect of spinning conditions on unevenness and imperfections of ring- and compact-spun yarns
[Yarn linear density, 14.7 tex]
U% Imperfections/1000 m
250
a
291.66
a

Yarn type Spinning
draft
Tex twist
factor
250
a
291.66
a

Thick
places
(+50%)
Thin
places
(-50%)
Neps
(+200%)
Total Thick
places
(+50%)
Thin
places
(-50%)
Neps
(+200%)
Total
Compact 30 33.56 9.6 9.9 23 2 54 79 34 0 66 100
Compact 30 35.96 9.9 10.5 32 0 65 97 34 1 91 125
Compact 30 38.36 10.3 11.3 42 0 103 145 44 0 107 151
Compact 40 33.56 10.5 11.2 32 1 71 104 36 0 77 113
Compact 40 35.96 11.0 11.9 37 2 75 114 47 1 86 134
Compact 40 38.36 11.5 12.6 48 3 106 157 57 10 110 177
Compact 50 33.56 10.8 11.3 34 4 87 125 42 10 98 150
Compact 50 35.96 11.2 11.5 46 13 102 161 51 12 114 177
Compact 50 38.36 11.8 12.6 57 19 109 185 63 19 123 205
Ring 30 33.56 10.4 10.7 35 2 69 106 39 0 75 114
Ring 30 35.96 10.9 11.3 52 1 100 153 55 1 112 168
Ring 30 38.36 11.2 12.2 65 6 115 186 63 11 126 200
Ring 40 33.56 11.3 12.3 44 0 83 127 52 0 104 156
Ring 40 35.96 11.6 12.5 59 2 115 176 71 3 120 194
Ring 40 38.36 12.4 12.8 77 4 122 203 87 7 132 226
Ring 50 33.56 11.5 12.5 49 7 103 159 59 13 122 194
Ring 50 35.96 12.1 12.8 68 18 128 197 75 18 133 209
Ring 50 38.36 12.7 13.0 82 26 139 247 98 30 146 274
a
Spindle speed, rps.
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 2010


26
variance depends on the experimental conditions
used. The higher packing density of the compact-spun
yarns could be the result of the narrow ribbon width
fed to the spinning triangle, causing the spinning
triangle to virtually disappear. As a result, all fibres
from the drafted ribbon are collected and fully
integrated in the yarn body. For both types of yarn
structures, the packing density increases significantly
with the increase in spindle speed due to regular
straightening and enhanced migration of fibres,
which, in turn, improves packing coefficient. The
impact of yarn linear density is along the expected
lines, a higher linear density results in a lower
packing density. On increase in spinning draft, the
packing density first increases significantly and then
decreases. This is because of a reduction in the width
of fibre band in the drafting zone at lower spinning
drafts, which produces a compact yarn with smaller
diameter. However, at 50 spinning draft, the fibres are
in less compact form due to the increased ribbon
width. Consequently, there is less hindrance to fibre
migration, and the twisting angle is also more
obtuse
18
, which influence the average values of yarn
diameter and packing coefficient. High twist factor
causes high packing coefficient in the yarn according
to the data given in Fig. 3. Yarns spun with 33.56
twist factor have the least packing density, and there
are meaningful differences between 33.56 twist factor
and the other twist factors for packing density.

3.4.2 Abrasion Resistance
Figure 4 shows the results of abrasion test. When
compared with conventional ring-spun yarns,
compact-spun yarns have significantly higher
abrasion resistance. In compact spinning, the
minimization of the spinning triangle enables almost
all fibres to be incorporated into the yarn structure.
Besides, the uniform pretension of the majority of
fibres enables more synchronic breakage of the
majority of fibres, which contributes to higher
abrasion resistance. When one looks on the association


114.7 tex ring-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
; 214.7 tex compact-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
314.7 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 414.7 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
529.5 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 629.5 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
Fig. 3Variation in packing density of ring- and compact-spun
yarns with spinning parameters [tex twist factor: (a) 33.56; (b)
35.96; and (c) 38.36]



114.7 tex ring-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
; 214.7 tex compact-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
314.7 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 414.7 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
529.5 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 629.5 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
Fig. 4Variation in abrasion resistance of ring- and compact-
spun yarns with spinning parameters [tex twist factor: (a) 33.56;
(b) 35.96; and (c) 38.36]

TYAGI et al.: MECHANICAL & PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON RING & COMPACT YARNS


27
of abrasion resistance with spinning draft, there seems
to be a significant relationship for the yarns at various
spinning drafts. For all the yarns, the abrasion
resistance initially increases with spinning draft and
then drops at an increasing spinning draft of 50. The
increase in abrasion resistance at low spinning draft is
associated with the enhanced fibre cohesion caused by
reduction in mean fibre position
19
. The mean fibre
positions are found to be 0.3614 and 0.3441 for 14.7
tex compact-spun yarns made with 30 and 40 spinning
drafts with 35.96 twist factor at 250 rps spindle speed.
Increasing twist factor from 33.56 to 38.36 has a strong
positive influence on yarn abrasion resistance, which
can be further enhanced by raising spindle speed. Also,
as yarn linear density increases, abrasion resistance
increases, regardless of spinning parameters used.

3.4.3 Hairiness
The variation in hairiness of cotton ring- and
compact-spun yarns with varying twist factor, spindle
speed and spinning draft is shown in Fig. 5. In general,
compact-spun yarns are consistently less hairy than the
ring-spun yarns produced under identical processing
conditions. For both these yarns, there is a marked
reduction in hairiness as the yarn linear density
decreases. Increasing spinning draft causes a
continuous increase in hairiness on account of the
increased release of floating fibres
20
.

Both spindle
speed and twist factor have a marked influence on
hairiness. Hairiness increases linearly when spindle
speed increases and, at the same time, when twist
factor decreases. The increase can be attributed to the
aforementioned factors.

3.4.4 Structural Integrity
The decay behaviour of textile materials can be used
to characterize their structural integrity. Figure 6
illustrates the effects of different processing factors on
the structural integrity of ring- and compact-spun
yarns. As expected, the yarn results show a highly
significant effect of the spinning process on structural
integrity. Invariably, the compact-spun yarns exhibit
progressively better structural integrity than the


114.7 tex ring-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
; 214.7 tex compact-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
314.7 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 414.7 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
529.5 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 629.5 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
Fig. 5Variation in hairiness of ring- and compact-spun yarns
with spinning parameters [tex twist factor: (a) 33.56; (b) 35.96;
and (c) 38.36]


114.7 tex ring-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
; 214.7 tex compact-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
314.7 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 414.7 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
529.5 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 629.5 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed

Fig. 6Variation in per cent decay of ring- and compact-spun
yarns with spinning parameters [tex twist factor: (a) 33.56; (b)
35.96; and (c) 38.36]
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 2010


28
conventional ring-spun yarns, irrespective of the
processing parameters used. The superior structural
integrity is believed to result from increased
compactness of the yarn structural matrix as a
consequence of the incorporation of fibres into yarn
structure, which, in turn, causes the fibres to cohere,
leading to increased yarn strength. The twist factor is
important for yarn structural integrity. In general, as
the twist factor increases from 33.56 to 38.36,
structural integrity also improves regardless of yarn
type and spindle speed, indicating that the higher yarn
twist impairs the reduction in structural integrity.
Change in spindle speed also noticeably improves
structural integrity, and a higher spindle speed is
preferable. On the other hand, 14.7 tex yarns
experience a greater decay than the 29.5 tex yarns
for all experimental combinations. However,
characteristic decay tends to be longer in yarns
produced with very high spinning drafts, as expected.
3.4.5 Compressional Energy
Figure 7 shows the mean values of compressional
energy for various yarn structures. The compressional
energy of ring-spun yarns varies between 1.28% and
1.85%, depending upon the spinning conditions used.
In the case of compact-spun yarns, it varies from
1.17% to 1.69% and 1.29% to 1.46% for the 14.7 tex
and 29.5 tex yarns respectively, indicating that
compressional energy alters with different spinning
modes. A higher difference between compressional
energy of the compact and conventional yarns
produced on Rieters ring frame is believed to be the
outcome of the greater fibre consolidation brought out
by the drafting system used on the former. When the
spinning draft increases from 30 to 40, the subsequent
result is a decrease in compressional energy; the
latter, however, increases as the spinning draft is


114.7 tex ring-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
; 214.7 tex compact-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
314.7 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 414.7 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
529.5 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 629.5 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
Fig. 7Variation in compressional energy of ring- and compact-
spun yarns with spinning parameters [tex twist factor: (a) 33.56;
(b) 35.96; and (c) 38.36]


114.7 tex ring-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
; 214.7 tex compact-spun,
250 rps spindle speed
314.7 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 414.7 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed
529.5 tex ring-spun, 291.66 rps
spindle speed
; 629.5 tex compact-spun,
291.66 rps spindle speed

Fig. 8Variation in compressional resiliency of ring- and
compact-spun yarns with spinning parameters [ tex twist factor:
(a) 33.56; (b) 35.96; and (c) 38.36]
TYAGI et al.: MECHANICAL & PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON RING & COMPACT YARNS


29
further increased to 50. The larger yarn diameter
produced with high spinning drafts contributes greatly
to the compressional energy of these yarns. On the
other hand, the compressional energy of both types of
yarns tends to increase with the increase in yarn linear
density. The analysis of variance demonstrates that
the changes in compressional energy caused by
alteration in spinning mode are significantly
influenced by the twist factor and spindle speed at a
99% confidence level. This is particularly evident for
the yarns produced with higher twist factor and
spindle speed.

3.4.6 Compressional Resiliency
The influence of spinning conditions on
compressional resiliency of different yarns is shown
in Fig. 8. Invariably, the compact-spun yarns display
relatively higher compressional resiliency compared
to the ring-spun yarns. The analysis of variance of
these yarns suggests that there are significant
differences in compressional resiliency between the
ring- and the compact-spun yarns. Increase in
compressional resiliency of compact-spun yarns
agrees with the common view that compact spinning
enhances inter-fibre cohesion through fibre
consolidation, which ultimately leads to increased
compressional resiliency. Although no specific
relationship between spinning draft and
compressional resiliency either for compact or for
ring-spun yarns is observed, the compressional
resiliency reduces as the yarn linear density increases.
The statistical analysis of data indicates that twist
factor and spindle speed have a marked effect on the
compressional resiliency of compact-spun yarns with
F-ratios of 581.8 and 73.0 respectively. This is
particularly evident for the yarns produced with
higher spindle speed. A high spindle speed obviously
leads to better randomization and regular
straightening of fibres that would produce less bulky
structure, resulting in higher compressional resiliency.

4 Conclusions
4.1 Generally, compact- spun yarns display higher
mean migration intensity and lower values of mean
fibre position, helix angle and helix diameter. As
spindle speed increases, each of mean fibre position,
helix angle and helix diameter also tends to decrease
and mean migration intensity tends to increase.
Increasing twist factor increases mean migration
intensity and helix angle but has no effect on mean
fibre position. There is no specific relationship
between structural features and spinning conditions
either for ring- or for compact-spun yarns. Future
studies with wide range of spinning drafts and cottons
should further clarify the effects of draft levels on
fibre arrangement.
4.2 Compact spinning contributes to the production
of good quality yarns with significantly reduced
hairiness, lesser mass irregularity and improved
mechanical and abrasion characteristics. Both spinning
draft and twist factor have a marked influence on
tensile properties. With increasing spinning draft, the
tenacity, breaking elongation, work of rupture and
abrasion resistance improve initially but drop thereafter
as the spinning draft is further increased beyond a
particular limit. Higher twist factor also considerably
enhances these characteristics. The enhancement in
properties with higher twist factor is less marked in
yarns produced at higher spindle speed.

4.3 Regularity characteristics such as evenness,
thick places and neps get much better when spinning
draft reduces and, at the same time, when twist factor
goes down. Low spindle speed also has a favorable
impact on yarn regularity and imperfections.
Moreover, compact spinning better satisfies the
spinners expectations in terms of yarn regularity.
Fibre packing density is of major importance in yarn
abrasion. The compact-spun yarn structures exhibit a
higher packing density and therefore give a higher
abrasion resistance. High spindle speed and twist
factor offer significant advantages in respect of
abrasion resistance; the latter, however, reduces
steadily with decrease in yarn linear density.

4.4 Spun yarns provide the opportunity to
manipulate their low-stress response by selecting the
process and spinning parameters. Yarn structural
integrity and compressional resiliency increase with
increasing twist factor and spindle speed. The
compressional energy of the yarns decreases with
increasing yarn twists and spindle speed. As the yarn
linear density increases, the structural integrity and
compressional energy increase significantly, but
compressional resiliency decreases. Additionally, an
optimal spinning draft is required if the optimum level
of structural integirity, compressional energy,
compressional resiliency and abrasion resistance of a
yarn need to be achieved for a specific end use
situation. Moreover, use of compact spinning
contributes to the production of good quality yarns
with better structural integrity, lower com-pressional
energy and higher compressional resiliency.
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., MARCH 2010


30
4.5 There is relatively less hairiness in compact-
spun yarns, and it can be further reduced by the
application of low spindle speed. High twist factor
and small spinning draft lead to a marked reduction in
hairiness. However, the reduction is less marked in
coarse yarns.

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