1.

1 Sensory Organs and Their Functions

1.2 Sense of Touch
1. Skin is the
sensory organ that
can detect touch,
pain, pressure, heat
and cold
2. Consists of 3
main layer:
a) epidermis
outer layer
b) dermis inner
layer
c) fatty layer
insulator
3. Structure of human skin
!. "unction of different
receptors:
a) pain receptors detect
pain
b) touch receptors detect
light touches
c) heat receptors detect
heat
d) cold receptors detect
cold
e) pressure receptors
detect pressure
1.3 Sense of Smell
1. #ose is the sensory organ for smell that can detect chemicals in the air.
2. Smell receptors located at the top of nasal ca$ity.
3. %he nasal ca$ity lined &ith mucous that is important to dissol$e chemicals
!. Structure of human nose.
'. (etection of smells
)* Chemicals in
the air enter the nasal
ca$ity, dissol$ed in in
the mucus to
stimulate smell
receptors.
)* Smell receptord
produce impulse and send the messages to the brain.
)* +rain interprets the messages
)* Smell identified

1.4 Sense of Taste
1. %he tongue is sensory organ related to the sense of taste
2. ! basics taste: s&eet, salty, sour and bitter
3. %he surface of tongue co$ered
&ith taste buds.
!. ,ach taste bud contains
many taste receptors.
'. Sali$a dissol$e
chemicals to be detect by
taste receptors
-. Sense of taste is helped
by sense of smell
1.5 Sense of Hearing
1. ,ars are the sensory
organs of hearing that can
detect sound.
2. .uman ears has 3 main parts:
a) /uter ear0 pinna, ear canal, eardrum
b) 1iddle ear0 ossicles 2hammer, an$il 3 stirrup), o$al &indo& and ,ustachian tube.
c) 4nner ear0 cochlea, auditory ner$e and semicircular canals.
1.6 Sense of Sight
1. Sensory organs
for sight are the
eyes, &hich
sensiti$e to light.
2. %he &all of the
eyeball is made up
of 3 layers:
a) Sclera tough, outer layer
b) Choroid black, middle layer
c) 5etina sensiti$e to light, innermost layer

1.7 nderstanding
light and sight
1.7.1 !eflection
and refraction of
light
1. %ake place &hen
light rays fall on
the surface of an
opa6ue ob7ect and
bounce off it.
2. 8lane mirrors
and shiny metals
are good light reflectors
3. "lat and smooth surface reflects light in regular patterns 2regular reflection)
!. 4rregular
surfaces like paper
and cloth &ill
reflects scattered in
different directions
of reflected light.
2diffused
reflection)

'. %he la& of
reflection states:
i) angle of incidence )
angle of reflection
i ) r
ii) 4ncident ray, reflected ray and normal are at the same plane
-. 9pplications of the
reflection of light
. a) 8eriscopes used in submarines
b) :aleidoscope
c) 1irrors
;. 5efraction of light occurs &hen light tra$els through different media at certain angle
<. 5efraction occur &hen the speed of light changes
=. %he speed of light decreases &hen light enters a denser medium
1>.%he speed of light increases &hen light enters a less dense medium
9) "rom less dense to a denser medium
i) %he light refracted to&ards the normal
ii) 9ngle of incident is bigger than the angle of refraction
+) "rom (enser to a less dense medium
i) %he light refracted a&ay from normal
ii) 9ngle of incident is smaller than the angle of refraction

11. 8henomena of the
refraction of light:


1.7.2 "ision defects and
#ays to correct them
1. #ormal $ision can see close and near ob7ects clearly
2. %he thickness of the lens is changed &hen looking at near or distant ob7ect
3. "ocusing ob7ect:
!.Shortsightedness
2myopia)
a) See near
ob7ects clearly but
distant ob7ects are
blurred.
b) %he lens is too
thick
c) %he eyeball is
too long

'. Correcting short
sightedness
-. ?ongsightedness 2hypermetropia)
a) See distant ob7ects clearly
b) Can@t focus on near ob7ect
c) %he eye lens too thin
d) ,yeball too short
;. Correcting long
sightedness
<. Comparison
bet&een short
sightedness and
longsightedness
=. 9stigmatism
Caused by the
irregular surface of
the cornea or lens
not e$enly cur$ed
4mage cannot
be focused at same time
4mage formed distorted and not clear.
Can be corrected by &earing cylindrical lenses
1.7.3 $imitation of sight
9. +lind spot the point &here the optic ner$e enters the retina0 not sensiti$e to light
+. /ptical illusions
Caused by disturbances to the impulses going to the brain
%he brain cannot interpret accurately the information sent bye eye.
C. Stereoscopic and monocular $ision
i) Stereoscopic $ision
+oth eyes in front of the head
/$erlapping
Smaller field of $ision
Ai$e 3 dimensional 23(), can estimate distance accurately
1ost predators and human
ii) 1onocular $ision
/ne eye at each side of the head
(o not o$erlap
Bider field of $ision
(oes not gi$e 3( $ie&, cannot estimate distant accurately.
1ost prey
1.7.4 %e&ice to
o&ercome limitation
,Cample of
de$ice to o$ercome
limitation of sight:
1agnifying glass
binocular
microscope

1.' nderstanding sound and hearing
1. 8roperties of Sound
Sound is form of energy
8roduced by $ibrations
Bhen and ob7ect $ibrates, kinetic energy is changed to sound energy.
1edium 2solid, li6uid, gas) is needed for sound to tra$el.
Sound cannot tra$el through $acuum.
Sound can be reflected by hard and smooth surfaces. 2metal, glass, brick &all)
5eflection of sound is called echoes
Soft and porous surface can absorb sound. 2carpets, curtains, cotton, sponge
2. .earing defects
temporary loss the ear&aC in the auditory canal block sound &a$es.
total hearing loss ossicles fused together, damaged cochlea by local infections or by
eCposured to loud sound.
3. Bays to rectifying hearing defects
uses syringes and &arm &ater to remo$e &aC
puntured eardrum can be repair by surgery
implanted electronic gadget
!. ?imitation of .earing
'. Bays to o$ercome
hearing limitations

,arphones
Stethoscope
?oud Speaker

-.
Stereophonic
hearing
9bility to
hear using
both ears
,nables to
detect the
direction of
the sound
accurately
4mportant
for the sur$i$al of animals especially for prey
1.( The stimuli and res)onses in )lants
1. %&o types of responses: tropism and nastic mo$ement.
9. %ropism
Aro&th response in a particular direction
/ccurs slo&ly, not noticeable
! types :
i) 8hototropism light
5esponse of plant to&ards light
Shoot gro& to&ards light 2positi$e phototropism) &hile root gro& a&ay light
2negati$e phototropism)
ii) Aeotropism
gra$ity
5esponse of
plant to&ards gra$ity
5oots gro&
do&n&ards 2positi$e
geotropism) and shoot
gro& up&ards 2negati$e
geotropism)
iii)
.ydrotropism &ater
5esponse of
plant to&ards &ater
5oot gro&
to&ards &ater 2positi$e
hydrotropism) and shoot
gro& a&ay from &ater
2negati$e hydrotropism)
i$) %higmotropism
touch or contact
8lant response
to&ards touch or contact
5oot gro& a&ay from
solid ob7ects such as stones
Stem or tendrils gro&
to&ards the ob7ects that come into
contact &ith.

+) #astic 1o$ements
5esponse part of
plant to&ards touch, light
and heat
(oes not depend on
the direction of the
stimulus
1o$ement is
re$ersible
,Cample: 1imosa
pudica, Denus fly trap

2. 4mportance of plant responses
%o ensure plant get their basic
need.
8lant depend on phototropism to
get sunlight for photosynthesis.
Aeotropism and hydrotropism
enables the plant to obtain &ater and
minerals salt.